rnp enginneering rules
DESCRIPTION
Radio Network Planning specifically for NSN system but also can be used for any system for 2G.TRANSCRIPT
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ ����
6LWH/XGZLJVEXUJ
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW
2ULJLQDWRU�V�7��4XLFN
(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
'RPDLQ � 0&'
'LYLVLRQ � 2SHUDWRUV
5XEULF �� 5DGLR�1HWZRUN�3ODQQLQJ
7\SH � *XLGHOLQH
'LVWULEXWLRQ�FRGHV �
3UHGLVWULEXWLRQ�
5��&ROOPDQQ $&6�26% &��*XHWLQ $0&).��+HLQOHLQ $&6�2$% (��%DXGLHQYLOOH $0&)5��.ODKP $&6�26% -��&KDUQRW $0&)+�*��7�FKOH $&6�2%' -��;LDR $0&)+��'HUUH\ $0&)
$EVWUDFW�
7KLV� GRFXPHQW� GHVFULEHV� HQJLQHHULQJ� UXOHV� WR� EH� XVHG� IRU� UDGLR� QHWZRUN� SODQQLQJSXUSRVHV�
$SSURYDO
1DPH6LJQDWXUH
5��.ODKP .��(FNHUW 5��&ROOPDQQ
1DPH6LJQDWXUH
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ ����
7DEOH�RI�FRQWHQWV
��+LVWRU\����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
��5HIHUHQFHG�'RFXPHQWV ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������
��$EEUHYLDWLRQV�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
��6FRSH������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
��7UDIILF�&DOFXODWLRQV���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
����2IIHUHG�WUDIILF �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� �����7UDIILF�FDSDFLW\������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� �������/RVV�6\VWHP����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� �������4XHXLQJ�V\VWHP ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� �
����7UDIILF�GLVWULEXWLRQ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� �����7UDIILF�PL[�DQG�PRELOLW\ ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ��
��&RYHUDJH�3ODQQLQJ �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
����7UDQVPLWWHU�DQG�5HFHLYHU�&KDUDFWHULVWLFV ���������������������������������������������������������������������� ������$QWHQQDV ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ��������'LUHFWLYLW\�DQG�*DLQ �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ��������$QWHQQD�'LDJUDP������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ ��������'RZQWLOW�$QJOH ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ��������3RODUL]DWLRQ �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ��
����:DYH�3URSDJDWLRQ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ ��������)UHH�VSDFH�3URSDJDWLRQ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ��������.QLIH�HGJH�GLIIUDFWLRQ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ ��������&267�����0RGHOV����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������+DWD�V�IRUPXOD����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������:DOILVK�,NHJDPL�PRGHO ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
����/LQN�%XGJHW���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ��������,VRODWRU��&RPELQHU��)LOWHU ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ��������&DEOH��&RQQHFWRU ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ ��������%RG\�/RVV ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ��������5)�,QSXW�3RZHU���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ��������$QWHQQD�'LYHUVLW\ ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ ��������,QWHUIHUHU�0DUJLQ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ��������)DGLQJ�0DUJLQ ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ��������$QWHQQD�3UH�DPSOLILHU������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ ��������,QGRRU�SHQHWUDWLRQ ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ��
����&HOO�5DQJHV���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ��
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ ����
��)UHTXHQF\�3ODQQLQJ ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
����)UHTXHQF\�UH�XVH�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ��������,QWHUIHUHU�SUREDELOLW\�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ��������2XWDJH�DQG�&DOO�6XFFHVV�UDWH ������������������������������������������������������������������������������ ��
����*URXS�IUHTXHQF\�SODQQLQJ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ ��������'HWHUPLQDWLRQ�RI�WKH�UH�XVH�FOXVWHU�VL]H����������������������������������������������������������������� ��������'HILQLWLRQ�RI�WKH�IUHTXHQF\�JURXSV������������������������������������������������������������������������ ��������$VVLJQPHQW�RI�WKH�JURXS�QXPEHUV ������������������������������������������������������������������������ ��������$GYDQWDJHV�DQG�GUDZEDFNV�RI�JURXS�IUHTXHQF\�SODQQLQJ �������������������������������������� ��
��(OHFWURPDJQHWLF�&RPSDWLELOLW\�3UREOHPV����������������������������������������������������
��$SSHQGL[��*60�VSHFLILF�VXEMHFWV�����������������������������������������������������������������
����%66�,QWHUFRQQHFWLRQ�SODQQLQJ �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ��������%6&�$UFKLWHFWXUH ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ��������6XEPXOWLSOH[LQJ�DQG�OLQH�FRQILJXUDWLRQV ���������������������������������������������������������������� ��������'LPHQVLRQLQJ�5XOHV ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������$ELV�,QWHUIDFH�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������'LPHQVLRQLQJ�RI�7&8$V���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1XPEHU�RI�$�LQWHUIDFHV��7UDQVFRGHU�DQG�$WHU�OLQHV ���������������������������������������������������������
����&DSDFLW\�DQG�&RYHUDJH�([WHQVLRQ ������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ��������1H[W�JHQHUDWLRQ�PRELOH�FDSDELOLWLHV���������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������'XDO�UDWH �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������([WHQGHG�*60�DQG�'XDO�EDQG�DSSURDFK������������������������������������������������������������������������
������&RQFHQWULF�FHOOV��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ��������)UHTXHQF\�KRSSLQJ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ��������0LFURFHOOV ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������+LHUDUFKLFDO�FHOO�VWUXFWXUH�DQG�FDOO�KDQGOLQJ�SKLORVRSK\�����������������������������������������������������������0LFURFHOO�'HVLJQV�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
������5HSHDWHU�DSSOLFDWLRQV ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ ��������([WHQGHG�FHOOV ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ��
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ ����
� +LVWRU\�������� 'UDIW�GRFXPHQW�FUHDWLRQ
(G��� �������� (G����UHOHDVH
� 5HIHUHQFHG�'RFXPHQWV>�@ 5DGLR�QHWZRUN�SODQQLQJ�SURFHVV�GHVFULSWLRQ
$OFDWHO�'RFXPHQW��')������������8$==$>�@ 7UDIILF� PL[� DQG� VXEVFULEHU� PRELOLW\�� LQ�� Å01'7� ���� 0RELORH� 1HWZRUN� 'HVLJQ
7RROER[��8VHU�V�*XLGH´$0&)��'HSDUWPHQW�01'
>�@ $QWHQQD�HQJLQHHULQJ�UXOHV$OFDWHO�'RFXPHQW��')������������8&==$
>�@ $VSHFWV�RQ�SRODUL]DWLRQ�GLYHUVLW\$OFDWHO�'RFXPHQW��%.������������'6==$
>�@ 8UEDQ� WUDQVPLVVLRQ� ORVV� PRGHOV� IRU� PRELOH� UDGLR� LQ� WKH� ����� DQG� �����0+]EDQGV��5HYLVLRQ���&267�����7'����������5HY�����7KH�+DJXH��6HSWHPEHU�����
>�@ 'HVFULSWLRQ�RI�PRUSKR�FODVVHV�IRU�UDGLR�QHWZRUN�SODQQLQJ$OFDWHO�'RFXPHQW��')������������3*==$
>�@ (XURSHDQ� GLJLWDO� FHOOXODU� WHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV� V\VWHP� �3KDVH� ���� 5DGLRWUDQVPLVVLRQ�DQG�UHFHSWLRQ��*60�������(XURSHDQ�7HOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV�6WDQGDUGV�,QVWLWXWH������
>�@ 6ORZ�IUHTXHQF\�KRSSLQJ$OFDWHO�'RFXPHQW��')������������8'==$
>�@ $QWHQQD�VSDFLQJ�IRU�GLYHUVLW\�JDLQ$OFDWHO�'RFXPHQW��')������������8&==$
>��@ )UHTXHQF\�SODQQLQJ�JXLGHOLQHV$OFDWHO�'RFXPHQW��')������������8(==$
>��@ $OFDWHO����������PXOWLEDQG�RSHUDWLRQ�*60�'&6�������FRQFHSW�GHVFULSWLRQ$OFDWHO�'RFXPHQW��'&������������74==$
>��@ 1HWZRUN�SODQQLQJ�*XLGHOLQHV�IRU�&RQFHQWULF�&HOOV$OFDWHO�'RFXPHQW��%.������������'6==$
>��@ 6WUDWHJ\�WR�LQWURGXFH�PDFUR��PLFURFHOOV�LQWR�RSHUDWLRQDO�QHWZRUNV$OFDWHO�'RFXPHQW��WR�EH�UHOHDVHG�
>��@ ,QGRRU�FRYHUDJH�VROXWLRQV��SRVLWLRQ�SDSHU�$OFDWHO�'RFXPHQW��'&������������74==$
>��@ 5HSHDWHU�VROXWLRQV�IRU�FRYHUDJH�LPSURYHPHQWV��SRVLWLRQ�SDSHU$OFDWHO�'RFXPHQW��'&������������74==$
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ ����
� $EEUHYLDWLRQV$' $QWHQQD�GLYHUVLW\$036 $GYDQFHG�0RELOH�3KRQH�6HUYLFH$5&6 $YHUDJH�UH�XVH�FOXVWHU�VL]H%&&+ %URDGFDVWLQJ�FRQWURO�FKDQQHO��*60�%6& %DVH�6WDWLRQ�&RQWUROOHU%66 %DVH�6WDWLRQ�6\VWHP��%6&�DQG�%76�%76 %DVH�7UDQVFHLYHU�6WDWLRQ&267 (XURSHDQ�FRRSHUDWLRQ�LQ�6FLHQFH�DQG�7HFKQRORJ\&35 &RPPRQ�3URFHVVLQJ�8QLW&65 &DOO�VXFFHVV�UDWH'&6 'LJLWDO�&RPPXQLFDWLRQ�6\VWHP��*60�IXQFWLRQDOLW\�DW������0+]�'7& 'LJLWDO�7UXQN�&RQWUROOHU(,53 (IIHFWLYH�LVRWURSLF�UDGLDWHG�SRZHU(0& (OHFWURPDJQHWLF�&RPSDWLELOLW\(53 (IIHFWLYH�UDGLDWHG�SRZHU)'0$ )UHTXHQF\�GRPDLQ�PXOWLSOH�DFFHVV)+ )UHTXHQF\�KRSSLQJ)5 )XOO�UDWH*R6 *UDGH�RI�6HUYLFH*60 *OREDO�6\VWHP�IRU�0RELOH�&RPPXQLFDWLRQ������0+]�+3%: +DOI�SRZHU�EHDPZLGWK��RI�DQ�DQWHQQD�+5 +DOI�UDWH/1$ /RZ�QRLVH�DPSOLILHU/26 /LQH�RI�VLJKW0&/ 0LQLPXP�FRXSOLQJ�ORVV06 0RELOH�6WDWLRQ06& 0RELOH��6ZLWFKLQJ�&HQWHU1/26 1RQ�OLQH�RI�VLJKW107 1RUGLF�0RELOH�7HOHSKRQH�6\VWHP20/ 2SHUDWLRQ��PDLQWHQDQFH�OLQN3&0 3XOVH�FRGH�PRGXODWLRQ3705 3XEOLF�7UXQNHG�0RELOH�5DGLR4R6 4XDOLW\�RI�6HUYLFH5&6 5H�XVH�FOXVWHU�VL]H5) 5DGLR�IUHTXHQF\513 5DGLR�1HWZRUN�3ODQQLQJ56/ 5DGLR�VLJQDOOLQJ�OLQN60 6XEPXOWLSOH[HU7$&6 7RWDO�$FFHVV�&RPPXQLFDWLRQ�6\VWHP7& 7UDQVFRGHU7&+ 7UDIILF�FKDQQHO
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ ����
7&8$ 7HUPLQDO�&RQWURO�8QLW�$7'0$ 7LPH�GRPDLQ�PXOWLSOH�DFFHVV70$ 7RZHU�PRXQWHG�DPSOLILHU75; 7UDQVFHLYHU
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ ����
� 6FRSH7KLV� GRFXPHQW� SURYLGHV� UXOHV� DQG� IRUPXODV� IRU� UDGLR� HQJLQHHULQJ� WDVNV�� ,W� LV� QRWFRQWDLQLQJ� JHQHUDO� PHWKRGRORJLHV� RI� FHOOXODU� UDGLR� QHWZRUN� SODQQLQJ�� WKHVH� DUHGHFULEHG�LQ�PRUH�GHWDLO�LQ�>�@�
7R�DOORZ�PRUH�IOH[LELOLW\�LQ�WKH�GRFXPHQW·V�FRQWHQWV��WKH�JLYHQ�UXOHV�DQG�IRUPXODV�DSSO\IRU� WKH�EDVLF�PHWKRGRORJ\�DQG� FDQ�EH�XVHG� IRU� LQLWLDO� UDGLR� QHWZRUN� SODQQLQJ�� ,Q� DPDWXUHG�QHWZRUN��XVXDO�DSSURDFKHV�DUH�XVHG�ZKLFK� UHTXLUH�D�PRUH�VSHFLILF� YLHZ�RQWKH� UHODWHG� HQJLQHHULQJ� WR� EH� DSSOLHG� �H�J��� PLFURFHOOV�� FRQFHQWULF� FHOOV� HWF���� 7KHVHDSSURDFKHV�DUH�KDQGOHG�LQ�PRUH�GHWDLO�LQ�VHSDUDWH�GRFXPHQWV�ZKLFK�DUH�UHIHUUHG�WR�DWWKH�DSSURSULDWH�VHFWLRQV�LQ�WKLV�GRFXPHQW�
7KH� GHVFULEHG�PHWKRGRORJ\� LV�PDLQO\� UHODWHG� WR� WKH�*60�'&6� V\VWHP�� VLQFH� WKLV� LV$OFDWHO·V� PDLQ� EXVLQHVV� LQ� WKH� PRELOH� FRPPXQLFDWLRQ� VHFWRU�� +RZHYHU�� PRVW� RI� WKHSODQQLQJ� JXLGHOLQHV� DQG� HQJLQHHULQJ� UXOHV� PD\� EH� DSSOLHG� IRU� RWKHU� PRELOH� UDGLRVWDQGDUGV�DV�ZHOO��,Q�WKLV�FDVH��QRWLRQV�OLNH�Å%76´��ÅKDQGRYHU´��ÅFRQWURO�FKDQQHO´�KDYHWR�EH�UHSODFHG�E\�DSSURSULDWH�WHUPV�XVHG�LQ�WKH�UHODWHG�VWDQGDUG�
7KH�PDLQ�WRSLFV�LQ�WKLV�GRFXPHQW�DUH
• 7UDIILF�FDOFXODWLRQV���KRZ�WR�ILQG�WKH�QXPEHU�RI�UHTXLUHG�UDGLR�FKDQQHOV�EDVHG�RQWKH�JLYHQ�VXEVFULEHU�SURILOH�DQG�WUDIILF�GLVWULEXWLRQ�
• &RYHUDJH�SODQQLQJ���KRZ�WR�FRPSXWH�FHOO�UDQJHV�EDVHG�RQ�OLQN�EXGJHW�DVSHFWV�DQGFRYHUDJH� UHTXLUHPHQWV�� 7KLV� DOVR� LQFOXGHV� EDVLFV� RQ� ZDYH� SURSDJDWLRQ� DQGDQWHQQDV�
• )UHTXHQF\� SODQQLQJ� �� EDVLF� FRQFHSWV� RQ� IUHTXHQF\� UH�XVH�� LQWHUIHUHU� GLVWDQFHV�VSHHFK�TXDOLW\�DQG�IUHTXHQF\�SODQQLQJ�PHWKRGV�
• (OHFWURPDJQHWLF�FRPSDWLELOLW\���WKH�LQIOXHQFH�RI�EORFNLQJ��LQWHUPRGXODWLRQ�SURGXFWV�FRPSDWLELOLW\�EHWZHHQ�GLIIHUHQW�UDGLR�V\VWHPV��H�J��*60��$036��7$&6��DQG�VXLWDEOHSUREOHP�VROXWLRQV�
• %66� LQWHUFRQQHFWLRQ� SODQQLQJ� �� EDVLF� GLPHQVLRQLQJ� UXOHV� IRU� WKH� %76�%6&FRQQHFWLRQ�DQG�%6&�FRQILJXUDWLRQ��IRU�*60�'&6��
• *60�'&6�QHWZRUN�H[SDQVLRQ���SRVVLELOLWLHV�RI�FDSDFLW\�RU�FRYHUDJH�H[SDQVLRQ�IRU*60�QHWZRUNV�
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ ����
� 7UDIILF�&DOFXODWLRQV6XEVFULEHUV�ZKLFK�XVH� WKHLU�PRELOH�SKRQH�DUH�FDXVLQJ� WUDIILF� LQ� WKH�VHUYLFH�DUHD�RI�DUDGLR�QHWZRUN��7KH� WUDIILF�PD\�KDYH�GLIIHUHQW� FKDUDFWHULVWLFV� �VSHHFK��GDWD�� ID[�� VKRUWPHVVDJH� HWF���� 7KH� WHUP� ÅWUDIILF´� KDV� WR� EH� XQGHUVWRRG� ZLWK� FDUH�� 2QH� KDYH� WRGLVWLQJXLVK�WKH�IROORZLQJ�PHDQLQJV�
• 7UDIILF�FDSDFLW\� LV� WKH�WUDIILF�ZKLFK�FDQ�EH�KDQGOHG�E\�RQH�FHOO�� ,W� LV�GHSHQGHQW�RQWKH�QXPEHU�RI� WUDIILF�FKDQQHOV� �UHJDUGOHVV�ZKHWKHU� WKHVH�FKDQQHOV�DUH�SURYLGHG� LQIRUP� RI� IUHTXHQF\� FKDQQHOV�� WLPHVORWV�� RU� ERWK�� ZKLFK� WKH� UDGLR� EDVH� VWDWLRQSURYLGHV�LQ�WKH�FHOO�DUHD�
• 2IIHUHG�WUDIILF� LV� WKH� WUDIILF�ZKLFK�UHDOO\�RFFXUV� LQ� WKH�FHOO�DUHD�� ,I� WKH�EDVH�VWDWLRQSURYLGHV�QRW�HQRXJK� WUDIILF� FKDQQHOV�� VRPH� VXEVFULEHUV�DUH�QRW�DEOH� WR� UHFHLYH�RUHVWDEOLVK�D�FDOO��WKH\�DUH�EORFNHG�
7KH�FDOFXODWLRQ�RI�UHVRXUFHV� IRU� WUDIILF�KDQGOLQJ� LV�GRQH� LQ�D�VLPLODU�ZD\�DV� IRU� IL[HGQHWZRUNV�� 2EYLRXVO\�� LW� LV� QRW� HIILFLHQW� WR� SURYLGH� RQH� WUDIILF� FKDQQHO� IRU� HDFKVXEVFULEHU�� DV� QR� VXEVFULEHU� ZLOO� XVH� WKH� FKDQQHO� ��� KRXUV� D� GD\�� ,QVWHDG�� TXHXHVWDWLVWLFV� DUH� DSSOLHG� WR� GHWHUPLQH� WKH� UHTXLUHG� QXPEHU� RI� FKDQQHOV�� ,Q� RUGHU� WRSURYLGH� DQ� DFFHSWDEOH� DYDLODELOLW\�� WKH� V\VWHP� LV� GHVLJQHG� IRU� D� OLPLWHG� EORFNLQJSUREDELOLW\�
��� 2IIHUHG�WUDIILF
%HIRUH� WKH� WUDIILF� FDQ� EH� FDOFXODWHG�� D� VXLWDEOH� PHDVXUH� PXVW� EH� GHILQHG�� 7KLV� LVDFKLHYHG�E\�GLYLGLQJ�WKH�PHDQ�KROGLQJ�WLPH�K�D�VXEVFULEHU�LV�RFFXS\LQJ�WKH�FKDQQHO�E\D�FHUWDLQ�REVHUYDWLRQ�WLPH�W��*HQHUDOO\��LI�QR�RWKHU�FRQGLWLRQV�DUH�JLYHQ��WKLV�LV�WKH�PDLQEXV\�KRXU��7KH�UHVXOWLQJ�YDOXH�7
VXE� LV�PHDVXUHG� LQ�(UODQJ�SHU�VXEVFULEHU�DQG� LV�FDOOHG
WUDIILF�SHU�VXEVFULEHU�RU�VXEVFULEHU�SURILOH��UHVSHFWLYHO\�
7KWVXE = �(TQ������
%\�PXOWLSO\LQJ� WKLV� YDOXH�E\� WKH� WRWDO� QXPEHU�RI� VXEVFULEHUV�QVXE� LQ� WKH� FHOO�� WKH� WRWDO
RIIHUHG�WUDIILF�7�LQ�(UODQJ�LV�IRXQG�
7 7 QVXE VXE
= ⋅ �(TQ������
1RWH��WKH�XQLW�(UODQJ�LV�D�ÅSVHXGR´�XQLW�DQG�SUHVHQWV�DFWXDOO\�D�XQLWOHVV�UDWLR��$�YDOXHRI� �� (UODQJ� HTXDOV� DQ� DPRXQW� RI� WUDIILF� ZKLFK� RFFXSLHV� RQH� FKDQQHO� �RU�� LQ� IL[HGQHWZRUNV��RQH�OLQH��FRPSOHWHO\�GXULQJ�WKH�ZKROH�REVHUYDWLRQ�WLPH�
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ ����
$V� DQ� H[DPSOH�� FRQVLGHU� ���� VXEVFULEHUV�� HYHU\RQH� RI� WKHP� RFFXS\LQJ� D� WUDIILFFKDQQHO�IRU���PLQXWHV�� ���VHF��GXULQJ�WKH�PDLQ�EXV\�KRXU��7KHQ�
7VXE
� ����VHF�������VHF� ������P(UO�VXE DQG
7� �����P(UO�VXE� ����VXE� ���(UO
��� 7UDIILF�FDSDFLW\
7KH�WUDIILF�FDSDFLW\�7�RI�D�FHOO�GHSHQGV�RQ�WKH
• DYDLODEOH�QXPEHU�RI�WUDIILF�FKDQQHOV��UHVSHFWLYHO\�WKH�QXPEHU�RI�FDUULHUV��DQG�WKH• UHTXLUHG�EORFNLQJ�SUREDELOLW\
7KH�EORFNLQJ�SUREDELOLW\� LV�FDOFXODWHG�EDVHG�RQ�WKH�DVVXPSWLRQ�RI�D� ORVV�V\VWHP�RU�DTXHXHLQJ� V\VWHP�� 7KLV� LV� GHVFULEHG� LQ� WKH� IROORZLQJ� FKDSWHUV�� 1RWH�� WKH� EORFNLQJSUREDELOLW\�LV�VRPHWLPHV�UHIHUUHG�DV�JUDGH�RI�VHUYLFH��*R6��
����� /RVV�6\VWHP
$� ORVV� V\VWHP� LV� D� WUDIILF� V\VWHP� ZKHUH� FDOO� DWWHPSWV� DUH� UHMHFWHG� ZLWKRXW� DQ\UHFRJQLWLRQ�LQ�FDVH�RI�D�FRPSOHWH�RFFXSDQF\�RI�DOO�DYDLODEOH�OLQHV��VHH�)LJXUH�������7KHUHODWHG�EORFNLQJ�SUREDELOLW\�LV�FDOFXODWHG�ZLWK�WKH�(UODQJ�%�IRUPXOD�
3 Q
L
EORFN
Q
L
L
Q=
=∑
ρ
ρ�
��
�(TQ������
ZKHUH
Pblock EORFNLQJ�SUREDELOLW\ρ RIIHUHG�WUDIILF�LQ�(UODQJn QXPEHU�RI�WUDIILF�FKDQQHOV
/RVV� V\VWHPV� DUH� H�J�� *60�'&6�� 107�� 7$&6�� 7KH� WUDIILF� FDSDFLW\� ZKLFK� FDQ� EHDFKLHYHG�IRU�D�JLYHQ�EORFNLQJ�SUREDELOLW\�LV�GHWHUPLQHG�E\�DQ�LWHUDWLYH�SURFHGXUH�ZKLFKVROYHV�IRU�ρ� LQ�IRUPXOD������7DEOH�����VKRZV�WKH�WUDIILF�FDSDFLW\�IRU�GLIIHUHQW�FKDQQHOQXPEHUV�
)LJXUH������/RVV�V\VWHP�ZLWK�WUDIILF�IORZ
/RVV6\VWHP
�Q�VORWV�
2IIHUHG
5HMHFWHG
+DQGOHG
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ �����
%\�VWXG\LQJ�WKHVH�UHVXOWV��WKH�IROORZLQJ�REVHUYDWLRQV�DUHPDGH�
• 7KH� WUDIILF� FDSDFLW\� LV� GLVWLQFWLYHO\� VPDOOHU� WKDQ� WKHSURYLGHG�QXPEHU�RI�FKDQQHOV��7KLV�LV�GXH�WR�WKH�IDFWWKDW�WKH�GLIIHUHQW�FDOO�DWWHPSWV�WUHDWHG�LQ�WKH�VWDWLVWLFVDUH� QRW� MXVW� RFFXULQJ� RQH� E\� RQH� ZLWK� H[DFWO\� WKHVDPH� KROGLQJ� WLPH�� $FWXDOO\�� WKHUH� LV� D� VWDWLVWLFDOGLVWULEXWLRQ� ERWK� RI� WKH� FDOO� DUULYDO� UDWH� DQG� WKHKROGLQJ� WLPH�� 7KH� KLJKHU� WKH� QXPEHU� RI� FKDQQHOV�WKH� FORVHU� WKH� WUDIILF� YDOXH� UHDFKHV� WKH� QXPEHU� RIFKDQQHOV�
• 7KH� EHKDYLRXU� RI� WKH� WUDIILF� GHSHQGLQJ� RQ� WKHQXPEHU�RI�FKDQQHOV�LV�VWURQJO\�QRQ�OLQHDU�DQG�SURJUHVVLYH��([DPSOH�IURP�IL[HG�OLQHQHWZRUNV�� FDOFXODWLQJ� WKH� WUDIILF� FDSDFLW\� RI� WZR� WUXQNV� RI� �� OLQHV� HDFK�� D� WRWDOFDSDFLW\�RI��� ����(UO� ����(UO�UHVXOWV��%\�FRPELQLQJ�WKH�WZR�WUXQNV�LQWR�RQH�ZLWK���OLQHV��WKH�FDSDFLW\�LV����(UO�DQG�KLJKHU�WKDQ�WKH�WRWDO�YDOXH�RI�WKH�WZR�VPDOOHU�WUXQNV�7KLV�HIIHFW�LV�NQRZQ�DV�WUXQNLQJ�HIILFLHQF\�
,I�WKH�QXPEHU�RI�WUDIILF�FKDQQHOV�DUH�NQRZQ��LW�LV�HDV\�WR�FDOFXODWH�WKH�UHTXLUHG�QXPEHURI� IUHTXHQF\� UHVRXUFHV�� ,Q� VLPSOH� FDVHV�� H�J�� IRU� DQDORJXH� UDGLR� V\VWHPV�� RQHIUHTXHQF\� FKDQQHO�DQG�KHQFH�RQH� WUDQVFHLYHU� LV� UHTXLUHG� IRU� HDFK� WUDIILF� FKDQQHO��$GLJLWDO�V\VWHP�OLNH�*60�ZRUNV�ZLWK�7'0$��WLPH�GRPDLQ�PXOWLSOH�DFFHVV��DQG�LV�DEOH�WRKDQGOH���WUDIILF�FKDQQHOV�RQ�RQH�WUDQVFHLYHU��&DXWLRQ��:KHQ�FDOFXODWLQJ�WKH�QXPEHU�RIWUDQVFHLYHUV�RXW�RI� WKH�QXPEHU�RI� WUDIILF�FKDQQHOV��VRPH�FRQWURO�FKDQQHOV��GHSHQGLQJRQ�WKH�V\VWHP��PXVW�EH�FRQVLGHUHG�
����� 4XHXHLQJ�V\VWHP
$�TXHXHLQJ�V\VWHP�LV�D�V\VWHP�ZKHUH�FDOO�DWWHPSWV�ZKLFK�FDQQRW�EH�KDQGOHG� LQ�FDVHWKH�V\VWHP�LV�IXOO\�ORDGHG�DUH�SXW�LQWR�D�TXHXH��,I�D�FDOO�DWWHPSW�LQ�D�TXHXH�FDQQRW�EHKDQGOHG�HYHQ�DIWHU�D�FHUWDLQ�ZDLWLQJ�WLPH��WKH�FDOO�LV�UHMHFWHG��)RU�WKH�FDOFXODWLRQ�RI�WKHEORFNLQJ�SUREDELOLW\��WKH�(UODQJ�&�IRUPXOD�LV�XVHG��,Q�PRVW�FDVHV��LW�LV�DVVXPHG�WKDW�WKHTXHXH�KDV�DQ�LQILQLWH�QXPEHU�RI�HQWULHV�
)RU� H[DPSOH�� 3075� DUH� TXHXHLQJ� V\VWHPV�� 1RWH�� IRU� VRPH� *60�'&6� V\VWHPV�TXHXHLQJ�RI�FDOOV�LV�DQ�RSWLRQ��,Q�WKLV�FDVH��QDWXUDOO\� WKH�EORFNLQJ�PXVW�EH�FDOFXODWHGZLWK�(UODQJ�&�
��� 7UDIILF�GLVWULEXWLRQ
'HVLJQLQJ� FHOOV� ZLWK� WKH� DERYH� IRUPXODV� OHDGV� QRUPDOO\� WR� UDWKHU� FRDUVH� ILJXUHV�� ,QIDFW�� WKH� VXEVFULEHUV� DUH� PRVWO\� QRW� GLVWULEXWHG� HTXDOO\� LQ� WKH� FHOO�� 7KLV� FDQ� EH
Q 7UDIILF�>(UO@IRU���EORFNLQJ
� ����� ����� ������ ������ ������ ������ ������ ����
7DEOH������7UDIILF�FDSDFLW\
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ �����
H[SUHVVHG�ZLWK�D� WUDIILF�GHQVLW\�GLVWULEXWLRQ� W�[�\��ZLWK�[�\�D� FHOO� FRRUGLQDWH�� 7KH� WRWDORIIHUHG�WUDIILF�LV�WKHQ�IRXQG�E\�LQWHJUDWLQJ�W�[�\��RYHU�WKH�FHOO�DUHD�$�
ρ = ∫∫ W [ \ G[ G\$
� � � �(TQ������
)RU�SUDFWLFDO�SXUSRVHV�� WKDW�PHDQV� WKDW�D� FHUWDLQ�GLIIHUHQWLDWLRQ�PXVW�EH�GRQH�ZKHQFDOFXODWLQJ� WKH� UHTXLUHG� QXPEHU� RI� EDVH� VWDWLRQV� RYHU� D� FRPSOHWH� VHUYLFH� DUHD�� 7KHPRUH� H[DFW� WKH� GLYLVLRQ� LQ� VHYHUDO� VXEDUHDV� ZLWK� GLIIHUHQW� WUDIILF� GHQVLWLHV�� WKH�PRUHDFFXUDWH�WKH�UHVXOW�
)RU�FRPSXWHU�DLGHG�UDGLR�QHWZRUN�SODQQLQJ� WRROV�� WKH�IRUPXOD�DERYH�DOORZV�DQ�HDV\FDOFXODWLRQ�RI�WKH�RIIHUHG�WUDIILF�IRU�HDFK�FHOO��+RZHYHU��LW�LV�PRVW�RIWHQ�YHU\�GLIILFXOW�WRREWDLQ�DQ�DFFXUDWH�WUDIILF�GHQVLW\�GDWDEDVH�IRU�D�ELJ�FRQWLQXRXV�VHUYLFH�DUHD�
��� 7UDIILF�PL[�DQG�PRELOLW\
)RU�PDQ\� FDVHV�� WKH� WUDIILF� FDOFXODWLRQV� VKRZQ� LQ� WKH�SUHYLRXV� FKDSWHUV�DUH�DFFXUDWHHQRXJK� WR�DOORZ�D�ÅUXOH�RI�WKXPE´�GLPHQVLRQLQJ�RI�D�QHWZRUN��+RZHYHU��GHSHQGLQJRQ�WKH�V\VWHP�V�FRPSOH[LW\��GLIIHUHQW�W\SHV�RI�WUDIILF�PD\�RFFXU��H�J��QRUPDO�FDOOV��ID[RU� GDWD� WUDQVPLVVLRQ�� VKRUW� PHVVDJH� VHUYLFHV�� ZKHUH� WKH� VXEVFULEHU� SURILOHV� DUHGLIIHUHQW��(DFK�RI�WKH�VHUYLFHV�DQG�WKH�VLJQDOOLQJ�GXULQJ�WKH�FDOO�UHTXLUHV�D�FHUWDLQ�ORDGRQ� FRPPRQ�RU� VSHFLDO� FRQWURO� FKDQQHOV�� IRU�ZKLFK� WKH� WUDIILF�PXVW� EH� FDOFXODWHG� DVZHOO��7KH�EORFNLQJ�FDOFXODWLRQ�IRU�FRQWURO�DQG�WUDIILF�FKDQQHOV�PD\�EH�GLIIHUHQW�GXH�WRWKH�IDFW�WKDW�LQ�WKH�ILUVW�FDVH��D�TXHXHLQJ�V\VWHP�DQG�LQ�WKH�VHFRQG�FDVH��D�ORVV�V\VWHPKDV�WR�EH�FRQVLGHUHG�
$GGLWLRQDOO\�� WKH� VXEVFULEHUV�DUH�QRW� IL[HG� LQ� WKH�QHWZRUN��'HSHQGLQJ�RQ� WKH� V\VWHP�WKHLU� PRELOLW\� OHDGV� WR� WKH� RFFXUHQFH� RI� VRPH� HYHQWV� OLNH� KDQGRYHUV� �� KDQGRIIV�ORFDWLRQ� XSGDWLQJ� �IRU� V\VWHPV� ZKLFK� VXSSRUW� URDPLQJ��� 7KHVH� HYHQWV� DUH� FDXVLQJDGGLWLRQDO�WUDIILF�RQ�SURSHU�FRQWURO�FKDQQHOV�
0RGHOV�ZKLFK�DOORZV�WKH�FDOFXODWLRQ�RI�DOO�WKHVH�FDVHV�DUH�YHU\�FRPSOH[�DQG�FRQVLVW�RIVRPH� KXQGUHG� SDUDPHWHUV� >�@�� 7KHLU� VXLWDEOH� DSSOLFDWLRQ� LV� UHVWULFWHG� WR� WKH� FDVHVZKHUH�HDFK�RU�DW� OHDVW�HQRXJK�SDUDPHWHUV�DUH�NQRZQ�E\� WKH�RSHUDWRU��EXW� WKH\�FDQDOVR�EH�XVHG�WR�VWXG\�WKH�GHSHQGHQFH�RI�WKH�WRWDO�WUDIILF�RQ�WKH�VLQJOH�SDUDPHWHUV��RUWKH\� FDQ�EH�XVHG� IRU� DQVZHULQJ�TXHVWLRQV� OLNH� H�J�� Å:KDW�KDSSHQV� WR� WKH� FHOO� LI� WKHKDQGRYHU�UDWH�LV�GRXEOHG��LV�DQ�DGGLWLRQDO�VLJQDOOLQJ�FKDQQHO�QHHGHG�"´
$Q� LQYHVWLJDWLRQ� ZKLFK� DOORZV� WKH� GHGXFWLRQ� RI� VRPH� JHQHUDO� UXOHV�� H�J�� KRZ� WRFRQILJXUH�*60�WLPHVORWV��FRQWURO�RU�WUDIILF�FKDQQHO���KDV�QRW�EHHQ�SHUIRUPHG�\HW�
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ �����
� &RYHUDJH�3ODQQLQJ&RYHUDJH�SODQQLQJ�RI� FHOOV� UHTXLUHV� IDU�PRUH�NQRZOHGJH� WKDQ� WUDIILF� FDOFXODWLRQV��DVUDGLR� SURSDJDWLRQ� PXVW� EH� WUHDWHG�� ,Q� WKH� IROORZLQJ�� DOO� DVSHFWV� ZKLFK� KDYH� DQLQIOXHQFH�RQ�WKH�DFKLHYDEOH�FHOO�UDQJH�DUH�DGGUHVVHG�
��� 7UDQVPLWWHU�DQG�5HFHLYHU�&KDUDFWHULVWLFV
(DFK�UDGLR�V\VWHP�LV�FKDUDFWHUL]HG�E\�D�VHW�RI�WUDQVPLWWHU�DQG�UHFHLYHU�SDUDPHWHUV��,QPRELOH�UDGLR�V\VWHPV��WKH�SDUDPHWHUV�PXVW�EH�VXLWDEOH�GHVLJQHG�LQ�RUGHU�WR�DOORZ�WZR�ZD\� FRPPXQLFDWLRQ�� $OVR�� WKLV� SDUDPHWHUV� GHSHQG� RQ� WKH� FDSDELOLW\� RI� WKH� V\VWHP�GLJLWDO�DQDORJXH��UHTXLUHG�ELW�UDWH�IRU�VXIILFLHQW�VSHHFK�TXDOLW\�� LPSURYHPHQWV�GXH�WRVLJQDO�SURFHVVLQJ�HWF���
7KH�IROORZLQJ�SDUDPHWHUV�DUH�RI�LQWHUHVW�IRU�UDGLR�QHWZRUN�SODQQLQJ�
• 7UDQVPLWWHU�RXWSXW�SRZHUV�RI�EDVH�VWDWLRQ�DQG�PRELOH�VWDWLRQ��WKHVH�SDUDPHWHUV�DUHRSWLPL]HG�LQ�RUGHU�WR�DOORZ�D�EDODQFHG�SDWKORVV�IRU�XS��DQG�GRZQOLQN��VHH�VHFWLRQ�����/LQN�%XGJHW���,Q�JHQHUDO��WKH�RXWSXW�SRZHUV�IRU�WKH�GLIIHUHQW�V\VWHPV�DUH�GLYLGHGLQ�FODVVHV�
• 5HFHLYHU� VHQVLWLYLWLHV� �EDVH� VWDWLRQ� DQG�PRELOH� VWDWLRQ��� WKH� VHQVLWLYLWLHV� GHSHQG� RQWKH� SDWKORVV� EDODQFH�� QRLVH� ILJXUHV� RI� WKH� UHFHLYHU� IURQWHQGV�� VLJQDO� SURFHVVLQJFDSDELOLWLHV� DQG� SURWHFWLRQ� DJDLQVW� SRVVLEOH� LQWHUIHUHUV�� 7KH� RSWLPXP� YDOXHV� DUHVSHFLILHG�LQ�RUGHU�WR�DFKLHYH�XQGHUVWDQGDEOH�VSHHFK�TXDOLW\�
• )UHTXHQF\�EDQGV�DQG�EDQGZLGWK���WKH�DVVLJQHG�IUHTXHQF\�EDQG�DQG�WKH�EDQGZLGWKRI� RQH� FKDQQHO�� UHVSHFWLYHO\� WKH� FKDQQHO� QXPEHUV�� DUH� QRW� RQO\� LPSRUWDQW� IRUIUHTXHQF\� SODQQLQJ�� EXW� DOVR� IRU� FRPSDWLELOLW\� LQYHVWLJDWLRQV� LQ� FDVH� WKDW� GLIIHUHQWUDGLR� V\VWHPV� DUH� XVHG� LQ� WKH� VHUYLFH� DUHD� �VHH� FKDSWHU� ���� +DYLQJ� WKH� SDWKORVVFDOFXODWLRQV� LQ� YLHZ�� WKH� EDQGZLGWK� IRU� PRELOH� UDGLR� V\VWHPV� LV� XVXDOO\� QRW� ZLGHFRPSDUHG�WR�WKH�FHQWHU�IUHTXHQF\��VR�LW�LV�VXIILFLHQW�WR�SHUIRUP�DOO�FDOFXODWLRQV�EDVHGRQ�WKLV�FHQWHU�IUHTXHQF\��7KLV�VLPSOLILHV�WKH�FRYHUDJH�SODQQLQJ�H[WUHPHO\�� 7DEOH����VKRZV�D�VXPPDU\�RI�WKH�IUHTXHQFLHV�IRU�VRPH�V\VWHPV�
6\VWHP %DQGZLGWK��0+]� &KDQQHO�VSDFLQJ��N+]� &KDQQHOVGRZQOLQN XSOLQN
*60���� ������� ������� ��� �����$5)&1��������(�*60 ������� ������� ��� ����$5)&1��������������'&6����� ��������� ��������� ��� �����$5)&1���������$036 ������� ������� �� ���(�$036 ������� ������� �� ���7$&6 ������� ������� �� ���(�7$&6 ������� ������� �� ����1�7$&6 ������� ������� ���� ���107���� ������� ������� �� ���107���� ������� ������� ���� ����
7DEOH������)UHTXHQFLHV�RI�GLIIHUHQW�V\VWHPV
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ �����
��� $QWHQQDV
$QWHQQDV� FRQYHUW�JXLGHG�ZDYHV�� IHG� YLD� OLQHV� RU�ZDYHJXLGHV�� LQWR� IUHH�VSDFH�ZDYHV�)URP�WKH�YDULHW\�RI�GLIIHUHQW�DQWHQQD� W\SHV�� VXFK�DV� OLQHDU�DQWHQQDV�� ORRS�DQWHQQDV�SDWFK� DQWHQQDV� HWF��� RQO\� OLQHDU� DQWHQQDV� �PRQRSROHV� DQG� GLSROHV�� DUH� XVHG� IRUPRELOH� UDGLR� VHUYLFHV�� (QJLQHHUV� ZKR� DUH� LQYROYHG� LQ� PLFURZDYH� SODQQLQJ� DUH� DOVRHQFRXQWHUHG�ZLWK�UHIOHFWRU�DQWHQQDV�
7KH�DQWHQQD�SDUDPHWHUV�ZKLFK�DUH�RI�LQWHUHVW�IRU�WKH�UDGLR�QHWZRUN�HQJLQHHULQJ�DUH�
• $QWHQQD�GLUHFWLYLW\�DQG�JDLQ• $QWHQQD�GLDJUDP�DQG�KRUL]RQWDO�RU�YHUWLFDO�KDOI�SRZHU�EHDPZLGWK• 6LGHOREHV��QXOO�GLUHFWLRQV• 'RZQWLOW�DQJOH• )URQW�WR�EDFN�UDWLR• 3RODUL]DWLRQ
����� 'LUHFWLYLW\�DQG�*DLQ
7KHVH� SDUDPHWHUV� DUH� GHILQHG� ZLWK� UHVSHFW� WR� WKH� K\SRWKHWLF� LVRWURSLF� UDGLDWRU�� 7KLVUDGLDWRU� LV�SK\VLFDOO\�QRW�SRVVLEOH�� WKH�VLPSOHVW�DQWHQQD� LV� WKH�+HUW]LDQ�GLSROH��D� WKLQSLHFH�RI�ZLUH�ZKLFK�LV�RI�LQILQLWHVLPDO�OHQJWK�
(DFK� UHDO�DQWHQQD� �LQFOXGLQJ� WKH�+HUW]LDQ�GLSROH�� UDGLDWHV� HOHJWURPDJQHWLF�ZDYHV� LQSUHIHUUHG� GLUHFWLRQV�� L�H�� WKHUH� LV� D� GLUHFWLRQ�GHSHQGHQW� JDLQ� RI� WKH� SRZHU� IORZFRPSDUHG�WR�WKH�SRZHU�IORZ�RI�WKH�LVRWURSLF�UDGLDWRU�ZKLFK�LV�FDOOHG�GLUHFWLYLW\�'�
'66L
� � �� � �
ϕ ϑϕ ϑ
= �(TQ������
ZKHUH�S(ϕ,ϑ)� LV� WKH� SRZHU� GHQVLW\� IORZ� �LQ�:�P����Si� LV� WKH� �GLUHFWLRQ� LQGHSHQGHQW�SRZHU� GHQVLW\� IORZ� RI� WKH� LVRWURSLF� UDGLDWRU�� DQG� ϕ�ϑ� LV� D� GLUHFWLRQ� LQ� VSKHULFDOFRRUGLQDWHV��UHVSHFWLYHO\��7KLV�IRUPV�D�W\SLFDO�UDGLDWLRQ�SDWWHUQ�RI�WKH�DQWHQQD�
$� PRUH� FRPPRQ� SDUDPHWHU� LV� WKH� DQWHQQD� JDLQ� *�� ,W� LV� VLPLODU� WR� WKH� DQWHQQDGLUHFWLYLW\��EXW�WDNHV�DOVR�ORVVHV�LQWR�DFFRXQW���HIILFLHQF\��
* '= ⋅η �(TQ������
%RWK� GLUHFWLYLW\� DQG� JDLQ� FDQ� EH� JLYHQ� IRU� FHUWDLQ� GLUHFWLRQV� DQG� DV� WRWDO� �LQWHJUDO�YDOXHV�� $Q� DQWHQQD� ZLWK� D� JLYHQ� UDGLDWLRQ� SDWWHUQ� SURYLGHV� WKLV� WRWDO� JDLQ� YDOXH� LQPDLQ�EHDP�GLUHFWLRQ��VR�WKDW
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ �����
(,53 3 *LQ
= ⋅ �(TQ������
ZKHUH�3LQ
�LV�WKH�SRZHU�IHG�LQWR�WKH�DQWHQQD�DQG�(,53�LV�WKH�HIIHFWLYH�LVRWURSLF�UDGLDWHGSRZHU� LQ� PDLQ� EHDP� GLUHFWLRQ�� ,Q� RUGHU� WR� HQDEOH� VLPSOH� FDOFXODWLRQV� ZLWK� SRZHUYDOXHV�LQ�G%P��*�LV�DOVR�RIWHQ�VSHFLILHG�LQ�G%�DQG�UHIHUUHG�WR�WKH�LVRWURSLF�UDGLDWRU��L�H�WKH� LVRWURSLF� UDGLDWRU� KDV� DQ� DQWHQQD� JDLQ� RI�*
L
� � �G%L� �ZKHUH� ÅL´� RI� WKH� XQLW� G%LVWDQGV�IRU�ÅLVRWURSLF´��
6RPHWLPHV��DOVR�WKH�QRWLRQ�RI�Å(53´�RFFXUV��7KLV�VWDQGV�IRU�HIIHFWLYH�UDGLDWHG�SRZHU�7KH�GLIIHUHQFH�WR�WKH�(,53�LV�WKH�UHIHUHQFH�WR�WKH�KDOI�ZDYH�GLSRO��L�H���D�ÅUHDO´�DQWHQQD�UDWKHU� WKDQ� WKH� LVRWURSLF� UDGLDWRU��6LQFH� WKH�KDOI�ZDYH�GLSRO�KDV�DQ�DQWHQQD�JDLQ�RI���G%L�
* *G L
= + ��� �(TQ������
ZKHUH�*L
� LV� WKH�DQWHQQD�JDLQ� UHODWHG� WR� WKH� LVRWURSLF� UDGLDWRU� �LQ� G%L�� DQG�*G
� LV� WKHDSSURSULDWH� JDLQ� UHIHUUHG� WR� WKH� KDOI�ZDYH� GLSROH� �LQ� G%G�� ZKHUH� ÅG´� VWDQGV� IRUÅGLSROH´��
����� $QWHQQD�'LDJUDP
7KH� DQWHQQD� GLUHFWLYLW\�� UHVSHFWLYHO\� WKH� DQWHQQD� JDLQ�� IRUPV� D� UDGLDWLRQ� SDWWHUQ�� DVPHQWLRQHG� HDUOLHU�� 7KLV� SDWWHUQ� GHSHQGV� RQ� WKH� DQWHQQD� JHRPHWU\� DQG� WKH� FXUUHQWGLVWULEXWLRQ�LQ�LWV�HOHPHQWV��,W�LV�SRVVLEOH�WR�FRPSRVH��ZLWK�D�FHUWDLQ�GHJUHH�RI�IUHHGRP�DUELWUDU\�DQWHQQD�GLDJUDPV�E\�DUUDQJLQJ�DQWHQQD�HOHPHQWV��H�J��GLSROHV�� LQ�JURXSV�H�J��LQ�D�JULG�DUUDQJHPHQW�
,Q� JHQHUDO�� WKH� UDGLDWLRQ� SDWWHUQ� LV� JLYHQ� IRU� HDFK� LQGLYLGXDO� GLUHFWLRQ�ϕ�ϑ�� )RU� VODEDQWHQQDV�DQG�GLSROH�JURXSV�DV� XVHG� IRU�PRELOH� UDGLR�� LW� LV� SRVVLEOH� WR� VHSDUDWH� WKHSDWWHUQ� LQ�DQ�KRUL]RQWDO�DQG� YHUWLFDO�DQWHQQD�GLDJUDP��ZKLFK�DUH� \LHOGHG�RXW� RI� WKHVSDWLDO�GLDJUDP�E\�D�KRUL]RQWDO�DQG�YHUWLFDO�FXW��VHH�)LJXUH������
(DFK�DQWHQQD�GLDJUDP�FRQVLVWV�RI�D�FRXSOH�RI�EHDPV�RU�OREHV��2QH�GLVWLQJXLVKHV�WKHPDLQ�EHDP��SRLQWLQJ�LQ�WKH�GLUHFWLRQ�ZKHUH�WKH�PD[LPXP�SRZHU�LV�UDGLDWHG��DQG�WKHVLGHOREHV�� ZKLFK� DUH� ORFDO� PD[LPD� LQ� WKH� DQWHQQD� GLDJUDP�� 7KHVH� VLGHOREHV� PXVWVRPHWLPHV� EHHQ� WUHDWHG� ZLWK� VSHFLDO� FDUH�� DV� WKH\� FRXOG� UDGLDWH� WRR� PXFK� SRZHUWRZDUGV� XQSODQQHG� GLUHFWLRQV� RI� WKH� FHOO� �LQWHUIHUHQFH���� 7KHUH� DUH� DOVR� GLUHFWLRQVZKHUH� WKH�DQWHQQD� LV�QHDUO\�QRW� UDGLDWLQJ�� WKHVH�DUH�FDOOHG�QXOO�GLUHFWLRQV��7KH\�PD\FDXVH�FRYHUDJH�SUREOHPV�
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ �����
,PSRUWDQW� SDUDPHWHUV� DUH� DOVR� WKH� KRUL]RQWDO� DQG� YHUWLFDO� +3%:� �KDOI�SRZHUEHDPZLGWK���7KH\�VSHFLI\� WKH�DQJXODU�UDQJH�RI�PDLQ�SRZHU�HPLVVLRQ��7KH�ERUGHUV�RIWKLV�UDQJH�DUH�GHILQHG�DW�WKH�GLUHFWLRQV�ZKHUH�WKH�DQWHQQD�UDGLDWHV�KDOI�RI� WKH�SRZHUDV� UDGLDWHG� LQ� PDLQ� EHDP� GLUHFWLRQ�� L�H�� �G%� OHVV� SRZHU�� 7KH� +3%:�V� DUH� GLUHFWO\UHODWHG� WR� WKH� DQWHQQD� JDLQ�� ,I� H�J�� WKH� YHUWLFDO�+3%:� LV� UHGXFHG�� WKH� DQWHQQD� JDLQYDOXH�LV�ULVLQJ�
7KH�IURQW�WR�EDFN�UDWLR�VSHFLILHV�WKH�UHODWLRQ�EHWZHHQ�WKH�JDLQ�LQ�PDLQ�EHDP�GLUHFWLRQDQG�WKH�KLJKHVW�VLGHOREH�LQ�WKH�EDFN�UHJLRQ�RI� WKH�DQWHQQD�DQG� LV�DOVR�DQ� LPSRUWDQWVHOHFWLRQ�FULWHULD�LI�DQ�RSWLPXP�LQWHUIHUHQFH�OLPLWDWLRQ�LV�UHTXLUHG�
$�VSHFLDO�FDVH�LV�WKH�DQWHQQD�GLDJUDP�RI�D�VLQJOH�PRQRSROH�RU�GLSROH��LW�KDV�D�EHDPLQ� YHUWLFDO� GLUHFWLRQ� DQG� D� FLUFXODU� RU�RPQLGLUHFWLRQDO� SDWWHUQ� LQ� KRUL]RQWDO� GLUHFWLRQ�$SSURSULDWH�DQWHQQDV�DUH�FDOOHG�RPQL�DQWHQQDV�
7KH� KRUL]RQWDO� DQG� YHUWLFDO� GLDJUDPV� DUH� QRUPDOO\� PHDVXUHG� LQ� DQ� DQWL�HFKRLFFKDPEHU��VR� WKDW�QR�FRQGXFWLYH�PDWHULDOV�DUH� LQIOXHQFLQJ� WKH�DQWHQQD�� ,Q� UHDOLW\�� WKHDQWHQQDV�DUH�LQVWDOOHG�RQ�FRQGXFWLQJ�SROHV�RU�PDVWV��DQG�VRPH�PDWHULDOV�LQ�WKH�YLFLQLW\RI�WKH�DQWHQQD�LQVWDOODWLRQ�DUH�DOVR�FRQGXFWLYH��VR�WKDW�WKH�DQWHQQD�GLDJUDP�LQ�UHDOLW\ZLOO�EH�GLVWRUWHG��*XLGHOLQHV� IRU� WKH� LQVWDOODWLRQ�ZKLFK�PLQLPL]HV� WKHVH�GLVWRUWLRQV�DUHGHVFULEHG�LQ�>�@�
����� 'RZQWLOW�$QJOH
6RPHWLPHV�� DQWHQQDV� DUH� LQVWDOOHG� ZLWK� D� VPDOO� GRZQWLOW� DQJOH�� L�H�� FRQVLGHULQJ� WKHYHUWLFDO�GLDJUDP��WKH�PDLQ�EHDP�LV� ORZHUHG�DJDLQVW� WKH�KRUL]RQWDO�GLUHFWLRQ�E\�D�IHZGHJUHHV��7KLV�LV�GRQH�WR�UHGXFH�ÅRYHUVKRRW´�DQG�PLQLPL]H�LQWHUIHUHQFH�LQ�WKH�QHWZRUN�7\SLFDO� YDOXHV�DUH� LQ� WKH�RUGHU� RI� ��� WR�����'RZQWLOWV� FDQ� EH� DSSOLHG�PHFKDQLFDO� RU
0 dB
-3 dB
-10 dB
0 dB
-3 dB
-10 dB
verticalhorizontal
sidelobe
null direction
main beam
HPBW
)LJXUH������+RUL]RQWDO�DQG�YHUWLFDO�DQWHQQD�GLDJUDP�ZLWK�VRPH�DQWHQQD�SDUDPHWHUV
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ �����
HOHWULFDO�� ,Q� WKH� ODWWHU� FDVH�� WKH� WLOWHG� EHDP� LV� DFKLHYHG� E\� IHHGLQJ� RI� WKH� GLIIHUHQWGLSROHV�LQ�DQ�DQWHQQD�JURXS�ZLWK�GLIIHUHQW�SKDVH�VKLIWHG�VLJQDOV�
(OHFWULFDO� GRZQWLOWHG� DQWHQQDV� KDYH� VRPH� DGYDQWDJHV� FRPSDUHG� WR� PHFKDQLFDOGRZQWLOWV�� 'XH� WR� WKH� SKDVH�VKLIWHG� H[FLWDWLRQ� RI� WKH� DQWHQQD� HOHPHQWV�� WKH� ZKROHYHUWLFDO� DQWHQQD� GLDJUDP� LV� GRZQWLOWHG� �DOVR� WKH� VLGHOREHV��� ZKHUHDV� RQO\� WKH� PDLQEHDP�LV�WLOWHG�LQ�FDVH�RI�PHFKDQLFDO�GRZQWLOW��$OVR��LW�LV�SRVVLEOH�WR�PRXQW�WKH�DQWHQQDVZLWKRXW� VSHFLDO� PRXQWLQJ� DVVHPEOLHV�� H�J�� GRZQWLOW� NLWV�� ZKLFK� H[FOXGH� IXUWKHULQVWDOODWLRQ�HUURU�VRXUFHV��2Q� WKH�RWKHU�KDQG��DQWHQQDV�ZLWK� IL[HG�HOHFWULFDO�GRZQWLOWVDUH�QRW�DOORZLQJ�IOH[LEOH�GRZQWLOW�DGMXVWPHQW�
����� 3RODUL]DWLRQ
7KH� SRODUL]DWLRQ� GLUHFWLRQ� LV� JLYHQ� E\� WKH� GLUHFWLRQ� RI� WKH� HOHFWULF� ILHOG� YHFWRU�� )RUPRELOH� UDGLR� DQWHQQDV�� PDLQO\� YHUWLFDO� SRODUL]DWLRQ�� SURYLGHG� E\� YHUWLFDO� VODEDQWHQQDV�� LV� XVHG�� )RU� DQWHQQD� GLYHUVLW\�� KRZHYHU�� FRQFHSWV� ZLWK� FURVV�SRODUL]HGDQWHQQDV��DQWHQQDV�FRPSULVLQJ�ERWK�D�YHUWLFDO�DQG�D�KRUL]RQWDO�SRODUL]HG�HOHPHQW��DUHXVHG�WR�SURYLGH�WZR�UHFHLYHU�EUDQFKHV��VHH�>�@�IRU�GHWDLOV��
3RODUL]HG� DQWHQQDV� DUH� VSHFLILHG� E\� D� GHFRXSOLQJ� YDOXH� ZKLFK� GHVFULEHV� WKHWUDQVPLVVLRQ� IDFWRU� IURP� RQH� EUDQFK� WR� WKH� RWKHU�� 7KLV� YDOXH� PXVW� EH� WDNHQ� LQWRDFFRXQW� LQ� RUGHU� WR� DYRLG� UHFHLYHU� EORFNLQJ� LI� VXFK� DQ� DQWHQQD� LV� XVHG� IRU� ERWKWUDQVPLWWLQJ�DQG�UHFHLYLQJ�
��� :DYH�3URSDJDWLRQ
7KH�SURSDJDWLRQ�RI�UDGLR�ZDYHV�LV�RQH�RI�WKH�PRVW�GLIILFXOW�VXEMHFWV�LQ�HOHFWURPDJQHWLFILHOG� WKHRU\�� ,W� LV�REYLRXV� WKDW�SUDFWLFDO� IRUPXODV�ZKLFK� FDQ�EH�HIIHFWLYHO\�DSSOLHG� IRUUDGLR�HQJLQHHULQJ�SXUSRVHV�DUH�UHTXLUHG��6RPH�RI�WKH�IRUPXODV��DV�ZLOO�EH�VHHQ�ODWHU�LQWKLV� FKDSWHU�� DUH� WKH� VXPPDU\� RI� SODQQLQJ� H[SHULHQFH� UDWKHU� WKDQ� GHULYDWLRQV� IURPILHOG�WKHRU\��7KH\�DUH�EDVHG�RQ�UHDO�PHDVXUHPHQWV�DQG�KDYH�DQ�HPSLULFDO�FKDUDFWHU�
����� )UHH�VSDFH�3URSDJDWLRQ
7KH�VLPSOHVW�IRUP�RI�ZDYH�SURSDJDWLRQ�LV� WKH�IUHH�VSDFH�SURSDJDWLRQ��7KH�DFFRUGLQJSDWK�ORVV�FDQ�EH�FDOFXODWHG�ZLWK�WKH�IROORZLQJ�IRUPXOD�
/GNP
I0+]IUHHVSDFH = + ⋅ + ⋅��� �� ��� ORJ ORJ �(TQ������
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ �����
/IUHHVSDFH
)UHH�VSDFH�ORVV�LQ�G%G GLVWDQFH�EHWZHHQ�WUDQVPLWWHU�DQG�UHFHLYHU�DQWHQQD�LQ�NPI RSHUDWLQJ�IUHTXHQF\�LQ�0+]
7KLV� IRUPXOD�FDQ�RQO\�EH�DSSOLHG� LI� WKH�GLUHFW� OLQH�RI�VLJKW� �/26�� EHWZHHQ� WUDQVPLWWHUDQG�UHFHLYHU� LV�QRW�REVWUXFWHG��7KLV� LV� WKH�FDVH� LI�D�VSHFLILF�UHJLRQ�DURXQG�WKH�/26�LVFOHDUHG�IURP�DQ\�REVWDFOHV��7KLV�UHJLRQ�LV�FDOOHG�)UHVQHO�HOOLSVRLG�VHH�)LJXUH������
7KLV�HOOLSVRLG�LV�WKH�VHW�RIDOO� SRLQWV� DURXQG� WKH/26� ZKHUH� WKH� WRWDOOHQJWK�RI� WKH� FRQQHFWLQJOLQHV� WR� WKH� WUDQVPLWWHUDQG� WKH� UHFHLYHU� LVORQJHU� WKDQ� WKH� /26OHQJWK� E\� H[DFWO\� KDOI� DZDYHOHQJWK�� ,W� FDQ� EHVKRZQ�WKDW� WKLV�UHJLRQ� LVFDUU\LQJ�WKH�PDLQ�SRZHUIORZ� IURP� WUDQVPLWWHU� WRUHFHLYHU��1RWH�� LW� LV� DOVR�SRVVLEOH� WR� GHILQH� KLJKHU�RUGHU� UHJLRQV� DURXQG� WKH� /26�E\UHTXLULQJ�WKDW�WKH�GLIIHUHQFH�EHWZHHQ�WKH�WRWDO�OHQJWK�RI�D�SDWK�YLD�D�GHILQLQJ�SRLQW�DQGWKH�/26�OHQJWK�LV�JHQHUDOO\�Q���ZLWK�Q�WKH�RUGHU�RI�WKH�)UHVQHO�HOOLSVRLG�
7KH�FURVV�VHFWLRQ�RI�WKH�)UHVQHO�HOOLSVRLG�DW�DQ\�SRLQW�EHWZHHQ�WUDQVPLWWHU�DQG�UHFHLYHULV� D� FLUFOH� ZLWK� UDGLXV� U� �VHH� )LJXUH� ����� ORZHU� SDUW��� ,I� G
�
� LV� WKH� GLVWDQFH� EHWZHHQWUDQVPLWWHU� DQG� WKH� FRQVLGHUHG� SRLQW�� DQG� G
�
� LV� WKH� GLVWDQFH� IURP� WKLV� SRLQW� WR� WKHUHFHLYHU��UHVSHFWLYHO\��WKHQ��λ� �ZDYHOHQJWK�
UG GG G
=⋅+
⋅� �
� � �λ
�(TQ������
8VLQJ�WKLV�IRUPXOD��LW�LV�SRVVLEOH�WR�FKHFN�ZKHWKHU�DQ�REVWUXFWLRQ�RFFXUV�RU�QRW�
����� .QLIH�HGJH�GLIIUDFWLRQ
,Q�FDVH�RI�DQ�REVWUXFWLRQ�RI� WKH�/26�SDWK�� WKH�IUHH�VSDFH�IRUPXOD�ZLWK�DQ�DGGLWLRQDOFRUUHFWLRQ� WHUP� FDQ� EH� XVHG� LI� WKH� REVWDFOH� LV� VPDOO� FRPSDUHG� WR� WKH� GLVWDQFH� IURPWUDQVPLWWHU�WR�UHFHLYHU��%DVHG�RQ�WKH�DVVXPSWLRQ�WKDW�WKLV�REVWDFOH�FDQ�EH�UHSODFHG�E\DQ�LGHDO�FRQGXFWLQJ�KDOI�SODQH�ZKLFK�H[WHQGV�WR�LQILQLW\�LQ�WKH�GLUHFWLRQ�SHUSHQGLFXODUWR� WKH� SURSDJDWLRQ� SDWK� DQG� ZKLFK� LV� RI� LQILQLWHVLPDO� WKLFNQHVV� �ÅNQLIH�HGJH´�� VHH)LJXUH������� WKLV� VLWXDWLRQ� UHIHUV� WR� D� ILHOG� WKHRU\�SUREOHP�ZKLFK� FDQ� EH� VROYHG� LQ� D
LOS
Transmitter
Receiver
)LJXUH������)UHVQHO�HOOLSVRLG
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ �����
GHWHUPLQLVWLF� ZD\�� ,QWKH� FDVH� WKDW� WKLVNQLIH�HGJH� REVWDFOHW\SH� HQWHUV� WKH)UHVQHO� UHJLRQ�GLIIUDFWLRQ� RFFXUV�VLPLODU� WR� WKHGLIIUDFWLRQ� NQRZQIURP� RSWLFV�� DQGLQWURGXFHV� VRPHDGGLWLRQDO� GLIIUDFWLRQORVV� FRPSDUHG� WR� WKHIUHH�VSDFHSURSDJDWLRQ�
7KH�GLIIUDFWLRQ�ORVV�FDQ�EH�GHVFULEHG�E\
/ ) Y YKU
KG GG GGLII = = − = − ⋅
+⋅
⋅� � ZKHUH ��
� �
� �
�λ
�(TQ������
ZLWK�K�
�WKH�KHLJKW�RI�WKHREVWDFOH�DERYH�WKH�/26�Y� LV� D� SDUDPHWHU� ZKLFKUHSUHVHQWV� WKH� QXPEHURI� ÅFOHDUHG´� )UHVQHOHOOLSVRLGV�� 7KH� IXQFWLRQ)�Y�� LV� VKRZQ� LQ� )LJXUH����� 2QH� FDQ� VHH� WKDWWKH� GLIIUDFWLRQ� ORVV� LV�G%� LI� WKH� REVWDFOH� LVMXVW� WRXFKLQJ� WKH� /26�)RU� Y!��� VRPHRVFLOODWLRQ� LV� QRWHG�ZKLFK� DSSHDUV� GXH� WRWKH�IDFW�WKDW�WKH�REVWDFOHPRYHV� RYHU� VHYHUDO)UHVQHO� UHJLRQV� ZKHUHWKH� SKDVH� RI� WKH� WUDQVPLWWHG� VLJQDO� LV� DOWHUQDWLQJ� EHWZHHQ������� DQG� ������ SKDVHVKLIW�� ,Q� UHDOLW\�� WKH� FRQGXFWLYLW\� RI� WKH� REVWDFOH�V� PDWHULDO� LV� QRW� LGHDO�� DQG� WKHRVFLOODWLRQV�DSSHDUV�ÅVPRRWKHG´�WR�DQ�DYHUDJH�YDOXH�
h0
r
d1 d2
LOS
h0
LOS
)LJXUH������.QLIH�HGJH�REVWDFOH
Knife-edge diffraction function
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Clearance of Fresnel ellipsoid (v)
F(v
) [d
B]
)LJXUH������'LIIUDFWLRQ�IXQFWLRQ�)�Y�
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ �����
����� &267�����0RGHOV
)RU�PRELOH�QHWZRUNV��WKH�UHFHLYHU�DQWHQQD�LV�QRUPDOO\�VLWXDWHG�DW�D�ORZ�KHLJKW�DERYHWKH�JURXQG��7KXV��WKH�)UHVQHO�HOOLSVRLG�LV�REVWUXFWHG�LQ�WKH�HQYLURQPHQW�RI�WKH�PRELOHVWDWLRQ�RYHU�D�ELJ�GLVWDQFH��,Q�WKLV�VLWXDWLRQ��ZKLFK�LV�W\SLFDOO\�PHW�IRU�PRELOH�QHWZRUNV��WKH�IUHH�VSDFH�IRUPXOD�FDQQRW�EH�XVHG�DQ\�PRUH��DQG�LW�LV�LPSUDFWLFDO�WR�GHVFULEH�WKLVVLWXDWLRQ�ZLWK�D�SK\VLFDO�PRGHO�
,Q� VXFK� VLWXDWLRQV�� HPSLULFDO� UHODWLRQV� DUH� DSSOLHG�� 7KH� PRVW� HIIHFWLYH� DSSURDFK� LVIRXQG�LQ�WKH�&267�����UHFRPPHQGDWLRQ�>�@��,W�GLVWLQJXLVKHV�EHWZHHQ�PDFURFHOOV�DQGPLFURFHOOV� �DFFRUGLQJ� WR� W\SLFDO� FHOO� UDQJHV�� DQG� LV� EDVHG� RQ� ZHOO�NQRZQ� HPSLULFDOIRUPXODV� WR� EH� DSSOLHG� WR� WKH� GLIIHUHQW� VFHQDULL�� H[WHQGHG� IRU� WKH� XVDJH� RQ� KLJKHUIUHTXHQFLHV�RU�DGGLWLRQDO�SURSDJDWLRQ�HIIHFWV�
������� +DWD�V�IRUPXOD
)RU� FRQYHQWLRQDO� PDFURFHOOV�� WKH� SDWK� ORVV� LV� FDOFXODWHG� E\� DQ� HPSLULFDO� IRUPXOD�NQRZQ�DV�+DWD�V�IRUPXOD�
/ D DI
0+]KP
DK
KP
GNP
*
KDWD%6
06
%6PRUSKR
= + ⋅ − − +
+ − ⋅ −
� � ����
�� � � ��
ORJ � ORJ � �
� � � ORJ � ORJ�(TQ������
ZLWK
DKI
0+]KP
I0+]06
06� � � � ORJ � � � � ORJ � �= ⋅ − ⋅ − ⋅ −�� �� ��� � �
DQG�WKH�IROORZLQJ�YDOXHV�RI�D�
��D�
�GHSHQGLQJ�RQ�WKH�IUHTXHQF\�UDQJH�
)UHTXHQF\�UDQJH�0+]�
D� D�
���������� ����� ��������������� ���� ����
7KH�PHDQLQJ�DQG�YDOLGLW\�UDQJHV�RI�WKH�TXDQWLWLHV�DUH�/KDWD
+DWD�ORVV�LQ�G%I IUHTXHQF\�LQ�0+]K%6
EDVH�VWDWLRQ�KHLJKW�LQ�P��K%6
��������PK06
PRELOH�KHLJKW�LQ�P��K06
������PG GLVWDQFH�EHWZHHQ�%6�DQG�06��G ������NP*
PRUSKR
PRUSKR�FRUUHFWLRQ�JDLQ�LQ�G%
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ �����
+DWD�V� IRUPXOD� ZDV� RULJLQDOO\� GHULYHG� WR� ILW� SURSDJDWLRQ� PHDVXUHPHQWV� LQ� GHQVHXUEDQ�DUHD��+RZHYHU��LW�FDQ�EH�DSSOLHG�LQ�RWKHU�HQYLURQPHQWV�DV�ZHOO�LI�D�FHUWDLQ�JDLQ*
PRUSKR
� LV�VXEWUDFWHG�ZKLFK�WDNHV�EHWWHU�SURSDJDWLRQ�FRQGLWLRQV�IRU�FHUWDLQ�ODQG�XVDJH�PRUSKRVWUXFWXUH��W\SHV�LQWR�DFFRXQW��6WDQGDUG�JDLQ�YDOXHV�DUH�OLVWHG�LQ�>�@�
������� :DOILVK�,NHJDPL�PRGHO
,I�VPDOOHU�FHOOV��FRQVLVWLQJ�RI�D�VPDOOHU�FHOO� UDQJH� WKDQ��NP��RU�PLFURFHOOV� �ZKHUH� WKHDQWHQQDV� DUH� W\SLFDOO\� LQVWDOOHG� EHORZ� URRI� WRS� OHYHO�� KDYH� WR� EH� FRQVLGHUHG�� WKH:DOILVK�,NHJDPL�PRGHO�H[WHQGHG�E\�&267�LV�PRUH�DSSOLFDEOH��7KH�SDUDPHWHUV�ZKLFKDUH�WDNHQ�LQWR�DFFRXQW�DUH��VHH�DOVR�)LJXUH������
• DYHUDJH�URRI�OHYHO�IRU�WKH�EXLOGLQJV�EHWZHHQ�WUDQVPLWWHU�DQG�UHFHLYHU• EXLOGLQJ�VSDFLQJ�DQG�VWUHHW�ZLGWK�DW�WKH�PRELOH�V�ORFDWLRQ• VWUHHW�RULHQWDWLRQ�UHODWLYH�WR�SURSDJDWLRQ�GLUHFWLRQ
h bas
e
h roo
f
w
b
d
hmob
multiple screen loss
rooftop-to-streetdiffraction loss
Streetorientation
ϕ
Incident w
ave
Buildings
Basestation
Mobile
)LJXUH������3DUDPHWHUV�IRU�&267�����:,�PRGHO
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ �����
7KH�SDWK�ORVV�/:,
�LV�FRPSRVHG�RI�WKH�IROORZLQJ�WHUPV�
/ / / /:, IUHHVSDFH 576 06'= + + �(TQ������
ZKHUH�/IUHHVSDFH
�UHSUHVHQWV�WKH�IUHH�VSDFH�ORVV��/576
�LV�WKH�URRI�WRS�WR�VWUHHW�GLIIUDFWLRQ�DQGVFDWWHU� ORVV�� DQG� /
06'
� LV� WKH�PXOWL�VFUHHQ� GLIIUDFWLRQ� ORVV�� UHVSHFWLYHO\�� )RU� D� GHWDLOHGGHVFULSWLRQ�RQ�DOO�SDUDPHWHUV��UHIHU�WR�>�@��7KH�DERYH�IRUPXOD�LV�YDOLG�IRU�WKH�QRQ�/26FDVH��,I�D�/26�H[LVWV��WKH�ORVV�LV�FDOFXODWHG�EDVHG�RQ�VWUHHW�FDQ\RQ�SURSDJDWLRQ�XVLQJ�DVLQJOH�VORSH�PRGHO�
/GNP
I0+]:, = + +��� �� ��� ORJ ORJ �(TQ�������
)RU�PLFURFHOOV��WKH�EDVH�VWDWLRQ�KHLJKW�KEDVH
�LV�VPDOOHU�WKDQ�WKH�DYHUDJH�URRI�WRS�KHLJKWKURRI
��DQG�WKH�:,�PRGHO� LV�QRW�YHU\�DFFXUDWH��'HSHQGLQJ�RQ�WKH�HQYLURQPHQW��DQG�IRUHVWLPDWLQJ�FDOFXODWLRQV��D�EUHDNSRLQW�PRGHO�DV�GHVFULEHG�EHORZ�VKRXOG�EH�XVHG�
/
GNPG
NPGNP
VWUHHW FDQ\RQ
ES
=+ ≤
− +
��� ��
��� �� ��
ORJ
ORJ ORJ
G� �G
G� ! �G
ES
ES
�(TQ�������
7KH�IRUPXOD�LV�YDOLG�IRU�*60��I� ����0+]���)RU�'&6��WKH�VDPH�IRUPXOD�PD\�EH�XVHGE\�DGGLQJ���G%�WR�WKH�ORVV�YDOXH��%DVLFDOO\��WKLV�IRUPXOD�LV�GHULYHG�E\�DSSO\LQJ�D�GXDOVORSH� ILW� RI�PHDVXUHG� YDOXHV�� 3K\VLFDOO\�� LW� FDQ�EH� LQWHUSUHWHG�DV� WZR�GLIIHUHQW� SRZHUODZV�EHIRUH�DQG�DIWHU� WKH�EUHDNSRLQW�GLVWDQFH�G
ES
�ZKHUH� WKH�)UHVQHO�HOOLSVRLG�KLWV� WKHJURXQG��G
ES
� ����P��
7KH�DSSOLFDWLRQ�UDQJH�RI�WKLV�EUHDNSRLQW�PRGHO�KDV�QRW�EHHQ�LGHQWLILHG�\HW��+RZHYHU��LWFDQ�EH�HDVLO\�FDOLEUDWHG�E\�PHDVXUHPHQWV�
��� /LQN�%XGJHW
)RU�ELGLUHFWLRQDO� FRPPXQLFDWLRQ� V\VWHPV�� LW� LV� YHU\� LPSRUWDQW� WR�KDYH� WKH� VDPH�SDWKORVV�LQ�XSOLQN�DQG�GRZQOLQN�GLUHFWLRQ��7R�HQVXUH�WKLV�UHTXLUHPHQW��LW�LV�QHFHVVDU\�WR�VHWXS� D� OLQN� EXGJHW� IRU� HDFK� FHOO�� ZKLFK� FRQVLGHUV� WKH� 5)� WUDQVPLVVLRQ� SRZHU� DQGVHQVLWLYLWLHV�RI�%76�DQG�PRELOH�VWDWLRQ��,Q�JHQHUDO��WKH�GLIIHUHQFH�LQ�WUDQVPLVVLRQ�SRZHUEHWZHHQ� %76� DQG�06� LV� FRPSHQVDWHG� E\� VSHFLDO� PHDQV� DW� WKH� %76� WR� LQFUHDVH� WKHVHQVLWLYLW\��7KH�OLQN�EXGJHW�FDOFXODWLRQ�UHVXOW�LQ�DQ�UHTXLUHG�(,53�WR�EH�UDGLDWHG�E\�WKH
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ �����
DQWHQQD��7KH�RXWSXW�SRZHU�RI�WKH�%76�LV�DGMXVWHG�LQ�RUGHU�WR�DFKLHYH�WKH�UHTXLUHG�(,53�7KH�OLQN�EXGJHW�GHSHQGV�RQ�WKH�IROORZLQJ�GDWD�
• EDVH�VWDWLRQ��LQWHUQDO�SRZHU��FRPELQHU�ORVV��VHQVLWLYLW\�• PRELOH�VWDWLRQ��RXWSXW�SRZHU��DQWHQQD�JDLQ��VHQVLWLYLW\��SRZHU�WROHUDQFH�• DQWHQQD�JDLQ�RI�WUDQVPLW�DQG�UHFHLYH�DQWHQQDV• FDEOH�DQG�FRQQHFWRU�ORVV• V\VWHP�RSWLRQV��DQWHQQD�GLYHUVLW\��DQWHQQD�SUH�DPSOLILHU�• ERG\�ORVV��KDQGKHOGV�XVHG�• LQGRRU�XVDJH
$� W\SLFDO�EDODQFHG�*60� OLQN�EXGJHW� LV� VKRZQ�EHORZ��$�VNHWFK� VKRZLQJ� WKH�RFFXULQJJDLQV�DQG�ORVVHV�LV�SUHVHQWHG�LQ�)LJXUH�����IRU�WKH�GRZQOLQN�GLUHFWLRQ�DQG�)LJXUH����IRU�WKH�XSOLQN�GLUHFWLRQ�
7KH�OLQN�EXGJHW�LV�EDVHG�RQ�WKH�XVDJH�RI��:�KDQGKHOGV��$Q�RPQL�FHOO�LV�WUHDWHG��XVLQJRPQLGLUHFWLRQDO�DQWHQQDV�DQG�GLYHUVLW\��7KH�DQWHQQDV�KDYH�D�JDLQ�RI����G%��$�FDEOHORVV�RI���G%�ZDV�DVVXPHG�ZKLFK�LV�LQ�FRQMXQFWLRQ�ZLWK�D�FDEOH�OHQJWK�RI�FD����������P�7KH�EXGJHW� OHDGV� WR�D�PD[LPXP�DOORZDEOH�SDWK� ORVV�RI�����G%�� 7KH� VDPH�YDOXH� LQGRZQOLQN�GLUHFWLRQ�LV�DFKLHYHG�LI�WKH�(,53�LV�HTXDO�WR����G%P��ZKLFK�IXUWKHU�OHDGV�WR�DUHTXLUHG�RXWSXW�SRZHU�RI����G%P�DW�WKH�EDVH�VWDWLRQ�
7; 8QLWV 06�WR�%6 %6�WR�065)�2XWSXW�3RZHU G%P �����:� ������:�,VRODWRU�&RPELQHU�)LOWHU G% � ��&DEOH�&RQQHFWRU G% �� ��$QWHQQD�*DLQ G%L �� ���%RG\�/RVV G% �� �(,53 G%P �� ��
5; 8QLWV 06�WR�%6 %6�WR�065)�,QSXW�3RZHU��0LQ�� G%P ���� ����&DEOH�&RQQHFWRU G% �� ��$QWHQQD�*DLQ G%L ��� ��$QWHQQD�'LYHUVLW\ G% �� �,QWHUIHUHU�0DUJLQ G% �� ��)DGLQJ�0DUJLQ�����→���� G% �� ��%RG\�/RVV G% � ��0LQ��5HTXLUHG�5HFHLYHG,VRWURSLF�3RZHU
G%P ���� ���
3DWK�/RVV G% ��� ���
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ �����
RX
RXD
RXin
TXout
SU FU
RX
RXD
RXin
TXout
SU FU
WBC
Pout
Lcomb
L cab
le
Pant,in
EIRP
Pathloss (Lpath )
FadingInterferenceBase station
Mobile
Antenna
Gant,BS
Prec,isotrop
Prec,MS
Gant,MSLMS
Pout,BS
)LJXUH������/RVVHV�DQG�JDLQV�LQ�GRZQOLQN�GLUHFWLRQ
RX
RXD
RXin
TXout
SU FU
RX
RXD
RXin
TXout
SU FU
WBC
L cab
le
EIRPPathloss (L
path )
FadingInterference
Base station
Mobile
Antennas
Gant,BS
Prec,isotrop
Pout,MS
Gant,MSLMS
Prec,BS
)LJXUH������/RVVHV�DQG�JDLQV�LQ�XSOLQN�GLUHFWLRQ
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ �����
6RPH�QRWLRQV�ZKLFK�RFFXU� LQ� WKLV�SDWKORVV�QHHG�VRPH� IXUWKHU�FRPPHQWV�JLYHQ� LQ� WKHIROORZLQJ�
����� ,VRODWRU��&RPELQHU��)LOWHU
7KHVH�DUH�DOO�NLQG�RI�HOHPHQWV�ZKLFK�DUH�FRQQHFWHG�WR�WKH�WUDQVPLWWHU�RXWSXW�SRUW�RI�WKHWUDQVFHLYHUV�DQG�ZKLFK�DUH�QHHGHG�WR�FRPELQH�WKH�VLJQDOV�IURP�VHYHUDO�WUDQVFHLYHUV��WRUHGXFH�VSXULRXV�HPLVVLRQV�HWF��$OO�WKLV�XQLWV�LQWURGXFH�FHUWDLQ�LQVHUWLRQ�ORVVHV�ZKLFK�DUHVXPPHG� XS� KHUH�� $OVR�� LI� GXSOH[HUV� DUH� XVHG�� WKH\� FDQ� EH� WUHDWHG� LQ� WKLV� ILHOG�� )RUPRELOH� VWDWLRQV�� RXWSXW� SRZHU� WROHUDQFHV� PD\� EH� FRQVLGHUHG� KHUH� LI� ZRUVW�FDVHFDOFXODWLRQV�DUH�UHTXLUHG�
����� &DEOH��&RQQHFWRU
/RVVHV�ZKLFK�DUH�RFFXULQJ�LQ�WKH�IHHGHU�DQG�MXPSHU�FDEOHV�DQG�WKH�FRQQHFWRUV�RI�WKHDFWXDO�DQWHQQD� LQVWDOODWLRQ��7KLV� YDOXH� LV� WUHDWHG�ERWK� LQ�XS��DQG�GRZQOLQN�GLUHFWLRQ�1RWH�WKDW�WKLV�YDOXH�PD\�YDU\�IURP�VLWH�WR�VLWH�
����� %RG\�/RVV
7KLV�ORVV�LV�HVSHFLDOO\�H[SHULHQFHG�LI�KDQGKHOG�PRELOHV�DUH�XVHG��,W� LV�RFFXULQJ�GXH�WRSDUWLDO�ILHOG�DEVRUSWLRQ�LQ�WKH�KXPDQ�ERG\��$�W\SLFDO�YDOXH�LV��G%�
����� 5)�,QSXW�3RZHU
7KLV�LV�WKH�VSHFLILHG�VHQVLWLYLW\�RI�WKH�UHFHLYHU��)RU�VRPH�V\VWHPV��RQ��RQH�KDQG�FDUH�KDVWR�EH�WDNHQ�ZKDW�LV�VSHFLILHG�WRJHWKHU�ZLWK�WKLV�YDOXH��DQG�RQ�WKH�RWKHU�KDQG��ZKDW�NLQGRI� UHFHSWLRQ�TXDOLW\�KDV� WR�EH�DFKLHYHG�� ,Q� WKH�H[DPSOH�DERYH�� WKH�JLYHQ�VHQVLWLYLWLHVDUH�VSHFLILHG�IRU�D�PD[LPXP�ELW�HUURU�UDWH�ZKLFK�SURYLGHV�ÅPDUJLQDO´�VSHHFK�TXDOLW\�ZKLOH� D� PLQLPXP� VLJQDO�WR�QRLVH� UDWLR� DQG� D� PLQLPXP� FDUULHU�WR�LQWHUIHUHU� UDWLR� LVPDLQWDLQHG��)XUWKHU�SUHUHTXLVLWHV�DUH�WKH�SURSDJDWLRQ�HQYLURQPHQW��ZKLFK�VSHFLILHV�DVWDWLVWLFDO�GLVWULEXWLRQ�RI�WKH�RULJLQDO�VLJQDO�DQG�D�FRXSOH�RI�PXOWLSDWK�VLJQDOV�ZKLFK�DUHGHOD\HG�E\�GLIIHUHQW�ELW�SHULRGV��DQG�ZKLFK�DOVR�WUHDWV�D�GRSSOHU�VSHFWUXP�GXH�WR�WKHPRYHPHQW�RI�WKH�PRELOH��,Q�GLJLWDO�V\VWHPV�OLNH�*60��VRPH�SURSDJDWLRQ�HQYLURQPHQWVDUH� VLPXODWHG� ZLWK� D� UDGLR� FKDQQHO� VLPXODWLRQ� VRIWZDUH�� DQG� UHODWHG� PD[LPXP� ELWHUURU� UDWHV� DUH� GHILQHG�� 7KH� OLQN� EXGJHW� VKRZQ� DERYH� LV� YDOLG� IRU� WKH� 78��HQYLURQPHQW��ZKLFK�LQGLFDWHV�WKH�PRGHO�W\SLFDO�XUEDQ�DQG�D�PRELOH�VSHHG�RI���NP�K�2WKHU�GHILQLWLRQV�FDQ�EH�IRXQG�LQ�>�@�
*60� XVHV� D� IUDPH� FRUUHFWLRQ� V\VWHP� ZKLFK� ZRUNV� ZLWK� FKHFNVXP� FRGLQJ� DQGFRQYROXWLRQDO�FRGHV��8QGHU�GHILQHG�FRQGLWLRQV��WKLV�IUDPH�FRUUHFWLRQ�ZRUNV�VXFFHVVIXOO\DQG�FRSHV�HYHQ�ZLWK�IDVW�IDGLQJ�W\SHV�DV�5D\OHLJK�RU�5LFLDQ�IDGLQJ��)RU� ORZHU�PRELOHVSHHG�RU� VWDWLRQDU\�XVH�� WKH� IDGLQJ�KDV�D�ELJJHU� LQIOXHQFH�RQ� WKH�ELW� HUURU� UDWH� DQGKHQFH� WKH� VSHHFK�TXDOLW\� LV� UHGXFHG�� ,Q� VXFK�D� FDVH��D�GHJUDGDWLRQ�PDUJLQ�PXVW�EH
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ �����
DSSOLHG��7KH�PDUJLQ�GHSHQGV�RQ� WKH�PRELOH�VSHHG�DQG� WKH�XVDJH�RI�VORZ� IUHTXHQF\KRSSLQJ��ZKLFK�FDQ�LPSURYH�WKH�VLWXDWLRQ�IRU�VORZ�PRELOHV�DJDLQ��)RU�WKH�DSSOLFDWLRQRI�VXLWDEOH�PDUJLQV��UHIHU�WR�>�@��7KH�PDUJLQ�FDQ�UHDFK�YDOXHV�XS�WR��G%�DQG�KLJKHU�
����� $QWHQQD�'LYHUVLW\
7KLV�GHVLJQDWHV�WKH�RSWLRQDO�XVDJH�RI�D�VHFRQG�UHFHLYHU�DQWHQQD��7KH�VHFRQG�DQWHQQDLV� SODFHG� LQ� D� ZD\� ZKLFK� SURYLGHV� VRPH� GHFRUUHODWLRQ� RI� WKH� UHFHLYHG� VLJQDOV�� ,Q� DVXLWDEOH�FRPELQHU�� WKH�VLJQDOV�DUH�SURFHVVHG�LQ�RUGHU� WR�DFKLHYH�D�VXP�VLJQDO�ZLWK�DVPDOOHU�IDGLQJ�YDULDWLRQ�UDQJH��'HSHQGLQJ�RQ�WKH�UHFHLYHU�W\SH��WKH�VLJQDO�FRUUHODWLRQ�DQG� WKH�DQWHQQD�RULHQWDWLRQ��D�GLYHUVLW\�JDLQ� IURP�����G%� LV� SRVVLEOH��0RUH�GHWDLOHGLQYHVWLJDWLRQV�DUH�IRXQG�LQ�>�@�DQG�>�@�
����� ,QWHUIHUHU�0DUJLQ
,Q�*60��WKH�GHILQHG�PLQLPXP�FDUULHU�WR�LQWHUIHUHU�UDWLRQ��&�,��WKUHVKROG�RI���G%�LV�RQO\YDOLG� LI� WKH� UHFHLYHG� VHUYHU� VLJQDO� LV� QRW� WRR�ZHDN�� ,Q� WKH� FDVH� WKDW� H�J�� WKH� GHILQHGV\VWHP� WKUHVKROG� IRU� WKH� %76� RI� �����G%P� LV� DSSURDFKHG�� D� KLJKHU� YDOXH� RI� &�,� LVUHTXLUHG� LQ�RUGHU� WR�PDLQWDLQ� WKH� VSHHFK�TXDOLW\��$FFRUGLQJ� WR�*60�� WKLV� LV�GRQH�E\WDNLQJ�LQWR�DFFRXQW�D�FRUUHFWLRQ�RI���G%��'HSHQGLQJ�RQ�WKH�UHTXLUHG�VSHHFK�TXDOLW\��DKLJKHU�YDOXH�PD\�EH�XVHG�DV�ZHOO�
����� )DGLQJ�0DUJLQ
'XH� WR� IDGLQJ� HIIHFWV�� WKH� PLQLPXP� LVRWURSLF� SRZHU� LV� RQO\� UHFHLYHG� ZLWK� D� FHUWDLQSUREDELOLW\��)LJXUH�����VKRZV�D�YDU\LQJ�VLJQDO�ZKLFK�LV�UHFHLYHG�E\�D�PRYLQJ�PRELOH�7KUHH�FODVVHV�RI�IDGLQJ�PD\�EH�GLVWLQJXLVKHG�
• )DVW�IDGLQJ��7KLV�IDGLQJ�LVFKDUDFWHUL]HG� E\� SKDVHVXPPDWLRQ� DQGFDQFHOODWLRQ� RI� VLJQDOVZKLFK� WUDYHOV� RQ� PXOWLSOHSDWKV�� 7KH� YDULDWLRQ� LV� LQWKH� RUGHU� RI� WKHFRQVLGHUHG� ZDYHOHQJWK�7KHLU� VWDWLVWLFDO� EHKDYLRXULV� GHVFULEHG� E\� WKH5D\OHLJK� GLVWULEXWLRQ� �IRUQRQ�/26�VLJQDOV��DQG� WKH5LFH� GLVWULEXWLRQ� �IRU� /26VLJQDOV��� UHVSHFWLYHO\�� ,Q*60��LW�LV�DOUHDG\�FRQVLGHUHG�E\�WKH�VHQVLWLYLW\�YDOXHV�ZKLFK�WDNH�WKH�HUURU�FRUUHFWLRQFDSDELOLW\�LQWR�DFFRXQW��VHH�DOVR��������
Power
Time
Fading pattern forspecific frequency
LognormalFading
Fading hole
)LJXUH������9DULDWLRQV�RI�D�UHFHLYHG�VLJQDO
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ �����
• 0LG�WHUP�IDGLQJ��PLG�WHUP�ILHOGVWUHQJWK�YDULDWLRQV�FDXVHG�E\�REMHFWV� LQ� WKH�VL]H�RI��������P� �WUHHV�� EXLOGLQJV��� 5HIHUULQJ� WR� )LJXUH� ����� RQH� FDQ� VHH� WKDW� WKHVHYDULDWLRQV�DUH�\LHOGHG�LI�DQ�DYHUDJLQJ�ZLQGRZ�LV�DSSOLHG�WR�WKH�VLJQDO�WR�ILOWHU�RXW�WKH5D\OHLJK�IDGLQJ��7KHVH�YDULDWLRQV�DUH�ORJQRUPDOO\�GLVWULEXWHG�
• /RQJ�WHUP�IDGLQJ��ORQJ�WHUP�YDULDWLRQV�FDXVHG�E\�ODUJH�REMHFWV�OLNH�ODUJH�EXLOGLQJV�IRUHVWV��KLOOV� �!����P��� /LNH� WKH�PLG�WHUP� ILHOGVWUHQJWK� YDULDWLRQV�� WKHVH� YDULDWLRQVDUH�ORJQRUPDOO\�GLVWULEXWHG�
7KH� ORJQRUPDO� GLVWULEXWLRQ�� GHVFULEHG� E\� D� PHDQ� ILHOGVWUHQJWK� )PHG
� DQG� D� VWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQ�σ��LV�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUH�����LQ�WKH�OHIW�GLDJUDP��$�FRYHUDJH�SUREDELOLW\�3
FRY�FDQ
EH� FDOFXODWHG�� ZKLFK� GHILQHV� WKH� FKDQFH� WKDW� D� FHUWDLQ� ILHOGVWUHQJWK� WKUHVKROG� )WKU
� LVUHDFKHG�RU�H[FHHGHG�E\�WKH�FDOFXODWHG��RU�SUHGLFWHG��PHDQ�ILHOGVWUHQJWK�OHYHO�)
PHG
��7KLVSUREDELOLW\�LV�UHSUHVHQWHG�E\�WKH�DUHD�HQFORVHG�E\�WKH�JUDSK�RI�WKH�SUREDELOLW\�GHQVLW\IXQFWLRQ� DQG� WKH� YHUWLFDO� OLQH� DW� ) )
WKU
� LQ� WKH� OHIW� GLDJUDP�� 7KH� YDULDWLRQ� RI� WKHSUREDELOLW\� LQ� GHSHQGHQFH� RQ� )
PHG
� LV� VKRZQ� LQ� WKH� ULJKW� GLDJUDP�� 7KH� UHTXLUHGGLIIHUHQFH�EHWZHHQ�)
PHG
�DQG�)WKU
�LQ�RUGHU�WR�DFKLHYH�D�UHTXLUHG�SUREDELOLW\�LV�FDOOHG�WKHIDGLQJ�PDUJLQ�
:LWKRXW�DQ\�PDUJLQ��WKH�SUREDELOLW\�LV������ZKLFK�LV�QRW�D�VXIILFLHQW�YDOXH�LQ�RUGHU�WRSURYLGH� D� JRRG� FDOO� VXFFHVV� UDWH�� $� W\SLFDO� GHVLJQ� JRDO� VKRXOG� EH� D� FRYHUDJHSUREDELOLW\�RI�����������7KH�IROORZLQJ�QRUPDOL]HG�WDEOH�FDQ�EH�DSSOLHG�WR�ILQG�IDGLQJPDUJLQV� IRU�GLIIHUHQW�YDOXHV�RI�σ�� 7KH� IDGLQJ�PDUJLQ� LV� FDOFXODWHG�E\�PXOWLSO\LQJ� WKHYDOXH�RI�N��LQ�WKH�WDEOH��ZLWK�WKH�VWDQGDUG�GHYLDWLRQ��)DGLQJ�0DUJLQ� �N�σ��
N �∞ ���� � � ��� ���� � ���� �∞&RYHUDJH3UREDELOLW\
�� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ����� ��� ����
Coverage Probability
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
-20 -10 0 10 20
∆)� �)PHG���)
WKU�>G%@�→
0DUJLQ
�����
����SUREDELOLW\
IRU�)PHG )
WKU
Probability density function (PDF)
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
)
WKU)
PHG
5HFHLYHG�SRZHU�)�>G%P@�→
0DUJLQ
)LJXUH������3FRY���FXUYHV�IRU�σ� ��G%�
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ �����
7KH�YDOXH�RI�WKH�VWDQGDUG�GHYLDWLRQ�GHSHQGV�RQ�WKH�FOXWWHU�W\SH��PRUSKRVWUXFWXUH��DQGWKH�YDULDWLRQ�RI�WKH�WHUUDLQ�KHLJKW��IODW�RU�KLOO\���7\SLFDO�YDOXHV�IRU�QRW�WRR�GHQVH�XUEDQDUHDV�DUH��G%��IODW�WHUUDLQ��DQG���G%��KLOO\�WHUUDLQ���)RU�PRUH�YDOXHV��VHH�>�@�
����� $QWHQQD�3UH�DPSOLILHU
7KLV�RSWLRQ�LV�QRW�FRQVLGHUHG�LQ�WKH�OLQN�EXGJHW�DERYH��$OVR�NQRZQ�DV�/1$��ORZ�QRLVHDPSOLILHU�� RU� 70$� �WRZHU�PRXQWHG� DPSOLILHU��� $� ORZ�QRLVH� DPSOLILHU� FDQ� EH� LQVWDOOHGGLUHFWO\�EHKLQG�WKH�UHFHLYLQJ�DQWHQQDV�DQG�FRPSHQVDWHV�WKH�FDEOH�DQG�FRQQHFWRU�ORVV�$Q�RYHUFRPSHQVDWLRQ�OHDGV�WR�D�KLJKHU�QRLVH�ILJXUH�DW�WKH�UHFHLYHU�IURQWHQG�
$�PRUH�FRVW�HIIHFWLYH�DOWHUQDWLYH� WR� WKLV�RSWLRQ��ZKLFK�HVSHFLDOO\� UHGXFHV� WKH�DQWHQQDLQVWDOODWLRQ�HIIRUW�GLVWLQFWLYHO\��LV�WKH�GHVLJQ�RI�D�PRUH�VHQVLWLYH�UHFHLYHU�IURQWHQG��E\�FD��G%��
����� ,QGRRU�SHQHWUDWLRQ
7KLV�SDUDPHWHU�LV�DOVR�QRW�VKRZQ�LQ�WKH�H[HPSODU\�OLQN�EXGJHW��$Q�RIWHQ�XVHG�YDOXH�LV��G%�DQG�UHIHUV�WR�D�VFHQDULR�ZKHUH�WKH�VXEVFULEHU�LV�VWDQGLQJ�DW�D�PD[LPXP�GLVWDQFH
Incident wave
Incident wave
Lindoor = 3 ... 15 dB
Lindoor = 13 ... 25 dBLindoor = ∞ dB (deep basement)
Lindoor = 17 ... 28 dB
-2.7 dB / floor(1st ... 10th floor)
-0.3 dB / floor(11th ... 100th floor)
Lindoor = 7 ... 18 dB(ground floor)
)LJXUH�������7\SLFDO�YDOXHV�RI�LQGRRU�ORVV��UHVLGHQWLDO�EXLOGLQJ��OHIW��DQG�FRPPHUFLDO�EXLOGLQJ��ULJKW�
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ �����
RI��P�DZD\�IURP�D�ILUVW�ZDOO�ZLWK�D�ZLQGRZ��7KH�ÅILUVW�ZDOO´�LV�XQGHUVWRRG�DV�WKH�ZDOOZKLFK�VHSHUDWHV�WKH�VXEVFULEHU�IURP�WKH�RXWGRRU�VHUYLFH�DUHD��LQ�GLUHFWLRQ�RI�WKH�EDVHVWDWLRQ��1DWXUDOO\��WKLV�YDOXH�FDQ�YDU\�GHSHQGLQJ�RQ�WKH�ZDOO�PDWHULDO��$OVR��WKHUH�LV�DYDULDWLRQ�DW�KLJK�EXLOGLQJV�FRQVLVWLQJ�RI�VHYHUDO�IORRUV��8S�WR�WKH���WK�IORRU��WKH�LQGRRUSHQHWUDWLRQ�YDOXH�LV�UHGXFHG�E\����G%�IORRU��DQG�DERYH�WKH���WK�IORRU��WKH�UHGXFWLRQ�LV���G%�IORRU��6HH)LJXUH������IRU�IXUWKHU�W\SLFDO�YDOXHV�
)RU� GHHS� LQGRRU� DSSOLFDWLRQV�� WKH� W\SLFDO� YDOXHV� PD\� EH� GRXEOHG� �VHFRQG� ZDOO� �VFHQDULR��� )RU� WKH� VWDQGDUG� YDOXH� GHVFULEHG� DERYH�� WKLV� \LHOGV� ��G%� LQGRRUSHQHWUDWLRQ�
��� &HOO�5DQJHV
,I� WKH� PD[LPXP� DOORZDEOH� SDWKORVV� KDV� EHHQ� GHWHUPLQHG� ZLWK� WKH� OLQN� EXGJHW�� WKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJ�PD[LPXP� UDQJH� RI� WKH� FHOO� FDQ� EH� FDOFXODWHG� XVLQJ� WKH� SURSDJDWLRQIRUPXODV��7KLV� IXUWKHU�DOORZV� WKH�FDOFXODWLRQ�RI�FRYHUDJH�DUHDV�ZKLFK�DUH�UHTXLUHG� WRHVWLPDWH�WKH�TXDQWLW\�RI�EDVH�VWDWLRQ�VLWHV�UHTXLUHG�WR�FRYHU�D�FRQWLQRXV�VHUYLFH�DUHD�
)RU� GLPHQVLRQLQJ� ZRUN�� WKH� SDUWV� RI� WKH� VHUYLFH� DUHD� ZKLFK� DUH� FKDUDFWHUL]HG� E\� DW\SLFDO�ODQG�XVDJH�W\SH�DUH�GHWHUPLQHG��7KLV�DOORZV�WR�FRQVLGHU�GLIIHUHQW�YDOXHV�RI�WKHPRUSKR�FRUUHFWLRQ�JDLQ�LQ�WKH�SDWKORVV�FDOFXODWLRQV�DQG�\LHOGV�D�PRUH�DFFXUDWH�UHVXOWIRU�WKH�QHWZRUN�GLPHQVLRQLQJ�
7KH�FRYHUDJH�UDQJHV�DUH�QRW�RQO\�GHSHQGHQW�RQ� WKH�YDOXH�RI� WKH�PRUSKR�FRUUHFWLRQJDLQV��$V�PHQWLRQHG�HDUOLHU��D� IDGLQJ�PDUJLQ�KDV� WR�EH�DGGHG� LQ�RUGHU� WR�DFKLHYH�DKLJKHU� SUREDELOLW\� IRU� UHFHLYLQJ� WKH� FDOFXODWHG� ILHOGVWUHQJWK�� 7KLV� VWDQGDUG� GHYLDWLRQGHSHQGV�RQ�WKH�FRQVLGHUHG�PRUSKRVWUXFWXUH�W\SH�DQG�RQ�SRVVLEOH�WHUUDLQ�YDULDWLRQV�DVZHOO��:KHQ�σ�ULVHV��LW�LV�FDXVLQJ�D�KLJKHU�IDGLQJ�PDUJLQ�DQG�WKHUHIRUH�KDV�DOVR�D�GLUHFWLQIOXHQFH�RQ�WKH�PD[LPXP�SDWK�ORVV�YDOXH�
7KH�GHVFULEHG�PHWKRG�\LHOGV�WKH�JLYHQ�FRYHUDJH�YDOXHV�DW�WKH�FHOO�IULQJH��7KLV�LV�D�TXLWHWRXJK� FRYHUDJH� FRQVWUDLQW�� ,W� LV� PRUH� UHDVRQDEOH� WR� VSHFLI\� WKH� UHTXLUHG� FRYHUDJHSUREDELOLW\� DV� DQ� DYHUDJH� YDOXH� RYHU� WKH� FHOO� DUHD�� ,Q� WKLV� FDVH�� WKH� FRYHUDJHSUREDELOLW\� FDQ� EH� WUHDWHG� DV� WKH� IUDFWLRQ� RI� ORFDWLRQV� ZKHUH� WKH� FDOFXODWHGILHOGVWUHQJWK�OHYHO�LV�DFKLHYHG�RU�HYHQ�H[FHHGHG�
7KH�DYHUDJH�YDOXH�LV�IRXQG�E\�LQWHJUDWLRQ�RI�WKH�ORFDO�FRYHUDJH�SUREDELOLWLHV�RYHU�WKHZKROH�FHOO�DUHD�DQG�QRUPDOL]DWLRQ�RQ�WKH�DUHD�YDOXH�
< >= ⋅ ∫∫3$
3 [ \ G[G\$
FRY FRY� � �
��(TQ�������
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ �����
7KH� FDOFXODWLRQ� RI� WKLV� YDOXH� LV� YHU\GLIILFXOW� DQG� VKRXOG� EH� SHUIRUPHG� E\� DFRPSXWHU�WRRO��$V�D�UXOH�RI�WKXPE��WKHUHLV�DSSUR[LPDWHO\�D�IDFWRU�RI�����EHWZHHQWKH� DYHUDJH� FRYHUDJH� SUREDELOLW\� DQGWKH� FRYHUDJH� SUREDELOLW\� DW� WKH� FHOOIULQJH��H�J��IRU�D�FRYHUDJH�SUREDELOLW\�RI��� �� DW� WKH� FHOO� ERUGHU�� DQ� DYHUDJHFRYHUDJH� SUREDELOLW\� YDOXH� RI� ��� �� LVDFKLHYHG� �σ� ��G%��� 7KLV� IDFWRU� LVVOLJKWO\� GHSHQGHQW� RQ� WKH� EDVH� VWDWLRQKHLJKW�� ZKHUHDV� WKH� VWDQGDUG� GHYLDWLRQKDV�D�VWURQJHU�LQIOXHQFH�
7DEOH�����VKRZV�VRPH�FRYHUDJH�UDQJHV�IRU�GLIIHUHQW�FOXWWHU�W\SHV��)RU�WKH�FDOFXODWLRQV�WKH�PD[LPXP�SDWKORVV�IURP�WKH�OLQN�EXGJHW�VKRZQ�LQ�FKDSWHU�����DQG�+DWD�V�IRUPXODKDV�EHHQ�XVHG��7KH�PRUSKR�FRUUHFWLRQ�JDLQV�DQG�VWDQGDUG�GHYLDWLRQV�IRU�HDFK�FOXWWHUW\SH�DUH�DOVR�VKRZQ�LQ�WKH�WDEOH��)XUWKHU�DVVXPSWLRQV�ZHUH�
I� �����0+]K%6
� ���PK06
� ����P3FRY
� ������DUHD�FRYHUDJH�
,I�WKH�FRYHUDJH�UDQJHV�DUH�NQRZQ��LW�LV�SRVVLEOH�WR�FRPSXWH�WKH�UHODWHG�FHOO�DUHDV�DQGGHWHUPLQH�WKH�QXPEHU�RI�UHTXLUHG�VLWHV�IRU�D�JLYHQ�VHUYLFH�DUHD��$OVR��WKH�UDQJHV�FDQEH� XVHG� WR� SUHSDUH� WUDQVSDUHQW� FLUFOHV� RU� KH[DJRQV� IRU� SHUIRUPLQJ� D� ÅSODQQLQJ�E\�KDQG´� ZLWK� D� PDS� VKRZLQJ� WKH� VHUYLFH� DUHD� DQG� WKH� UHJLRQV� RI� GLIIHUHQWPRUSKRVWUXFWXUH�RU�VXEVFULEHU�SURILOHV��LPSRUWDQW�ORFDWLRQV�HWF�
Clutter type Gmorpho [dB] σ [dB] d [km]
urban, flat 3 7 2.37
urban, hilly 3 14 1.42
suburban, flat 6 6 3.10
suburban, hilly 6 12 2.01
forest, flat 10 6 4.03
forest, hilly 10 10 3.04
open area, flat 25 6 10.71
open area, hilly 25 10 8.07
7DEOH������6RPH�FRYHUDJH�UDQJHV
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ �����
� )UHTXHQF\�3ODQQLQJ)RU�DQ�RSWLPXP�V\VWHP�SHUIRUPDQFH��DQ�HIIHFWLYH�IUHTXHQF\�SODQQLQJ�VWUDWHJ\�KDV�WREH�IROORZHG�
• 2Q�RQH�KDQG�� WKH� VWUDWHJ\� VKRXOG� EH� IOH[LEOH� WR� VXSSRUW� WKH� EXLOG�XS� SKDVH� RI� DQHWZRUN�ZKHUH�WKH�V\VWHP�GHVLJQ�FKDQJHV�UDSLGO\�ZLWKLQ�IHZ�PRQWKV�RU�HYHQ�ZHHNV�7KLV�UHTXLUHV�D�VXLWDEOH�PHWKRG�RI�JURXS�IUHTXHQF\�SODQQLQJ�ZKLFK�FDQ�EH�DSSOLHGPDQXDOO\�
• 2Q� WKH� RWKHU� KDQG�� IRU� PDWXUH� UDGLR� QHWZRUNV�� DXWRPDWLF� IUHTXHQF\� SODQQLQJPHWKRGV� DUH� LPSRUWDQW� ZKLFK� SODQ� WKH� DYDLODEOH� IUHTXHQF\� UHVRXUFHV� LQ� RUGHU� WRDFKLHYH�WKH�PRVW�RSWLPXP�V\VWHP�SHUIRUPDQFH�
'HWDLOHG� SODQQLQJ� PHWKRGV� ZKLFK� VXSSRUW� WKH� FRQFHSWV� RI� VXSHU� UH�XVH� SODQQLQJ�IUHTXHQF\� KRSSLQJ� DQG� RWKHU� RSWLRQV� ZKLFK� PD[LPLVHV� WKH� XVDJH� RI� WKH� DYDLODEOHVSHFWUXP�DUH�LQ�GHWDLO�GHVFULEHG�LQ�>��@��,Q�WKLV�VHFWLRQ��D�SODQQLQJ�PHWKRGRORJ\�ZLWKIUHTXHQF\� JURXSV� LV� VKRZQ�� $W� ILUVW�� KRZHYHU�� VRPH� LQWHUGHSHQGHQFLHV� EHWZHHQIUHTXHQF\�UH�XVH��LQWHUIHUHQFH��DQG�VSHHFK�TXDOLW\�DUH�DGGUHVVHG�
��� )UHTXHQF\�UH�XVH
,Q� D� FHOOXODU� UDGLR� QHWZRUN�IUHTXHQFLHV�ZKLFK� DUH� DVVLJQHG� WR� DVSHFLILF� FHOO� FDQ� EH� UH�XVHG� E\QHLJKERXULQJ�FHOOV� LI�D�FHUWDLQ� UH�XVHGLVWDQFH� LV� NHSW� �VHH� )LJXUH� ������ ,QWKH�UHJLRQ�EHWZHHQ�WZR�FHOOV�$�DQG�%XVLQJ� WKH� VDPH� IUHTXHQF\�LQWHUIHUHQFH� RFFXUV� DQG� PDNHV� DFRPPXQLFDWLRQ� RQ� WKDW� IUHTXHQF\LPSRVVLEOH�� +RZHYHU�� LQ� WKLV� FULWLFDODUHD�� RWKHU� FHOOV� ZKLFK� DUH� VLWXDWHGEHWZHHQ� WKH� LQWHUIHULQJ� FHOO� SDLU� DUHKDYLQJ�D�KLJKHU� UHFHLYH� ILHOGVWUHQJWKOHYHO� DQG� KDYH� DVVLJQHG� QRQ�FULWLFDOIUHTXHQFLHV�� 7KXV�� WKH� V\VWHP� LVSRVVLEOH� WR� PDLQWDLQ� D� FDOO� RI� DPRELOH�ZKLFK�PRYHV�IURP�$�WR�%�E\�FRQVHFXWLYH�KDQGRYHULQJ�IURP�FHOO�WR�FHOO��)LJXUH����VKRZV� WKH�YDULDWLRQ�RI� WKH� UHFHLYHG�SRZHU�DORQJ� WKH�FRQQHFWLQJ� OLQH�$�%��:LWKLQWKH�UHJLRQ�GHVLJQDWHG�E\�WKH�GRWWHG�FLUFOH�LQ�)LJXUH������WKH�PLQLPXP�&�,�YDOXH�LV�QRORQJHU�NHSW�
re-use distancecell A
cell B
interfererregion
)LJXUH�����5H�XVH�GLVWDQFH
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ �����
)UHTXHQF\� UH�XVH�VFKHPHV�DUH� UHSUHVHQWHG� LQ� IRUP�RI�FOXVWHUV��7KRVH�FOXVWHUV� FDQ�EHGHVFULEHG� E\� WUHDWLQJ� D� VLPSOLILHG� UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ� RI� WKH� FHOO� DUHDV� LQ� VKDSH� RIKH[DJRQV�� )LJXUH� ���� VKRZV� D� KH[DJRQDO� DUUDQJHPHQW� RI� RPQLGLUHFWLRQDO� FHOOV�KDYLQJ� WKH� VDPH� FHOO� UDGLXV� 5�� 7KH� FHOOV� DUH� IRUPLQJ� D� �� UH�XVH� FOXVWHU� �5&6��� (DFKUHODWLYH�FHOO�SRVLWLRQ�LQ�WKDW�FOXVWHU�KDV�DVVLJQHG�D�VLQJOH�IUHTXHQF\�RU��LQ�FDVH�RI�WZRRU�PRUH�FDUULHUV�SHU�FHOO��D�JURXS�RI� IUHTXHQFLHV��)LJXUH�����VKRZV�DQ�H[DPSOH�ZLWKWKUHH�VHFWRUL]HG�FHOOV��5&6� �����
7KHUH�LV�D�EDVLF�UHODWLRQ�EHWZHHQ�WKH�UH�XVH�FOXVWHU�VL]H�5&6��WKH�FHOO�UDGLXV�5�DQG�WKHUH�XVH�GLVWDQFH�'�
' I 5 5&6= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅� �(TQ������
GLVWDQFH '5
5HFHLYHG�3RZHU3�UHF
σ&�,
3UHF��$� 3
UHF��%�
�
)LJXUH������9DULDWLRQ�RI�WKH�UHFHLYHG�SRZHU�3UHF
)LJXUH������2PQL�FHOO�GHVLJQ�ZLWK�D���UH�XVH�FOXVWHU
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ �����
ZLWK
I =
�
��
RPQLGLUHFWLRQDO�FHOOV
WKUHH � VHFWRUL]HG�FHOOV
)RU�H[DPSOH��D�GLVWDQFH�'� ��5�EHWZHHQ�VLWHV�ZLWK�LGHQWLFDO�IUHTXHQFLHV� LQ�DQ�RPQL�FHOO�GHVLJQ�FRUUHVSRQGV�WR�D�IUHTXHQF\�UHXVH�FOXVWHU�VL]H�RI�5&6� �����)UHTXHQFLHV�FDQQRZ�EH�SODQQHG�E\�GLYLGLQJ�WKH�WRWDO�QXPEHU�RI�IUHTXHQFLHV�� �DYDLODEOH�EDQGZLGWK�%�LQWR� ��� JURXSV�� (DFK� FHOO� LQ� WKH� FOXVWHU�PD\� XVH� RQH� JURXS�� VR� WKDW� WKH� QXPEHU� RIIUHTXHQFLHV�LQ�WKH�JURXS�LV�LGHQWLFDO�WR�WKH�PD[LPXP�QXPEHU�RI�FDUULHUV�SHU�FHOO�
Q%5&6&DUU
= �(TQ������
7KLV�IRUPXOD�FDQ�EH�UHDUUDQJHG�WR�ILQG�WKH�UHDO�5&6�LI�WKH�DYHUDJH�QXPEHU�RI�FDUULHUVLQ�WKH�QHWZRUN�LV�JLYHQ�
$5&6%
Q&DUU
= �(TQ������
$V�WKLV�UHODWLRQ�LV�QRUPDOO\�XVHG�WR�FDOFXODWH�WKH�5&6�LQ�D�UHDO�QHWZRUN�ZKLFK�FDQQRW�EHPRGHOOHG� E\� KH[DJRQDO� VKDSHV�� WKH� TXDQWLW\� LV� FDOOHG�$5&6� �DYHUDJH� UH�XVH� FOXVWHUVL]H��
)LJXUH������7KUHH�VHFWRUL]HG�GHVLJQ�ZLWK�D��[��UH�XVH�FOXVWHU
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ �����
,I� WKH� UH�XVH�GLVWDQFH� LV� WRR� VPDOO�� WKH� UHFHLYH� OHYHO� ,� RI� WKH� LQWHUIHULQJ� FHOOV� LV� ULVLQJZLWKLQ�WKH�VHUYLFH�DUHD�RI�D�FHOO��ZKLFK�KDQGOHV�WKH�FDOO�DQG�SURYLGHV�WKH�XVHIXO�VLJQDOOHYHO�&���7KH�PLQLPXP�GLVWDQFH�LV�WKHQ�IRXQG�E\�D�UHTXLUHG�PLQLPXP�UDWLR�&�,�ZKHUHWKH�V\VWHP�LV�DEOH�WR�KDQGOH�D�FRPPXQLFDWLRQ��7KLV�UDWLR�LV�FDOOHG�FDUULHU�WR�LQWHUIHUHUUDWLR�DQG�GHSHQGV�RQ�WKH�UDGLR�V\VWHP��(�J���IRU�*60��&�,
PLQ
� ���G%�
����� ,QWHUIHUHU�SUREDELOLW\
)RU� D� V\VWHP� GHVLJQ�� LW� LV� XVHIXO� WR� GHULYH� D� JOREDO� SDUDPHWHU� ZKLFK� DOORZV� DMXGJHPHQW� RI� WKH� QHWZRUN� TXDOLW\�� 8VLQJ� WKH� UH�XVH� GLVWDQFH� DQG� SURSDJDWLRQIRUPXODV��DQG� FRQVLGHULQJ� WKDW� WKH� XVHIXO� VLJQDO� LV� LQWHUIHUHG�E\� VHYHUDO� VXUURXQGLQJFHOOV�ZLWK�WKH�VDPH�IUHTXHQF\��LW�LV�SRVVLEOH�WR�FDOFXODWH�WKH�&�,�LQ�WKH�VHUYLFH�DUHD�RI�DFHOO��7KLV�YDOXH�FDQ�EH�FRPSDUHG�WR�WKH�UHTXLUHG�WKUHVKROG�
+RZHYHU��DV�ORJQRUPDO�IDGLQJ�LV�RFFXULQJ�LQ�UHDOLW\��D�FHUWDLQ�PDUJLQ�PXVW�EH�DGGHGWR�WKLV�WKUHVKROG�WR�DYRLG�LQWHUIHUHQFH��$Q�LQWHUIHUHQFH�SUREDELOLW\�FDQ�EH�FDOFXODWHG�LQWKH�IROORZLQJ�ZD\�
• 7KH� VLJQDO� RI� WKH� VHUYHU� DQG� WKH� LQWHUIHUHUV� DUH� GHWHUPLQHG� ZLWK� SURSDJDWLRQIRUPXODV�� )URP� WKH� LQWHUIHULQJ� VLJQDOV�� WKH� SRZHU� VXP� LV� FRPSXWHG� �ZRUVW�FDVHWUHDWPHQW��WR�JHW�WKH�VXP�LQWHUIHULQJ�VLJQDO�
• ,I� WKH� YDOXHV� DUH� LQ� G%�� WKH� LQWHUIHUHU� VLJQDO� LV� VXEWUDFWHG� IURP� WKH� VHUYHU� VLJQDO�ZKLFK�\LHOGV�WKH�&�,�YDOXH��7KLV�YDOXH�LV�WKH�PHDQ�RI�WKH�ORJQRUPDO�&�,�GLVWULEXWLRQ�
• 7KH� VWDQGDUG�GHYLDWLRQ�σL
� RI� WKH�&�,� GLVWULEXWLRQ� LV� FDOFXODWHG�RXW� RI� WKH� VWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQ�σ�RI� WKH� ILHOGVWUHQJWK�GLVWULEXWLRQ��%\�DVVXPLQJ� WKDW�VHUYHU�DQG� LQWHUIHUHUVLJQDOV�DUH�XQFRUUHODWHG��WKH�UHVXOWLQJ�VWDQGDUG�GHYLDWLRQ�LV�WKH�VTXDUH�RI�WKH�SRZHUVXP�RI�WKH�VLQJOH�VWDQGDUG�GHYLDWLRQV��)RU�HTXDO�σ�IRU�HDFK�VLJQDO� σ
L
� �√��σ�• 7KH�LQWHUIHUHU�SUREDELOLW\�3
LQW
�LV�UHSUHVHQWHG�E\�WKH�KDWFKHG�DUHD�RI�)LJXUH�����
Interferer probability [%]
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
C/I - C/Imed[dB] →
5% at Margin = 14dB
Probability density function [%]
0,0%
1,0%
2,0%
3,0%
4,0%
5,0%
C/I [dB] →C/ImedC/Ithr
Margin
)LJXUH������3LQW��σ
L� ����G%�
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ �����
([DPSOH�� FRQVLGHU� D� ORJQRUPDO� GLVWULEXWLRQ� RI� ILHOGVWUHQJWK� ZLWK� σ ��G%�� 7KHQ�σL
� ����G%�� DQG�D�PDUJLQ�RI� ��G%�PXVW� EH�DGGHG� WR� DFKLHYH� D�PD[LPXP� LQWHIHUHUSUREDELOLW\� RI� ���� 7KLV� OHDGV� WR� D� ÅTXDOLW\� WKUHVKROG´� RI� ��G%�� ZKLFK� LV� GLVWLQFWLYHO\KLJKHU�WKDQ�WKH�VSHFLILHG�YDOXH�RI��G%�IRU�*60�
,Q�RSSRVLWH�WR�WKH�ORFDO�LQWHUIHUHQFH�SUREDELOLW\�GHVFULEHG�DERYH��DQ�DYHUDJH�LQWHUIHUHUSUREDELOLW\�RYHU�WKH�FHOO�DUHD�PXVW�EH�WDNHQ�LQWR�DFFRXQW�IRU�WKH�QHWZRUN�GHVLJQ��7KLVYDOXH�FDQ�EH�LQWHUSUHWHG�DV�WKH�IUDFWLRQ�RI�DOO� ORFDWLRQV�LQ� WKH�VHUYLFH�DUHD�ZKHUH� WKHDFWXDO�YDOXH�RI�&�,�LV�EHORZ�WKH�WKUHVKROG��&�,�
V\VWHP
�
,I� D� VPDOOHU� LQWHUIHUHQFH� SUREDELOLW\� LV� QHHGHG�� WKHDYHUDJH� UH�XVH� FOXVWHU� VL]H� PXVW� EH� LQFUHDVHG�� ,QJHQHUDO�� WKHUH� LV� D� IXQFWLRQDO� GHSHQGHQFH� EHWZHHQWKH� LQWHUIHUHU� SUREDELOLW\� DQG� WKH� FOXVWHU� VL]H3LQW�
�I�$5&6���,W�LV�QRW�VXLWDEOH�WR�SURYLGH�D�GHWHUPLVWLFIXQFWLRQ�VLQFH�WKH�DFKLHYDEOH�YDOXHV�VWURQJO\�GHSHQGVRQ� IDFWRUV� OLNH� WHUUDLQ� DQG� FOXWWHU� YDULDQFH� RU� WUDIILFGLVWULEXWLRQ�� 7DEOH����� VKRZV� VRPH� VLPXODWHG� YDOXHVIURP�VLPXODWLRQV�RI�H[LVWLQJ�UDGLR�QHWZRUNV�DQG�JLYHVDQ�RULHQWDWLRQ�
,Q�UHDOLW\��WKH�FRQGLWLRQV�DUH�RIWHQ�OHDGLQJ�WR�D�ZRUVH�VLWXDWLRQ��$V�DQ�DGYLFH��DQ�LQLWLDO$5&6�XS�WR����VKRXOG�EH�SODQQHG�LI�WKH�IUHTXHQF\�UHVRXUFHV�DUH�VXIILFLHQW�
����� &DOO�VXFFHVV�UDWH�DQG�RXWDJH
7KH�LQWHUIHUHQFH�SUREDELOLW\�LV�GHJUDGLQJ�WKH�V\VWHP�SHUIRUPDQFH�DGGLWLRQDO�WR�ODFNV�RIFRYHUDJH�� 7KXV�� D�PHDVXUH� RI� WKH� FDOO� VXFFHVV� UDWH� �&65�� LV� IRXQG� E\� UHTXLULQJ� WKHIROORZLQJ�FRQGLWLRQV�ZKLFK�FDQ�EH�JLYHQ�LQ�IRUP�RI�D�ORJLFDO�HTXDWLRQ�
&65� �Å&RYHUDJH´�$1'��127�Å,QWHUIHUHQFH´�
7KLV�FDQ�EH�ZULWWHQ�LQ�WHUPV�RI�SUREDELOLWHV�
&65 3 3LQW
= ⋅ −FRY� �� �(TQ������
7KH�FRPSOHPHQWDU\�YDOXH�RI�WKH�&65�LV�FDOOHG�RXWDJH�SUREDELOLW\�
3 &65RXW
= −� �(TQ������
)RU�3FRY
�!�����DQG�3LQW
��������&65� �3FRY
���3LQW
��7KHQ��WKH�FDOO�VXFFHVV�UDWH�HTXDOV�WKHFRYHUDJH� SUREDELOLW\�� GHJUDGHG� E\� WKH� LQWHUIHUHU� SUREDELOLW\�� $� JRRG� TXDOLW\� GHVLJQ�
$5&6 3LQW�>�@
����������� ������������� ��������������� �������������� ���
7DEOH������$5&6�DQG�3LQW
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ �����
WKHUHIRUH��UHTXLUHV�D�KLJK�FRYHUDJH�YDOXH�IURP�WKH�EHJLQQLQJ��)RU�H[DPSOH��D�&65�RI����LV�UHDFKHG�LI�WKH�GHVLJQ�LV�PDGH�IRU�����FRYHUDJH�SUREDELOLW\�DQG�D�PD[LPXP�RI���LQWHUIHUHU�SUREDELOLW\��)RU�KLJKHU�YDOXHV�RI�WKH�&65��WKH�GHVLJQ�YDOXHV�PXVW�EH�IL[HGDW�YHU\�WRXJK�UHTXLUHPHQWV�
��� *URXS�IUHTXHQF\�SODQQLQJ
%DVHG�RQ�LGHDO�FHOO�FOXVWHUV�DV�VKRZQ�LQ�WKH�KH[DJRQDO�VWUXFWXUH��D�IUHTXHQF\�SODQQLQJFDQ�EH�SHUIRUPHG�DFFRUGLQJ�WR�WKH�IROORZLQJ�VWHSV�
����� 'HWHUPLQDWLRQ�RI�WKH�UH�XVH�FOXVWHU�VL]H
)LUVW� RI� DOO�� WKH� UH�XVH� FOXVWHU� VL]H� KDV� WR� EH� GHWHUPLQHG� EDVHG� RQ� WKH� DYDLODEOHEDQGZLGWK� DQG� WKH� QXPEHU� RI� FDUULHUV�� %HIRUH� WKH� SODQQLQJ� LV� VWDUWHG�� LW� VKRXOG� EHFKHFNHG�ZKHWKHU�WKH�5&6�LV�LQ�DFFRUGDQFH�ZLWK�WKH�TXDOLW\�UHTXLUHPHQWV�
,I� WKH� WUDIILF� UHTXLUHPHQWV� UHVXOW� LQ� D� QHWZRUN� GHVLJQ� ZLWK� GLIIHUHQW� WUDQVFHLYHUFRQILJXUDWLRQV�� LW� VKRXOG�EH� WULHG� WR� UHVHUYH� FDUULHUV� IRU� ODWHU� H[WHQVLRQ�SURYLGHG� WKDWHQRXJK�IUHTXHQFLHV�DUH�DYDLODEOH��([DPSOH�� ,I� WKH�GHVLJQ�UHVXOWV� LQ�D�ÅW\SLFDO´� WKUHH�VHFWRU� VLWH� FRQILJXUDWLRQ� ZLWK� EDVH� VWDWLRQV� KDYLQJ� ������ WUDQVFHLYHUV�� �����IUHTXHQFLHV� VKRXOG� EH� UHVHUYHG�� ZKLFK� JLYHV� VSDFH� IRU� ODWHU� QHWZRUN� H[WHQVLRQ� DQGVLPSOLILHV� WKH� GHILQLWLRQ� RI� WKH� IUHTXHQF\� JURXSV�� ,I� WKH� DYDLODEOH� EDQGZLGWK� LV� QRWDOORZLQJ� WKLV�� D� SRVVLEOH� DSSURDFK� LV� WKH� GHILQLWLRQ� RI� D� VXEJURXS� ZKLFK� DOORZV� WKHDVVLJQPHQW�RI�������FDUULHUV��7KH�UHPDLQLQJ�IUHTXHQFLHV�DUH�SODFHG�LQ�D�ÅSRRO´�IRUWKH�DVVLJQPHQW�RI�IUHTXHQFLHV�WR�EDVH�VWDWLRQV�ZLWK�PRUH�FDUULHUV�
����� 'HILQLWLRQ�RI�WKH�IUHTXHQF\�JURXSV
:LWK� WKH� NQRZQ� 5&6� YDOXHDQG� WKH� UHVHUYHGIUHTXHQFLHV� SHU� %76�� WKHJURXSV�DUH�FUHDWHG�DQG�WKHDYDLODEOH� IUHTXHQFLHVDVVLJQHG� SURSHUO\�� $V� DQH[DPSOH�� D� WKUHH�VHFWRUGHVLJQ� LV� WUHDWHG� ZLWK� D5&6� RI� ���� 7KXV�� ��IUHTXHQF\� JURXSV� DUHQHHGHG� ZKLFK� DUH� ODEHOOHGZLWK�OHWWHUV�$�%�&�'����VLWHV�DQG� QXPEHUV� ��������VHFWRUV��� 7KH� JURXSODEHOV� DUH� VKRZQ� LQ� )LJXUH����
A2
A1 A3
B2
B1 B3
C2
C1 C3
D2
D1 D3
A2
A1 A3
B2
B1 B3
C2
C1 C3
D2
D1 D3
A2
A1 A3
B2
B1 B3
C2
C1 C3
D2
D1 D3
A2
A1 A3
B2
B1 B3
C2
C1 C3
D2
D1 D3
A2
A1 A3
B2
B1 B3
C2
C1 C3
D2
D1 D3
A2
A1 A3
B2
B1 B3
C2
C1 C3
D2
D1 D3
A2
A1 A3
B2
B1 B3
C2
C1 C3
D2
D1 D3
A2
A1 A3
B2
B1 B3
C2
C1 C3
D2
D1 D3
A2
A1 A3
B2
B1 B3
C2
C1 C3
D2
D1 D3
)LJXUH�������[��VHFWRU�GHVLJQ��5&6 ���
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ �����
:LWK�IRXU�UHVHUYHG�IUHTXHQFLHV�IRU�HDFK�JURXS���[��� ����IUHTXHQFLHV�DUH�QHHGHG�LQWRWDO�� 7KH� IUHTXHQFLHV� PXVW� EH� DVVLJQHG� WR� WKH� JURXSV� LQ� D� ZD\� WKDW� WKH� ZLGHVWIUHTXHQF\�VSDFLQJ�LV�SURYLGHG�EHWZHHQ�DGMDFHQW�FHOOV��$�SRVVLEOH�DVVLJQPHQW�LV�VKRZQLQ� 7DEOH� ����� 1RWH� WKDW� WKH� DVVLJQPHQW� LV� DOVR� UHVWULFWHG� E\� UHTXLUHPHQWV� IRUHOHFWURPDJQHWLF� FRPSDWLELOLW\� �PLQLPXP� IUHTXHQF\� VSDFLQJ� EHWZHHQ� FDUULHUV� LQ� RQHEDVH�VWDWLRQ���EHWZHHQ�EDVH�VWDWLRQV�DW�RQH�VLWH��DQG�UHTXLUHPHQWV�IRU�WKH�XVHG�UDGLRV\VWHP� LWVHOI� �H�J�� WKH�DGMDFHQW� FKDQQHO� LQWHUIHUHQFH� IRU�*60�'&6���6RPHWLPHV� WKHVHUHTXLUHPHQWV� PD\� FDXVH� HYHQ� PRUH� IUHTXHQF\� DVVLJQPHQW� SUREOHPV� WKDQ� WKHLQWHUIHUHQFH�FRQGLWLRQV�LQ�WKH�QHWZRUN�
6HFWRU↓
6LWH→
$ % & '
� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ��� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ��� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ��
7DEOH������)UHTXHQF\�JURXSV�IRU�5&6 ���DQG���FDUULHUV��*60�FKDQQHOV��������
����� $VVLJQPHQW�RI�WKH�JURXS�QXPEHUV
7KH�DVVLJQPHQW�RI�WKH�LQLWLDO�QHWZRUN�GHVLJQ�LV�GRQH�E\�PDSSLQJ�WKH�H[LVWLQJ�QHWZRUNWRSRORJ\�DV�FORVH�DV�SRVVLEOH� WR� WKH� LGHDOL]HG�KH[DJRQDO�VWUXFWXUH��7KLV� LV��RI�FRXUVH�QRW�DOZD\V�SRVVLEOH�GXH�WR�UHJLRQV�RI�GLIIHUHQW�FHOO�GHQVLW\��7KH�SURSRVHG�ZD\�LV�WR�VWDUWLQ�WKH�FHQWHU�RI�WKH�QHWZRUN�ZLWK�WKH�KLJKHVW�FHOO�GHQVLW\�DQG�SURFHHG�WRZDUGV�WKH�RXWHUFHOOV�
,I� WKH� WHUUDLQ� LUUHJXODULW\� DQG� WKH� WUDIILF� GLVWULEXWLRQ� LV� KDYLQJ� D� ELJ� LQIOXHQFH� RQ� WKHQHWZRUN� GHVLJQ�� WKH� FRPSDULVRQ�ZLWK� WKH� LGHDO� KH[DJRQDO� VWUXFWXUH� LV� LPSRVVLEOH�� ,QWKLV� FDVH�� WKH� JURXS� QXPEHUV� DUH� DVVLJQHG� � LQ� RUGHU� WR� DFKLHYH� WKH� EHVW� SRVVLEOHIUHTXHQF\�VSDFLQJ�EHWZHHQ�WKH�FHOOV��,W�LV�XVHIXO�WR�ZRUN�ZLWK�WUDQVSDUHQFLHV�SLQQHG�WRELJ�WRSRJUDSKLFDO�PDSV�RI�WKH�VHUYLFH�DUHD�LQ�RUGHU�WR�WDNH�QDWXUDO�REVWDFOHV�OLNH�KLOOVLQWR�DFFRXQW��+LOOV�PD\�FDXVH�IXUWKHU�UHVWULFWLRQV�RI�IUHTXHQF\�UH�XVH�VLQFH�WKH\�DUH�ZHOOLOOXPLQDWHG� IURP�D�YDOOH\� VLWH��2Q� WKH�RWKHU�KDQG�� LI� WKH\�DUH�QRW�SDUW�RI� WKH� VHUYLFHDUHD�EHFDXVH�WKH\�DUH�FRYHUHG�ZLWK�GHQVH�IRUHVW��RU�QR�LPSRUWDQW�VWUHHW�LV�UXQQLQJ�RYHUWKHP��� WKH\� PD\� DOVR� DOORZ� DQ� DVVLJQPHQW� RI� WKH� VDPH� IUHTXHQF\� LQ� WRSRORJLFDODGMDFHQW�FHOOV�ZKLFK�KDYH�WKH�KLOO�DV�D�QDWXUDO�ERXQGDU\��2I�FRXUVH��D�KDQGRYHU�LV�WKHQQRW�SRVVLEOH�EHWZHHQ�WKLV�FHOOV�
/RRNLQJ� DW� WKH� KH[DJRQDO� VWUXFWXUH�� LW� LV� VHHQ� WKDW� HDFK� VHFWRU� LV� IL[HG� WR� D� FHUWDLQRULHQWDWLRQ�� ,Q� UHDOLW\�� WKH� VHFWRU� GLUHFWLRQV� DUH� YDU\LQJ�� VR� WKDW� WKH� ILUVW� VWHS� RI� WKHJURXS�DVVLJQPHQW�LV�WR�DVVLJQ�WKH�OHWWHU��IRU�WKH�ZKROH�VLWH��ILUVW�DQG�WKHQ�WR�DVVLJQ�WKHQXPEHUV� �VHFWRUV��DIWHUZDUGV� WR�RSWLPL]H� WKH� IUHTXHQF\�VSDFLQJ�� ,Q�FULWLFDO�FDVHV�� LW� LVVRPHWLPHV�XVHIXO�WR�VZDS�WKH�IUHTXHQFLHV�ZLWKLQ�RQH�EDVH�VWDWLRQ�
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ �����
([DPSOH��LQ�*60��WKH�ILUVW�FDUULHU�LV�WKH�%&&+�ZKLFK�LV�SHUPDQHQWO\�RQ�DLU��7KH�RWKHUFDUULHUV� DUH� RQO\� DFWLYH� LI� WUDIILF� RFFXUV� RQ� WKH� UHODWHG� WLPHVORWV�� 7KXV�� IRU� WZR� %76V�ZKHUH�WKH�ILUVW�XVHV�D�IUHTXHQF\�RQ�WKH�%&&+�DQG�WKH�VHFRQG�XVHV�WKH�VDPH�IUHTXHQF\RQ� D� QRUPDO� FDUULHU�� LQWHUIHUHQFH� RQO\� DSSHDUV� LQ� FDVH� RI� KLJK� WUDIILF� DW� WKH� VHFRQG%76�
����� $GYDQWDJHV�DQG�GUDZEDFNV�RI�JURXS�IUHTXHQF\�SODQQLQJ
*URXS� IUHTXHQF\�SODQQLQJ�DOORZV�D� IOH[LEOH�KDQGOLQJ�RI� WKH� IUHTXHQF\�SODQ��ZKLFK� LVXVHIXO�LQ�WKH�EHJLQQLQJ�RI�D�QHWZRUN��$V�VKRZQ��D�JURXS�FDQ�EH�FRPSOHWHO\�DVVLJQHGWR�RQH�VLWH��ZKLFK�DOVR�VLPSOLILHV�WKH�LGHQWLILFDWLRQ�LQ�FDVH�RI�PHDVXUHPHQWV��'XH�WR�WKHIDFW�WKDW��GXULQJ�WKH�QHWZRUN�GHSOR\PHQW��FKDQJHV�LQ�WKH�QHWZRUN�OD\RXW�DUH�DSSHDULQJYHU\�RIWHQ��LW�VXSSRUWV�D�IDVW�DQG�HIIHFWLYH�KDQGOLQJ�
3UREOHPV�DUH�RFFXULQJ�XQGHU�YHU\�XQIDYRXUDEOH�WHUUDLQ�DQG�WUDIILF�FRQGLWLRQV��$OVR��WKHIXUWKHU� WKH�QHWZRUN�HYROXWLRQ�SURFHHGV�� LW� LV�PRUH�DQG�PRUH�GLIILFXOW� WR� ILQG�D�JURXSQXPEHU�IRU�D�QHZ�FHOO�ZLWKRXW�YLRODWLQJ�IUHTXHQF\�VSDFLQJ�UHTXLUHPHQWV�
,Q�FDVH�RI�FHOO�GHQVLILFDWLRQ��WKH�IUHTXHQF\�SODQ�KDV�WR�EH�UHGHVLJQHG��7R�VRPH�H[WHQG�WKH�IUHTXHQF\�DVVLJQPHQW�RI�D�FRXSOH�RI�QHZ�FHOOV�FDQ�EH�GRQH�ZLWKRXW�DQ\�FKDQJH�RIWKH�H[LVWLQJ�IUHTXHQF\�SODQ��/DWHU��WKLV�PHWKRG�OHDGV�WR�D�TXDOLW\�GHJUDGDWLRQ�ZKLFK�LVQR�ORQJHU�DFFHSWDEOH��7KHQ��WKH�FRPSOHWH�SODQ�KDV�WR�EH�FKDQJHG��+RZHYHU�� LQ�FDVHRI�D�KXJH�QHWZRUN��WKH�SODQQLQJ�PHWKRG�ÅE\�KDQG´�EHFRPHV�XQHIIHFWLYH�EHFDXVH�LW�LVWRR�GLIILFXOW�WR�NHHS�WKH�ÅJOREDO�YLHZ´�
7KLV� LV� WKH�SRLQW�ZKHUH� WKH�JURXS�SODQQLQJ�PHWKRG�VKRXOG�EH�UHSODFHG�E\�DXWRPDWLFIUHTXHQF\� SODQQLQJ� PHWKRGV� DV� SURYLGHG� E\� FRPSXWHU�DLGHG� IUHTXHQF\� SODQQLQJ�&RQFHSWXDO�SRLQWV�DUH�GHVFULEHG�LQ�>��@�
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ �����
� (OHFWURPDJQHWLF�&RPSDWLELOLW\�3UREOHPV5DGLR� QHWZRUN� SODQQLQJ� FDQ� EHFRPH� D� FKDOOHQJLQJ� WDVN� LI� H[LVWLQJ� VHUYLFHV�PXVW� EHFRQVLGHUHG�� 3UREOHPV� DUH� HQFRXQWHUHG� LQ� FRXQWULHV� ZKHUH� DQ� DQDORJXH� QHWZRUN� DV$036��7$&6�RU�107�����LV�RSHUDWLQJ�DOUHDG\�LQ�WKH�����0+]�EDQG��7KHVH�QHWZRUNVDUH�PRUH�KDUPIXO�WR�*60�WKDQ�D�IRUHLJQ�*60�QHWZRUN�E\�WZR�UHDVRQV�
• DQDORJXH� QHWZRUNV� XVH� RQH� IUHTXHQF\� SHU� YRLFH� FKDQQHO�� L�H�� W\SLFDOO\� DERXW� ��IUHTXHQFLHV��SHU�FHOO�HDFK�WUDQVPLWWLQJ�ZLWK�D�SRZHU�RI���������:
• LQ�SDUWLFXODU�WKH�$036�V\VWHP�GRZQOLQN�LV�LPPHGLDWHO\�DGMDFHQW�WR�WKH�FULWLFDO�XSOLQNRI�*60
(YHQ� LI� WKH� VSHFWUXP� DOORFDWHG� IRU� WKH� *60� VHUYLFH� LV� QRW� YLRODWHG� GLUHFWO\�� H�J�� E\VSXULRXV� HPLVVLRQV�� WKH� *60� SHUIRUPDQFH� FDQ� EH� GHJUDGHG� VLJQLILFDQWO\� E\
&RPELQDWLRQ 7\SLFDO�6\PSWRP (0&�3UREOHP7$&6�*60 *60� FRYHUDJH� KROHV� LQ� WKH
HQYLURQPHQW� RI� 7$&6� EDVHVWDWLRQV�XS�WR����P
LQWHUPRGXODWLRQ� DQG� EORFNLQJLQ�*60�06�DQG�%6�UHFHLYHU
107����*60 VHH�7$&6�*60 VHH�7$&6�*60$036�*60 ����UHGXFWLRQ�RI�*60�UDQJH�LI
$036� EDVH� VWDWLRQ� LVFROORFDWHG�RU�QHDU�WR�*60�%76
LQWHUPRGXODWLRQ� DQG� EORFNLQJLQ� WKH� *60� %6� UHFHLYHU�VSXULRXV�HPLVVLRQV�LQ�WKH�*60XSOLQN�EDQG
7DEOH������(0&�SUREOHPV�ZLWK�RWKHU�QHWZRUNV
&RPELQDWLRQ 5HFRPPHQGDWLRQ7$&6�*60 )RU�GRZQOLQN�LQWHJULW\�
��FROORFDWLRQ�RI�7$&6�DQG�*60�%6�VLPLODU�DQWHQQD�IRRWSULQWV��KLJK�*60�GRZQOLQN�WUDQVPLVVLRQ�SRZHU�
)RU�XSOLQN�LQWHJULW\�LQ�VSLWH�RI�FROORFDWLRQ���DQWHQQD�GHFRXSOLQJ�!���G%�� DYRLG� KDUPIXO� LQWHUPRGXODWLRQ� SURGXFWV� E\� VXLWDEOH� XVH� RI���IUHTXHQFLHV
107����*60 VHH�7$&6$036�*60 ��FROORFDWLRQ�RI�$036�DQG�*60�EDVH�VWDWLRQV�VKRXOG�EH�DYRLGHG
��LI�$036�DQG�*60�DUH�FROORFDWHG��SURYLVLRQ�RI�ZLGH�JXDUGEDQG��DQG� XVH� RI� DGGLWLRQDO� UHFHLYH� ILOWHUV� WR� DYRLG� LQWHUPRGX,DWLRQ��DQG�UHFHLYHU�EORFNLQJ
7DEOH������&RXQWHUPHDVXUHV�IRU�(0&�SUREOHPV
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ �����
LQWHUPRGXODWLRQ�RU�EORFNLQJ��7KHVH�PHFKDQLVPV�KDYH�EHHQ� LQYHVWLJDWHG� LQ� WKHRU\�� LQODERUDWRU\�DQG�LQ�WKH�ILHOG�
7KH�PHFKDQLVPV�RI�LQWHU�V\VWHP�LQWHUIHUHQFH�DQG�FRUUHVSRQGLQJ�FRXQWHUPHDVXUHV�DUHVXPPDUL]HG�LQ�7DEOH�����DQG�7DEOH������+RZHYHU��WKHVH�PHDVXUHV�DUH�WR�EH�XVHG�DV�DJOREDO�RULHQWDWLRQ�RQO\�
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ �����
� $SSHQGL[��*60�VSHFLILF�VXEMHFWV7KH�DSSHQGL[�FRQWDLQV�VXEMHFWV�ZKLFK�DUH�UHODWHG� WR�*60�DQG�HVSHFLDOO\� WR�$OFDWHO�V$����$�����V\VWHP�
��� %66�,QWHUFRQQHFWLRQ�SODQQLQJ
7KH� SODQQLQJ� DFWLYLWLHV� RI� D� UDGLR� QHWZRUN� DUH� XVXDOO\� VSOLWWHG� LQ� WKH� UDGLR� QHWZRUNSODQQLQJ� DQG� WKH� IL[HG� QHWZRUN� SODQQLQJ� WDVNV�� ZKLFK� DUH� SHUIRUPHG� E\� GLIIHUHQWHQJLQHHULQJ�WHDPV��7KH�IL[HG�QHWZRUN�SODQQLQJ�FRPSULVHV�WKH�GLPHQVLRQLQJ�DQG�OD\RXWRI� IL[HG� OLQHV� ZKLFK� LQWHUFRQQHFW� WKH� GLIIHUHQW� VXEV\VWHPV� �EDVH� VWDWLRQV�� VZLWFKHV�VXEVFULEHU�GDWDEDVHV�HWF���
,Q�*60�� WKH� UDGLR� SODQQLQJ� HQJLQHHU�PXVW� EH� DZDUH� RI� WKH� %66� SODQQLQJ� WR� VRPHH[WHQG��L�H��WKH�GLPHQVLRQLQJ�RI�WUDQVPLVVLRQ�OLQHV�RQ�$ELV��%76�WR�%6&��DQG�$��%6&�WR06&�� LQWHUIDFHV�DQG� WKH�FRQILJXUDWLRQ�RI� WKH�%6&��7KLV� VHFWLRQ�JLYHV�DQ�RYHUYLHZ�RQWKH�LWHPV�ZKLFK�KDYH�WR�EH�WDNHQ�LQWR�DFFRXQW�
����� %6&�$UFKLWHFWXUH
)LJXUH� )LJXUH� ���� VKRZV�� LQ� EULHI�� WKH� DUFKLWHFWXUH� RI� D� %6&�� 7KH� %6&� FRQVLVWV� RILQWHUIDFH�FRQWUROOHUV��FRPPRQ�SURFHVVLQJ�XQLWV��DQG�D�VZLWFKLQJ�HQWLW\��7KHVH�DUH�
• 7&8$� �7HUPLQDO� FRQWURO� XQLW� $��7KHVH� DUH� $ELV�LQWHUIDFH� FRQWUROOHUV�(DFK� 7&8$� FDQ� KDQGOH� D� FHUWDLQQXPEHU� RI� WUDIILF� DQG� VLJQDOOLQJFKDQQHOV�
• '7&��'LJLWDO�WUXQN�FRQWUROOHU���3URSHUFRQWUROOHUV�IRU�WKH�$�LQWHUIDFH�
• &35��&RPPRQ�SURFHVVLQJ�XQLW���XVHGIRU� DSSOLFDWLRQ� SURFHVVLQJ� DQGGDWDEDVH� PDQDJHPHQW�� 3URYLGHVDOVR�WKH�;����LQWHUIDFH�WR�WKH�20&�5�� 7R� SURYLGH� UHGXQGDQF\�� WZR� RIWKHVH�XQLWV�DUH�LQVWDOOHG�
����� 6XEPXOWLSOH[LQJ�DQG�OLQH�FRQILJXUDWLRQV
,Q� *60�� HDFK� WUDIILF� FKDQQHO� FDXVHV� D� GDWD� IORZ� RI� ����N%LW�VHF�� )RU� WKHLQWHUFRQQHFWLRQ��3&0�OLQHV�DUH�XVHG�ZKLFK�DUH�DEOH�WR�FDUU\����WLPHVORWV�RI���N%LW�VHFHDFK��,Q�WRWDO��WKH�GDWD�UDWH�RQ�VXFK�D�3&0�OLQH�LV��0%LW�VHF�
,W�ZRXOG�EH�QRW�YHU\�HIIHFWLYH�WR�PDS�RQH�WUDIILF�FKDQQHO�WR�D�3&0�WLPHVORW�DV�PRVW�LWVVSDFH�ZRXOG�EH�XQXVHG��7KHUHIRUH��VXEPXOWLSOH[LQJ� LV�DSSOLHG�WR�XVH�WKH�WUDQVPLVVLRQ
6ZLWFK
7&8$
7&8$
7&8$
'7&
'7&
&35
&35
WR�EDVHVWDWLRQV
WR�06&
WR�20&
)LJXUH������%6&�DUFKLWHFWXUH
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ �����
PHGLXP�LQ�WKH�PRVW�RSWLPXP�ZD\��2Q�WKH�$ELV�LQWHUIDFH��DOZD\V�IRXU�WUDIILF�FKDQQHOVDUH� VXEPXOWLSOH[HG� RQ� RQH� 3&0� WLPHVORW��2Q� WKH� $� LQWHUIDFH�� VXEPXOWLSOH[LQJ� LV� DQRSWLRQ�� ,I� LW� LV�DSSOLHG�� WKUHH�$� LQWHUIDFH�ÅOLQHV´�DUH� VXEPXOWLSOH[HG� WR�RQH�3&0� OLQH�7KHVH�VXEPXOWLSOH[HG�OLQH�LV�FDOOHG�$WHU�OLQN�
)RU�WKH�LQWHUFRQQHFWLRQ�VFKHPH��WKHUH�DUH�VRPH�GHJUHHV�RI�IUHHGRP�LQ�WKH�SODFHPHQWRI�WKH�V\VWHP�HOHPHQWV�DQG�WKH�DSSOLFDWLRQ�RI�VXEPXOWLSOH[LQJ�RQ�WKH�$�LQWHUIDFH��7KHVFKHPHV�DUH�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUH�����
%76%
,
(
%76%
,
(
%
,
(
%6&6
0
6
0
7
&
$ELV�,WI� $�,WI�
06&
$WHU�/LQN
06&�VLWH
7&� �WUDQVFRGHU
20&
%76%
,
(
%76%
,
(
%
,
(
%6&6
0
6
0
7
&
$ELV�,WI�
$�,WI�
06&
$WHU�,WI�
06&�VLWH
7&� �WUDQVFRGHU
20&
%76%
,
(
%76%
,
(
%
,
(
%6&7
&
$ELV�,WI� $�,WI�
06&
06&�VLWH
7&� �WUDQVFRGHU
20&
)LJXUH������6XEPXOWLSOH[LQJ�DQG�LQWHUFRQQHFWLRQ�VFKHPHV
• 5HPRWH�%76�FRQILJXUDWLRQ��WKLV�LV�WKH�PRVW�FRPPRQ�XVHG�OD\RXW��2Q�ERWK�$ELV��DQG$�LQWHUIDFH�� VXEPXOWLSOH[LQJ� �60�� LV� DSSOLHG�� $W� WKH� $ELV�LQWHUIDFH�� WKHVXEPXOWLSOH[LQJ�IDFLOLW\�LV�SURYLGHG�LQ�WKH�EDVH�VWDWLRQ�LQWHUIDFH�HTXLSPHQW��%,(���7KH7&�LV�D�WUDQVFRGHU�XQLW�ZKLFK�DGDSWV�WKH�*60�FRGHG�WUDIILF�FKDQQHO������N%LW�VHF�WR�D�3&0�$�ODZ�FKDQQHO����N%LW�VHF��
• &RPELQHG�DQG�UHPRWH�%76��D�VOLJKW�YDULDWLRQ�RI�WKH�ILUVW�FDVH��XVHG�IRU�VLWHV�ZKHUH�DFR�ORFDWLRQ�RI�%6&�DQG�%76�LV�XVHG��2QH�FDQ�VHH�WKDW�WKH�FR�ORFDWHG�EDVH�VWDWLRQVDUH�FRQQHFWHG�YLD�WKH�%,(�DV�ZHOO�
• 5HPRWH�%76� FRQILJXUDWLRQ�ZLWKRXW� 60�RQ�$�� WKLV� LV�D� VXLWDEOH� FRQILJXUDWLRQ� LI� %6&DQG�06&�DUH�FR�ORFDWHG�DW�RQH�VLWH��7KH�%6&�FDQ�EH�FRQQHFWHG�GLUHFWO\�WR�WKH�06&�VR�WKH�VXEPXOWLSOH[LQJ��60��UDFNV�FDQ�EH�VDYHG�
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ �����
)RU� WKH� FRQQHFWLRQ� RI� WKH� %76� WR� WKH� %6&�� WKH� VWDU� DQG� PXOWLGURS� FRQILJXUDWLRQ� LVSRVVLEOH��VHH�)LJXUH�����DQG�)LJXUH������
%6& %,( %,( %76
%6&%,(
%,( %76%,(
)LJXUH������6WDU�FRQQHFWLRQ��ZLWKRXW�DQG�ZLWK�UHGXQGDQF\
%6& %,(�0'� %,( %76
%,( %76
%,( %76
)LJXUH������0XOWLGURS�FRQQHFWLRQ�ZLWK�UHGXQGDQF\��ORRS�
• 6WDU�FRQILJXUDWLRQ��LQ�WKLV�OD\RXW��HDFK�%76�KDV�LWV�RZQ�FRQQHFWLRQ�WR�WKH�%6&��7KHOLQN�FDQ�EH�FRQILJXUHG�ZLWK�RU�ZLWKRXW�UHGXQGDQF\��)RU� UHGXQGDQF\��D�VHFRQG�%,(HTXLSPHQW�DW�WKH�%6&�DQG�DQ�DGGLWLRQDO�3&0�OLQH�KDV�WR�EH�XVHG�
• 0XOWLGURS� FRQILJXUDWLRQ�� WKH� PXOWLGURS� OD\RXW� LV� DOVR� SRVVLEOH� ZLWK� RU� ZLWKRXWUHGXQGDQF\�� ,Q� WKH� ILUVW� FDVH�� WKH� OD\RXW� LV� FDOOHG� ULQJ� FRQILJXUDWLRQ�� 7KH� VHFRQGFDVH�� ZKHUH� WKH� OLQH� IURP� WKH� ODVW� %76� EDFN� WR� WKH� %6&� LV� GURSSHG�� LV� NQRZQ� DVFKDLQ�FRQILJXUDWLRQ��)RU�PXOWLGURS�FRQQHFWLRQ��D�GLIIHUHQW�%,(�KDV�WR�EH�XVHG�DW�WKH%6&�� ,Q� FDVH� RI� D� OLQN� IDLOXUH� DW� D� FHUWDLQ� ORFDWLRQ�� WKH� %,(� DW� WKH� %76� URXWHV� WKHVLJQDOV� DXWRPDWLFDOO\� LQ� WKH� ULJKW� GLUHFWLRQ� WRZDUG� WKH� %6&�� 7KH� PXOWLGURSFRQQHFWLRQ� LV� VRPHWLPHV� PRUH� HIIHFWLYH� WKDQ� WKH� VWDU� FRQQHFWLRQ�� +RZHYHU�� WKHPD[LPXP�QXPEHU�RI�WUDQVFHLYHUV�SHU�%76�LV�OLPLWHG�WKH�PRUH�%76�DUH�FRQQHFWHG��DVDOO�WKH�%76�KDYH�WR�XVH�RQH�FRPPRQ�3&0�OLQN�IRU�WKH�WUDIILF�
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ �����
����� 'LPHQVLRQLQJ�5XOHV
:LWK� WKH�EDVLF�DVSHFWV�DERXW�%6&V� LQ�PLQG��RQH�FDQ�DSSO\�VRPH�GLPHQVLRQLQJ�UXOHVZKLFK�DUH�GHVFULEHG�LQ�WKH�IROORZLQJ�
������� $ELV�,QWHUIDFH
7KH�PD[LPXP�FDSDFLW\�RQ�WKH�$ELV�LQWHUIDFH�LV�QRW�D�SUREOHP�IRU�WKH�VWDU�FRQQHFWLRQ�,Q� FDVH� RI� WKH� PXOWLGURS� FRQQHFWLRQ�� WKH� WRWDO� QXPEHU� RI� WUDQVFHLYHUV� �75;�� RI� WKHFRQQHFWHG�%76� LV� OLPLWHG�GXH� WR� WKH�3&0�FDSDFLW\�RI���� WLPHVORWV��$�PD[LPXP�RI����75;�%76V�FDQ�EH�FRQQHFWHG��,Q�FDVH�RI����75;��RQO\���%76�FDQ�EH�FRQQHFWHG��7DEOH���� VKRZV� PRUH� GHWDLOV�� 7KH� OLPLWV� DUH� QRW� RQO\� JLYHQ� E\� WKH� QXPEHU� RI� WUDIILFFKDQQHOV��EXW�DOVR�E\�WKH�56/��UDGLR�VLJQDOOLQJ�OLQN����3&0�WLPHVORW�SHU�75;��DQG�WKH20/��20�OLQN����WLPHVORW�SHU�%76��
7RWDO�%76�SHU�PXOWLGURS � � � � � � �7RWDO�75;��PD[LPXP� � � � � � � �75;���%76��PD[�� � � � � � � �
7DEOH������3RVVLEOH�FDUULHU�FRQILJXUDWLRQV�IRU�PXOWLGURS�FRQQHFWLRQ
������� 'LPHQVLRQLQJ�RI�7&8$V
7KH� GLPHQVLRQLQJ� UXOHV� IRU� WKH� UHTXLUHG� QXPEHU� RI� 7&8$V� FDQ� EH� VXPPDUL]HG� DVIROORZV�
• 2QH�7&8$�FDQ�KDQGOH� WZR�75;��SURYLGHG� WKDW� VWDU� FRQQHFWLRQ� LV�XVHG�RU� WKDW� WKHQXPEHU�RI�%76V�LQ�D�PXOWLGURS�FRQQHFWLRQ�LV�OLPLWHG�WR���
• )RU�PRUH� WKDQ� �� %76� LQ� D� PXOWLGURS� FRQQHFWLRQ�� RU� IRU� KDOI� UDWH� 75;�� HDFK� 75;UHTXLUHV�RQH�7&8$
• 7ZR�7&8$V�DUH�UHTXLUHG�IRU�WKH�%6&�LWVHOI�• &RQILJXUDWLRQV�ZLWK�OHVV�WKDQ���7&8$V�DUH�QRW�SRVVLEOH�
������� 1XPEHU�RI�$�LQWHUIDFHV��7UDQVFRGHU�DQG�$WHU�OLQHV
7KH�IROORZLQJ�IRUPXOD�FDQ�EH�DSSOLHG�IRU�GHWHUPLQLQJ�WKH�QXPEHU�RI�$�LQWHUIDFHV�
1XPEHU��RI��$ ,WI7RWDO�WUDIILF�RI�DOO�FRQQHFWHG�%76
&KDQQHO�ORDG� �1XPEHU�RI�FKDQQHOV− =
⋅�(TQ������
7\SLFDOO\�� D� FKDQQHO� ORDG� RI� ���� LV� XVHG� IRU� GLPHQVLRQLQJ�� DQG� QXPEHU� RIFKDQQHOV� ���� ��� FKDQQHOV� RI� WKH� 3&0� OLQH� DUH� UHVHUYHG��� ,Q� WKLV� FDVH�� WKH� DERYH
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ �����
IRUPXOD�LV�YDOLG�IRU�D�WRWDO�WUDIILF�!����(UO��)RU�OHVV�WUDIILF��WKH�(UODQJ�%�IRUPXOD�PXVWEH�DSSOLHG��ZLWK�D�PD[LPXP�EORFNLQJ�RI������
7KH� QXPEHU� RI� UHTXLUHG� WUDQVFRGHUV� HTXDOV� WKH� QXPEHU� RI� $�LQWHUIDFHV�� 'XH� WRVXEPXOWLSOH[LQJ��WKH�QXPEHU�RI�$WHU�OLQHV�LV�\LHOGHG�E\
1XPEHU�RI�$WHU�OLQHV� �1XPEHU�RI�$ � ,WI
��(TQ������
,I�UHGXQGDQF\�LV�UHTXLUHG��RQH�PRUH�$WHU�OLQH�FDQ�EH�DGGHG�RSWLRQDOO\�
��� &DSDFLW\�DQG�&RYHUDJH�([WHQVLRQ
,I�D�UDGLR�QHWZRUN�KDV�EHHQ�EXLOG�XS�DFFRUGLQJ�WR�WKH�UROO�RXW�SODQ�� IXUWKHU�SODQQLQJZRUN�PD\�EHFRPH�LPSRUWDQW��$Q�LQFUHDVLQJ�WUDIILF�PD\�FDXVH�VDWXUDWLRQ�HIIHFWV�LQ�WKHQHWZRUN��OHDGLQJ�WR�XQDFFHSWDEOH�EORFNLQJ�DQG�RU�KLJK�LQWHUIHUHQFH�OHYHOV�DQG�KHQFH�EDG� VSHHFK� TXDOLW\�� $OVR�� WKH� FRYHUDJH� PD\� EH� VHHQ� WR� EH� LQVXIILFLHQW� DW� VRPHLPSRUWDQW�ORFDWLRQV�
$�FRQYHQWLRQDO�H[WHQVLRQ�RI�WKH�QHWZRUN�LV�OLPLWHG�LQ�WHUPV�RI�D�PLQLPXP�FHOO�VL]H��WKHDYDLODEOH�VSHFWUXP��DQG�IXUWKHU�FRQVWUDLQWV�OLNH�FRVW��,Q�WKLV�FDVH��VSHFLDOL]HG�H[WHQVLRQRSWLRQV�KDYH� WR�EH�DSSOLHG�� 7KH\� UHTXLUH� VSHFLDOL]HG�SODQQLQJ�PHWKRGV�DV�ZHOO�� 7KHPHWKRGV�ZKLFK�DUH�DGGUHVVHG�KHUH�DUH
• &DSDFLW\�H[WHQVLRQ− 1HZ�WHFKQLTXHV�VXSSRUWHG�E\�QH[W�JHQHUDWLRQ�PRELOHV��GXDO�UDWH��GXDO�EDQG�− &RQFHQWULF�FHOOV− )UHTXHQF\�KRSSLQJ− 0LFURFHOOV
• &RYHUDJH�H[WHQVLRQ− 5HSHDWHU�DSSOLFDWLRQV− ([WHQGHG�FHOOV
����� 1H[W�JHQHUDWLRQ�PRELOH�FDSDELOLWLHV
$�ILUVW�DSSURDFK�WR�WKH�OLPLWHG�FDSDFLW\�SUREOHP�LV�WR�FKHFN�IRU�PRUH�UHVRXUFHV�LQ�WKHIUHTXHQF\�EDQG�RU��IRU�7'0$�V\VWHPV�OLNH�*60��RQ�WKH�WLPH�D[LV�
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ �����
������� 'XDO�UDWH
7KH�ODWWHU�SRVVLELOLW\�LV�DOUHDG\�GHILQHG�LQ�*60�DQG�LV�QDPHG�KDOI�UDWH�VSHHFK�FRGLQJ�1HZHU�VSHHFK�FRGLQJ�DOJRULWKPV�FDQ�UHGXFH�WKH�UHTXLUHG�ELW�UDWH�IRU�D�WUDIILF�FKDQQHOE\�D�IDFWRU�RI� WZR�� ,W� LV� WKHQ�SRVVLEOH� WR�XVH�RQH� WLPHVORW� IRU� WZR�FDOOV�E\�SODFLQJ� WKHGDWD�EXUVWV�RI�WKH�WZR�FDOOV�FRQVHFXWLYHO\�RQ�WKLV�VORW�
7KLV� IHDWXUH� LV� RQO\� SRVVLEOH� IRU� PRELOHV� ZKLFK� DUH� HTXLSSHG� ZLWK� WKLV� IXQFWLRQDOLW\�7KHUHIRUH��LW�LV�REYLRXV�WKDW�LW�PDNHV�QR�VHQVH�WR�GHVLJQ�D�*60�QHWZRUN�H[SOLFLWHO\�IRUKDOI�UDWH�XVDJH��$�PL[HG�VLWXDWLRQ�ZKHUH�ERWK�KDOI�UDWH�DQG��QRUPDO��IXOO�UDWH�PRELOHVDUH�VXSSRUWHG�LV�FDOOHG�D�GXDO�UDWH�QHWZRUN��(DFK�LQGLYLGXDO�WLPHVORW�RI�D�%76�FDQ�EHXVHG�IRU�IXOO�UDWH�RU�KDOI�UDWH�FRPPXQLFDWLRQ�
7KH�KDOI�UDWH� WUDIILF�FDQ�EH�FDOFXODWHG�E\�GHWHUPLQLQJ� WKH�QXPEHU�RI�DYDLODEOH� WUDIILFFKDQQHOV�Q
7&+
�XVLQJ�WKH�IRUPXOD
QQK7&+
)5=−��
�(TQ������
ZKHUH�Q)5
� LV�WKH�QXPEHU�RI�IXOO�UDWH�FKDQQHOV�DQG�K�LV�WKH�IUDFWLRQ�RI�KDOI�UDWH�XVDJH�)RU������KDOI�UDWH�XVDJH��WKH�FDSDFLW\�SHU�%76�FDQ�EH�LQFUHDVHG�E\�D�IDFWRU�RI�FOHDUO\PRUH�WKDQ�WZR��GXH�WR�WKH�WUXQNLQJ�HIILFLHQF\�
������� ([WHQGHG�*60�DQG�GXDO�EDQG�DSSURDFK
6LQFH�WKH�FDSDFLW\�LV�OLPLWHG�YHU\�RIWHQ�E\�D�ODFN�RI�DYDLODEOH�IUHTXHQFLHV��WKH�RULJLQDO*60� EDQG� ZDV� H[WHQGHG� E\� DGGLWLRQDO� ��0+]�� SURYLGLQJ� ��� FKDQQHOV� PRUH�� 7KLVUDQJH�LV�FDOOHG�(�*60��H[WHQGHG�*60���$OVR��WKHUH�DUH�SRVVLEOH�VROXWLRQV�WR�XVH�ERWK*60� DQG� '&6� IUHTXHQF\� EDQGV� WRJHWKHU� LQ� RQH� QHWZRUN� �GXDO� EDQG� VROXWLRQ�� VHH>��@��
7KH�DGGLWLRQDO�IUHTXHQF\�UHVRXUFHV�SURYLGHV�PRUH�IOH[LELOLW\�IRU�WKH�UHJXODWRU\�ERGLHV�LQDVVLJQLQJ�WKH�EDQGV�WR�GLIIHUHQW�OLFHQFHV��7KH�RSHUDWRUV��KRZHYHU��KDYH�LQ�JHQHUDO�QRVWURQJ� LQIOXHQFH� RQ� WKHLU� OLFHQFH� FRQGLWLRQV�� $QRWKHU� GUDZEDFN� LV� WKDW� WKH� FDSDFLW\JDLQ��DV�LQ�WKH�FDVH�RI�GXDO�UDWH�QHWZRUNV��GHSHQGV�PDLQO\�RQ�WKH�SHUFHQWDJH�RI�XVDJHRI�WKH�VXSSRUWLQJ�PRELOHV�
����� &RQFHQWULF�FHOOV
%HIRUH�LQYHVWLQJ�LQ�DGGLWLRQDO�KDUGZDUH��FDSDFLW\�H[WHQVLRQ�VROXWLRQV�ZKLFK�DUH�EDVHGRQ�VRIWZDUH�XSJUDGHV�DUH�PRUH�LQWHUHVWLQJ�ZLWK�UHVSHFW�WR�FRVW��2QH�RI�WKRVH�VROXWLRQVDUH�FRQFHQWULF�FHOOV��7KH\�DUH�HVSHFLDOO\�RI� LQWHUHVW� IRU�RSHUDWRUV�ZKLFK�H[SHULHQFHV�DKLJK� WUDIILF�GHPDQG�LQ� WKH�QHWZRUN�EXW�DUH� OLPLWHG� LQ�FRQYHQWLRQDO�XSJUDGLQJ�GXH� WRVPDOO�IUHTXHQF\�UHVRXUFHV�
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ �����
$� FRQFHQWULF� FHOO� LV� FRPSRVHG� E\� WZRFRQFHQWULFDOO\� DUUDQJHG� ]RQHV� ZLWKLQ� WKHVDPH� FHOO� DUHD�� WKH� LQQHU� ]RQH� DQG� WKHRXWHU� ]RQH� �VHH� )LJXUH� ������ 7KH� FDUULHUVDUH� DOORFDWHG� VHSDUDWHO\� WR� HDFK� ]RQH�LQQHU� ]RQH� FDUULHUV� DQG� RXWHU� ]RQHFDUULHUV��7KH�UDQJH�UHGXFWLRQ�RI�WKH�LQQHU]RQH� LV� DFKLHYHG� E\� D� WUDQVPLW� SRZHUUHGXFWLRQ� RI� WKH� LQQHU� ]RQH� FDUULHUV�W\SLFDOO\�������G%��
0RELOH� VWDWLRQV� VLWXDWHG� LQ� WKH� RXWHU� ]RQH� FRPPXQLFDWH� RQ� WKH� RXWHU� FDUULHUV�� 7KHPRELOHV� ZKLFK� DUH� FORVHU� WR� WKH� EDVH� VWDWLRQ� SUHIHUDEO\� FRPPXQLFDWH� RQ� WKH� LQQHUFDUULHUV�EXW�WKH\�FDQ�XVH�WKH�RXWHU�FDUULHUV�LI�QHHGHG��7KH�FRQFHQWULF�FHOO�DUUDQJHPHQWDOORZV�D�EHWWHU�XVH�RI�IUHTXHQF\�UHVRXUFHV�GXH�WR�WKH�SDUWLDO�SRZHU�UHGXFWLRQ�RI�VRPHFDUULHUV�
7KH�WUDIILF�FDSDFLW\�RI� WKH�FRQFHQWULF�FHOOV��GHSHQGLQJ�RQ�WKH�VXUIDFH�UDWLR�RI� LQQHU� WRRXWHU�]RQH�DQG� IRU�GLIIHUHQW�FRQILJXUDWLRQV�� LV� VKRZQ� LQ�)LJXUH������$�KRPRJHQHRXVWUDIILF�GLVWULEXWLRQ�LV�DVVXPHG��DQG�WKH�FDOFXODWLRQV�KDV�EHHQ�GRQH�IRU�D�EORFNLQJ�UDWH
outer zone
inner zone
)LJXUH������&RQFHQWULF�FHOO
Capacity R4
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1
Surface Ratio
Tra
ffic
[E
rl] 2TRXout+1TRXin
2TRXout+2TRXin
3TRXout+1TRXin
3TRXout+2TRXin
3TRXout+3TRXin
)LJXUH������&DSDFLW\�RI�D�FRQFHQWULF�FHOO��IRU�VRIWZDUH�UHOHDVH���
VDWXUDWLRQ�SRLQW
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ �����
RI�����$V�FDQ�EH�VHHQ��WKH�FDSDFLW\�DSSURDFKHV�WKH�FDSDFLW\�RI�D�SURSHU�FRQYHQWLRQDOFHOO� DV� WKH� LQQHU� ]RQH� UHDFKHV� WKH� VL]H� RI� WKH� RXWHU� ]RQH�� 0RUHRYHU�� WKH�PD[LPXPFDSDFLW\�LV�QHDUO\�UHDFKHG��GHSHQGLQJ�WR�WKH�XVHG�FRQILJXUDWLRQ��DW�D�FHUWDLQ�VDWXUDWLRQSRLQW� IRU�HYHQ�VPDOO�YDOXHV�RI� WKH�VXUIDFH�UDWLR��ZKLFK�DUH�HVSHFLDOO\�RI� LQWHUHVW� IRU�DOLPLWHG� LQWHUIHUHQFH� OHYHO�� ,W� FDQ� EH� VKRZQ� WKDW� YDOXHV� RI� 5&6 �� IRU� WKH� LQQHU� ]RQHIUHTXHQF\�UH�XVH�DUH�\LHOGHG�IRU�VXUIDFH�UDWLRV�LQ�WKH�UDQJH�RI��������������>��@��7KRVHFRQILJXUDWLRQV� ZLWK� WKH� VDWXUDWLRQ� SRLQW� LQ� WKLV� LQWHUYDO� VKRXOG� EH� SUHIHUUHG� IRU� WKHFRQFHQWULF�FHOO�GHVLJQ�
7ZR�GLIIHUHQW�VWUDWHJLHV�PD\�EH�WUHDWHG�ZKHQ�D�FRQFHQWULF�FHOO�LV�FRQILJXUHG�
&RQFHQWULF�FHOOV�ZLWK�DGGLWLRQDO�FDUULHUV7KH�H[LVWLQJ�FDUULHUV�RI�WKH�FHOO�DUH�FRQILJXUHG�IRU�WKH�RXWHU�]RQH��$GGLWLRQDO�XSJUDGLQJFDUULHUV�DUH�FRQILJXUHG�DV�LQQHU�]RQH�FDUULHUV��$V�WKH�IUHTXHQF\�SODQQLQJ�IRU�WKH�LQQHU]RQH�FDQ�EH�GRQH�ZLWK�D�WLJKWHU�UHXVH�FOXVWHU��WKHUH�LV�QR�GHJUDGDWLRQ�LQ�TXDOLW\�WKRXJKWKH�WUDIILF�FDSDFLW\�KDV�EHHQ�LQFUHDVHG�
&RQFHQWULF�FHOOV�ZLWKRXW�DGGLWLRQDO�FDUULHUV&HOOV� LQ� D� QHWZRUN� ZLWK� D� YHU\� SRRU� QHWZRUN� TXDOLW\� PD\� EH� UHFRQILJXUHG� LQWRFRQFHQWULF�FHOOV�LQ�RUGHU�WR�UHGXFH�WKH�RYHUDOO�LQWHUIHUHQFH��7KH�UHGXFWLRQ�RI�FDUULHUV�LQWKH� RXWHU� ]RQH� DOORZV� D� PRUH� HIILFLHQW� IUHTXHQF\� SODQQLQJ�� +RZHYHU�� D� SXUHUHFRQILJXUDWLRQ� ZLWKRXW� DGGLWLRQDO� FDUULHUV� PD\� GHFUHDVH� WKH� WUDIILF� FDSDFLW\� IRUUHDVRQDEOH�VXUIDFH�UDWLRV�LI�WKH�VDWXUDWLRQ�SRLQW�LV�QRW�UHDFKHG�
'HWDLOHG�SODQQLQJ�DVSHFWV�DUH�GHVFULEHG�LQ�>��@�
����� )UHTXHQF\�KRSSLQJ
7KH� LQWURGXFWLRQ�RI� IUHTXHQF\�KRSSLQJ� �)+�� LV�� OLNH� FRQFHQWULF� FHOOV��DOVR�DQ� VRIWZDUHRSWLRQ�ZKLFK�DOORZV�FDUULHU�XSJUDGLQJ�E\�LPSURYLQJ�WKH�LQWHUIHUHU�OHYHO�LQ�WKH�QHWZRUN�
7KH�IUHTXHQF\�KRSSLQJ�LQ�*60�LV�FDOOHG�VORZ�IUHTXHQF\�KRSSLQJ��DV�WKH�KRSSLQJ�UDWHLV� VORZHU� WKDQ� WKH� PRGXODWLRQ� UDWH�� 7KH� IUHTXHQF\� LV� FKDQJHG� WLPHVORW� E\� WLPHVORW�3RVVLEOH� LPSOHPHQWDWLRQV�DUH�EDVHEDQG�KRSSLQJ��ZKHUH� WKH�KRSSLQJ� IUHTXHQFLHV�DUHFKRVHQ�RQO\�IURP�WKH�IUHTXHQFLHV�ZKLFK�DUH�DVVLJQHG�WR�WKH�GLIIHUHQW�%76�WUDQVFHLYHUV�DQG�V\QWKHVL]HU�KRSSLQJ��ZKHUH�PRUH�IUHTXHQFLHV�WKDQ�DYDLODEOH�75;�FDQ�EH�XVHG��7RHQDEOH�WKH�ODWWHU�RSWLRQ��D�VHFRQG�V\QWKHVL]HU�LV�XVHG�ZKLFK�ORFNV�RQ�WKH�QHZ�IUHTXHQF\ZKLOH�D�EXUVW�LV�WUDQVPLWWHG�RQ�WKH�SUHYLRXV�IUHTXHQF\�
)+�LV�SRVVLEOH�LQ�F\FOLF�DQG�UDQGRP�PRGH�DQG�JLYHV�EHQHILWV�IRU�VORZ�PRYLQJ�PRELOHVGXH�WR�IUHTXHQF\�GLYHUVLW\��ZKLFK�UHGXFHV�WKH�GHJUDGDWLRQ�PDUJLQ��VHH�FKDSWHU��������)RU� UDQGRP� KRSSLQJ�� LW� SURYLGHV� DOVR� LQWHUIHUHU� GLYHUVLW\�� DSSHDULQJ� GXH� WR� RZQKRSSLQJ�RI� WKH�VHUYHU�VLJQDO�DQG�XQFRUUHODWHG�KRSSLQJ�RI� WKH� LQWHUIHUHU� VLJQDOV��7KLVFDQ�EH�XVHG�IRU�FDUULHU�XSJUDGLQJ��7KH�%&&+�IUHTXHQF\�PXVW�EH�VWDWLF�DQG�SODQQHG
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ �����
ZLWK�D�FRQYHQWLRQDO�UH�XVH�IDFWRU��7KH�UHPDLQLQJ�75;�PD\�EH�SODQQHG�ZLWK�D�VXSHU�UH�XVH�IDFWRU��67&+���ZKLFK�ZRXOG�FDXVH�WRR�PXFK�LQWHUIHUHQFH�XQGHU�QRUPDO�FRQGLWLRQV�EXW�ZKLFK�LV�DSSOLFDEOH�ZLWK�DFWLYDWHG�)+�
,Q� DQ� )+� QHWZRUN�� WKH� DYDLODEOH� WUDIILF� UHVRXUFHV� EHFRPH� OLPLWHG� E\� WKH� DPRXQW� RILQWHUIHUHQFH� UDWKHU� WKDQ� E\� FRQYHQWLRQDO� EORFNLQJ��2QH� GLVWLQJXLVKHV� KDUG� EORFNLQJ�ZKLFK� LV� HTXDO� WR� WKH� ODWWHU� FDVH�� DQG� VRIW� EORFNLQJ�� ZKLFK� DSSHDUV� GXH� WR� ULVLQJLQWHUIHUHUHQFH� IURP� DGGLWLRQDO� FDOOV� LQ� WKH� QHWZRUN�� ,Q� VXFK� D� VLWXDWLRQ�� WKH� KDUGEORFNLQJ�WUDIILF�FDSDFLW\�EHFRPHV�D�SK\VLFDO�OLPLW�ZKLFK�FDQ�QHYHU�EH�UHDFKHG�GXH�WRVRIW�EORFNLQJ��)+�LV�EHVW�XVHG� IRU�D�VXSHU� UH�XVH� IDFWRU�RI����ZKHUH� WKH�VRIW�EORFNLQJFDQ� EH� DOPRVW� FRPSHQVDWHG�� $GGLWLRQDOO\� LPSURYHPHQWV� FDQ� EH� DFKLHYHG� E\LQWURGXFLQJ�IXUWKHU�LQWHUIHUHQFH�OLPLWLQJ�RSWLRQV��VXFK�DV�'7;�DQG�SRZHU�FRQWURO�
)RU�IXUWKHU�GHWDLOV�RQ�)+��UHIHU�WR�>�@�
����� 0LFURFHOOV
0LFURFHOOV�DUH�WKH�PRVW�HIIHFWLYH�FDSDFLW\�H[WHQVLRQ�VROXWLRQ�IRU�ODUJHU�KLJK�WUDIILF�DUHDVZKLFK�DUH�W\SLFDOO\�PHW�LQ�LQQHU�FLWLHV��EXW��DV�D�VROXWLRQ�UHTXLULQJ�QHZ�KDUGZDUH��DOVRDQ�H[SHQVLYH�RQH��$V�WKH�PLFURFHOOV�IRUP�D�KLHUDUFKLFDO�HQWLW\�ZLWKLQ�WKH�QHWZRUN�� WKHSODQQLQJ� QRW� RQO\� FRYHUV� WKH� FHOO� DQG� FRYHUDJH� SODQQLQJ� EXW� DOVR� WKH� VHOHFWLRQ� RIVXLWDEOH� KDQGRYHU� SDUDPHWHUV�� 0LFURFHOO� SODQQLQJ� LV� VXFK� D� FRPSOH[� VXEMHFW� WKDW� DVHSHUDWH�GRFXPHQW�ZDV�FUHDWHG�>��@��,Q�WKLV�WH[W��RQO\�EDVLF�DVSHFWV�DUH�SUHVHQWHG�
������� +LHUDUFKLFDO�FHOO�VWUXFWXUH�DQG�FDOO�KDQGOLQJ�SKLORVRSK\
,Q�RSSRVLWH�WR�WKH�FRQYHQWLRQDO�PDFURFHOOV��PLFURFHOOV�DUH�FKDUDFWHUL]HG�E\�DQ�DQWHQQDLQVWDOODWLRQ� EHORZ� WKH� DYHUDJH� URRIWRS� OHYHO�� 'XH� WR� WKH� IDFW� WKDW� WKLV� UHGXFHV� WKHPLQLPXP� SRVVLEOH� GLVWDQFH� WR� WKH� PRELOHV�� WKH� ULVN� RI� %76� UHFHLYHU� EORFNLQJ� LVLQFUHDVHG��DV�WKH�PLQLPXP�FRXSOLQJ�ORVV��0&/��LV�QR�ORQJHU�NHSW��7KHUHIRUH��D�VSHFLDOPLFUR�%76�PXVW�EH�XVHGZKLFK� DUH� FKDUDFWHUL]HGE\� D� UHGXFHG� VHQVLWLYLW\DQG���LQ� RUGHU� WR� DOORZEDODQFHG� OLQN� EXGJHWV��UHGXFHG� RXWSXW� SRZHU�7KH� QHZ� YDOXHV� KDYHEHHQ� GHILQHG� DV� %76FODVVHV� 0��� 0��� DQG0�� LQ� *60� 5HF�� �����>�@�
$� W\SLFDO� PDFURFHOO�PLFURFHOO� DUUDQJHPHQW
8PEUHOOD�FHOOV
0LFURFHOOV��FOXVWHU���
0LFURFHOOV��FOXVWHU���
)LJXUH������+LHUDUFKLFDO�FHOO�VWUXFWXUH�ZLWK�PDFUR��DQG�PLFURFHOOV
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ �����
LV�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUH������'XH�WR�WKH�KLJK�LQYHVWPHQW�FRVW��PLFURFHOOV�DUH�RQO\�DSSOLHG�WRDUHDV�RI�YHU\�KLJK�WUDIILF�GHQVLW\��ZKHUH�WKH\�DUH�IRUPLQJ�D�FOXVWHU�
3URSHU� KDQGRYHU� UHODWLRQVKLSV�PXVW� EH� GHILQHG� EHWZHHQ�PDFUR�� DQG�PLFURFHOO� OD\HUDQG�EHWZHHQ�WKH�FHOOV�RI�WKH�VDPH�OD\HU�DV�ZHOO��7KH\�DUH�VNHWFKHG�LQ�)LJXUH������$V�DEDVLF�SKLORVRSK\��WKH�IROORZLQJ�UXOHV�DUH�WDNHQ�
• $V�PXFK�WUDIILF�DV�SRVVLEOH�LV�KDQGOHG�LQ�WKH�PLFURFHOOXODU�OD\HU�• )DVW�PRELOHV�DUH�VHUYHG�E\�WKH�XPEUHOOD�OD\HU��7KH�RYHUODS�DUHD�RI�WKH�PLFURFHOOV�LVJHQHUDOO\�VR�VPDOO�WKDW�D�KDQGRYHU�IRU�IDVW�PRELOHV�FDQQRW�EH�SHUIRUPHG�
• ,I� XQFHUWDLQ� UDGLR� FRQGLWLRQV� RFFXU� LQ� D� PLFURFHOO�� WKH� FDOO� DUH� IRUZDUGHG� WR� WKHPDFUR� OD\HU�� 6XFK� FRQGLWLRQV� FDQ� RFFXU� H�J�� GXH� WR� D� WUHPHQGRXV� ILHOGVWUHQJWKGHJUDGDWLRQ�LI�WKH�PRELOHV�PRYHV�DURXQG�D�FRUQHU�DQG�KDV�WKHUHIRUH�UDSLGO\�PRYHGLQ�D�VKDGHG�DUHD�
7KHVH� LWHPV�DUH�VXSSRUWHG�E\� WKH�FRQFHSWV�RI�XPEUHOOD�FHOOV��(DFK�PDFURFHOO�DFWV�DVXPEUHOOD�FHOO�IRU�VHYHUDO�PLFURFHOOV�
������� 0LFURFHOO�'HVLJQV
7ZR� EDVLF� GHVLJQV� DUH� SRVVLEOHZLWK� PLFURFHOOV�� WKH� VWUHHW� %76GHVLJQ� DQG� WKH� FURVVURDG� %76GHVLJQ� �)LJXUH� ������ 7KH� ODWWHURQH� FRYHUV� PRUH� VWUHHWV�� EXW� LVVRPHWLPHV� PRUH� GLIILFXOW� WRUHDOL]H�
)RU� FRYHUDJH� FDOFXODWLRQV�� WKHPRGLILHG� EUHDNSRLQW� PRGHO� �VHH��������� FDQ�EH�XVHG��([HPSODU\GHVLJQV� FDQ� EH� VWXGLHG� ZLWK� WKHLGHDOL]HG� 0DQKDWWDQ� VWUHHWPRGHO�� ZKHUH� D� JULG� VWUHHW� DUUDQJHPHQW� ZLWK� HTXDO� VWUHHW� ZLGWK� DQG� EORFN� VL]H� LVDVVXPHG��7KLV�LV�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUH�����
:LWK� PLFURFHOOV�� WUDIILF� FDSDFLW\� JDLQV� ZLWK� D� IDFWRU� XS� WR� ��� FDQ� EH� DFKLHYHG�GHSHQGLQJ�RQ�WKH�DYDLODEOH�EDQGZLGWK�DQG�WKH�VL]H�DQG�VWUHHW�OD\RXW�RI�WKH�FRQVLGHUHGKLJK�WUDIILF�DUHD��7KLV�JDLQ�FDQ�EH�IXUWKHU�LQFUHDVHG�E\�XVLQJ�WKH�GLUHFWHG�UHWU\�IHDWXUH�ZKLFK� LV�PRVW� HIIHFWLYH� IRU� D� ELJ� FHOO� RYHUODS� DV� LQ� WKH� FDVH� IRU� XPEUHOOD� FHOOV� DQGUHODWHG�PLFURFHOOV��'LUHFWHG�UHWU\�DOORZV�WKH�GLUHFW�DVVLJQPHQW�RI�WKH�WUDIILF�FKDQQHO�RI�DVHFRQG�%76�GXULQJ� WKH� FDOO� VHWXS�SKDVH�� ,Q� WKH�SDUWV�RI� WKH� VHUYLFH�DUHD�ZKHUH�ERWKEDVH� VWDWLRQV� FDQ� EH� ZHOO� UHFHLYHG�� WKLV� FDXVHV� D� FDSDFLW\� JDLQ� GXH� WR� WUXQNLQJHIILFLHQF\�
6WUHHW�%76
&URVVURDG�%76
)LJXUH������6WUHHW�DQG�FURVVURDG�%76
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ �����
)RU� HYHQ� KLJKHU� WUDIILF� RU� IRU� H[WUHPH� UHTXLUHPHQWV� DERXW� LQGRRU� FRYHUDJH�� LQGRRUSLFRFHOOV�FDQ�DFW�DV�D�VROXWLRQ��7KHVH�DUH�GHVFULEHG�LQ�>��@��
����� 5HSHDWHU�DSSOLFDWLRQV
%HVLGHV�WKH�WUDIILF�FDSDFLW\�H[WHQVLRQ��VRPHWLPHV�WKH�QHWZRUN�KDV�DOVR�WR�EH�H[WHQGHGLQ� WHUPV�RI�FRYHUDJH�� ,I� WKLV�H[WHQVLRQ�VKRXOG� WDNH�SODFH� LQ� ORZ� WUDIILF�DUHDV�� LW� LV�QRWHIILFLHQW� WR� LQVWDOO� DQ� DGGLWLRQDO� %76�� $� W\SLFDO� DSSOLFDWLRQ� LV� VKRZQ� LQ� )LJXUH� ����ZKHUH�D�VKDGHG�DUHD�LV�FRYHUHG�E\�D�UHSHDWHU�ZKLFK�H[WHQGV�WKH�FRYHUDJH�DUHD�RI�DFHUWDLQ�FHOO��7KLV�FHOO�LV�FDOOHG�GRQRU�FHOO�
)LJXUH�������7\SLFDO�UHSHDWHU�DSSOLFDWLRQ
6WUHHW�%76 &URVVURDG�%76)LJXUH������6WUHHW�DQG�FURVVURDG�GHVLJQ�LQ�D�PDQKDWWDQ�VWUHHW�VFHQDULR
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ �����
$�EORFN�GLDJUDP�RI�D�UHSHDWHU� LV�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUH������� ,W�FRQVLVWV�RI� WZR�DPSOLILHUV�RQH�IRU�WKH�XSOLQN�DQG�RQH�IRU�WKH�GRZQOLQN�EDQG��ZKLFK�DUH�FRQQHFWHG�WR�WKH�RXWSXWSRUWV�YLD�GXSOH[HUV�
)LJXUH�������5HSHDWHU�EORFN�GLDJUDP
2XWGRRU�FRYHUDJH�LV�QRW� WKH�RQO\�UHSHDWHU�DSSOLFDWLRQ��7KH\�DUH�DOVR�XVHG�IRU� WXQQHODQG�LQGRRU�FRYHUDJH�DQG�DUH�XVHG�ZLWK�DQWHQQDV�RU�OHDN\�IHHGHU�FDEOHV��$Q�RYHUYLHZRI�WKH�GLIIHUHQW�FDVHV�DQG�GLIIHUHQW�UHSHDWHU�W\SHV�LV�IRXQG�LQ�>��@�
$V�WKH�UHSHDWHU�LV�LPSURYLQJ�WKH�SDWKORVV�LQ�ERWK�XS��DQG�GRZQOLQN�GLUHFWLRQ��WKH�JDLQRI�WKH�DPSOLILHUV�PXVW�EH�VHW�WR�WKH�VDPH�YDOXH��H[FHSW�LQ�WKH�FDVH�WKDW�WKH�QRLVH�ILJXUHRI�WKH�UHSHDWHU�LV�ZRUVH�WKDQ�WKDW�RI�WKH�%76��ZKLFK�FRXOG�GHFUHDVH�WKH�VHQVLWLYLW\�RI�WKH%76�GXH�WR�D�KLJKHU�QRLVH�IORRU�FDXVHG�E\�WKH�UHSHDWHU��7KH�JDLQ�YDOXH�LV�GHWHUPLQHGE\�DSSO\LQJ�D�OLQN�EXGJHW��,W�LV�OLPLWHG�E\
• WKH� LVRODWLRQ� EHWZHHQ� FRYHUDJH� DQG� GRQRU� DQWHQQD� �D� KLJKHU� JDLQ� FDXVHVRVFLOODWLRQ���$�VXLWDEOH�VDIHW\�PDUJLQ�LV�LQ�WKH�RUGHU�RI�DERXW����G%
• WKH�VLJQDO�WR�QRLVH�UDWLR• LQWHUPRGXODWLRQ�SURGXFWV��PXVW�EH�OLPLWLHG�DFFRUGLQJ�WR�*60�5HF��������
$V�WKH�DPSOLILHUV�LQ�WKH�UHSHDWHU�LQWURGXFH�DGGLWLRQDO�VLJQDO�GHOD\��SUREOHPV�FDQ�RFFXULQ�UHJLRQV�ZKHUH�ERWK�WKH�UHSHDWHU�VLJQDO�DQG�WKH�RULJLQDO�%76�VLJQDO�FDQ�EH�UHFHLYHG�,I�WKH�GHOD\�EHWZHHQ�WKHVH�VLJQDOV�H[FHHGV�WKH�PD[LPXP�YDOXH�ZKLFK�FDQ�EH�KDQGOHGE\�WKH�*60�HTXDOL]HU����µVHF��IRU�$OFDWHO����µVHF��DQG�WKH�VLJQDO�OHYHOV�DUH�RI�VLPLODUPDJQLWXGH��RXWDJH�LV�FDXVHG�
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ �����
����� ([WHQGHG�FHOOV
,Q�ZLGH�RSHQ�DUHDV�OLNH�D�GHVHUW��YHU\�ODUJH�FHOOV�DUH�SRVVLEOH�GXH�WR�H[FHOOHQW�OLQH�RI�VLJKW�FRQGLWLRQV�DQG�PD\�EH�RI�LQWHUHVW�IRU�H�J��ZLGH�VWUHHW�FRYHUDJH��+RZHYHU��LQ�WKH*60�V\VWHP� WKH�PD[LPXP�GLVWDQFH� LV���NP�ZKLFK� LV�GXH� WR� OLPLWHG� V\QFKURQL]DWLRQFDSDELOLWLHV��$FFRUGLQJ�WR�*60��WKH�WUDQVPLWWHG�DQG�UHFHLYHG�EXUVWV�PXVW�EH�VHSHUDWHGE\�WKUHH�EXUVW�GXUDWLRQV�DW�WKH�%76��7R�HQDEOH�WKLV�WLPLQJ�HYHQ�ZKHQ�WKH�PRELOH�VWDWLRQFKDQJHV�LWV�GLVWDQFH�IURP�WKH�%76��D� WLPLQJ�DGYDQFH�YDOXH�LV�GHWHUPLQHG�DQG�VHQW� WRWKH� PRELOH�� ,Q� WKH� PRELOH�� WKLV� YDOXH� LV� WKHQ� XVHG� WR� VHW� D� SURSHU� GHOD\� OLQH�� ,W� LVUDQJLQJ�IURP���WR�����ZKHUH�WKH�PD[LPXP�YDOXH�LV�YDOLG�IRU�WKH�PD[LPXP�GLVWDQFH�RI��NP�
:LWK�DQ�H[WHQGHG�FHOO�%76��LW�LV�SRVVLEOH�WR�FRYHU�D�UDQJH�RI���NP��ZKLFK�LQGHHG�FDQEH� DFKLHYHG� XQGHU� JRRG� SURSDJDWLRQ� FRQGLWLRQV���� ,W� FRQVLVWV� RI� WZR� FRORFDWHG� %76V�LQQHU�DQG�RXWHU�%76���7KH�LQQHU�%76�FDUULHV�WKH�WUDIILF�RI� WKH�LQQHU�FHOO� �����NP��� WKHRXWHU� %76� LV� UHVSRQVLEOH� IRU� WKH� WUDIILF� RQ� WKH� RXWHU� FHOO� ���NP���NP��ZLWK� D� ��� %LWÅGHOD\HG´�UHFHLYHU���6R�WKH�RXWHU�%76�KDQGOHV�WKH�H[WHQGHG�FHOO�DUHD��ZKLFK�XVXDOO\�FDQRQO\�EH�FRYHUHG�E\�DQ�DGGLWLRQDO�VLWH�GXH�WR�WLPLQJ�DGYDQFH��7KLV�VDYHV�VLWH�FRVWV�
'XH� WR� WKH� ODUJH� FRYHUDJH� UDQJH�� WKH� H[WHQGHG� FHOO� %76� FDQ� HDVLO\� EH� EORFNHG�� LI� LWFDWFKHV� WRR� PXFK� WUDIILF�� ,Q� WKLV� FDVH�� DQ� DGGLWLRQDO� RYHUODLG� FHOO�� DFKLHYHG� ZLWK� DFRQYHQWLRQDO�%76��LV�LQVWDOOHG��$�SRVVLEOH�VFHQDULR�ZRXOG�EH�D�KLJKZD\��ZKLFK�UXQV�RXWRI�D�FLW\��VHH�)LJXUH��������7KH�RXWHU�FHOO�WKHQ�GRHV�QRW�KDQGOH�PXFK�WUDIILF���EXW�PRUHWUDIILF�FRXOG�DSSHDU�LQ�WKH�LQQHU�FHOO��7KH�RYHUODLG�FHOO�FDQ�EH�DQ\ZKHUH�LQ�WKH�DUHD�RIWKH�LQQHU�RU�RXWHU�FHOO��RU�LW�FDQ�EH�HYHQ�ODUJHU��8VXDOO\�WKH�RYHUODLG�FHOO�LV�FORVH�WR�WKHLQQHU�FHOO�
RXWHU�FHOO
LQQHUFHOO
LQQHUFHOO
RXWHUFHOO
���NP
���NP
7RZQ
+LJKZD\
)LJXUH�������([WHQGHG�FHOO�DUUDQJHPHQWV
��NP
&HOOXODU�2SHUDWLRQV�'HSDUWPHQW(QJLQHHULQJ�5XOHV�IRU�5DGLR�1HWZRUNV
(GLWLRQ �� -81(���������$OFDWHO�0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
513B*'�'2& $&6�26% �')������������8$==$ �����
(1'�2)�'2&80(17