roads in kerala and u.a - · pdf filelocate your destination in kerala, use road map below. it...

Seminar on

ROADS IN KERALA AND U.A.E

Seminar No: 5

By

SHIHABUDHEEN (20D2)

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Seminar

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SHIHABUDHEEN


03-12-2010

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Abstract


Key words: roads, highway, bridge, underpass, speed, distance, map, traffic laws.

Roads are the major surface transportation infrastructure and means for the development of any country. Bridges and underpasses reduce travel time between places and for smooth traffic as well. Drainage, sewerage and communication systems are the part of modern roads.

An attempt has been made to compare the roads in Kerala and U.A.E. The economic, weather and the mix of different types of vehicles are the major factors which influences the roads of Kerala and U.A.E.

This report can be used for a quick reference for the comparison of roads in Kerala and U.A.E.

Shihabudheen (20E2)

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Contents

No. Description Page

1. Introduction ………………………………………………………… 4

2. Road maps ………………………………………………………… 4

3. Classification of roads……………………………………………. 6

4. Bridges and underpasses………………………………………… 8

5. Tunnels……………………………………………………………… 9

6. Traffic………………………………………………………………. 9

7. Traffic rules………………………………………………………… 10

8. Some traffic theories……………………………………………… 11

8.1 Speed Flow and Density relationships…………………… 11

8.2 Vehicle characteristics …………………………………….. 12

Summary………………………………………………………… 13

References…………………………………………………………… 14

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1. Introduction Road is a way of transportation. Road is an identifiable route, way or path between places. Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel; though they need not be, and historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance. A place where one may ride; an open way or public passage for vehicles, persons, and animals; a track for travel, forming a means of communication between one city, town, or place, and another.

The transportation method idea started from horse, camel and ox. Bullock Carts have been traditionally used for transport, especially rural in India. The advent of British saw drastic improvement in the horse carriages which were used for transport since early days. Bicycle are a common mode of travel in much of India and Hand-pulled rickshaw this type of transportation available is still available in Kolkata in India.

Results of a comparative study of roads in Kerala and U.A.E are presented in the following secions.

2. Road maps A map with a visual representation of roads used for automobile travel and navigation. A road map may contain other relevant data, such as terrain or rail roads; a structured representation of objects over a period of time to display a development plan.

Kerala Map

Kerala, a major state of Southern India, has a total road length of 145,704. It consists of about 1,524 kms in National Highways and 1,600 Kms in State Highways. If you wish to locate your destination in Kerala, use road map below. It not only lets you easily find your location, but also allows you to calculate the road distance and create a shortest route map.

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U.A.E Map

E 311 (known in Arabic as ٣١١ إ عراش) is a route in the United Arab Emirates. The road begins in Jebel Ali Free Zone and extends eastward towards Ras Al Khaimah. It was initially designed by Dubai Municipality originally to cut the traffic if heavy vehicles out of the downtown area. There is a bottle-neck between Dubai and Sharjah, hence defeating the original purpose. Within Dubai city limits, E 311 is referred to as Emirates Road and was later re-developed by RTA in Dubai creating 6 lanes on each side.

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In mid-2005, the road was extended to reach the UAE's northernmost emirate of Ras Al Khaimah passing through the emirates of Ajman, Umm Al Quwain and Sharjah. There is also a project to extend the E 311 through Ras Al Khaimah to the UAE's northern border with Oman (Musandam Peninula)

In Dubai, the Emirates Road is an attractive place for new projects as all the lands around it turned from normal lands to prime properties. Many projects have been launched on the road and in various stages of development including International City, Arabian Ranches, Dubailand, Dubai Silicon Oasis, Global Village, Sports City etc..

3. Classification of roads Kerala

Kerala has a well connected road network. The 8 National Highways (NH) connects major cities and towns of the state as well as to the cities of its neighboring states. More than 50 state highways (SH) crisscross the state connecting every nook and cranny of Kerala.

National high ways:

Generally the National Highways are wider and well maintained; though some of the state highways too are in excellent condition. The trouble for Kerala is climate. The Monsoon season is comparatively long and strong in Kerala. It creates havoc on the road condition, year on year. Together with its relatively high density of vehicle usage, a long bus ride in Kerala can be bumpy affair.

National Highway State highway

NH 17 is the longest national highway in Kerala with 417 kilometers of its passes through the sate. In fact NH 17 starts from Panvel , located south of Mumbai and joins NH 47 at Edappalli, a northern suburb of Cochin. Thus NH 17 connects four states - Maharastra , Goa , Karnataka and Kerala. This highway almost passes along the western cost linking the Konkan, Malabar and Cochin regions.

State Highways:

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The state highways are arterial routes of a state, linking district headquarters and important towns within the state and connecting them with national highways or Highways of the neighboring states. There are 76 state highways in Kerala.

District Roads:

District roads are between two districts and this is the main road of in that district.

District road Rural road

Rural Roads:

A rural road, in highway engineering terms, is a road that isn't in an urban setting, and, in the case of a new road, is built to the higher standards expected where there is plenty of land around.

UAE

Similar classification of roads is used in U.A.E as shown below:

Free Ways: Major Roads: Internal Roads:

Emirates road Ithihad road Internal road

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4. Bridges and underpasses

Bridges and underpasses are very common in U.A.E.

Kerala

Kuttipputam bridge Palayam underpass

U.A.E

Underpass near trade centre Garhoud bridge

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Interchange in Dubai

5. Tunnels

Tunnels are rare in kerala. Many new tunnels are opened in U.A.E.

A new tunnel in Dubai Pedestrian underpass assocated with Dubai creek tunnel

6. Traffic

Off‐peak traffic in Dubai Peak traffic in Dubai.

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Off‐peak traffic in Kerala Peak traffic in Kerala

7. Traffic rules

Traffic rules are very much followed in U.A.E and very low response in Kerala.

Lane discipline in Duabi Lane discipline in Kerala

How road users are following traffic rules in Kerala!!!

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8. Some Traffic Theories

8.1 Speed flow and desnsity relationship

In mathematics and engineering, is the study of interactions between vehicles, drivers, and infrastructure (including highways, signage, and traffic control devices), with the aim of understanding and developing an optimal road network with efficient movement of traffic and minimal traffic congestion problems

SPEED:Speed in traffic flow is defined as the distance covered per unit time.[6] The speed of every individual vehicle is almost impossible to track on a roadway; therefore, in practice, average speed is based on the sampling of vehicles over a period of time or area and is calculated and used in formulas. If speed is measured by keeping time as reference it is called time mean speed, and if it is measured by space reference it is called space mean speed.

FLOW:Flow (q) is the number of vehicles passing a reference point per unit of time, and is measured in vehicles per hour. The inverse of flow is headway (h), which is the time that elapses between the ith vehicle passing a reference point in space and the i+1 vehicle. In congestion, h remains constant.

DENSITY:Density (k) is defined as the number of vehicles per unit area of the roadway. In traffic flow, the two most important densities are the critical density (kc) and jam density (kj). The maximum density achievable under free flow is kc, while kj is minimum density achieved under congestion. In general, jam density is seven times the critical density. Inverse of density is spacing (s), which is the distance between two vehicles.

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8.2 Vehicle characteristics

Vehicel charachteristics sucha as size, shape, weight, acceleration, braking effect, etc., are widely varying and thus the mix of different types of vehicles will influence on the overall performance of the traffic.

Different types of vehicles on the same road effects worstly on traffic performance in Keral roads

Uniform type of vehicles in U.A.E roads

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Summary

General features of roads in Kerala and U.A.E have been compared in this report. In manay cases wide variations are observed in its geometry and performance of traffic. The major reasons for these differences are wide difference in the economic, climatic and composition of different mix of vehicle types. But, road user’s responses to the traffic laws have to be changed a lot in Kerala. Let us decide we will keep all the traffic laws in Kerala.

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References

1. Web literature

2. Noushad P.T, CAD Supervisor, Wadeadams

3. Friends

4. General observations in Dubai and Kerala

Contact Info: SHIHABUDHEEN [email protected] Mobile: +971-50-1616935

roads in kerala and u.a - · pdf filelocate your destination in kerala, use road map below. it...

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