robert w. clayton, seismological laboratory, california...
TRANSCRIPT
Imaging the subsurface with ambient noise autocorrelations
Robert W. Clayton, Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
Summary
Autocorrelations created by stacks of near-offset traces from virtual source gathers are used to form an image of the deeper subsurface. The masking effects of the effective source-time function are minimized by subtracting the survey-wide average trace from each trace. The results show that the technique can be particularly useful for imaging the mid- and lower crust, where traditional seismic methods have problems. Examples are shown from a one-component 3D survey and a three-component 2D profile. The 3D example shows the crust in the transition between the continent and the Inner Borderland in the Los Angeles, CA area, and for the first time, shows an image of the lower crust. The 2D profile provides both a P-image and S-image of the basement interface in the San Bernardino Basin in S. California.
Introduction
Ambient noise correlation as an imaging tool has been in use from more than a decade, but the analysis has been predominately used for determining the near-surface shear-wave velocity with surface waves (Lin et al, 2013). Body-waves, such as refracted P-waves have also been used in a few studies to determine the shallow P-wave velocity (Nakata et al, 2015), but their general used has been impeded by dominance of surface waves in ambient noise correlations. Observation of reflected waves is even more challenging because the angular partitioning of the random noise field is dominated by horizontal moving waves. A study by Draganov (2009) shows reflections in the 9-18 Hz passband after f-k filtering to surpress surface waves. Cheraghi et al (2017) also show some reflected energy from ambient noise correlations, but that the dominant surface wave energy and limited source distribution diminish its usefulness as a mapping tool. On a large scale, Sun and Kennett (2017) used stacked autocorrelations from earth-quake recorded on a permanent array in Australia to image the Moho reflection with a broad-scale horizontal resolution.
In this study, we use autocorrelations of ambient noise to image the crust from the basement to the Moho. The autocorrelations are generated from near-zero offset stacks of virtual source gathers obtained from dense seismic arrays. The technique is illustrated with two different types of arrays, both in the Los Angeles region of California, USA.
A composite shot gather is shown in Figure 1, which is a stack of all virtual sources generated from the 5200-node Long Beach survey (Lin et al, 2013). The surface waves and refracted P-waves are clear, but there are no obvious reflected phases that can be seen. The surface waves tend to
mask possible reflections except in wide-angle and near zero-offset windows. Enhancement of possible reflections in the wide-angle regime requires an accurate knowledge of both the subsurface velocities and the static corrections. However, for near zero-offsets, the normal movement is minimal and static correction is constant, and hence a horizontal sum or “brute stack” can be used to enhance the signal.
The near-offset stack generates an autocorrelation section. The energy source for this type of imaging is ocean microseisms and possibly the coda from distant earthquakes. This coupled with the low-end roll-off of the geophone response (in the 5-10 Hz range), restricts the effective bandwidth of the source to approximately 0.2-4.0 Hz. This low-frequency passband will generally limit the usefulness of the method to the region of the crust below the basement (particularly when compared with active source capabilities). However, the autocorrelation energy does appear to penetrate through the whole crust, and hence the method is useful for looking in a region where it has been difficult to obtained reflected energy.
Figure 1. Stack of all virtual sources for the Long Beach array. The virtual sources were generated with three weeks of correlation of the 5200-element array. The white polygon is the region for wide-angle reflections. The refracted P-waves are above this and surface wave are to the left. The autocorrelations are along the left edge (offset=0) of the section.
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Figure 2. Autocorrelation processing. Panel A shows a line autocorrelations. The trace shown in B is the average autocorrelation over the whole survey. Panel C is the results of subtracting the average from each autocorrelation trace, which now reveal subsurface structure.
The Autocorrelation Method
The first step is to construct virtual sources for an ambient noise survey
𝐶 𝑥#, 𝑥%, 𝜏 = 𝑆 𝑥#, 𝑡 𝑆 𝑥%, 𝑡 + 𝜏 𝑑𝑡
where S are the raw seismograms, x is its location and C is the virtual seismogram. The integration is typically done over a 1 to 3 week interval. The raw data are preprocessed with a slowly varying gain control to attenuate the effect of large impulsive motions such as earthquakes (Benson et al, 2007). The virtual seismogram is often spectrally balanced (whitened), to minimize the effect of the limited bandwidth of the source.
The auto correlations are them estimated by stacking the virtual seismograms by
𝐴 𝑥, 𝜏 = 𝐶(𝑥# , 𝑥%, 𝜏)
where A(x,t) is a autocorrelation and the sum is over all traces such that the distance between and the midpoint of the correlation pair is less than M and the offset of the correlation pair is less than H. For the 3D survey shown in the next section, M=H=0.4 km, resulting in a sack of approximately 50 traces. The resulting autocorrelations are shown in Figure 2, and they show a very smooth lateral variation subsurface because they are being dominated by the initial impulse (effective source-time function). The choice of M and H control the trade-off between lateral resolution and the image noise. The results do not seem to be very sensitive to the choice.
The autocorrelation for a layered medium (using a equi-time layering representation or Goulliand medium) is given by the equation (Claerbout, 1968)
𝐴 𝑍 = 𝐼 + 𝑅 𝑍 + 𝑅1𝑍
⊗ 𝑆(𝑍)
where R(Z) is the reflectivity of the layered structure, S is the source time function, and Z is the time-shift variable of the Z-transform. The leading term (the I) dominates the right side of this equation and is typically 10 to 100 times larger that the reflectivity. Standard deconvolution is not very effective because the source function S(Z) is usually narrowband. Instead we attempt to minimize its affect by subtracting an estimate of S(Z) from the equation. We use as an estimate the average of all the traces in the survey, then we form an estimate of the reflectivity (in positive time) by
𝑅 𝑍 = 𝐴 𝑍 − 𝑆678(𝑍)
where 𝑆678 𝑍 = 𝐴(𝑍)9:: .
The disadvantage of this estimation approach is that horizontal structure will also be included in the estimate of S, and hence will be removed from the image. This procedure is equivalent to one step in iteration time-domain deconvolution that is commonly used in receiver function analysis (Ligorria and Ammon, 1999). This procedure is also similar to a one-component receiver function.
10km
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Figure 3. Autocorrelation Method Applied to the Long Beach (LB) Arrays. The map in the upper left shows the original LB survey with green dots and the extended LB survey with red dots. The profiles of the cross-sections are shown on the map. Profile A is shown in the upper right with an interpretation of the interfaces. These same layers can be found in the other profiles.
The deconvolved image is shown in Figure 2. The removal of the common source function now reveals significant lateral variations in the structure. Applying AGC and looking at 10 seconds of two-way travel time, reveals the P-wave image of the entire crust. The arrivals near the bottom of each profile appear to be multiples.
There are two advantages to using autocorrelations in imaging with noise correlations. The first, mentioned earlier, is that it is not necessary to know the velocity function or static corrections to for the image. The second is that surface waves are attenuated as the source-receiver distance goes to zero.
Three-Component Correlations
The use of three-component sensors allows radial and transverse directions to be used in the images. The transverse-to-transverse autocorrelation or ATT, is sensitive to SH-waves, while the radial-radial correlations (ARR) is sensitive to SV-waves. The vertical-vertical correlations (AZZ) is sensitive to the P-waves as before. Thus, with 3C instruments you can obtain P, SV, and SH images.
To illustrate the 3C correlations, we show and example from a 2D line of 3C node sensor deployed across the San Bernardino Basin in the Los Angeles region (Fig 4). The data from 92 nodes with an approximate spacing of 300m are shown. The results of the autocorrelation imaging are shown in Fig 5.
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12536.3
1.0305e+07
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1.0305e+07
12778.7
1.0305e+07
12824
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12865.1
1.0315e+07
13009.6
1.0315e+07
13126.4
1.0315e+07
13252.7
1.0315e+07
13275
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13401.3
1.0315e+07
13527.5
1.0315e+07
13564.9
1.0325e+07
13687.9
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13703.6
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13858.4
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13971.8
1.0325e+07
14022
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14144.2
1.0325e+07
14185.4
1.0335e+07
14219.6
1.0335e+07
14332.7
1.0335e+07
14439
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14439.4
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14597.6
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14715.8
1.0335e+07
14808
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14848.2
1.0335e+07
14848.5
1.0345e+07
14907.6
1.0345e+07
15045.7
1.0345e+07
15159.8
1.0345e+07
15243.6
1.0345e+07
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15614.9
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15948.6
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16104.2
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16205.6
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16352.9
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16410.6
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16513.6
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16637.8
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16687.7
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16828.6
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17092.8
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17119.1
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17158.4
1.0385e+07
17372.8
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17417.7
1.0385e+07
17521.9
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17585.6
1.0385e+07
17703.6
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17818.2
1.0385e+07
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1.0385e+07
17980.6
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18115.8
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18151.7
1.0395e+07
18271.9
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18342.6
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18401.8
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18403.6
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18609.6
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18728.9
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18730.7
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19030.9
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19250.1
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19250.6
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19460.9
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19543.6
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19620.7
1.0415e+07
19706.8
1.0415e+07
19799.6
1.0415e+07
19911.6
1.0415e+07
20087.1
1.0415e+07
20141.1
1.0425e+07
20260.6
1.0425e+07
20367.6
1.0425e+07
20521.2
1.0425e+07
20524.8
1.0425e+07
20577.3
1.0435e+07
20815.6
1.0435e+07
20961.2
1.0435e+07
21013.1
1.0435e+07
21137.6
1.0435e+07
21200.8
1.0435e+07
21406.1
1.0435e+07
21406.3
1.0445e+07
21629.7
1.0445e+07
21718.6
1.0445e+07
21817.7
1.0455e+07
22107.9
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22157.6
1.0455e+07
22289.6
1.0455e+07
22382.8
1.0455e+07
22446.3
1.0455e+07
22689.9
1.0455e+07
22726.4
1.0455e+07
22734.4
1.0455e+07
22841.9
1.0455e+07
22877.6
1.0465e+07
23162.2
1.0465e+07
23162.8
1.0465e+07
23164.6
1.0465e+07
23223
1.0475e+07
23589.7
1.0475e+07
23601
1.0475e+07
23703.6
1.0475e+07
24064.9
1.0485e+07
24431.7
1.0485e+07
24444.6
1.0485e+07
24473.5
1.0485e+07
24499
1.0485e+07
24867.4
1.0485e+07
24916
1.0485e+07
24920.2
1.0505e+07
25668.5
1.0505e+07
25694
1.0505e+07
25695.9
1.0505e+07
25799.7
1.0505e+07
25992.3
1.0515e+07
26067.4
1.0515e+07
26137.8
1.0515e+07
26216.5
1.0515e+07
26255.9
1.0515e+07
26256.7
1.0515e+07
26314.4
1.0515e+07
26387.7
1.0525e+07
26580.5
1.0525e+07
26741.6
1.0525e+07
26904.7
1.0515e+07
26949.4
1.0515e+07
27103.3
0.000
9.640
1.670
3.340
5.010
6.680
8.350
0.000
9.640
1.670
3.340
5.010
6.680
8.350
STA
POS
STA
POS
10sec
Moho
LowerCrustZone
Faults
VE:1-3
Basement
45o
Constant Offset offset = 0.00, bin = 0.00 Mon 10 Apr 2017 01:16:51 PM PDT LBzero-decon
1.0115e+07
122.045
1.0115e+07
258.473
1.0115e+07
417.14
1.0115e+07
429.398
1.0125e+07
605.711
1.0125e+07
673.852
1.0125e+07
824.276
1.0125e+07
838.65
1.0125e+07
966.898
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1006.89
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1094.04
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1283.01
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1415.11
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1582.27
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1903.97
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1904.86
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1905.42
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1943.56
1.0145e+07
2257.09
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2708.33
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2763.94
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2867.46
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3016.15
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3107.6
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3215.89
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3336.56
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3398.96
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3619.53
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3742.23
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4002.61
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4042.69
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1.0245e+07
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8551.6
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8553.19
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1.0245e+07
8819.31
1.0245e+07
8860.44
1.0255e+07
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9104.06
1.0255e+07
9174.27
1.0255e+07
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1.0255e+07
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1.0255e+07
9437.87
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1.0265e+07
9786.14
1.0265e+07
9820.78
1.0265e+07
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1.0265e+07
10181.6
1.0265e+07
10230.1
1.0265e+07
10234.3
1.0265e+07
10235
1.0265e+07
10337.6
1.0285e+07
10905.9
1.0285e+07
11044.8
1.0285e+07
11054.5
1.0285e+07
11174.6
1.0285e+07
11213.1
1.0285e+07
11327.7
1.0285e+07
11474.3
1.0285e+07
11542.4
1.0285e+07
11542.8
1.0285e+07
11546.5
1.0295e+07
11767.8
1.0295e+07
11799.6
1.0295e+07
11874.5
1.0295e+07
12042.7
1.0295e+07
12205.1
1.0295e+07
12205.2
1.0305e+07
12383.7
1.0305e+07
12492.9
1.0305e+07
12536.3
1.0305e+07
12681.4
1.0305e+07
12778.7
1.0305e+07
12824
1.0305e+07
12865.1
1.0315e+07
13009.6
1.0315e+07
13126.4
1.0315e+07
13252.7
1.0315e+07
13275
1.0315e+07
13401.3
1.0315e+07
13527.5
1.0315e+07
13564.9
1.0325e+07
13687.9
1.0325e+07
13703.6
1.0325e+07
13858.4
1.0325e+07
13971.8
1.0325e+07
14022
1.0325e+07
14144.2
1.0325e+07
14185.4
1.0335e+07
14219.6
1.0335e+07
14332.7
1.0335e+07
14439
1.0335e+07
14439.4
1.0335e+07
14597.6
1.0335e+07
14715.8
1.0335e+07
14808
1.0335e+07
14848.2
1.0335e+07
14848.5
1.0345e+07
14907.6
1.0345e+07
15045.7
1.0345e+07
15159.8
1.0345e+07
15243.6
1.0345e+07
15329.6
1.0355e+07
15492.7
1.0355e+07
15614.9
1.0355e+07
15647.6
1.0355e+07
15781.6
1.0355e+07
15906.8
1.0355e+07
15948.6
1.0365e+07
16104.2
1.0365e+07
16205.6
1.0365e+07
16352.9
1.0365e+07
16410.6
1.0365e+07
16513.6
1.0375e+07
16637.8
1.0375e+07
16687.7
1.0375e+07
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1.0375e+07
16828.6
1.0375e+07
16971.7
1.0375e+07
17092.8
1.0375e+07
17119.1
1.0375e+07
17158.4
1.0385e+07
17372.8
1.0385e+07
17417.7
1.0385e+07
17521.9
1.0385e+07
17585.6
1.0385e+07
17703.6
1.0385e+07
17818.2
1.0385e+07
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1.0385e+07
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1.0395e+07
18115.8
1.0395e+07
18151.7
1.0395e+07
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1.0395e+07
18342.6
1.0395e+07
18401.8
1.0395e+07
18403.6
1.0405e+07
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1.0405e+07
18728.9
1.0405e+07
18730.7
1.0405e+07
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1.0405e+07
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1.0405e+07
19200.5
1.0405e+07
19250.1
1.0405e+07
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1.0415e+07
19460.9
1.0415e+07
19543.6
1.0415e+07
19620.7
1.0415e+07
19706.8
1.0415e+07
19799.6
1.0415e+07
19911.6
1.0415e+07
20087.1
1.0415e+07
20141.1
1.0425e+07
20260.6
1.0425e+07
20367.6
1.0425e+07
20521.2
1.0425e+07
20524.8
1.0425e+07
20577.3
1.0435e+07
20815.6
1.0435e+07
20961.2
1.0435e+07
21013.1
1.0435e+07
21137.6
1.0435e+07
21200.8
1.0435e+07
21406.1
1.0435e+07
21406.3
1.0445e+07
21629.7
1.0445e+07
21718.6
1.0445e+07
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1.0455e+07
22107.9
1.0455e+07
22157.6
1.0455e+07
22289.6
1.0455e+07
22382.8
1.0455e+07
22446.3
1.0455e+07
22689.9
1.0455e+07
22726.4
1.0455e+07
22734.4
1.0455e+07
22841.9
1.0455e+07
22877.6
1.0465e+07
23162.2
1.0465e+07
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1.0465e+07
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1.0465e+07
23223
1.0475e+07
23589.7
1.0475e+07
23601
1.0475e+07
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1.0475e+07
24064.9
1.0485e+07
24431.7
1.0485e+07
24444.6
1.0485e+07
24473.5
1.0485e+07
24499
1.0485e+07
24867.4
1.0485e+07
24916
1.0485e+07
24920.2
1.0505e+07
25668.5
1.0505e+07
25694
1.0505e+07
25695.9
1.0505e+07
25799.7
1.0505e+07
25992.3
1.0515e+07
26067.4
1.0515e+07
26137.8
1.0515e+07
26216.5
1.0515e+07
26255.9
1.0515e+07
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1.0515e+07
26314.4
1.0515e+07
26387.7
1.0525e+07
26580.5
1.0525e+07
26741.6
1.0525e+07
26904.7
1.0515e+07
26949.4
1.0515e+07
27103.3
1.0115e+07
122.045
1.0115e+07
258.473
1.0115e+07
417.14
1.0115e+07
429.398
1.0125e+07
605.711
1.0125e+07
673.852
1.0125e+07
824.276
1.0125e+07
838.65
1.0125e+07
966.898
1.0125e+07
1006.89
1.0135e+07
1094.04
1.0125e+07
1283.01
1.0125e+07
1415.11
1.0135e+07
1449.22
1.0135e+07
1582.27
1.0145e+07
1903.97
1.0145e+07
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1.0145e+07
1905.42
1.0145e+07
1943.56
1.0145e+07
2257.09
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1.0155e+07
2708.33
1.0155e+07
2763.44
1.0155e+07
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1.0155e+07
2867.46
1.0155e+07
3016.15
1.0155e+07
3107.6
1.0155e+07
3124.43
1.0165e+07
3215.89
1.0165e+07
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1.0165e+07
3398.96
1.0165e+07
3487.27
1.0165e+07
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1.0165e+07
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1.0165e+07
3742.23
1.0175e+07
3857.59
1.0175e+07
4002.61
1.0175e+07
4042.69
1.0175e+07
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1.0175e+07
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1.0175e+07
4223.62
1.0185e+07
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1.0185e+07
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1.0185e+07
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1.0195e+07
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1.0195e+07
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1.0195e+07
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1.0205e+07
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1.0205e+07
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1.0205e+07
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1.0205e+07
6151.21
1.0205e+07
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1.0205e+07
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1.0215e+07
6430.06
1.0215e+07
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1.0215e+07
6514.44
1.0215e+07
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1.0215e+07
6730.73
1.0215e+07
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1.0215e+07
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1.0215e+07
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1.0215e+07
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1.0225e+07
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1.0225e+07
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1.0225e+07
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1.0225e+07
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1.0225e+07
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1.0235e+07
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1.0235e+07
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1.0235e+07
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1.0235e+07
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1.0235e+07
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1.0245e+07
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1.0245e+07
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1.0245e+07
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1.0245e+07
8551.6
1.0245e+07
8553.19
1.0245e+07
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1.0245e+07
8819.31
1.0245e+07
8860.44
1.0255e+07
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1.0255e+07
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1.0255e+07
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1.0255e+07
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1.0255e+07
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1.0255e+07
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1.0255e+07
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1.0265e+07
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1.0265e+07
9820.78
1.0265e+07
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1.0265e+07
10181.6
1.0265e+07
10230.1
1.0265e+07
10234.3
1.0265e+07
10235
1.0265e+07
10337.6
1.0285e+07
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1.0285e+07
11044.8
1.0285e+07
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1.0285e+07
11174.6
1.0285e+07
11213.1
1.0285e+07
11327.7
1.0285e+07
11474.3
1.0285e+07
11542.4
1.0285e+07
11542.8
1.0285e+07
11546.5
1.0295e+07
11767.8
1.0295e+07
11799.6
1.0295e+07
11874.5
1.0295e+07
12042.7
1.0295e+07
12205.1
1.0295e+07
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1.0305e+07
12383.7
1.0305e+07
12492.9
1.0305e+07
12536.3
1.0305e+07
12681.4
1.0305e+07
12778.7
1.0305e+07
12824
1.0305e+07
12865.1
1.0315e+07
13009.6
1.0315e+07
13126.4
1.0315e+07
13252.7
1.0315e+07
13275
1.0315e+07
13401.3
1.0315e+07
13527.5
1.0315e+07
13564.9
1.0325e+07
13687.9
1.0325e+07
13703.6
1.0325e+07
13858.4
1.0325e+07
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1.0325e+07
14022
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14144.2
1.0325e+07
14185.4
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14219.6
1.0335e+07
14332.7
1.0335e+07
14439
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14439.4
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14597.6
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14715.8
1.0335e+07
14808
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14848.2
1.0335e+07
14848.5
1.0345e+07
14907.6
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15045.7
1.0345e+07
15159.8
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15243.6
1.0345e+07
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15948.6
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16104.2
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16205.6
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16352.9
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16410.6
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16513.6
1.0375e+07
16637.8
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16687.7
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16828.6
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17092.8
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17119.1
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17158.4
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17417.7
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17521.9
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17585.6
1.0385e+07
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17818.2
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17980.6
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18115.8
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18728.9
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18730.7
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19250.6
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19460.9
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19543.6
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19620.7
1.0415e+07
19706.8
1.0415e+07
19799.6
1.0415e+07
19911.6
1.0415e+07
20087.1
1.0415e+07
20141.1
1.0425e+07
20260.6
1.0425e+07
20367.6
1.0425e+07
20521.2
1.0425e+07
20524.8
1.0425e+07
20577.3
1.0435e+07
20815.6
1.0435e+07
20961.2
1.0435e+07
21013.1
1.0435e+07
21137.6
1.0435e+07
21200.8
1.0435e+07
21406.1
1.0435e+07
21406.3
1.0445e+07
21629.7
1.0445e+07
21718.6
1.0445e+07
21817.7
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22107.9
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22157.6
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22289.6
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22382.8
1.0455e+07
22446.3
1.0455e+07
22689.9
1.0455e+07
22726.4
1.0455e+07
22734.4
1.0455e+07
22841.9
1.0455e+07
22877.6
1.0465e+07
23162.2
1.0465e+07
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1.0465e+07
23164.6
1.0465e+07
23223
1.0475e+07
23589.7
1.0475e+07
23601
1.0475e+07
23703.6
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24064.9
1.0485e+07
24431.7
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24444.6
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24473.5
1.0485e+07
24499
1.0485e+07
24867.4
1.0485e+07
24916
1.0485e+07
24920.2
1.0505e+07
25668.5
1.0505e+07
25694
1.0505e+07
25695.9
1.0505e+07
25799.7
1.0505e+07
25992.3
1.0515e+07
26067.4
1.0515e+07
26137.8
1.0515e+07
26216.5
1.0515e+07
26255.9
1.0515e+07
26256.7
1.0515e+07
26314.4
1.0515e+07
26387.7
1.0525e+07
26580.5
1.0525e+07
26741.6
1.0525e+07
26904.7
1.0515e+07
26949.4
1.0515e+07
27103.3
0.000
9.640
1.670
3.340
5.010
6.680
8.350
0.000
9.640
1.670
3.340
5.010
6.680
8.350
STA
POS
STA
POS
Constant Offset offset = 0.00, bin = 0.00 Mon 10 Apr 2017 01:21:28 PM PDT LBzero-decon
1.04851e+07
224.028
1.04851e+07
256.42
1.04851e+07
308.559
1.04851e+07
413.729
1.04851e+07
470.3
1.04951e+07
576.328
1.04951e+07
715.478
1.04951e+07
756.164
1.04951e+07
904.735
1.04951e+07
1045.54
1.05051e+07
1179.47
1.05051e+07
1215.3
1.05051e+07
1347.3
1.05051e+07
1460.88
1.05051e+07
1482.12
1.05051e+07
1618.66
1.05051e+07
1767.15
1.05151e+07
1894.45
1.05151e+07
2070.27
1.05151e+07
2200.84
1.05151e+07
2245.5
1.05151e+07
2355.65
1.05151e+07
2516.51
1.05251e+07
2651.45
1.05251e+07
2798.03
1.05251e+07
2835.65
1.05251e+07
2898.83
1.05251e+07
2979.48
1.05251e+07
3093.63
1.05351e+07
3243.27
1.05351e+07
3383.43
1.05351e+07
3428.09
1.05351e+07
3517.66
1.05351e+07
3679.87
1.05351e+07
3690.46
1.05451e+07
3821.8
1.05451e+07
3974.24
1.05451e+07
4098.5
1.05451e+07
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1.05451e+07
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1.05451e+07
4441.13
1.05551e+07
4552.15
1.05551e+07
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1.05551e+07
4733.68
1.05551e+07
4842.23
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1.05651e+07
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5746.48
1.05751e+07
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1.05851e+07
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1.05851e+07
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1.06151e+07
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1.06151e+07
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1.06151e+07
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1.06251e+07
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1.06251e+07
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1.06251e+07
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1.06251e+07
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1.06251e+07
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1.06251e+07
9596.81
1.06251e+07
9720.15
1.06251e+07
9757.05
1.06351e+07
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1.06351e+07
9919.14
1.06351e+07
10047.7
1.06351e+07
10174.5
1.06351e+07
10209
1.06351e+07
10317.2
1.06351e+07
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1.06351e+07
10500.8
1.06451e+07
10555.5
1.06451e+07
10617.8
1.06451e+07
10784
1.06451e+07
10813.6
1.06451e+07
10867.4
1.06451e+07
10989.6
1.06551e+07
11193.6
1.06551e+07
11236.7
1.06551e+07
11258.2
1.06551e+07
11399.6
1.06551e+07
11521.4
1.06551e+07
11650.2
1.06551e+07
11688.9
1.06651e+07
11811
1.06651e+07
11971.3
1.06651e+07
12103.5
1.06651e+07
12131.4
1.06651e+07
12258.9
1.06651e+07
12421.6
1.06651e+07
12421.8
1.06651e+07
12515
1.06651e+07
12586.8
1.06751e+07
12757
1.06751e+07
12815.7
1.06751e+07
12875.5
1.06751e+07
13029.2
1.06751e+07
13232.5
1.06851e+07
13308.7
1.06951e+07
14177.8
1.06951e+07
14445.1
1.06951e+07
14469
1.07051e+07
14641.2
1.07051e+07
14756.6
1.07051e+07
14800.9
1.07051e+07
14924.8
1.07051e+07
15084.1
1.07051e+07
15104.2
1.07151e+07
15243.3
1.07151e+07
15369.6
1.07151e+07
15415.4
1.07151e+07
15495
1.07151e+07
15531.9
1.07151e+07
15656.2
1.07151e+07
15724.8
1.07151e+07
15818.5
1.07251e+07
16259.4
1.07251e+07
16359.3
1.07251e+07
16385.6
1.07251e+07
16519.4
1.07351e+07
16551.1
1.0735e+07
16683
1.0735e+07
16718.7
1.0735e+07
16838.5
1.0735e+07
16965.4
1.0735e+07
17003
1.0735e+07
17094.4
1.0735e+07
17124.9
1.0745e+07
17256.4
1.0745e+07
17289.3
1.0745e+07
17372.6
1.0745e+07
17448.8
1.0745e+07
17576
1.0745e+07
17703
1.0745e+07
17743.2
1.0755e+07
17950.3
1.0755e+07
17979.5
1.0755e+07
18024.6
1.0755e+07
18188.8
1.0755e+07
18325.6
1.0765e+07
18487.6
1.0765e+07
18644.8
1.0765e+07
18647.5
1.0765e+07
18675.7
1.0765e+07
18685.1
1.0765e+07
18907.3
1.0765e+07
18928.1
1.0765e+07
18938.8
1.0775e+07
19161.9
1.0775e+07
19214.6
1.0775e+07
19321.4
1.0775e+07
19341.8
1.0775e+07
19389.4
1.0775e+07
19623.4
1.0775e+07
19670.6
1.0775e+07
19685.5
1.0785e+07
19914.4
1.0785e+07
19947.1
1.0785e+07
20081.8
1.0785e+07
20090.6
1.0785e+07
20157
1.0785e+07
20210.9
1.0785e+07
20528.4
1.0795e+07
20692.1
1.0795e+07
20836.2
1.0795e+07
20881.1
1.0795e+07
20961.4
1.0795e+07
20969.3
1.0795e+07
20979
1.0795e+07
21271.1
1.0805e+07
21451.6
1.0805e+07
21706.2
1.0805e+07
21750.4
1.0805e+07
21795.5
1.0805e+07
21893
1.0805e+07
21911.8
1.0815e+07
22044.1
1.0815e+07
22093.2
1.0815e+07
22161.8
1.0815e+07
22340.4
1.0815e+07
22374
1.0815e+07
22389.8
1.0825e+07
22571.9
1.0825e+07
22626.2
1.0825e+07
22736.7
1.0825e+07
22857.6
1.0825e+07
22882.7
1.0825e+07
22928.2
1.0825e+07
23057.8
1.0825e+07
23190.3
1.0825e+07
23309.8
1.0835e+07
23387.2
1.0835e+07
23528.9
1.0835e+07
23538.1
1.0835e+07
23608.3
1.0835e+07
23799.5
1.0835e+07
23837.5
1.0845e+07
23923.8
1.0845e+07
23966.5
1.0845e+07
24001
1.0845e+07
24126.3
1.0845e+07
24270.2
1.0845e+07
24375.7
1.0845e+07
24535.8
1.0855e+07
24669.9
1.0855e+07
24700.7
1.0855e+07
24852.4
1.0855e+07
24909.7
1.0855e+07
24944.6
1.0855e+07
25113.4
1.0865e+07
25300.2
1.0865e+07
25397.2
1.0865e+07
25434.5
1.0865e+07
25565.7
1.0865e+07
25653.1
1.0865e+07
25738.1
1.0865e+07
25792.8
1.0865e+07
25850.4
1.0875e+07
25972.4
1.0875e+07
25985.6
1.0875e+07
26135
1.0875e+07
26155.9
1.0875e+07
26249.2
1.0875e+07
26428.6
1.0875e+07
26468.4
1.0875e+07
26581.5
1.0885e+07
26845
1.0885e+07
26890.3
1.0885e+07
26896.3
1.0885e+07
27031.7
1.0885e+07
27145.6
1.0885e+07
27199.4
1.0885e+07
27318.4
1.0895e+07
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1.0895e+07
27487.5
1.0895e+07
27619.6
1.0895e+07
27677.3
1.0895e+07
27774
1.0895e+07
27840.8
1.0895e+07
27895.5
1.0895e+07
28021.4
1.0895e+07
28055.4
1.0905e+07
28165.4
1.0905e+07
28338.1
1.0905e+07
28359.8
1.0905e+07
28513.9
1.0905e+07
28532.6
1.0905e+07
28644.5
1.0905e+07
28662.2
1.0915e+07
28822.9
1.0915e+07
28829.9
1.0915e+07
28959.9
1.0915e+07
29076.5
1.0915e+07
29125.7
1.0915e+07
29252.3
1.0915e+07
29414.1
1.0925e+07
29522
1.0925e+07
29530.2
1.0925e+07
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1.0925e+07
29819.1
1.0925e+07
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1.0925e+07
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1.0925e+07
30021.9
1.0935e+07
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1.0935e+07
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1.0935e+07
30266
1.0935e+07
30393.9
1.0935e+07
30553.4
1.0935e+07
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1.0935e+07
30620.4
1.0945e+07
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1.0945e+07
30881.3
1.0945e+07
31039.9
1.0945e+07
31160.1
1.0945e+07
31239.7
1.0945e+07
31239.7
1.0945e+07
31264
1.0945e+07
31306.7
1.0955e+07
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1.0955e+07
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1.0955e+07
31629
1.0955e+07
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1.0955e+07
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1.0955e+07
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1.0965e+07
32019.5
1.0965e+07
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1.0965e+07
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1.0965e+07
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1.0965e+07
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1.0965e+07
32443.4
1.0965e+07
32480.8
1.0965e+07
32624.1
1.0975e+07
32673.3
1.0975e+07
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1.0975e+07
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1.0975e+07
32928.1
1.0975e+07
32993.7
1.0975e+07
33073
1.0975e+07
33269.2
1.04851e+07
224.028
1.04851e+07
256.42
1.04851e+07
308.559
1.04851e+07
413.729
1.04851e+07
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1.04951e+07
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1.04951e+07
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1.04951e+07
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1.04951e+07
904.735
1.04951e+07
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1.05051e+07
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1.05051e+07
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1.05051e+07
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1.05051e+07
1460.88
1.05051e+07
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1.05051e+07
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1.05051e+07
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1.05151e+07
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1.05151e+07
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1.05151e+07
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1.05151e+07
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1.05151e+07
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1.05151e+07
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1.05251e+07
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1.05251e+07
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1.05251e+07
2835.65
1.05251e+07
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1.05251e+07
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1.05251e+07
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1.05351e+07
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1.05351e+07
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1.05351e+07
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1.05351e+07
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1.05451e+07
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1.05451e+07
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1.05451e+07
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1.05551e+07
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1.05551e+07
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1.05551e+07
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1.05551e+07
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1.05651e+07
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1.05651e+07
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1.05651e+07
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1.05651e+07
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1.05951e+07
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1.06151e+07
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1.06151e+07
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1.06151e+07
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1.06151e+07
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1.06151e+07
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1.06151e+07
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1.06251e+07
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1.06251e+07
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1.06251e+07
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1.06251e+07
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1.06351e+07
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1.06351e+07
10047.7
1.06351e+07
10174.5
1.06351e+07
10209
1.06351e+07
10317.2
1.06351e+07
10456.6
1.06351e+07
10500.8
1.06451e+07
10555.5
1.06451e+07
10617.8
1.06451e+07
10784
1.06451e+07
10813.6
1.06451e+07
10867.4
1.06451e+07
10989.6
1.06551e+07
11193.6
1.06551e+07
11236.7
1.06551e+07
11258.2
1.06551e+07
11399.6
1.06551e+07
11521.4
1.06551e+07
11650.2
1.06551e+07
11688.9
1.06651e+07
11811
1.06651e+07
11971.3
1.06651e+07
12103.5
1.06651e+07
12131.4
1.06651e+07
12258.9
1.06651e+07
12421.6
1.06651e+07
12421.8
1.06651e+07
12515
1.06651e+07
12586.8
1.06751e+07
12757
1.06751e+07
12815.7
1.06751e+07
12875.5
1.06751e+07
13029.2
1.06751e+07
13232.5
1.06851e+07
13308.7
1.06951e+07
14177.8
1.06951e+07
14445.1
1.06951e+07
14469
1.07051e+07
14641.2
1.07051e+07
14756.6
1.07051e+07
14800.9
1.07051e+07
14924.8
1.07051e+07
15084.1
1.07051e+07
15104.2
1.07151e+07
15243.3
1.07151e+07
15369.6
1.07151e+07
15415.4
1.07151e+07
15495
1.07151e+07
15531.9
1.07151e+07
15656.2
1.07151e+07
15724.8
1.07151e+07
15818.5
1.07251e+07
16259.4
1.07251e+07
16359.3
1.07251e+07
16385.6
1.07251e+07
16519.4
1.07351e+07
16551.1
1.0735e+07
16683
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16718.7
1.0735e+07
16838.5
1.0735e+07
16965.4
1.0735e+07
17003
1.0735e+07
17094.4
1.0735e+07
17124.9
1.0745e+07
17256.4
1.0745e+07
17289.3
1.0745e+07
17372.6
1.0745e+07
17448.8
1.0745e+07
17576
1.0745e+07
17703
1.0745e+07
17743.2
1.0755e+07
17950.3
1.0755e+07
17979.5
1.0755e+07
18024.6
1.0755e+07
18188.8
1.0755e+07
18325.6
1.0765e+07
18487.6
1.0765e+07
18644.8
1.0765e+07
18647.5
1.0765e+07
18675.7
1.0765e+07
18685.1
1.0765e+07
18907.3
1.0765e+07
18928.1
1.0765e+07
18938.8
1.0775e+07
19161.9
1.0775e+07
19214.6
1.0775e+07
19321.4
1.0775e+07
19341.8
1.0775e+07
19389.4
1.0775e+07
19623.4
1.0775e+07
19670.6
1.0775e+07
19685.5
1.0785e+07
19914.4
1.0785e+07
19947.1
1.0785e+07
20081.8
1.0785e+07
20090.6
1.0785e+07
20157
1.0785e+07
20210.9
1.0785e+07
20528.4
1.0795e+07
20692.1
1.0795e+07
20836.2
1.0795e+07
20881.1
1.0795e+07
20961.4
1.0795e+07
20969.3
1.0795e+07
20979
1.0795e+07
21271.1
1.0805e+07
21451.6
1.0805e+07
21706.2
1.0805e+07
21750.4
1.0805e+07
21795.5
1.0805e+07
21893
1.0805e+07
21911.8
1.0815e+07
22044.1
1.0815e+07
22093.2
1.0815e+07
22161.8
1.0815e+07
22340.4
1.0815e+07
22374
1.0815e+07
22389.8
1.0825e+07
22571.9
1.0825e+07
22626.2
1.0825e+07
22736.7
1.0825e+07
22857.6
1.0825e+07
22882.7
1.0825e+07
22928.2
1.0825e+07
23057.8
1.0825e+07
23190.3
1.0825e+07
23309.8
1.0835e+07
23387.2
1.0835e+07
23528.9
1.0835e+07
23538.1
1.0835e+07
23608.3
1.0835e+07
23799.5
1.0835e+07
23837.5
1.0845e+07
23923.8
1.0845e+07
23966.5
1.0845e+07
24001
1.0845e+07
24126.3
1.0845e+07
24270.2
1.0845e+07
24375.7
1.0845e+07
24535.8
1.0855e+07
24669.9
1.0855e+07
24700.7
1.0855e+07
24852.4
1.0855e+07
24909.7
1.0855e+07
24944.6
1.0855e+07
25113.4
1.0865e+07
25300.2
1.0865e+07
25397.2
1.0865e+07
25434.5
1.0865e+07
25565.7
1.0865e+07
25653.1
1.0865e+07
25738.1
1.0865e+07
25792.8
1.0865e+07
25850.4
1.0875e+07
25972.4
1.0875e+07
25985.6
1.0875e+07
26135
1.0875e+07
26155.9
1.0875e+07
26249.2
1.0875e+07
26428.6
1.0875e+07
26468.4
1.0875e+07
26581.5
1.0885e+07
26845
1.0885e+07
26890.3
1.0885e+07
26896.3
1.0885e+07
27031.7
1.0885e+07
27145.6
1.0885e+07
27199.4
1.0885e+07
27318.4
1.0895e+07
27411.7
1.0895e+07
27487.5
1.0895e+07
27619.6
1.0895e+07
27677.3
1.0895e+07
27774
1.0895e+07
27840.8
1.0895e+07
27895.5
1.0895e+07
28021.4
1.0895e+07
28055.4
1.0905e+07
28165.4
1.0905e+07
28338.1
1.0905e+07
28359.8
1.0905e+07
28513.9
1.0905e+07
28532.6
1.0905e+07
28644.5
1.0905e+07
28662.2
1.0915e+07
28822.9
1.0915e+07
28829.9
1.0915e+07
28959.9
1.0915e+07
29076.5
1.0915e+07
29125.7
1.0915e+07
29252.3
1.0915e+07
29414.1
1.0925e+07
29522
1.0925e+07
29530.2
1.0925e+07
29690.9
1.0925e+07
29819.1
1.0925e+07
29864.7
1.0925e+07
29985.3
1.0925e+07
30021.9
1.0935e+07
30139.4
1.0935e+07
30190.6
1.0935e+07
30266
1.0935e+07
30393.9
1.0935e+07
30553.4
1.0935e+07
30575.1
1.0935e+07
30620.4
1.0945e+07
30733.5
1.0945e+07
30881.3
1.0945e+07
31039.9
1.0945e+07
31160.1
1.0945e+07
31239.7
1.0945e+07
31239.7
1.0945e+07
31264
1.0945e+07
31306.7
1.0955e+07
31480.3
1.0955e+07
31609.5
1.0955e+07
31629
1.0955e+07
31710.6
1.0955e+07
31780.3
1.0955e+07
31882.9
1.0965e+07
32019.5
1.0965e+07
32071.8
1.0965e+07
32201.5
1.0965e+07
32360.2
1.0965e+07
32373.7
1.0965e+07
32443.4
1.0965e+07
32480.8
1.0965e+07
32624.1
1.0975e+07
32673.3
1.0975e+07
32765.7
1.0975e+07
32785.8
1.0975e+07
32928.1
1.0975e+07
32993.7
1.0975e+07
33073
1.0975e+07
33269.2
0.000
9.640
1.670
3.340
5.010
6.680
8.350
0.000
9.640
1.670
3.340
5.010
6.680
8.350
STA
POS
STA
POS
Constant Offset offset = 0.00, bin = 0.00 Mon 10 Apr 2017 01:23:25 PM PDT LBzero-decon
1.0215e+07
358.923
1.0215e+07
384.477
1.0215e+07
510.59
1.0215e+07
511.174
1.0215e+07
552.175
1.0215e+07
622.714
1.0225e+07
840.17
1.0225e+07
841.37
1.0225e+07
880.798
1.0225e+07
1013.48
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1172.94
1.0235e+07
1174.14
1.0235e+07
1216.35
1.0245e+07
1389.74
1.0245e+07
1502.26
1.0245e+07
1541.5
1.0255e+07
1733.93
1.0255e+07
1735.32
1.0255e+07
1831.07
1.0255e+07
1873.53
1.0265e+07
2145.49
1.0265e+07
2151.11
1.0265e+07
2202.7
1.0265e+07
2203.01
1.0275e+07
2491.11
1.0275e+07
2494.27
1.0275e+07
2530.52
1.0275e+07
2553.71
1.0285e+07
2820.28
1.0285e+07
2822.91
1.0285e+07
2957.66
1.0285e+07
2987.91
1.0285e+07
3151.14
1.0285e+07
3196.88
1.0285e+07
3283.7
1.0295e+07
3461.3
1.0295e+07
3502.06
1.0295e+07
3541.73
1.0305e+07
3697.45
1.0305e+07
3825.8
1.0305e+07
3827.12
1.0305e+07
3894.66
1.0315e+07
4028.7
1.0315e+07
4127.06
1.0315e+07
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5502.84
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1.0405e+07
7655.81
1.0405e+07
7716.1
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1.0415e+07
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8919.42
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1.0455e+07
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1.0455e+07
9526.84
1.0465e+07
9743.85
1.0465e+07
9744.4
1.0465e+07
9981.63
1.0465e+07
10123.2
1.0465e+07
10124.9
1.0465e+07
10127.5
1.0465e+07
10128.2
1.0465e+07
10196.6
1.0475e+07
10409.8
1.0475e+07
10457
1.0475e+07
10500.5
1.0475e+07
10621
1.0475e+07
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10894.7
1.0495e+07
10936.6
1.0495e+07
10979
1.0495e+07
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1.0495e+07
11204.4
1.0505e+07
11382
1.0505e+07
11385.1
1.0505e+07
11460.7
1.0505e+07
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1.0515e+07
11668.2
1.0515e+07
11703.8
1.0515e+07
11827.1
1.0515e+07
11956.6
1.0515e+07
11969.9
1.0525e+07
12233.4
1.0525e+07
12314.2
1.0535e+07
12361.2
1.0535e+07
12453.4
1.0535e+07
12458
1.0545e+07
12734.4
1.0545e+07
12734.9
1.0545e+07
12857.6
1.0545e+07
12922.2
1.0545e+07
13020.1
1.0545e+07
13184.6
1.0555e+07
13259.7
1.0555e+07
13311.8
1.0555e+07
13350.8
1.0555e+07
13430.5
1.0565e+07
13592.5
1.0565e+07
13638.8
1.0565e+07
13753.5
1.0565e+07
13754.7
1.0575e+07
14023.2
1.0575e+07
14049.8
1.0575e+07
14061.5
1.0575e+07
14100.4
1.0575e+07
14313.1
1.0585e+07
14413.1
1.0585e+07
14590.3
1.0585e+07
14716.7
1.0585e+07
14816.4
1.0585e+07
14819.7
1.0595e+07
14945
1.0595e+07
15110.4
1.0605e+07
15266.3
1.0605e+07
15350.8
1.0615e+07
15514.7
1.0615e+07
15645.3
1.0625e+07
15866.3
1.0625e+07
16134.5
1.0635e+07
16247.4
1.0635e+07
16316.8
1.0635e+07
16403.8
1.0635e+07
16414.6
1.0635e+07
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1.0635e+07
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1.0645e+07
16854.4
1.0645e+07
17002.8
1.0655e+07
17078.8
1.0655e+07
17278.2
1.0655e+07
17280.4
1.0655e+07
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1.0655e+07
17326.8
1.0665e+07
17607
1.0665e+07
17610.2
1.0665e+07
17648.8
1.0665e+07
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1.0675e+07
17921.2
1.0675e+07
17966.5
1.0685e+07
18198.4
1.0685e+07
18202
1.0685e+07
18245.1
1.0695e+07
18479.6
1.0695e+07
18484.2
1.0695e+07
18522
1.0695e+07
18748.8
1.0695e+07
18771.4
1.0695e+07
18775.5
1.0705e+07
18946.1
1.0705e+07
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1.0705e+07
19057.5
1.0705e+07
19238
1.0715e+07
19361.4
1.0715e+07
19484.4
1.0715e+07
19524.1
1.0715e+07
19663.8
1.0725e+07
19685.5
1.0725e+07
19814.3
1.0725e+07
19832.7
1.0735e+07
20106.4
1.0735e+07
20292
1.0735e+07
20443.3
1.0755e+07
20968.9
1.0755e+07
21001.4
1.0755e+07
21002.2
1.0755e+07
21003.7
1.0765e+07
21259.1
1.0765e+07
21294.9
1.0765e+07
21300.5
1.0765e+07
21451
1.0765e+07
21578.1
1.0765e+07
21581.7
1.0215e+07
358.923
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384.477
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510.59
1.0215e+07
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552.175
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622.714
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880.798
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1013.48
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2145.49
1.0265e+07
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1.0265e+07
2202.7
1.0265e+07
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1.0275e+07
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1.0275e+07
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1.0275e+07
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1.0285e+07
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1.0285e+07
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1.0285e+07
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1.0305e+07
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1.0315e+07
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1.0335e+07
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1.0335e+07
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1.0335e+07
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1.0375e+07
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1.0385e+07
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1.0395e+07
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1.0395e+07
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1.0405e+07
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1.0405e+07
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1.0405e+07
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1.0405e+07
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1.0405e+07
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1.0405e+07
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1.0405e+07
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1.0415e+07
8149.16
1.0425e+07
8309.74
1.0425e+07
8401.79
1.0425e+07
8432.08
1.0425e+07
8436.13
1.0425e+07
8537.01
1.0435e+07
8593.63
1.0435e+07
8716.42
1.0435e+07
8822.52
1.0435e+07
8919.42
1.0445e+07
9051.86
1.0445e+07
9140.43
1.0455e+07
9342.78
1.0455e+07
9461.4
1.0455e+07
9526.84
1.0465e+07
9743.85
1.0465e+07
9744.4
1.0465e+07
9981.63
1.0465e+07
10123.2
1.0465e+07
10124.9
1.0465e+07
10127.5
1.0465e+07
10128.2
1.0465e+07
10196.6
1.0475e+07
10409.8
1.0475e+07
10457
1.0475e+07
10500.5
1.0475e+07
10621
1.0475e+07
10639.6
1.0485e+07
10894.7
1.0495e+07
10936.6
1.0495e+07
10979
1.0495e+07
11191.8
1.0495e+07
11204.4
1.0505e+07
11382
1.0505e+07
11385.1
1.0505e+07
11460.7
1.0505e+07
11474.4
1.0515e+07
11668.2
1.0515e+07
11703.8
1.0515e+07
11827.1
1.0515e+07
11956.6
1.0515e+07
11969.9
1.0525e+07
12233.4
1.0525e+07
12314.2
1.0535e+07
12361.2
1.0535e+07
12453.4
1.0535e+07
12458
1.0545e+07
12734.4
1.0545e+07
12734.9
1.0545e+07
12857.6
1.0545e+07
12922.2
1.0545e+07
13020.1
1.0545e+07
13184.6
1.0555e+07
13259.7
1.0555e+07
13311.8
1.0555e+07
13350.8
1.0555e+07
13430.5
1.0565e+07
13592.5
1.0565e+07
13638.8
1.0565e+07
13753.5
1.0565e+07
13754.7
1.0575e+07
14023.2
1.0575e+07
14049.8
1.0575e+07
14061.5
1.0575e+07
14100.4
1.0575e+07
14313.1
1.0585e+07
14413.1
1.0585e+07
14590.3
1.0585e+07
14716.7
1.0585e+07
14816.4
1.0585e+07
14819.7
1.0595e+07
14945
1.0595e+07
15110.4
1.0605e+07
15266.3
1.0605e+07
15350.8
1.0615e+07
15514.7
1.0615e+07
15645.3
1.0625e+07
15866.3
1.0625e+07
16134.5
1.0635e+07
16247.4
1.0635e+07
16316.8
1.0635e+07
16403.8
1.0635e+07
16414.6
1.0635e+07
16414.9
1.0635e+07
16418.4
1.0645e+07
16854.4
1.0645e+07
17002.8
1.0655e+07
17078.8
1.0655e+07
17278.2
1.0655e+07
17280.4
1.0655e+07
17323.6
1.0655e+07
17326.8
1.0665e+07
17607
1.0665e+07
17610.2
1.0665e+07
17648.8
1.0665e+07
17654.4
1.0675e+07
17921.2
1.0675e+07
17966.5
1.0685e+07
18198.4
1.0685e+07
18202
1.0685e+07
18245.1
1.0695e+07
18479.6
1.0695e+07
18484.2
1.0695e+07
18522
1.0695e+07
18748.8
1.0695e+07
18771.4
1.0695e+07
18775.5
1.0705e+07
18946.1
1.0705e+07
18951.8
1.0705e+07
19057.5
1.0705e+07
19238
1.0715e+07
19361.4
1.0715e+07
19484.4
1.0715e+07
19524.1
1.0715e+07
19663.8
1.0725e+07
19685.5
1.0725e+07
19814.3
1.0725e+07
19832.7
1.0735e+07
20106.4
1.0735e+07
20292
1.0735e+07
20443.3
1.0755e+07
20968.9
1.0755e+07
21001.4
1.0755e+07
21002.2
1.0755e+07
21003.7
1.0765e+07
21259.1
1.0765e+07
21294.9
1.0765e+07
21300.5
1.0765e+07
21451
1.0765e+07
21578.1
1.0765e+07
21581.7
0.000
9.640
1.670
3.340
5.010
6.680
8.350
0.000
9.640
1.670
3.340
5.010
6.680
8.350
STA
POS
STA
POS
ProfileA ProfileB ProfileC
A B
C
ProfileA
N NS S E W10km
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Conclusions
The autocorrelation method provides a means to convert ambient noise correlations into a zero-offset section. The image is enhanced by subtracting the average source from the section, but this may also remove the laterally invariant structure. The method appears to allow imaging of deeper into the crust than is possible with conventional reflection surveys.
Acknowledgements The author thanks Signal Hill Petroleum for permission to use the Long Beach and Extended Long Beach surveys in this study. The also thank Dan Hollis for facilitating the use of these data. This work was supported by NSF/EAR-1520081 and USGS/G17AP00002.
Figure 5. Results of 3-component autocorrelations. The top panels show the processed AZZ, ATT, and ARR correlations. The bottom panels shown interpreted section with a simple constant velocity time-to-depth conversion. The right two columns are lower frequency because they are S-waves.
Constant Offset offset = 0.00, bin = 0.00 Wed 09 Aug 2017 09:10:31 AM PDT SB4auto
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3.01
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2.20
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P-ReflectivityConstant Offset offset = 0.00, bin = 0.00 Wed 09 Aug 2017 09:04:07 AM PDT SB4autoTT
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0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
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1.20
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2.20
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3.20
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2.00
3.00
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Constant Offset offset = 0.00, bin = 0.00 Wed 09 Aug 2017 09:13:10 AM PDT SB4autoRR
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Constant Offset offset = 0.00, bin = 0.00 Wed 09 Aug 2017 09:04:07 AM PDT SB4autoTT
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Time(sec)
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0
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4
Depth(km)
Fault?
Depthscaledfromtimeassumingconstantshearvelocityof1.5km/s
Figure 4. Location of the 3-component node line (SB4) in San Bernardino Basin, CA. The line consists of 92 nodes on a 25-km line.
25km
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REFERENCES
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Cheraghi, S., D. White, D. Draganov, G. Bellefleur, J. Craven, and B. Roberts, 2017, Passive seismic reflection interferometry: A case study from theAquistore CO2 storage site, Saskatchewan, Canada: Geophysics, 82, no. 3, B79–B93, https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2016-0370.1.
Claerbout, J., 1968, Synthesis of a layered medium from its acoustic transmission response: Geophysics, 33, 264–269, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1439927.
Draganov, D., X. Campman, J. Thorbeacke, A. Verdel, and K. Wapenaar, 2009, Reflection images from ambient noise: Geophysics, 74, no. 5,A63–A67, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.3193529.
Ligorría, J. P., and C. J. Ammon, 1999, Iterative deconvolution and receiver-function estimation: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 89,1395–1400.
Lin, F.-C., D. Li, R. Clayton, and D. Hollis, 2013, High-resolution 3D shallow crustal structure in Long Beach, California: Application of ambientnoise tomography on a dense seismic array: Geophysics, 78, no. 4, Q45–Q56, https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2012-0453.1.
Sun, W., and B. Kennett, 2016, Receiver structure from teleseisms: Autocorrelation and cross correlation: Geophysical Research Letters, 43,6234–6242, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069564.
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