Road to WarChapter 16-17

Causes of World War 2 Failure of League of Nations

No USA membershipNo enforcement of Versailles TreatyResentment created by treatyUSA never signed itUSA- isolationismNot concerned with world affairsWorldwide economic depressionUSA Great DepressionHitler/Nazi-end economic depression

Challenges to Peace

Nazi ConquestsRhineland-troops (Violation of Versailles)AustriaCzechoslovakia/SudetenlandMunich ConferencePolandDenmark, Lux, NetherlandsNorway, BelgiumFrance

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PCXSuaOozDE

German Conquest of Europe

http://notanotherhistoryteacher.edublogs.org/tag/interactive-wwii-maps/

Role of USA

American Neutrality Definition-not taking sides President Roosevelt Is the USA really neutral? (1940)

Lend-lease Act: President can lend, lease, or give military equipment to any country

Lend Lease Act (March 1941)

Economic Aid• $50.1 billion

– Great Britain– USSR– France– China

Military Aid• 37,000 tanks• 800,000 trucks• 2 million rifles• 43,000 planes• Ammunition• Gasoline• Medical supplies

Role of USA

Atlantic Charter (1941)FDR (USA) and Churchill (Great Britain)

Goals: Free trade Free seas Right to choose government Limit military No change boundaries No gain territory Freedom from fear

War vs Peace

In Favor of War• FDR supports war• “We will fight eventually!”• Need a cause or reason• What will change American

opinion?• Are we really neutral?

Opposition to War• United States Congress• Congress has power to

declare war• America First• Keep America out of War

Congress• Isolationists• http://www.aol.com/video/

opposition-in-the-us-to-enter-world-war-2/516911287/

America Enters War

Attack on Pearl Harbor (US Naval Base, Hawaii) Dec. 7, 1941 (Sunday) Surprise attack by Japanese militaryhttp://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=Attack+On+Pearl+Harbor+History+Channel&FORM=RESTAB#view=detail&mid=5D90F65047E358EFE9545D90F65047E358EFE954 2500 dead 200 planes destroyed 18 ships sunk or destroyed No aircraft carriers in the harbor! Worst attack against US in history (pre Sept 11th)Attack Scene (DVD)

USS ArizonaUS battle shipLost over 1000 of the crewSymbol of war (propaganda)http://www.ussarizona.org/http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=uss+arizona+oil+leak&FORM=HDRSC3#view=detail&mid=019037753F7E7B6A8EC9019037753F7E7B6A8EC9

FDR’s Declaration of War

Speech To Nation

http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=fdr's+declaration+of+war&qs=AS&sk=AS1&FORM=QBVR&pq=fdr's%20de&sc=8-8&sp=2&qs=AS&sk=AS1#view=detail&mid=430B39DF35AB7CB86AD1430B39DF35AB7CB86AD1

Jeannette Rankin

Congresswoman from MontanaFirst woman elected to Congress (1916)Voted against war in 1941 (also in 1917-WW1)

As a woman, I can't go to war, and I refuse to send anyone else. (Congressional speech, 1941)Believed FDR deliberately provoked JapanDoes not run in 1943-No chance to win

Did the USA Know?Benefits of Allowing Attack American opinion changed-Anti War to Pro War Full support of Congress and people Would the USA let attack happen?

FDR’s goal was to enter the war Would FDR allow USA to be attacked?End Depression Stop Hitler and Japan (will fight eventually)Froze Japanese assets in US banksStopped exporting oil to Japan Gulf of Tonkin, Cuban Missile Crisis

Pearl Harbor Conspiracy

Cracked Codes-JN 25239 decoded messagesHow long do ships remain anchoredDay of week with most shipsTorpedo netsObservation balloons

Pearl Harbor Conspiracy Evidence that FDR knew

Verbal: Richard Sorge-Soviet spy He found out that Japan was going to attackOct. 1941Warned USADusko Popov-British spyAug. 1941Informed FBI that there would be an attack Kilsoo Haan-Korean spyOct 1941Warned USA US Ambassador Joseph Grew-claimed to have seen Japanese preparing for battle (Nov 1941)

Pearl Harbor Conspiracy

VisualRadar: saw attack on radar (2 Army Privates)no planes were launched nothing was done USS Ward ship patrollingsaw a Japanese submarineblew it up 15 minutes before the attackcaptain radioed it in

Pearl Harbor Conspiracy

Reaction of FDR“This means war!” (Dec 6th)“War starts tomorrow” (Dec 6th)“Japan has given us the opportunity” (Dec 7th

3pm)Unsurprised/showed great relief

Need to aid Great Britain (Churchill)Must stop HitlerEnd justifies the means (The Prince by Machiavelli)

Evidence??

http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=FDR+Conspiracy+Theory&FORM=RESTAB#view=detail&mid=EA119825F575D2A9662CEA119825F575D2A9662C (Short Video)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9yBd-gZvvsk (Long Video)

Pearl Harbor Conspiracy

USA didn’t know!– FDR risks vs. benefits– What does FDR know? Did he get all of the info? – What the information accurate? Decoded messages were

only 20% accurate – Risky for his presidency. He could be impeached- charged

with crime (treason), removed from office, and his legacy would be the worst in history.

– Keep it secret? There are theories but no proof. – FDR: moral character- he would be responsible for the

deaths of 3,000 people. – Risk to lose the war. No guarantee to win.

War on the Home Front

Economic BattleConversion of Industries– Make war materials ($350 billion)– 48 hour work week (avg)– Unemployment rate- 1% to 1.5%– US industrial might: US output = total of Japan, Italy, and

Germany – Recycling- aluminum, rubber, glass– Rationing

War on the Home Front

National War Labor BoardLimits wage increasesLimits right to strikeControls labor unionsSets work day

War on the Home FrontFinancing the War

War bonds/Liberty BondsIncrease in taxes Bond Rallies

Office of Price AdministrationSet prices Rationed goods (sugar, gas, meat, fuel, oil, butter, shoes,

coffee) Black Market-illegal to sell rationed itemsExamples of rationed items http

://www.ameshistory.org/exhibits/ration_items.htm

War on the Home Front

Social change Role of womenworked in factories (Rosie the Riveter)non-traditional jobs steel mills, factories, civil defense

PropagandaCensorship: First Amendment suspendedRole of Walt Disney-Examples

War on the Home Front

Japanese Internment Executive Order 9066

All people-Japanese ancestry (AZ, CA, WA, OR) Were arrested and forced to relocate 110,000 people/700 American citizenshttp://ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=74

Why? National SecurityCould be spiesPearl Harbor?Racism?

Japanese Internment

War on the Home FrontKorematsu vs. USA (1944)

USA Supreme Court CaseFred Korematsurefuses to go to internment campviolation of his Constitutional rightsgovernment puts him in jail Supreme Court- upholds government decisionit doesn’t violate the Constitution (6-3) National Security is more important than individual rights (Schenck)Reaction (1976) President Gerald Ford repeals Executive Order and finds him innocentGives $20,000 to all survivors of camps ($1.6 Billion total)Property loss=$1.3 billion/Income loss $2.7 billionIs this right? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2teQMtpBD24

Fall of Germany

Invasion of NormandyD-DayUS invasion of EuropeJune 6th 1944Largest military operation of the war

http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=saving+private+ryan+omaha+beach&qs=VI&form=QBVR&pq=saving+&sc=8-7&sp=7&sk=VI6#view=detail&mid=AE401B3879604BA1B536AE401B3879604BA1B536

D-Day Invasion

Hitler’s SuicideLate April, 1945-Benito Mussolini (Italy)

murdered by his own peopleApril 30th, 1945-Hitler commits suicideBerlin falls May 2nd

V-E Day May 8th, 1945Did Hitler really die in 1945?http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=hitler+survived+history+channel&qs=n&form=QBVR&pq=hitler+survived+history+channel&sc=0-16&sp=-1&sk=#view=detail&mid=C7C4FB5A194B72445436C7C4FB5A194B72445436

Evidence http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=hitler+survived+history+channel&qs=n&form=QBVR&pq=hitler+survived+history+channel&sc=0-16&sp=-1&sk=#view=detail&mid=31FC91ABFDF7EE847CDC31FC91ABFDF7EE847CDC

Story of Sobibor

Death camp in Poland (April-1942 to Oct 1943)Only mass escape in history!Over 600 attempt to escape300 are successful

http://www.sobibor.info/index.htmlSurvivorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_survivors_of_SobiborJohn Demjanjuk-Ivan the Terriblehttp://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/demjanjukbio.html

Atomic Bomb

Manhattan ProjectCode name-US nuclear programFDR (1939) starts for $6000Goal: create nuclear reaction/weaponTested (NM) July 16th, 1945Impact on World?Positive or NegativeFat man and Little boy

Einstein’s letter http://www.atomicarchive.com/Docs/Begin/Einstein.shtml

Bomb DecisionPresident Harry Truman’s Options (FDR dies-1945)

Threaten to drop bombs Demonstration

Use-military/civilian targetsInvade Japan

Issues/problems with each option?Truman’s decision

Drop both on civilian targetsHiroshima, Nagasaki

Why? End the war!Bomb Testhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gEaqbv3WuF0

Impact

Hiroshima-http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NF4LQaWJRDgDestroys everything for 4 square miles7200 degrees of heat createdFires 2 miles in every directionMushroom cloud-Black RainKilled-120,000 Injured-200,000 (estimates)Over 5 year period-250-300,000 deadFuture generations effectedImpact of Chernobyl (1986)

Ends World War 2 (After bombing Nagasaki)

Ethical?

Was this the right decision?Support your answer

What other options could be used?Impact on history?World view of the United StatesNuclear Age-http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7VG2aJyIFrAUSA vs USSR (West vs East)Start of Cold War (1945-1990)