r.n.i. no. upbil/1996/7631 i.s.s.n. - 0975-4903 uttar

R.N.I. No. UPBIL/1996/7631I.S.S.N. - 0975-4903

THE BRAHMAVARTA GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY OF INDIA

Volume 24 2019

UTTAR PRADESH GEOGRAPHICAL JOURNAL

Editor

Dr. J. P. Gupta

124 C-1, Indira Nagar, Kanpur - 208 026 (India)

Estd. 1995

CONTENTS Page

1.

2.

-

SPATIO-TEMPORAL PATTERNS OF CHILD SEX RATIO IN RAJASTHAN - Alok Chauhan 1-6

NATIONAL RURAL LIVELIHOOD MISSION PAVING WAY FOR RURAL TRANSFORMATION IN JHARKHAND : 7-16

A CRITICAL ANALYSIS Abhay Krishna Singh

3. LEVEL OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN ROHTAS DISTRICT, BIHAR 17-21

- Rekha Kumari and Sanjay Kumar

4. NUTRITION CONDITION IN RURAL AREA OF PALARI BLOCK : A GEOGRAPHICAL STUDY - Ghanshyam Nage 22-26

5. GROWTH, DISTRIBUTION AND CAUSES OF INTER-STATE OUT-MIGRATION FROM UTTAR PRADESH : 27-36

A GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS - Alok Kumar Choubey and Gayatri Rai

6. Ckkykns ftys ds xkz eh.k cktkjka s ij {k=s h; fodkl ekMW y dk iHz kko & jhuk ,oa ljyk 'kekZ 37-44

7. vYidkfyd xkz eh.k mRioz kfl;ka s dh vkfFkdZ n'kk,¡ % jktukna xko¡ ,oa dchj/kke ftys dk ryq ukRed v/;;u 45-54

& vksedqekjh oekZ ,oa lsou dqekj Hkkjrh

8. dkjs ck uxj ea s vkioz klh; dk;'Z khy efgykvka s dh LokLF; n'kk,¡ ,oa Lrj & ;fruafnuh iVsy 55-61

9. nxq Z &fHkykbZ uxjka s ea s dk;'Z khy efgykvka s ds thou dh x.q koÙkk % ,d HkkxS kfs yd v/;;u 62-73

& f'kosUæ cgknqj ,oaa ljyk 'kekZ

10. tuin&eÅ ¼m0i0z ½ ea s lla k/ku fodkl Lrj ,oa LFkkfud fu;kts u grs q ojh;rk ds {k=s ka s dk fu/kkjZ .k 74-79

& lquhy dqekj vks>k

11. nxq Z ftys ds 'kL; çfr:Ik] Ñf"k n{krk ,oa 'kL; xgurk ea s LFkkfud dkfyd ifjoruZ 80-89

¼1990&93 ls 2011&13½ & ik;y lkgww

12. xkjs [kijq egkuxj ¼m0i0z ½ ea s efyu cfLr;ka s ea s lk{kjrk ifz r:i 90-96

& latho dqekj flag ,oa pUæ feyu oekZ

13. xkMs + tutkfr;ka s ea s O;kIr v/a kfo'okl muds ik"s k.k] LokLF; ,oa fodkl ea s ck/kd 97-101

& dkty eksb=k ,oa Jherh eatw"kk lkgw

14. /kerjh ftys ea s /kku dh toS &fofo/krk ij feVV~ h dk iHz kko & lqjs'k dqekj lkgw ,oa Vh- ,y- oekZ 102-109

15. jk;ijq uxj ea s cky vk;q oxZ fo|kfFk;Z ka s ea s ik"s kd rRoka s dh miyC/krk ,oa ik"s k.k n'kk,¡ & y{eh uk;d 110-117

16. Hkkjr&phu lEcU/kka s ea s Mkds yke dk L=krfs td egRo & la/;k flag ,oa vt; dqekj flag 118-121

17. xkz eh.k vkokl dh fLFkfr ,oa mldk ryq ukRed v/;;u v#.kkpy çn's k ds fo'k"s k lna HkZ eas 122-130

& eqUuk yky xqIrk

Uttar Pradesh Geographical Journal

Vol. 24, 2019

R.N.I. No. UPBIL/1996/7631

I.S.S.N. - 0975-4903

Introduction females in a society at a given point of time. A change

of sex composition largely reflects the underlying Child Sex ratio is an index of the socio-socio-economic and cultural patterns of a society in economic conditions of any population in an area and different ways. Child sex ratio is mainly the outcome has a profound impact on the demographic structure of the interplay of sex differentials in mortality, sex of a region. The final outcome of sex ratio depends on selective migration, sex ratio at birth and at times the the sex ratio at birth, sex ratio at death and sex sex differential in population enumeration.selectivity among migrants. An understanding of sex

ratio of an area is important for different types of The measurement of Child sex ratio is one

planning and for comprehending demographic of the vital demographic attributes for any country. It is

dynamism in terms of natality, mortality, migration, defined as the ratio of females per 1,000 male

marital status, economic characteristics and so forth population. The sex ratio at birth may be skewed by

(Chandna, 1986). In India sex ratio is very low when factors such as the age of mother, sex-selective

compared to other countries of the world (Bhat and abortion which is commonly known as female feticide

Zavier, 2007) and according to some scholars, the as well as incidences of female infanticide. Despite

low sex ratio is the result of high female mortality being one of the fastest growing economies in the

because of biasness against female who are world, India is still grappled with the declining Child

deprived of basic needs such as food, nutrition and sex ratio. The global sex ratio at birth was estimated

health care (Murthi et al, 1995). to be 936 girls / 1,000 boys in 2011 while the child sex

ratio was 931. In India, the general sex ratio was 933 Child Sex ratio is one of the social indicators females / 1,000 males in 2001 which has substantially which depicts the status of women and measures the improved to 940 in 2011. The country has recorded extent of prevailing equity between males and

Dr. Alok Chauhan, Assistant Professor in Geography, Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota, Rajasthan.

ABSTRACT

The study of sex ratio ventilates the demographic scenario of any nation. Its calculation is of prime importance for

understanding the population structure and its peculiarities within any territorial area. Sex ratio is defined as the number of

females per 1,000 male population. According to Census of India, the general sex ratio in India in 2001 was 933 which have

experienced an upward trend up to 940 in 2011. On the contrary, child sex ratio in the country has experienced a declining trend

from 927 in 2001 to 914 in 2011. The State of Rajasthan has experienced a positive increase in general sex ratio from 921

(2001) to 928 (2011) while the child sex ratio has declined from 909 (2001) to 888 (2011). Rajasthan has witnessed a decline by

44 points in child sex ratio during the period from 1971 to 2011. The rate of decline has been even more conspicuous since

1981. Between 1981 and 2011, child sex ratio in the state has gone down from 954 to 888, a decline by 66 points. However, the

decline in child sex ratio is decreased to 21 points in the decade of 2001 to 2011. The present paper aims to study the trends

and patterns of child sex ratio in Rajasthan and to examine the causes for deficiency of girl children in 0-6 age group resulting

into imbalances in child sex ratio in the state.

Kew Words: Female Foeticide, Child Sex Ratio, Sex Ratio, Patriarchy, Male dominance, Son preference, Dowry, Foeticide

and Infanticide, Maternal Mortality.

SPATIO-TEMPORAL PATTERNS OF CHILD SEX RATIO IN RAJASTHAN

Alok Chauhan

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Uttar Pradesh Geographical Journal Vol. 24, 2019

negative child sex ratio which has declined from 927 districts of Rajasthan.

girls in the age group 0-6 years / 1,000 boys in the Data Sources and Methodology same age group in 2001 which came down to 914

The study has been accomplished mainly girls in the same age group in 2011. In India, 132,000 through secondary data which have been collected girls in the age group of one to five years die because from Census records published by the Government of their parents do not provide them with equal medical India since independence to till date and Statistical care and attention that is given to a boy (Kristof, abstract of Rajasthan. The collected data are 2009). As per Census 2011, the child sex ratio (CSR) processed to analyze the spatial pattern of sex ratio in fell to sub 900 levels in Rajasthan. It was 909 in the Rajasthan. Arc GIS 9.3 software used for preparing 2001 census, but a decade later it came down to 888. the map and to show the spatial pattern of sex ratio in Out of 33 districts in the state, barely 10 districts had a Rajasthan. On calculating child sex ratio, the districts CSR of 900 or above. In case of general sex ratio it of Rajasthan have been classified into various was 921 in 2001 which have exhibited an upward categories (keeping in view the state average) and trend in 2011 (928). On the contrary the child sex ratio represented cartographically so as to present a has declined in the State from 909 in 2001 to 888 in regional perspective, showing spatial patterns of child 2011, which is one of the grave concern and sex ratio in Rajasthan. The census map of Rajasthan demographic threats for the state. In this context, this (2011) showing district boundaries has been adopted study aims to examine district wise child sex ratio and as the base map.sex ratio at birth and study socio economic variations

in child sex ratio focusing on Temporal Patterns of Child Sex Ratio in India and

RajasthanThe Study Area

The child sex ratio has been on a continuous Rajasthan state is one of the prosperous decline with certain ups and downs since 1971 (Table states of India. It lies between 23°3' north to 30°12' 1). Child sex ratio in Rajasthan was 932 females per northern latitude and 69°30' east to 78°17' eastern 1000 males in 1971. Highest child sex ratio of 954 is longitude (Fig.1). It occupies a geographical area of shown in 1981 and lowest sex ratio of 888 is shown in about 3, 42,239 sq.km. On the northern side of it 2011. During 1971 to 2011 India's average child sex Punjab and northern –east of Haryana , Delhi and ratio is more than Rajasthan's average child sex ratio. south of Gujarat and western of Pakistan ,Uttar There are only two decades i.e. 1991-2001 and 2001 Pradesh are on east and south west of Madhya – 2011 which show the negative variation of child sex Pradesh . According to 2011 census, its population is ratio in both India as well as in Rajasthan. 68548437 out of which 35550997 males and

32997440 females. The density is 200 persons per Apart from that, during other decades square kilometre. The sex ratio recorded 928 females National average child sex ratio is higher than State per thousand males which is lower than national average child sex ratio. During 1991 to 2011 variation average sex ratio. Rajasthan state has 66.11% in child sex ratio shows downward trends. From the literacy rate with differential of 79.19% male literacy recent past both National and State sex ratio are and 52.12% female literacy. going to downward this trend of sex ratio is due to

economic development, Urbanization and misuse of Objectives modern medical facilities. The problem of declining

=To study the trend of child sex ratio (0-6 year age) sex ratio is multifaceted and there is no one single in Rajasthan state. reason for it and many researchers are of the view

=To interpret the spatial pattern of Child Sex Ratio that traditional mindset of the society is the major

(CSR) in Rajasthan state. reason behind the declining sex ratio.

=To analyze decadal change in child sex ratio in

[[3

Fig. 01

Table 01: Trend of Child Sex Ratio, 1971-2011

Female Children per 1000 Male Children

Decadal Change

Rajasthan

India

Rajasthan India 1971

932

964

-

-1981

954

962

+22

-2 1991 916 945 -38 -17 2001 909 927 -7 -18 2011 888 914 -21 -13

Source: Census of India, 2011.


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Fig. 02

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Table 02: Spatial Pattern of Sex Ratio in Rajasthan, 2011

Category

Name of Districts

Child Sex Ratio (Females/1000 Males)

Very High

Pratapgarh, Banswara,

Udaipur,

Bhilwara and Dungarpur

>913

High

Jhalawar, Chittaurgarh,

Baran, Bikaner, Barmer, Churu,

Pali, Ajmer, Rajsamand, Jalor, Jodhpur, Sirohi and Kota

888-913

Moderate

Nagaur,

Bundi,

Tonk, Hanumangarh,

Jaisalmer and Sawai Madhopur

863-888

Low Bharatpur, A lwar, Dausa Jaipur, Ganganagar,Dhaulpur, Karauli and Sikar

838-863

Very Low Jhunjhunun <838

Very High Child Sex Ratio (Above 913)

Fig. 02 A depicts that Pratapgarh, state shows low child ratio. In this category there are 8

Banswara, Udaipur, Bhilwara and Dungarpur districts districts. The capital; district Jaipur and grain bowl of

registerd highest child sex ratio in 2011, i.e. above Rajasthan, i.e., Ganganagar district both lies in this

913. These districts have very high proportion of category. The districts affected by Chambal ravines,

scheduled tribe population which are still away from i.e., Dhaulpur and Karauli also fall in this category.

misuse of modern medical facilities. Very Low Child Sex Ratio (838- 863)

High Child Sex Ratio (888- 913) In this category there is only one district, i.e.,

In 2011 the average child sex ratio for the Jhunjhunun. This district lies in the category of very

state was 888. In this category there are 13 districts low level of child sex ratio in the country. It is ironical to

which have child sex ratio above the state average. It note that this district has very high female literacy in

is important to mention here that these are the the entire state despite the child sex ratio is lowest

districts which showed high decrease in child sex among all the districts of state.

ratio during 2001-2011 (Fig. 02C) It is evinced from the preceding discussion

Moderate Child Sex Ratio (863- 888) that only southern part of the district shows high child

sex ratio while all the other parts show low level of Nagaur, Bundi, Tonk, Hanumangarh, child sex ratio. The districts which lie in eastern part of Jaisalmer and Sawai Madhopur showed moderate the state showed very low level of child sex ratio. It is child sex ratio which is lower than state average but indeed a matter of great concern. higher than 863 females per thousand males. It

explains the pathetic condition of child sex ratio in the Conclusion

state as only 6 out of total 33 districts showed In view of the findings it may be concluded moderate child sex ratio. that the position of child sex ratio in Rajasthan is not

Low Child Sex Ratio (838- 863) satisfactory. The child sex ratio is declining

continuously and it has reached to ever low to 888 in Fig. 02A clearly depicts that eastern part of

Spatial Pattern of Child Sex Ratio in Rajasthan, pattern and variation of sex ratio in Rajasthan, three

2011 choropleth maps have been given for the two census

years (Fig. 02). The sex ratios of the entire districts There is observed substantial variation in have been classified into five categories and in every child sex ratio at district level in the study area (Table map these categories have been remained the same. 2). To better understanding about the trends of spatial


[[6


2011. Rajasthan's skewed sex ratio figures are very 3. Chandna, R. C., 1986, A Geography of

unfortunate and alarming. There are various factors Population: Concepts, Determinants and

related to low sex ratio in Rajasthan mainly are the Patterns, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.

preference of son because of social and cultural 4. Kumar, J. and Devi, S., 2013, Sex Ratio of factors. Many other factors attributed to the decline in Haryana: A Geographical Analysis, Global the number of women are neglect of the girl child, Research Analysis, Vol. 2(12), pp. 76-78.female infanticides, female foeticide, dowry deaths,

5. Mathur, K. and Rajagopal, S., 2011, No Right To discrimination in health treatment and maternal Be Born in Rajasthan” Economic and Political mortality. Weekly,June 18, Volume XLVI, NO 25.

In the light of the present study there are 6. Murthi, M., Guia, A. and Dreze, J., 1995, some recommendations for improving the overall

Mortality, Fertility and Gender Bias in India: A condition of women. Restoration of the gender District Level Analysis, DERC Discussion Paper balance is not only the sole duty of the Government No. 61, London School of Economics.but its responsibility is bestowed on Non-government

Organizations also for championing the campaign for 7. Saha, C., 2017, Spatio-Temporal Patterns Of mass awareness. 'Beti bachao, beti padao' or 'Save Sex Ratio And Its Differentials In West Bengal, and educate the girl child' has to be the motto for International Journal of Research in Social every Indian family now-a-days. Empowerment of Sciences, Vol. 7(9), pp. 687-702.women in the field of socio-economic and political

8. Sangwan, R.S. and Sangwan, Sneh, 2008, arena should be the essence of modern Indian

Unborn Girls in Haryana: Evidence from the society and then only a balanced demographic

Field, Population Geography, Vol. 30, Nos. 1&2, structure within the country could be achieved.

pp. 91-101.References

9. Singariya, M.R., 2012, Determinants of 1. Bhat, P. N. M., and Zavier, A. J. F., 2007, Factors Declining Child Sex Ratio in Rajasthan, Journal

Influencing the Use of Prenatal Diagnostic of Economics and Sustainable Development, Techniques and the Sex Ratio at Birth in India, Vol.3, No.1, pp. 9-19Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 42 (24),

10. Yadav, N., 2015, Correlation between literacy pp.2292-2302.

and sex ratio in Rajasthan: A Geographical 2. Chand, P.,2016, Spatial Patterns of Sex Ratio in Analysis, International Journal of Engineering

Rajasthan, 2011: A Geographical Analysis”, The Development and Research, Vol. 3(4), Journal of Population Research, Dasson pp.1108-11. Research Foundation, Vol. 03, No. 02, pp. 4-19


Vol. 24, 2019

R.N.I. No. UPBIL/1996/7631

I.S.S.N. - 0975-4903

Introduction 1000 to 5000 persons.

Jharkhand is an agrarian society where The state has very miniscule percentage of

75.95 per cent of the total population resides in rural villages in and around 10 km radius of the urban

areas. The economy of the state is majorly dependent centre. Garwha district with 19 per cent followed by

upon the agriculture and allied activities. Almost 60 Koderma 12 per cent have some villages in and

per cent of the state population is engaged and around the 10 km radius of an urban centre. Districts

dependent upon agriculture for their livelihood. like Pakur, Saraikela, Dumka, Khunti, Bokaro

Jharkhand has 36,827 villages spread across the 24 Ramgarh, etc, including the district of Ranchi have

districts of the state. Most of these villages are very less than 5 per cent of their village near urban vicinity.

small in comparison to the neighbouring states of (Jharkhand Economic Survey 2017-18).

Bihar, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh and Uttar Pradesh. The remoteness of the rural settlement in

Less than 1 per cent of villages here have the state rendered the penetration and percolation of

population more than 5000, whereas 46.47 per cent facilities, infrastructural developmental initiatives

of the total villages having population less than 500. including development and growth delivery system

27 per cent falls under the category of villages whose tardy and difficult. The presence of outlawed

population varies from 500 to 999 and another 26 per institutional outfits camouflaged in the garbs of

cent villages of the state have population between political and social ideology, have successfully

Dr. Abhay Krishna Singh, Department of Geography, Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University, Ranchi, Jharkhand.

ABSTRACT

With more than 75 per cent population residing in the rural areas of the state, Jharkhand a mineral rich state aspires

to climb the ladder of development through transforming its rural areas. The true sustainable development cannot become a

reality unless the rural areas undergo serious poverty alleviation process. The guiding principle of the state being 'Gram Uday

se Jharkhand Uday' is self explanatory. Keeping in mind the creation of strong community institution for the rural populace and

provide them opportunities of sustainable livelihood , empowering rural women by gaining more access to the benefits

accruing from the central as well as state governments , a flagship programme National Rural Livelihood Mission (NLRM) was

launched. The mission in simple words believes 'To reduce poverty through building strong grassroots institutions for the poor.

These institutions enable the poor households to access gainful self-employment and skilled wage employment opportunities,

resulting in appreciable increase in their incomes, on a sustainable basis'. The present endeavor dares to investigate the

impact of NRLM in actually uplifting the standard of living of the people of the rural Jharkhand, through the implementation of

various plans and sub plans. All the rural development plans targeted at poverty alleviation are designed to work in tandem

with the flagship programme of NRLM, under an autonomous body at the state level, Jharkhand State Livelihood Promotion

Board (JSLPB). Creation of livelihood opportunities along with skill development initiatives is also critically assessed.

Key Words: National Rural Livelihood mission (NRLM), SHGs (Self Help Groups), Sakhi Mandals, Pashu Mandals, JSLPB

(Jharkhand State Livelihood Promotion Board)

NATIONAL RURAL LIVELIHOOD MISSION PAVING WAY FOR RURAL TRANSFORMATION IN JHARKHAND : A CRITICAL ANALYSIS

Abhay Krishna Singh

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created a chasm between urban Jharkhand and shortcomings as well as the genius of the ongoing

Jharkhand which resides in the rural areas. These plans and the policies in the state.

outfits, having clear vested interest in keeping the Objectiveswaves of development at bay from percolating the

The simple objective is to rural areas of the state, are squarely being challenged

by the more aggressive and rigorous implementation 1. To look into the technical and other viability of the of government policies. The winning over of hearts of ongoing Plans particularly, the one based on the rural residents by clearing the air of confusion livelihood Schemes. created by left leaning extremist outfits is amply

2. To assess and evaluate the impact of the Rural complemented by all inclusive and encompassing

Development Policies of the government in barrage of rural development schemes launched by

terms of step toward rural transformation. the Government of India and ably supported by the

Hypothesesstate government machineries.

1. The first hypothesis of the present endeavor is The present Paper is an effort to study, the policies are well planned and has sound analyse, interpret and critically evaluate the various technical foothold.schemes and policies of the government and its

impact in uplift of the living standard of the rural 2. Though not well executed the ongoing policies Jharkhand. The thrust targeted towards rural uplift is working in tandem

in bringing rural transformation in Jharkhand. Methodology

3. Both State government and Central government The methodology is analytical based on the schemes are being executed in a coordinated secondary data released by the government of India manner. and Jharkhand in form of several reports, information

available in public domain by the agencies bestowed 1. National Rural Livelihood Mission with responsibility like NSSO (National Sample

Among the various schemes launched by Survey office), Census of India and others. Effort has

the incumbent government both at state level and at been made to assess the present status of the rural

the centre the first and of foremost importance is development with an investigating eye in the

National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) backdrop of ambitious projects and schemes

National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM) launched to provide access to the livelihood creation, was launched by the Ministry of Rural Development building skilled reservoir through Pradhanmantri (MORD), Government of India in June 2011. Aided in Kaushal Vikas and creation of employability in the part through investment support by the World Bank, rural Jharkhand. the Mission aims at creating efficient and effective

Besides providing a critical appraisal the institutional platforms of the rural poor, enabling them

present endeavor also aims at highlighting the

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to increase household income through sustainable Development. NRLPS is envisaged as a compact,

livelihood enhancements and improved access to professional and multi-disciplinary body to provide

financial services. It seeks to lay greater emphasis wide ranging professional and technical support to

upon poverty reduction and alleviation in tune with the National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM) and

Millenium Goal the State Rural Livelihoods Missions (SRLMs) in the

implementation of their Mission Objectives.NRLM set out with an agenda to cover 7

crore rural poor households, across 600 districts, The basic purpose of National Rural

6000 blocks, 2.5 lakh Gram Panchayats and 6 lakh Livelihoods Mission is to put in place a dedicated and

villages in the country through self-managed Self sensitive support structure from the national level to

Help Groups (SHGs) and federated institutions and the sub-district level which will focus on the poor, build

support them for livelihoods collectives in a period of and sustain their organizations at different levels.

8-10 years. In addition, the poor would be facilitated to This will provide the poor a platform for collective

achieve increased access to rights, entitlements and action based on self help and mutual cooperation and

public services, diversified risk and better social they become a strong demand system, build linkages

indicators of empowerment. DAY-NRLM believes in with mainstream institutions, including banks, and

harnessing the innate capabilities of the poor and Government departments to address the various

complements them with capacities (information, dimensions of poverty. The process of development is

knowledge, skills, tools, finance and collectivization) thus led by the poor and the interventions are locally

to participate in the growing economy of the country. relevant and suit the specific needs and contexts of

In November 2015, the program was renamed poverty in which they live. These institutions would

Deendayal Antayodaya Yojana (DAY-NRLM). NRLM focus on ensuring timely and sustainable access to

aims to alleviate rural poverty and create sustainable savings and credit services to meet their priority

livelihood opportunities for the rural poor. Towards needs, both for social needs and livelihoods purposes

this objective, NRLM seeks to promote sustainable and graduate them out of poverty.

community based institutions which will facilitate The core belief of NRLM is that the poor provision of financial services, economic services have innate capabilities and a strong desire to come and other entitlements to the rural poor. In order to out of poverty. This intrinsic capability of the poor is implement the programme in a Mission mode, the unleashed only when they are organized into state governments are required to create institutions which are truly owned by them, provided autonomous societies, establish dedicated Mission sufficient capacity building and handholding support. implementation architecture at the state, district and A sensitive support structure from national level to block levels and set up adequate complementary sub district level is required to induce such a social systems (viz.,human resource, administration, mobilization process. A strong institutional finance, procurement, MIS and M&E). architecture owned by the poor, enables them to:

Thus, Ministry of Rural Development access institutional credit for various purposes,

(MoRD) is required to provide technical and pursue livelihoods based on their resources, skills

professional support to the states to establish the and preferences, access other services and

Mission societies, implementation architecture and entitlements, both from the public and private sector.

systems and guide them in the implementation and On the basis of large scale experience it has been

monitor their progress. observed that even the poorest of the poor family can

come out of abject poverty in a period of six to eight In this context, Union Cabinet in 2013 gave years. NRLM also believes that the programme can clearance to set up autonomous society at national be up scaled in a time bound manner only if it is driven level i.e. National Rural Livelihoods Promotion by the institutions of the poor.Society (NRLPS) under Ministry of Rural

[[10


Mission Statement, Values and Strategy 14. Innovations

NRLM Mission: “To reduce poverty through 15. Technical Support by Ministry of Rural

building strong grassroots institutions of the Development (MoRD)

poor. These institutions enable the poor 16. Monitoring and Learninghouseholds to access gainful self-employment

17. Funding Pattern under NRLMand skilled wage employment opportunities,

resulting in appreciable increase in their 18. Package of Economic Assistance/Financial incomes, on a sustainable basis”. Norms as approved by the Cabinet Committee

Guiding Principles of NRLM - Jharkhand State Livelihood Promotion Board

(JSLPB): =Poor have a strong desire to come out of poverty,

and, have innate capabilities. Poverty is a complex and multidimensional

phenomenon. The mandate of the Ministry of Rural =Social mobilization and building strong

Development (MoRD), GoI is rural poverty alleviation institutions of the poor is critical for unleashing through programmes directly targeted at the rural their capabilities. poor households. NRLM has an ambitious mandate.

= An external dedicated and sensitive support It aims to reach out to all the rural poor families (BPL structure is required to induce social families) and link them to sustainable livelihoods mobilization. opportunities. It will nurture them till they come out of

Values: The core values which will guide all the poverty and enjoy a decent quality of life.To achieve

activities under NRLM are as follows:- this, NRLM intends to place dedicated and sensitive

support structures at various levels. These structures =Inclusion of the Poorest, Transparency,

will work towards organizing the poor, building their Accountability, Equity – to the disadvantaged, capacities and the capacities of their organisations, esp. women and vulnerable groups.enabling them access to finance and other livelihoods

Key Features of NRLM:- resources. The support institutions will play the roles

of initiating the processes of organizing them in the 1. Sensitive Support Structure of National Rural beginning, providing the livelihoods services and Livelihood Mission:sustaining the livelihoods outcomes subsequently.

2. Universal Social MobilizationThe Institutions of the poor – SHGs, their federations

3. Promotion of Institutions of the Poor and livelihoods collectives – provide the poor the

platforms for collective action based on self- help and 4. Demand Drivenmutual cooperation. They become a strong demand

5. Training and Capacity building:system. They build linkages with mainstream

6. Revolving Fund and Capital Subsidy institutions, including banks, and Government

departments to address their core livelihoods issues 7. Universal Financial Inclusion:and other dimensions of poverty. These institutions

8. Provision of Interest Subsidyprovide savings, credit and other financial services to

9. Infrastructure creation and Marketing support meet their priority needs. These include consumption

needs, debt redemption, food and health security and 10. Convergencelivelihoods. They also increase their voice, space and

11. Skills and Placement Projectsbargaining power in dealing with service providers.

12. Partnership with CSOs With time, as the institutions of poor grow and mature,

they themselves become sensitive support structures 13. Linkages with PRIsand institutions for the poor.Jharkhand State

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Coverage of Livelihood Mission in Jharkhand

Fig. 01

Livelihood Promotion Board was formed as an sensitive support structures and organizations at

autonomous society in the year 2009 within the Rural various levels, to reach out to all the BPL households

Development Department Government of in the country, and take them out of poverty through

Jharkhand. The primary objective of the creation of building their capacities, financial muscle and access,

the board was to serve as a special purpose vehicle and self-managed self-reliant institutions; through

for smooth implementation of poverty reduction placement in jobs, and nurturing them into

schemes and programmes in the state of Jharkhand. remunerative self-employment and enterprises.

Later on in 2011, the JSLPB was designated and Since, reaching out to all the excluded community

shouldered the responsibility of a nodal organisation juxtapose setting of dedicated support structure

to implement National rural Livelihood mission requires phasing strategy, hence the districts and

(NRLM). The following table (s) show the progress blocks are divided into either intensive or non-

made by the state of Jharkhand in terms of district, intensive.

bloc and village coverage and in terms of Self Help A Self Help Group is voluntarily formed by Groups (SHGs). informal groups of 10-20 persons to encourage

NRLM endeavors, through its dedicated among them to save certain amount on regular basis.

[[12


This pooled up resource is used for the credit needs of expand its outreach to 10 lakhs Rural Poor

the intra group members. The weekly savings and Households in 125 blocks of all (24) districts of the

timely repayment is the key feature of the SHGs. The state in the fiscal year 2017-18. However, the

JSLPB also provides Revolving funds (RF) to SHGs penetration and percolation of SHGs in Jharkhand

and the community Investment funds (CIF) to considered not up to the mark. A concerted effort from

community institutions to meet the credit need and it the Jharkhand State livelihood Promotion Board the

also provides facilitation support for credit linkages financial year 2017-2018 saw a steep rise in the

from the bank for creating the sustainable livelihood number as well as the total savings by the SHGs in the

asset. (Jharkhand Economic Survey, 2017-18). state. The Sakhi Mandals in the state have been

bestowed with many responsibilities. In an Banks in the rural areas have also experimental initiative the sakhi mandals in the Itki developed trust on these institutions by treating them Block of the Ranchi district have been given the would be clients. Bank Sakhi model has also been charge of selling building materials through 'Panch initiated by the JSLPS, which help community Mart' shops opened in the block. These shops institutions identify members of SHGs and place them operate under the aegis of the Jharkhand State bank branches to help other members of the SHGs Livelihood Promotion project under the department of facilitate and help in bank related work. At door Rural Development, government of Jharkhand. All banking system is also being provided by the bank the programmes working under the banner of rural through specially deployed banking correspondents. development and poverty alleviation including the

Generation of livelihood in the Rural Areas: MNREGA shall purchase building materials and other

home making items (as required) from these panch The SHGs are considered a foundation bloc to marts. The government has ensured that the credit / realize the objectives of NRLM and a prerequisite for savings of the Sakhi Mandal do not get trapped and the rural transformation. The SHGs in the state is payment is done within 15 days by the Gram called 'Sakhi Mandal' at village and cluster level. The Panchayat. Jharkhand State Livelihood promotion plans to

Table No. 02 : Proposed District and Block Intensive Phasing Plan of Jharkhand SRLM

(State Rural Livelihood Mission)

Phase Time Period Districts Blocks Villages SHGs

I

2012-13

3

7

110

1,454

II

2013-14

12

40

1,222

8,005

III

2014-15

12

40

2,313

16,945

IV

2015-16

20

80

3,603

27,493

V

2016-17

24

122

7,000

52,000

VI

2017-18

24

200

13,500

1,21,000

VII

2018-19

24

263

19,000

1,72,000

VIII 2019-2020 24 263 26,000 2,33,000

IX 2020-2021 24 263 32,000 2,91,000

Source: Progress report of NRLM, 2017

[[13


Similarly, 'Pashu Mandals' are introduced by Pashu Mandals.

the JSLPB to promote livestock rearing at community JSLPB is working in tandem towards the level. The livestock rearing innovations, livestock primary objective of targeted approach of Gram Uday insurance, vaccination and other health related Se Jharkhand Uday strategy. Keeping in view the issues of the livestocks are being taken up by the renewed focus of the government of the day both at

Table No. 03 : Status of Financial Inclusion under NRLM (2017-18)

No. of Sick SHGs with Bank Account 77835

No. of SHGs that have received Revolving Funds

45820

Amount of Rf Disbursed in (Rs. In lakhs)

6872

No. of SHGs credit linked to banks

58469

Amount of Community Investment Fund disbursed (Rs. In Lakhs)

17759

Total Amount of RF and CIF disbursed in Lakhs

24631

No. of SHGs that have received CIF 31515

Estimated Amount of Credit limit leveraged from Banks (Rs. Lakhs) 46775

Source: NLRM Progress Report -2017

the centre and state level the National Rural source of livelihood through various opportunities.

Livelihood Mission through its counterpart in Mahila Sashaktikaran Pariyojna (MSKP)Jharkhand seems to progress in substantive and

It aims at empowering women in agriculture noteworthy manner, as the statistics indicated in the by making systematic investment to increase their subsequent tables presented here. participation and productivity. Further it is to create

However, it has always been a matter of and sustain agriculture based livelihood for rural grave concern when the rosy pictures indicated women and make them gain access to inputs, through the statistical jugglery and the grass root services and the facilities rendered through reality not being in synchronization. The real targeted government policies and other agencies working in beneficiary being the rural populace of the Jharkhand tandem towards the rural uplift. The idea behind is to heavily dependent upon agriculture and the allied facilitate rural women gain more control over the local services has yet to come up with the terms of real resources and support system in order to enhance transformation in their standard of livings. However, it their participation and productivity in the local has been a common consumption that the Self Help resource based efficient agriculture and allied Groups (The Sakhi Mandals) in the state have made services, once it happens the household food security their strong presence felt in the rural Jharkhand. The will automatically ensue at the community level. The basic objective of the flagship programme of National basic idea of empowering rural women may go long Rural Livelihood mission is to create sustainable way in a sustained effort to alleviate rural poverty.

[[14


Skill Development is another components of Development (MoRD) launched Deen Dayal

the rural livelihood mission. In fact the present Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojna (DDU-GKY)

government has tremendous focus on providing in 2014. Being a part of the NRLM, this programme

livelihood opportunities to both rural and urban has significant coverage in 19 districts of the state. It

populace. The focus is on providing diversified offers 34 different trades through 14 Programme

employment opportunities for the youth in future. It Implementing Authorities across the state.

was in this perspective that Ministry of Rural

Table No. 04 : Physical Progress of the MSKP

MKSP (Sustainable Agriculture ) Total No. of women Farmers 46,399

MKSP –(Livestock) Total number of household

40,860

MKSP (NTFP) Total number of HH

23,625

Total Livelihood Institution (Producer Group) Formed

271

Number of AKM/APS/AVM Developed 1,575

Government has taken a particular cognizance of Schemes and Programmes are targeted towards the

presence of left wing extremists in the rural areas of overall development of the rural areas in general and

some of the districts. NRLM initiated a special skill to bring a substantial uplift in the living standard of the

development scheme 'Roshni'in the districts of rural populace. The larger goal of these plans and

Gumla, Palamu, Chatra, Latehar, Garhwa and West programmes is rural poverty reduction.

Singhbhum. Skill development programme managed State of Jharkhand has done commendable to train 18872 youths and provide placement to 5038 work by implementing local targeted plans along with youths in the state. Rural livelihood Mission has the National programmes in a holistic manner, where facilitated setting up of an incense stick making the two worked in tandem and in fine coordination. It cluster at five places in and around Ranchi along with has been a common perception based on fiscal Sanitary Napkins, tailoring unit, Tamrind processing experience that plans of national and local character unit etc in the various districts of Jharkhand usually don't complement each other and most of the

The flagship and highly successful cases they found themselves at the loggers end with

programme MGNREGA has contributed seminally each other. The implementation aspect of the

not only in providing livelihood opportunities to the programmes also seems not well chalked out.

rural youths of the state but has also contributed However, in case of Jharkhand the convergence of

towards the asset building at rural level which several programmes targeted at the various

increased the rural infrastructural base. components of the rural uplift not only strengthened

the individual programmes but help achieve a greater Conclusionmomentum towards the rural development.

It has been obvious that a plethora of

[[15


Livelihood Programme under the aegis of As in a case of Tamil Nadu where a group

National rural livelihood Mission at pan India level money lenders emerged who played the role of

with Jharkhand State Livelihood Promotion Scheme, intermediaries between the SHGs and the banks for

an autonomous organisation constituted by Ministry loan disbursement on the commission basis.

of rural development government of Jharkhand. The There are many instances where the SHGs JSLPB is doing commendable job in providing disintegrated and taken over by some vocal and more livelihood opportunities at the village level in the state influential people (elites) among the rural populace of Jharkhand. creating a situation of the highhandedness. Rural

The livelihood programme being run at the development, poverty alleviation through livelihood

state level has complemented the ongoing housing, generation programmes must include individual

poverty alleviation, asset and infrastructure building house hold units as primary target.

programmes both of national and state character. The Going through the guidelines and objectives blend is appreciable and probability of yielding of the Livelihood programmes as well as other desired fruits is strong. However, its bit early to poverty reduction schemes at national, state and at assess the real impact of the livelihood programmes Panchayat level, it is being observed that there is not coupled by other targeted national as well as local adequate and requisite attention being paid to rural plans and schemes on the grass root level in the rural micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) and Jharkhand, some important apprehensions plagued on the value added agriculture and allied services. It these programmes right from the time of their is a common belief based on the experiences of many inceptions. developing economies across the world; MSMEs

The main thrust of the National Rural adorn the role of growth engines in the rural areas. It

Livelihood mission and its counterpart in the state of also plays significant role in sustaining inclusive

Jharkhand (JSLPS) is upon the Self Help Groups growth. The hypotheses of the present work stand

(SHGs). The livelihood generation as well as validated.

implementation of the provisions of other rural Referencespoverty reduction targeted programmes is routed

1. Jharkhand Economic Survey, 2016-17, through the Self Help Groups. If it is made mandatory

Prepared by Planning Cum Finance it will fail in achieving the objectives, for many people

Department, Government of Jharkhand. are not part of the SHGs and many don't want to be

2. Jharkhand Economic Survey, 2017-18, associated with SHGs. The livelihood opportunities

Prepared by Planning Cum Finance many individuals in the rural area may believe

Department, Government of Jharkhand. shouldn't be the one originating through the help

3. National Rural livelihood Mission: Framework for groups, it can be individual centric also. Moreover, implementation, Ministry of Rural Development, there is a sustained suspicion that theses SHGs may Government of India, 2011.become elite among the poor and behave in manner

4. Ahluwalia, M. S., 1978, “Rural Poverty and suitable and favourable to some individuals, ignoring

Agricultural Performance in India”, Journal of the large section of the rural poor. This may alienate

Development Studies, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 298-the poor making the whole exercise selective and not

323.so inclusive.

[[16


5. Datt, R., 2003, “Food Security in India”, in R. K. 8. Chakraborty, D. and A. Guha (2005), “Poverty in

Sen (Ed.), Indian Economy Agenda for the 21st Nineties” in K. N. Rao (Ed.), Poverty in India:

Century Essay in Honour of Professor P. R. Global and Regional Dimensions, Deep and

Brahamananda, Deep and Deep Publication, Deep Publications, New Delhi, pp. 197 -210.

432-476. 9. Dandekar, V.M. and Rath, N., 1971, “Poverty in

6. Anirudh, K. et al., 2004, “Falling into Poverty in India - Dimensions and Trend”, Economic and

Villages of Andhra Pradesh, Why Poverty Political Weekly, January 2, p. 40.

Avoidance Policies are Needed”, Economic and 10. Dhawan, M. L., 2005, “Challenges and Political Weekly, Vol. XXXIX, No. 29, July, Opportunities of Rural Poverty Reduction”, in pp. 17 – 23. Dhawan, M. L. (Ed.), Rural Development

7. Bardhan, P. K., 1973, “On Minimum Level of Priorities, Isha Books Publication, New Delhi, pp.

Living and the Rural Poor”, Indian Economic 191-245.

Review, Vol. 5.


Vol. 24, 2019

R.N.I. No. UPBIL/1996/7631

I.S.S.N. - 0975-4903

Introduction piggery and fisheries development and levels of

agricultural development. Agriculture is the most important source of

livelihood, which should be organised in such a Objectives

manner that the limited land is able to yield the The objective of this paper is to find out the maximum through judicious application of modem level of development of agriculture in Rohtas district technology adopted to local condition NCAR (1969) and describe programming of agriculture Hence, in the area due to the heavy pressure of development. people, it is very essential to know about the

The Study Areaagricultural development from the point of view of

future planning, because the agricultural Rohtas district, a part of Patna division is a development can be hampered by many physical and district of Bihar state with its administrative climatic conditions. Agricultural development is headquarters located at Sasaram, which is well unquestionably a multi-dimensional concept. Crop known for its historical importance. Geographically,

0productivity, commercialization of agriculture or cash Rohtas district is located on global between 24 30' 0 0 0crops, agricultural inputs (irrigation, fertilizers, HYVS, and 25 25' North latitude and 83 45'and 84 22' East

improved implements etc.) diversification of longitude. The district encompasses a geographical agriculture or promotion of dairying, cattle rearing, area of 3,881 sq km and it is bounded by Buxar district poultry farming, fishing piggery are the important on the north, Jharkhand state on the south west, elements of agricultural development. Agricultural Rohtas district is characterized as sub tropical development is a much more comprehensive concept climate. During summer the climate of the district than normally understood. Crop productivity is only remains dry hot and it remains fairly cold during the one vital aspect of its dimensions. Hence, in this winter. The actual rainfall in the district was paper main emphasis has been given to the crop 903.93mm in the year of 2015-16. productivity (trends of production of crops), poultry,

1. Rekha Kumari, Research Scholar, Department of Geogrophy, V.K.S. University, Ara, Bihar, [email protected]. Dr. Sanjay Kumar, Supervisor and H.O.D., PG. Department of Geography, Maharaja College, Ara, Bihar.

ABSTRACT

Rohtas district has an agricultural economy. There are so many elements which are responsible for present day

agriculture development. Among them are seed quality controls, National seed corporation, the state farms corporation,

agricultural credit and marketing societies, storage, chemical fertilizers, organic manure, pesticides and insecticides, soil

testing, planet protection measure soil and water conservation, etc. state agro-industries corporation has taken up the

responsibility of distribution of tractors, agricultural implements, pumpsets, bullockcarts. Agricultural productivity does not

consummate with the population growth. so it creates big gap. As a result of higher population growth men land ratio is

decreasing day by day every effort should be made of enhance the agriculture productivity so that the basic problem of food

could be solved.

Keyboard : Rohtas district, Agricultural development, Agricultural development programme, Problem and Planning.

LEVEL OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN ROHTAS DISTRICT, BIHAR

Rekha Kumari and Sanjay Kumar

[[18


Administration wise, the district is divided Sasaram, Nokha, Kochas, Akorhigola falls

into 3sub-divisions namely Sasaram, Bikramganj and under this category.

Dehri. Moreover, it comprises 19 sub district, 10 Low Developed Blockstowns and 2,072 villages in district. There are 3 Lok

Sheosagar, Dehri, Sanjhauli, Dawath and Sabha and 7 Assembly constituencies in the district. Rajpur comes under this category.

MethodologyVery low Developed Blocks

The present study has been conducted Chenari, Rohtas, Tilouthu, Suryapura, through secondary sources like books, research

Nauhatta and Nasriganj comes under this category . papers, articles, etc. Some empirical studies of

researchers are also approached to decipher the Agricultural Development Programmesrelation of Levels with Agriculture and vice versa.

Due to heavy growth in population and much Levels of Àgricultural Development deficiency in food grains from time to time the

government has introduced many programmes and Here, the individual elements called the policies for development of agriculture and as a indicators, have been taken into account to average result, there has been vertical and horizontal the levels of agricultural development. In terms of expansion of agriculture. Some of the development their temporal characteristics as well as spatial programmes are as fallows: patterns, it has been tried also to see the spatial

situation of the determinants of the levels of the Grow More Food Campaigndevelopment. These indicators are to be combined to

At the time of independence, country was give a composite picture of development so that

much deficient in food grains. So the Grow more food blocks with different levels of development can be

campaign' was launched in 1948. grouped for farming regions of different levels.

Community Development ProgrammeUltimately these areas of different levels can be

utilized for further planning for agricultural At micro-level this programme is the first development. attempt of the government of India as for rural

development with an account on Panchayat Raj, co-Selection of Indicatorsoperative and agricultural development. Agriculture is

Criteria are chosen on random basis the base of rural economy of our country. Due to the

depending upon the convenience of data availability. rapid growth of population and its heavy pressure on

Numbers of geographer's have studied with the land, the government has begun several

measurement of agricultural development. In these development programmes for betterment of

studies, different indicators have been applied for agriculture and its allied sectors through five year

analysing the levels of development. The authors plans. But, in fact, majority of farmers of the study

have selected some indicators as follows: area are poor and illiterate.

Highly Developed BlocksThey find themselves helpless and mean

On the basis of percentage of irrigated area, less to adopt the modem techniques of farming. rice production/hect, HYV of rice Lurea/hect. and no. Therefore, the result of development of agriculture of electric pumps in each block of the district. These and its allied sectors is not satisfactory The problem have been ranked and then development of block is of agricultural development is actually less important calculated the highly developed blocks are in respect to spatial problem and more in respect to its Karagahar, Bikramganj, Dinara and Karakat . socio-economic problem. To remove the problems of

agricultural and its allied sectors several suggestions Medium Developed Blockshave been made. Thus, the problems and plannings

[[19


ROHTAS DISTRICT LEVELS OF AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT

Fig. 01

have been made the subject matters in this present conditions make the agriculture a highly risky

paper. There are various physical, socio-economic business to the farmers. Therefore, long term

infrastructural and other problems, which affect the management planning must be made for those

development of agriculture and its allied sectors. problems. Different types of soils also create

problems for agricultural development. Due to Physical Problems to Agricultural Developmentdifferent nature and fertility of soils, the balanced

The study area suffers from the physical and fertilization is not possible. For balanced fertilization climatic problems like irregular rainfall, drought, the facilities for soil testing analysis are necessary in temperature, drainage, soils and others. In the rainy the area. The change of Usar and other unfertile soils season drought and water logging are the most to fertile soils is an important need. Thus, the analysis spectacular phenomenon in the area which heavily of soils to give proper suggestions to the farmers for damage the kharif crops and other properties minor balanced fertilization and intensive cropping pattern hazard such as occasional frost, excessive rain. hail. is an important aspect of scientific crop planning. storm, etc. in the harvesting period of rabi crops

Land Reform, Land Reclamation And Developmentcause heavy damage. Thus, the physical and climatic

[[20


Fragmented holdings, scattered plots and great significance that the inputs like fertilizers, H.Y.V.

unproductive lands are the main causes of low of seeds, crop protection products and other

productivity of agriculture in the study area. agricultural implements should be quality tested

Fragmented and scattered land holdings create before they are used by the farmers. For this purpose,

problems in irrigational and other facilities. It is very it is necessary to set up laboratories to check the

remarkable problem observed here that many quality of agricultural inputs by draining samples in

farmers have no irrigational facilities in spite of their the field and from the stocks maintained by the

good economical and holding conditions due to their various distributing agencies. It should also be

fragmented and scattered field plots. It is also a major necessary that the farmers should get cash in the

problem observed that some farmers, who have form of loan and they should be free to purchase any

irrigational facilities, could not irrigate their total agricultural inputs from any agency or shop. Side by

cropped area due to their scattered field plots. The side all agricultural inputs should be supplied on low

subdivisions of holdings are chiefly due to the law of cost. Here, it is a remarkable feature that for modem

inheritance. The custom of the division of the landed agricultural practices, the utilization of plant

property to give equal proportionate share to each protection products is very essential for preparing of

successor in their fertile and unfertile lands has led to field stock of grains. Now most of the farmers could

smaller and smaller shares. This custom of not use plant protection measures due to the

inheritance breaks the land holdings into smaller and ignorance about pests and insects and pesticides and

smaller plots . insecticides. Religious faith, lack of implements for

dusting and spraying and costly supply of pesticides Input Problems And Planningare also responsible. Most of them use the traditional

The innovations and applications of modem methods for field preparation, seed sowing, weeding, inputs such as irrigation, fertilizers high yielding harvesting and storing, etc. and cause heavy damage variety of seeds, crop protection measures, improved of plants and productions. To solve this problem, it is agricultural implements, etc., increase in the necessary to provide crops protection products as production per hectare. But the farmers suffer from well as proper technical knowledge to the farmers various problems related to these inputs. Therefore, through the co-operative service centres. Thus, the the balanced application of these inputs district. As farmers must be mobilized for utilization of crop most of the farmers impose in of the area are poor protection products. from the point of view of economic conditions,

Conclusion therefore they could not apply the balanced inputs for

better production. Agricultural tools and implements These allied activities are difficult to

of inferior quality are supplied on high cost by various maintain for the poor peasants. Therefore, some

agencies. The farmers, who take loan from bank or important suggestion is given as follows for planned

cooperatives for tools and implements of agriculture, allied sectors and its improvement:

are bound to purchase these tools from the certain (i) The farmers, who are desired for these allied agencies or shops, which are decided by the bank activities., should be trained. The interest free workers because they get commission from those loans, cross breeding and good veterinary certain agencies and shops. At the same time farmers facilities should be provided to help the farmers. are also forced to give commission to block workers

(ii) Marketing centres are also needed to sell all and bank workers to get the loan. It is also found that products of allied sectors. Hence, purchase to get fertilizers, H. Y.V. of seeds and crop protection centres should be established through co-are the major problems of the area, The products are operatives at block level. There is urgent need to also sold after mixed on high prices, from which provide special attention specially for piggery farmers suffer from the production damages. It is of

[[21


and sheep development because this business References

is limited to lower castes Milch cattle such as cow 1. Mohammad Noor, 1978, Agricultural landuse in and buffaloes are also provided to the small. India 'A case study, Inter India Publications,

(iii) Marginal farmers and landless farmers should be Delhi.

provided loan without any interest. The rich diet 2. Morgan, W.B. and Munton, R.J.C.,1971, ful green fodder should be produced in adequate Agricultural Geography Methuen, London. amount.

3. Pandey, Kishore Chandra, 1986, Rural (iv) There is scope for the extension of fish farming in Development in Modern India, B.R. Publishing

the area. For this farming, the ponds or water corporation, New Delhi. bodies of 'Gram Sabha' should be provided to the

4. Raja, Moonis, 1978, Levels of Regional farmers on lease because these are misused Development in India, Indo- Soviet-Symposium due to village people. on National planning, Tiblisi-Baku, R.C.

(v) The interest free loans for the construction of Chandra, p. 229. ponds as well as to make the suitable water

5. Ronald, R. Renne, 1947, 'Land Economics: bodies for fish farming, good varieties of fish, Principles, Problems and Policies in Utilizing methods of farming, care of diseases and other Land Resources', Harper and Brothers, New facilities should be provided to the farmers. York, p. 17.

(vi) For the development of poultry farming the 6. Report on 'National Commission on Agriculture publicity of methods for poultry farming poultry

Govt, of India, Ministry of Agriculture', pt. II, 1976, equipments, hatchery management and hygiene p. 62. management of chicks, growers, layers, broilers

and borders and poultry breeding facilities are

needful. These should be provided through the

co-operatives.


Vol. 24, 2019

R.N.I. No. UPBIL/1996/7631

I.S.S.N. - 0975-4903

Introduction 1. Availability of food items and nutritional level is

low in landless farming families.The quality and quantity of food consumed

by human, determines its nutrition condition. The 2. The size of agriculture holdings and nutrition

quantity of consumption of food items in any area and level has a positive relation.

the availability of food items, economic conditions, The Study Areaincluding the economic activities of the residents are

Palari block is located in the Mahanadi basin determined by the lifestyle of their dietary habits.

in Raipur district of Chhattisgarh states. It is The availability of good nutrition diet in an 0

geographically extended from 21 28'06” north area maintains high levels of life and health of the 0 0

latitude to 21 53'07” north latitude and 81 57'24”east residents, while its lack resistance to disease, lack of 0

to 82 21'33”east longitude. The total geographical malnutrition and many other types of mental and

area is 57,087 sq Km. Mahanadi basin the stream physical illness are born and our labour force and

structure here is almost flat ground. According to the productivity are affected. Therefore, analyzing the

census of 2011 the total population of the study area, problems related to nutrition levels in the study area

1,19,610 in which the population of men is 58,447 and and the local factors affecting it are extremely the female population is 61,163. Most of the important.population in the study area is rural.

ObjectivesMethodology

1. Assessment of the availability and nutritional The study is based on primary data. level of food items in different farming families of

Villages have been selected by random sampling the study area.method. They are Girra, Tila, Rasauta and Tipawan

2. Analysis the problems caused by lack of .Availability of food items in 308 families of selected nutritional level and suggesting suggestions.four villages has been interviewed through the

Research Hypothesis

Dr. Ghanshyam Nage, Guest lecturer, S.O.S. in Geography, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur C.G.

ABSTRACT

Availability of good nutrition diet in any area can maintain the quality of life of the residents there while, Different type

of diseases are born when its deficiency. Increasing the size of the agricultural holdings increases the amount of food

consumed. The amount of essential nutrients in the study area is lacking in the food items being taken by the villagers. Due to

lack of nutrient in the food there is a problem of underweight. Average consumption of meat is 5.34g, wheat is 33.02g and oil is

13.76g, pulse is 23.78g. rice is 477g. All is much less than recommended amount. .Average consumption of protein per day per

adult in surveyed families of the study area is 40.05g. This is much less than recommended amount (55g). Consumption of

calories is 2063 kcal.

Key words : Nutrition, Availability, Consumed, Agriculture Holdings, Recommended.

NUTRITION CONDITION IN RURAL AREA OF PALARI BLOCK : A GEOGRAPHICAL STUDY

Ghanshyam Nage

[[23


schedule of individual interview techniques. using the recommended method by the Indian council

Nutritional level measurement has been studied of Medical Research.

Table 01 : Selected Farming Families And Population.

S.No. Farming families No. of families Male Female Total

population

1. Landless 70

125

111

236

2. Small farmer 143

284

269

553

3. Marginal 61 14 128 269

4. Large 34 87 74 161

Total 308 637 582 1219

Source:-Individual survey.

Crop Pattern 0.03% of the total cropped area comes. In 10.79%

area are cultivated lentils in which arhar, masoor and In the study 80.67% of the sown area are tuar are major erops. There area are respectively kharif and 19.23% come under the rabi. There is 56.72% and 27.56%. In the remaining 15.72% area 98.46% grain in the total cropped area. The most gram and other pulse are produced in small quantities important grain is paddy in the study area, under only. 1.53% area are sown under oilseed comes which 84.32% area is now included. The place of under, mustard, linseed, sesame, etc.wheat after paddy is cultivated in 2.79% area. In other

grains are kodo, kutki, jawar and maize under which

Table 02 : Total Area of Selected Village And Families.

S. No. Selected Village

Area (hec.)

No. Of Total Families

Total Population

1. Girra 509.65

249

1,304

2. Tila 448.38

100

891

3. Rashuta 540.64

342

1,488

4. Tipawan 382.92 150 983

Total 1,881.60 851 4,666

Source- Revenue office Palari, 2002

Food And Dietary Habits in The Study Area conditions produced by them. In the study area

paddy, wheat, kodo, kutki, maize, jawar, tiwra, arhar, Various farming families in the study area etc. are mainly grown, where as oil, jiggery, sugar, have a differentiation in their food consumption salt, pepper, spices are purchased from shops. It is patterns due to the difference in yields and economic

[[24


usually consumed meal three times in a day in the food of the people there. Paddy production is

study area. generally more common in the study area. The food

pattern also has the highest percentage of the same 1. Morning meal- Wheat and rice Roti.crop. Rice is the main food grains of the surveyed

2. Mid day meal- Green vegetables are used with area. Surveyed-families have been classified into

rice and pulses.four farming classes in the basin, i.e. land availability,

3. Night Meal- Rice and Roti, vegetables are used food pattern and nutrition level which is as under

in dinnerlandless labourers 0 acre, small farmers 0-5,

Consumption Pattern of Foods marginal farmers 5-10 and large farmers more than

Cropping pattern has great effect on the 10 acres, etc.

Table 03 : A Balance Diet For Per Day Per Adults (Hard Work).

S.No Food

Items

RecommendedAmount(gm)

Per day per adult average consumption pattern (gm)

according to farmer family Average

Landless

Small farmer

Marginal

Large Farmer

1. Rice 500 474

483

491

455

477

2 Wheat 70 8.0

24.50

31.50

68.10

33.02

3 Pulse 70 14.32

21.50

25.86

33.05

23.78

4 Milk 80 22.00

24.10

60.43

71.12

44.41

5 Vegetables 300 185 213 230 252 220. 19

6 Meat 25 3.10 4.42 5.30 8.57 5.34

7 Oil/fat 30 10.90 12.33 14.91 16.33 13.76

8 Molasses sugar

30 23.21 26.61 28.57 35.44 28.45

Sources-Individual survey, 2002

Consumption Pattern small quantities. Wheat consumption in surveyed

households is 33.02g per adult per day. Average Rice is the main food crop in the study area. consumption of wheat, in landless families 8.0 gram, The average consumption of rice in surveyed families small families is 24.50g, marginal families 31.50g, is less than 477 g. per day but recommended by the the maximum consumption is in the large farming Indian Council of Medical Research is 500g. Average families 68.10g. Thus, studies have shown consumption of rice in the landless families is 474 g., consumption of wheat is significantly less than pulses small farming families is 483g., marginal family is recommended amount(70g).491g and the large families are 455 g. per day per

adult, The average consumption of rice in the large Consumption Pattern of Pulses

agricultural household is lesser than other farming Pulse is the main source of protein. The use families, due to use of other food grains (wheat) in of gram, mung, tiwra, lentil, arhar, urad is more. There these families. is a quantity of both production and consumption in

Consumption Pattern of Wheat the surveyed area. Average consumption of pulses in

surveyed families is 23.78 g per day per adult. There are plenty of protein, vitamins and Consumption of pulses in landless families are carbohydrate in the study area, wheat is used in very

[[25


14.32g, small families 21.90g, marginal families Average consumption of sugar in landless

25.86g and large farmer families 33.05g per adult per households is 23.21g, small farmer 26.61g, marginal

day. Thus, the average consumption of pulses in the farming family's in 28.57g and 35.44g in the large

surveyed area is very less than the recommended farming families. Increasing use of sugar in major

amount 70g. families is their economic prosperity and purchasing

power.Consumption of Milk

Consumption Pattern of Meat–Fish Milk is the main sources of all nutrient,

protein, vitamins, fat, mineral and carbohydrate. It is Meat is the main source of protein and

helpfully in physical growth and development It's vitamins. It gives the necessary energy. The average

average consumption in surveyed families is 44.10g consumption of meat in the study area is much low.

per adult per day. Average consumption of milk in The consumption in landless farmers is 3.10g and

landless families is 22g, small families in 24.10g, small farmer 4.42g, in marginal farming family 5.30g

marginal families in 60.43g and 71.12g per adult per and 8.57g per day per adult in the large farming

day in large farming families. This is less than the families and it's much below the recommended

recommended amount 80g. quantity 25g.

Consumption Pattern of Vegetables Availability of Nutrients

Vegetables are the main source of mineral For the growth and development of the body

salts and vitamins. Vegetables give energy and essential nutrients require such as calorie, protein,

power to the human body through various nutrients. vitamins, calcium, iron, etc. It can be supplied in

Seasonal vegetables are available in surveyed area, certain quantities from grain pulses, green

i.e., potatoes, brinjal, lady's finger, gourd, leaf vegetables, milk, fruit, and meat fish egg, etc.

cabbage and vegetables. The average consumption Consumption Pattern of Caloriesof vegetables per day per adult in surveyed families is

Calorie gives the ability to work. The 22g which is much below the recommended amount

function of a person is depend on the amount of 300g. The average consumption of vegetables

calorie intake according to the body texture, age among the landless families 185g, small farmer

structure and gender. Per capita daily consumption of families is 213g, marginal families 230g and 252g per

calories per day in surveyed families of the study area adult per day large farmer families.

is 2063 kcal, which is much less than recommended Consumption Pattern of Edible Oil amount (2400kcal) of I. C.M.R consumption of calorie

Edible oil is the main source of calories and in landless labour families (1839 kcal ), small farmer

fat. The average addible oil in selected families of families (2110kcal) and 2211 kcal per adult per day in

surveyed area is 13.76g per day per adult. The large farmer families households, which is -560,

consumption of edible oil in the landless families -306,-289 and-188 kcal less than the recommended

10.90g, small Farmer families in 12.33g, marginal amount. Thus, the study clearly shows that the calorie

families in 14.91g and 16.93g per day per adult in the consumption has a positive relationship with the size

large families is below the recommended quantity of the stock.

(30g). Consumption Pattern of Protein

Consumption Pattern of Molasses And Sugar It provides energy to the body and is useful

Sugar is the main source of carbohydrate in in body building. Average consumption of protein per

the rural areas, It is used in dessert recipes and day per adult in surveyed families of the study area is

beverages .The average consumption of sugar in 40.05g., which is much less than recommended

surveyed families is 28.45g per adult per day. amount (55g) Consumption of protein in landless

[[26


families (36.85g),small families (42.19g). In marginal achieved by removing the body from diseases

farmer families 37.30g per adult per day which is and thus getting the normal weight.

much less than recommended quanti t ies Conclusionrespectively-18.15g,-12.81g,-11.13g and-17.07g per

The above study clearly states that due to adult per day.

the decrease in the average consumption of nutrition Suggestions and Planning food items in the families of the study area which is

1. People in the study area should change their diet less than the recommended amount. It is depends on

pattern and life style. the economic status. It is clear from economic status

that there is considerable difference in the availability 2. To increase milk production in rural areas there is of food habits and food items due to which their a need to pay attention to cattle breed of fine nutrition level is also affects. It is therefore clear that breed.lack of calories affects efficiency.

3. Planting of various types of fruit tree in the village Referencesshould be increased to remove the lack of

protein, vitamin deficiency 1. Ali, Mohammad, 1977, Food and Nutrition in

India, K.B. Publication, New Delhi.4. In place of conventional food crop, production of

protein rich crop like wheat, gram, maize, millet 2. Dikshit Arun, 2013, Local Model of Health

cane, etc should be given prominence and their Facilities of Kaushambi District, Journal Of

production area should be increased as well. Integrated Development And Research

Vol.3.No.2, P.P. 63-685. Considering the importance of good nutrition

died by organizing awareness and street drama 3. Gopalan, C, 1983, Food Of Nutrition Value In

programme in connection with the problem of India, Haryana Literature Academy, Chandigarh.

quality and availability and lack of nutrition in 4. Joglekar, Abhya, 1993, Nutrition and Diet, rural areas, due to lack of nutrition in people Madhya Pradesh Hindi Granth Academy.

6. In the surveyed area's due to the increase in the 5. I.C.M.R., 1980, Nutritive Value of Indian Food, availability of agricultural produce, adequate National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad.management of irrigation facilities in the area can

6. Shrivastava Lokesh And Mansuri Shahira, 2013, reduce the food shortage

Child Health and Nutrition, Journal Of Integrated 7. Increasing employment opportunities in the rural Development and Research, Vol.3, No.1, Page

area can improve the economic condition 123-128.of the people as well as the availability of their

good nutrition died

8. The level of education can be understood by the

importance of the availability of a balanced diet

for the body, and regular exercise can be


Vol. 24, 2019

R.N.I. No. UPBIL/1996/7631

I.S.S.N. - 0975-4903

Introduction other state (Uttar Pradesh in this case) but

enumerated in other Indian states beyond the Mig ra t ion i s a dynamic p rocess previous state of enumeration are known as out-encompassing diversified forms of temporal and migrants at inter-state level (Census of India, 2011). geographical mobility. It is the third component of Out migration is greater in the poorly developed population change and plays important role in agricultural areas and particularly high among the population growth of any area. The Census of India landless farmers (Keshri and Bhagat, 2012). These does not give direct data on population mobility, but characteristics are common in the study area which provides enough data to study the spatial variation consequently results in large scale out-migration.and distribution of inter-regional migration (Sinha,

1986). Migration is not merely the shift of people from The heavy flow of out-migrants from Uttar

Pradesh has been universal reality from the past one place of adobe to another but also is fundamental

which continues to hold true in 21st century. This to the understanding of the ever present 'space-migration is the result of persistent under-content' and 'space-relation of an area (Gosal, development and poverty which forces people to 1961).People who were having their last residence in

1. Alok Kumar Choubey, Research Scholar, Department of Geography, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P. email: [email protected]. Dr.Gayatri Rai, Associate Professor, Department of Geography, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P. email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Process of inter-state out-migration is a demographic necessity in a backward state like Uttar Pradesh. It arises due

to various socio-economic factors and results in redistribution of human resources and growth of population in other states.

Out-migration from Uttar Pradesh has increased over the years due to persistent underdevelopment and poverty, with long

distance inter-state migration proving a viable alternative. Equity in distribution of male and female migrants is a major

highlight of inter-state migration, while distance, destination characteristics and cause of migration controls its spatial

distribution and growth.The present paper aims at examining the inter-state out-migrants from Uttar Pradesh, their

classification based on duration of residence at out-migrated state and factors responsible for such migration for the census

period 2001-2011. The paper also attempts to find differential reasons for out-migration to different states for identification of

emerging trends. The study is based on secondary data collected from Census of India's migration tables(D2 and D3)for2001

and 2011. Out-migration figures are not implicitly recorded in census, and are instead calculated from migration tables of all

states. Duration of residence and reasons for migration are also used in the study. It is found that, out-migrants from the state

are increasing at brisk rate while preferring to stay for long duration of more than 10 years at migrated place. 'Work' and

'marriage' continues to be the dominant factor influencing male and female out-migration respectively. Economic migration is

more towards distant industrialised states of the country, while social migration was found to be associated with neighbouring

states, possibly driven by marriage migration of females.

Keywords: Inter-state, Out-migration, Demographic, Spatial, Census.

GROWTH, DISTRIBUTION AND CAUSES OF INTER-STATE OUT-MIGRATION FROM UTTAR PRADESH: A GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS

Alok Kumar Choubey and Gayatri Rai

[[28


move out. The inability of the economy to absorb divided into 28 states and 9 union territories (August,

workers, lack of social harmony, political hostility, 2019), but according to reference year of study and

asymmetrical rural-urban development and agrarian availability of out-migration data, only 28 states and

distress has resulted in large scale out-migration from union territory of Delhi is demarcated.

the state in search of employment and better living Only four countries in the world have standard.Male migrants usually migrate outwards as population higher than that of Uttar Pradesh i.e. 199.8 a measure of desperation and with uncertainty of Million (Census of India, 2011). 77.73 per cent of participation in informal sector of other state, while population is rural and urbanisation in the state is female out-migration is dominantly governed by metropolitan heavy. Sex ratio is 912 females per 1000 marriage and distance. Vaidyanathan (1967) males (2011). The state is distinguished as an observed that migration tends to flow towards the agrarian state with low economic growth, subsistence areas of greater economic opportunities. Out of the agriculture, high population pressure, diverse social three types of migration based on distance and groups, mineral scarcity, industrial deficiency, chronic administrative boundary, inter-state out-migration poverty and unemployment along with inter-regional comprehends the spatial perspective of population variations in geographical conditions and disparity in movement at national level. The temporal study helps rural-urban development. Summing up, it is fair to say in understanding growth and distribution of migrants that Uttar Pradesh is among the most backward as well as changing motives behind such migration. states of the country which brings us to the theme of The proportion and significance of inter-state out-migration. The backwardness of the state migration has gradually increased over the years with compels the people to out-migratefor other states in improvement in transport and communication. Rate search of employment and better living conditions. of inter-state out-migration has far exceeded the rate

Uttar Pradesh is a major out-migrating state of in-migration and return migration. Present paper

with nearly 92.55 and 123.20 lakhs of migrants being focuses on quantitative and spatial aspects of out-

enumerated as inter-state out-migrants in 2001 and migration from Uttar Pradesh, with emphasis on

2011 respectively. Males contributes more to the finding out the differential causes of state-wise spatial

process of out-migration but females have closed the movement of migrants in 2001 and 2011.

gap in recent yearsby recording higher growth than The Study Area male migrants. Economic and social causes

Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state of necessitates male and female inter-state migration

India and covers a total geographical area of about respectively but these patterns differ spatially on the

240,928 km2. It extends from 23° 52' to 31° 28' North account of destination characteristics, distance of

latitudes and 77° 30' to 84° 39' East longitudes. migration and socio-economic status of out-migrants.

Bordered by Nepal in the North, the state of Uttar ObjectivesPradesh also touches 9 Indian states/ union

1) To calculate the state-wise distribution and territories. It is bounded in the north by Uttarakhand,

growth of out-migrants from Uttar Pradesh for the on the north-west by Himachal Pradesh, on the west

period of 2001-2011.by Haryana and Delhi, on the south-west by

2) To examine the out-migrants according to Rajasthan, on the south by Madhya Pradesh and duration of residence and to analyse the major Chhattisgarh and on the east by Jharkhand and Bihar. factors affecting differential inter-state out India is located in Northern and Eastern hemisphere migration from the state.of the world between 23° 52' to 31° 28' North latitudes

and 77° 30' to 84° 39' East longitudes. The country is 3) To comparatively identify the causes influencing

[[29


migrants to move out from Uttar Pradesh to out-migration.

particular State/U.T.s and find out emerging Results and Discussiontrends.

Number of migrants moving out of Uttar Database and Methodology Pradesh to other states has increased from about

The study uses place of last residence 92.55 lakhs in 2001 to 123.20 lakhs in 2011, showing

(POLR) data of Migration tables published by Census growth of 33.11 per cent. Male out-migrants

of India for 2001 and 2011 to analyse the inter-state increased from 49.30 lakhs to 62.52 lakhs registering

out-migration from Uttar Pradesh. Out-migrants are 26.80 per cent growth, while female out-migrants

not directly recordedin census publications, so they grew from 43.25 lakhs to 60.68 lakhs recording

have to be calculated. The compilation is done using growth of 40.30 per cent in the same period. On the

D2 tables of all states and union territories. Relevant account of their superior growth over males in recent

entries are taken for each state by recording migrants decades, it can be forecasted that female out-

whose last place of residence is enumerated as 'Uttar migrants from the state will overtake their male

Pradesh' which means those migrants have moved counterparts in 2021.Historically Uttar Pradesh is an

out to that particular state from reference state (inter- out-migrating state due to chronic poverty and

state out-migrant). Desirable data is obtained by burgeoning population, its proximity with other states

repeating the process for all states for the temporal provide impetus to potential migrants for moving out.

period of 2001 and 2011. Similarly, based on rural and Development of modern means of transportation and

urban nature of place where the migrant last resided, communication has also resulted in migration to far

out-migrants can be enumerated as rural or urban. distant states over the years. So, inter-state migration

constitutes important aspect of migration in the state.Census of India 2001 and 2011 captured the

reasons of migration into 7 categories. These are Table 01 shows the distribution of out-

work/employment, business, education, marriage, migrants from Uttar Pradesh to various states in 2001

moved after birth, moved with household and others. and 2011 along with male-female differentials. Delhi

Duration of residence of out-migrants is classified into received the largest number of migrants with 24.81

4 interval of less than 1 year, 1-4 years, 5-9 years and and 23.17 per cent migrants moving out from Uttar

10 years & above according to D3 migration tables. Pradesh to Delhi in 2001 and 2011 respectively,

Inter-state distribution is recorded for only those Maharashtra remains in second position having

states which have received more than 1 per cent of received 22.39 and 22.36 per cent of migrants in the

total out-migrants from Uttar Pradesh in both 2001 same period. It may be observed that out migration

and 2011 (13 states/U.T.'s). Inter-state out-migration from Uttar Pradesh has been primarily directed

requires political boundaries of the country to be towards the neighbouring states. Not considering the

demarcated. For the geographical analysis of case of Delhi, the 8 surrounding states had about 40.4

distribution and growth, states and union territories of and 40 per cent of total out-migrants from Uttar

the country are taken as study units in reference to Pradesh in 2001 and 2011 respectively. On the basis

Uttar Pradesh. Political map of the country is digitised of proportion of out-migrants moving out from Uttar

on ArcGIS software. Distribution maps are prepared Pradesh, state-wise distribution can be divided into 5

for depicting geographical patterns and temporal categories i.e. very low (less than 1.00 per cent), low

changes in the distribution and growth of out-migrants (1.00 – 4.00 per cent), medium (4.00 – 7.00 per cent),

w.r.t. reference state. Decadal Growth rate, decadal high (7.00 – 10.00) and very high (10.00 per cent and

changes, ratios and percentages are used in this above). State-wise distribution of total out-migrants

spatio-temporal analysis of long distance inter-state from Uttar Pradesh is depicted in Fig. 01.

[[30


Table 01: Distribution and Growth of Inter-state Out-Migrants from Uttar Pradesh (%), 2001-11.

Country/ State/ U.T.

Inter-state Out-Migrants from Uttar Pradesh

2001

(%)

2011

(%)

Growth Rate, 2001-2011 (%)

Persons

Males

Females

Persons

Males

Females

Persons Males Females

India

9255257

4930458

4324799

12319592

6251980

6067612

33.11 26.80 40.30

Delhi

24.81

26.35

23.06

23.17

24.25

22.06

24.30 16.71 34.18

Maharashtra

22.39

28.92

14.95

22.36

28.14

16.41

32.94 23.38 54.01

Madhya Pradesh

9.18

5.28

13.62

8.85

5.02

12.80

28.46 20.65 31.91

Haryana

8.77

7.70

9.99

9.04

7.78

10.33

37.24 28.20 45.18

Uttarakhand

6.29

5.09

7.66

7.23

5.91

8.59

52.93 47.10 57.35

Punjab

4.98

5.75

4.10

5.27

5.73

4.81

40.95 26.25 64.45

Gujarat

4.83

6.09

3.39

7.54

9.60

5.42

107.77 99.83 124.03

Bihar

4.72

0.94

9.03

2.60

0.51

4.75

-26.81 -31.90 -26.20

Rajasthan

4.00

2.68

5.49

4.76

2.97

6.60

58.48 40.45 68.50

West Bengal

3.22

3.73

2.64

1.94

2.05

1.82

-19.96 -30.35 -3.21

Chandigarh 1.45 1.68 1.19 1.46 1.67 1.24 33.75 25.85 46.45

Chhattisgarh 1.32 1.28 1.35 1.37 1.34 1.39 38.21 32.55 44.33

Jharkhand 1.13 1.05 1.22 0.87 0.71 1.05 2.99 -14.60 20.16

Rest States/U.T.'s 2.91 3.46 2.31 3.54 4.32 2.73 61.76 58.89 66.67

Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Source: based on Migration Tables (D2) of all states and U.T.'s, Census of India, 2001-2011

In terms of decadal growth of out-migrants Rajasthan, Uttarakhandhad more female out-

from Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat recorded the highest migrants than males in 2001 and 2011,

growth of 107.77 per cent among major states for manifestingthat more females migrate to

2001-11, followed by Rajasthan (58.48) and neighbouring states for marriage. Western and

Uttarakhand (52.93), while Bihar (-26.81) and West Northern Indian states were more preferred for out-

Bengal (-19.96) registered declining growth in the last migration than Eastern and Southern states, which

decade. These spatial patterns of growth and decline can be attributed to variety of factors like distance,

were nearly identical for male and female migrants. linguistic similarities, marriage obligations, socio-

Sex-wise out migration from Uttar Pradesh also economic opportunities and historical migration. It

shows that Bihar, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, can also be observed that migrants from Uttar

[[31


Pradesh are moving to more urbanised states of are divided into 5 categories i.e. low negative, low

Delhi, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Haryana for greater positive, medium, high and very high positive. State-

economicand occupational opportunities. Based on wise decadal growth of out-migrants is shown in

growth of out-migrants during last decade, the states Fig. 02.

[[32


Table 02 presents the classification of migrants on the and 6.27 per cent migrants reporting this duration in

basis of duration of residence at the out-migrating 2001 and 2011 respectively, although it was observed

destinations. Inter-state out-migration from Uttar recently that migrants out-migrating for less than 1

Pradesh at the place of enumeration has been year are on the rise. Nearly 6 per cent migrants didn't

assessed by 4 time intervals viz. less than 1 year, 1-4 stated their duration of out-migration. Similar patterns

years, 5-9 years and 10 years and above. Majority of are followed in the sex-wise out-migration from the

out-migration occurred for 10 years and above (53.01 state, but it was observed that females prefer long

and 53.22 per cent in 2001 and 2011), followed by duration stay at place of enumeration and were

durations of 1-4 years and 5-9 years. Short term out- slightly less mobile than their male counterparts after

migration of less than 1 year was lowest with only 3.93 migration.

Reasons for inter-state out migration from Uttar reason for male migration was employment (61.49

Pradesh is shown through Table 03, which gives an per cent), while females listed marriage (51.39 per

idea about the factors influencing migrants to move cent) as primary reason for their out-migration from

out. Census classify the causes of migration into 7 Uttar Pradesh.

categories. In 2001, maximum out-migration was Similar trends were followed in 2011, although some reported for work/ employment purpose (34.23 per observations can be made by comparing migration cent), followed by reasons of household migration reasons for 2001 and 2011 census. Although (25.11), marriage (24.27) and others. Migration for migration for work remained the primary cause for business and education accounted for only 2.45 per total out-migration in 2011 but its proportion declined cent of total out-migration.Gender variation in causes to 30.31 per cent, a steep drop of 3.92 per cent (Table of migration are abundantly evident as most common 03). Male migration for work (55.82) also declined by

[[33


5.67 per cent from 2001 to 2011. Work was followed by 1.88 per cent. Business related out-migration also

by household (26.93) and marriage (24.91) migration, declined while educational migration increased

both of which registered increase from their respective insignificantly in 2011. It can be said that migration due

proportion in 2001. Female reason of migration for to household movement will continue to grow in future

marriage (49.51) also declined from its previous level with decline of female marriage migration.

[[34


Table 04 and 05 shows the out-migration from Uttar Maharashtra (40.10), West Bengal (4.42), Rajasthan

Pradesh to major states/ union territories in 2001 and (1.55), Bihar (80.58), Maharashtra (5.10) and Delhi

2011 respectively by reasons of migration. Through (35.26). The figures in the bracket are representative

these tables, differential reasons for migration to a of the proportion of state's total out-migrants

particular state can be easily interpreted from enumerating the respective reasons to migrate which

temporal perspective. This is beneficial for is highest for that particular reason. It is important to

understanding the motives for out-migration to mention that only major states (mentioned in Table 4)

specific states. As per individual reasons in 2001, the are used for this analysis, rather than the whole

highest proportion of migrants for employment, country. So, from 2001 to 2011, West Bengal

business, education, marriage, moved after birth and displaced Gujarat while Rajasthan displaced

movement with household categories were recorded Madhya Pradesh as the leading state in terms of

in Maharashtra (48.52), Gujarat (10.55), Madhya highest percentage of migrants moving out for

Pradesh (1.34), Bihar (78.92), Maharashtra (5.01) business and education reasons in these major

and Delhi (34.69) respectively. Similarly in 2011 states, although these reasons were universally low

census, corresponding leading states were for every state.

On the basis of out-migrant's proportion (of to marriage migration in 2011. Out-migration caused

state's total out-migrants received from Uttar by work/ employment among the states varies from

Pradesh), state-wise spatial variations are depicted. 48.88 per cent (Tripura) to 3.75 per cent (Bihar).

Fig. 03 shows variations caused by employment Marriage out-migration among the state ranges from

factor in 2011, similarly Fig. 04 represents the 80.58 per cent (Bihar) to 5.03 per cent (Mizoram).

changes in out-migrants proportion in the states due Similarly out-migration due to movement with

[[35


household varies from 38.02 per cent (Meghalaya) to lakhs in 2011, registering growth 33.11 per cent in the

5.50 per cent (Bihar). This range of variation is last decade. Females recorded higher growth than

categorised into three groups of low (below 15 per males while proportion of male and female migrants

cent), medium (15 – 30 per cent) and high (30 per cent in overall out-migration was found to be nearly equal.

and above). Delhi is the most preferred out-migrated place from

Uttar Pradesh with 23.17 per cent migrants going Every state except Bihar witnessed decline

there in 2011, fol lowed by Maharashtra. in migrants moving for work/employment reason in

Neighbouring states accounted for nearly two-thirds 2011 as compared to 2001 and in case of marriage,

of all out-migrants. Distance seems to be a factor but barring Gujarat all major states registered growth in

nature of destination also contributes significantly in out-migrants for the same period. Taking distance into

the decision making of migrants. Economically more account, migrants favoured long distance movement

advanced, industrialised and urbanised states than for employment as Maharashtra received 40.10 per

Uttar Pradesh were preferred irrespective of distance cent and Gujarat received 37.27 per cent of its total

considerations. Gujarat registered highest growth out-migrants from Uttar Pradesh for work (2011).

(107.77 per cent) in out-migrants, followed by Employment or economic migration from the state

Rajasthan, while nearby states of Bihar and West was driven by male migrants and directed more

Bengal recorded negative growth in the last decade. towards industrialized and urbanised states of the

Overall, states of northern and western India received country. In contrast, migrants preferred short distance

more migrants from Uttar Pradesh than the rest of the movement for marriage, evident from Table 05 with

country. Out of 4 time intervals of duration, it was Bihar and Madhya Pradesh receiving 80.58 and

found that more than half of migrants (53.22 per cent) 53.21 per cent of their total out-migrants from UP due

desired to stay for more than 10 years at migrated to marriage (2011). Marriage or social migration is

place, which implies that rate of return migration to essentially female driven phenomena commonly

Uttar Pradesh is extremely low and the state will associated with states having strong agrarian

continue to be net out-migrating state for foreseeable economies, caste and linguistic similarities. As

future.previously remarked, migration due to household

movement is growing in all states and expected to Migration for 'work' is the most important

factor of migration, followed closely by household and dominantly influence future movement patternsmarriage migration. 'Employment' and 'Marriage'

Summary and Conclusion were unsurprisingly the most dominant factors

affecting male and female out-migration respectively. Existence of imbalances in the degree of Linguistically similar states received more female development across the country and dominance of migrants due to marriage factor, while economically

'push' factors in Uttar Pradesh results in superior states had more male out-migrants from the

strengthening the process of inter-state out-migration state for work purpose. Proportion of migrants moving

from the state. Motivated to migrate for better states for 'work' has declined appreciably in the last decade, and achieving higher socio-economic development but the gains are not in favour of tertiary migration than before, migrants are increasingly committed to (business and education). So, causes of out-travel long distance and for longer duration. So, this migration from Uttar Pradesh remains primitive,

predictable and subsistent. Migrants not reporting process has become imperative and inevitable in their cause of migration has increased over the years today's time. This is evident by the volume of inter-(12.86 per cent in 2011) which reflects the state out-migrants which has increased to 123.20

[[36


deficiencies of census. Regarding differential 7. Kalotra, G., 2010, Trend and Patterns of Sex

reasons for out-migrating to different states, it was Ratio among In-Migrants to Punjab (2001),

observed that Bihar leads all the states in terms of Punjab Geographer, Vol. 6, p. 68-82.

having maximum proportion of marriage migrants, 8. Keshri, K. and Bhagat, R.B., 2012, Temporary proving above argument of correlation between and Seasonal Migration: Regional Pattern, social factors and distance migration. Household Characteristics and Associated Factors, movement to Delhi was highest among all states. Economic & Political Weekly, Vol.47, No.4, Business and educational migration remained at p. 81-88.insignificant level for all major states. It can be

9. Khan, J.H. and Shazia., 2017, Volume and concluded that though inter-state out-migration is on Reasons of Inter-State Rural out-Migration from the rise, but it is essentially primitive in its character, Uttar Pradesh, International Journal of Scientific implying that majority of migrants are unskilled and Research and Reviews, Vol. 6, No. 3, p. 59-77.illiterate rural folks moving for work and marriage.

Trends in household migration,however gives hope 10. Kumar, N. and Bhagat, R.B., 2012, Outmigration for the future. Inter-state out-migration from Uttar from Bihar: Causes and Consequences, Journal Pradesh is expected to grow further, but desirable of Social and Economic Studies, Vol. XXII, No. 2, migration and socio-economic development of p. 134-144.migrants also requires inclusive development of Uttar

11. Saha, S.Goswami, R. and Paul, S.K., 2018, Pradesh and appropriate policy intervention.

Recursive Male Out-migration and the

Consequences at Source: A Systematic Review Referenceswith Special Reference to the Left-behind

1. Bhattacharya, P.C., 1998, The Informal Sector Women, Space and Culture, Vol. 5, No. 3, p.

And Rural-to-Urban Migration: Some Indian 30-53.

Evidence, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 12. Sharma, A., 2018, Spatial Patterns of Migration 33, No. 21, p. 1255–1262.

in Himachal Pradesh, 1991-2001, International 2. Census of India, 2011, Migration D-Series

Journal of Research in Social Sciences, Vol. 8, Tables, Ministry of Home Affairs, Office of the

No. 2, p. 101-117.Registrar General, Govt. of India, New Delhi.

13. Siddiqui, F.A. and Banu, N., 2014, Out-Migration 3. Das, M., 2017, Male Out-migration and Women

from West Bengal: A Spatial Analysis, National in Rural Bihar: A Socio-legal Study, Journal of

Geographical Journal of India, Vol. 60, No. 4, p. Migration Affairs, p. 21-40.

329-342.4. Debnath, M. and Nayak, D.K., 2018, Male Out-

14. Singh, J. P., 1984, Distance Patterns of Rural to Migration in West Bengal: Regional Pattern and

Urban Migration in India, Genus, Vol. 40, No. 1, Determinants, Transactions, Vol. 40, No. 1, p.

p. 119-129.119-130.

15. Singh, S.P. and Agarwal, R.K., 1998, Rural-5. Gosal, G. S., 1961, Internal Migration in India: A

Urban Migration: the Role of Push and Pull Regional Analysis, Indian Geographical Journal,

Factor Revisited, the Indian Journal of Labour Vol. 36, No. 2, p. 106-121

Economics, Vol. 41, No. 4, p. 653-668.6. Kalotra, G., 2009, Patterns of Out-Migration

16. Sinha, S.K., 1986, Internal Migration in India: From Punjab: A Spatial Perspective, Population

1961-1981, an Analysis, Office of the Registrar Geography, Vol. 31, No.1 & 2, p. 43-64.

General, New Delhi.

izLrqr v/;;u dk eq[; mís'; Ckkyksn ftys ds xzkeh.k cktkjksa ij {ks=kh; fodkl ekWMy dk izHkko dk HkkSxksfyd fo'ys"k.k djuk gSA ftys ds xzkeh.k cktkjksa ij {ks=kh; fodkl dk ekWMy ds rgr fØLVkWyj ds dsUnzh; LFkku fl/nkUr ds vk/kkj ij ftys ds lHkh xzkeh.k Ckktkj dks "kV~dks.k izfr:Ik esa izLrqr fd;k x;k] ogh vxLr ykW'k ds f=kHkqtkdkj "kV~dks.kh; fl/nkUr ds vk/kkj ij xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa 18 xk¡o dks Ckktkj dsUnz ds vUrxZr j[k dj ekWMy izHkko cuk;k x;k gSA bl izdkj ifjogu lqfo/kkvksa vkSj nwjh dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, fØLVkWyj ,oa vxLr ykW'k egksn; ds Ckktkj dsUnzh; LFkku fl/nkUr ds rgr ckyksn ftys ds NksVs xzke cktkjksa dk ekWMy lsok dsUnz ds :Ik esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA xk¡o dh tula[;k ftruh vf/kd l?ku gksxh] lsok dsUnz ds :Ik esa Ckktkj dsUnzksa dk foLrkj Hkh mruk vf/kd gksxkA

eq[; fcUnq %& {ks=h; fodkl ekWMy] fØLVkWyj ,oa ykW'kA

IkzLrkouk lsok iznkrkvksa dks ,sls ewY;ksa dh izkfIr gks jgh gS] ftlls os vius gj lEHko iz;kl esa oLrq mRikndrk dks c<+kok nsus fdlh Hkh {ks= esa fuokljr ekuo leqnk; Lo;a yxs gSa rFkk vf/kd ls vf/kd mRiknd ds foØ; ds fy, vius vki esa vkRefuHkZj ugha gksrs gSa] mUgsa viuh izksRlkfgr gks jgs gSa] ftlls budk vk;] oLrqvksa ds vko”;drkvksa dh iwfrZ djus ds fy, O;kikj ,oa cktkj fofue; fØ;k ds foLrkj ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSAdsUnzksa ij fuHkZj jguk iM+rk gS] ftls os oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa

dh lqfo/kk,¡] oLrq fofue; dh fØ;k lEiUu gksus ls izkIr v/;;u {ks= djrs gSA cktkj LFky d`"kd leqnk; dh O;kikfjd ckyksn ftyk ¼24°44 ?mRrjh v{kka”k ls 20-73° xfrfof/k;ksa ds izeq[k ukfHk; fcUnq gksrs gaS] ftldk fdlh

mRrjh v{kka”k ,oa 81°12 ?iwohZ ns”kkUrj ls 81°2 iwohZ oLrq fo”ks"k ds O;kikj esa fo”ks"khdj.k o vFkZO;oLFkk ds ns”kkUrj½] NRrhlx<+ jkT; ds if”peh e/; {ks= esa foLr`r fodkl] lkekftd mRFkku esa fo”ks"k ;ksxnku gksrk gS gSA bldk dqy HkkSxksfyd {ks=Qy 3]52]700 gsDVs;j ¼ czkeys 1971½A bl izdkj cktkj izfØ;k dk vkjaHk ekuo ¼2]780 oxZ fdeh-½ gS] ftlesa izns”k dk 3-52 izfr”kr {ks= lH;rk ds fodkl ds lkFk gh oLrqvksa ds fofue; ls izkjaHk lekfgr gSA ckyksn ftyk mRrj esa nqxZ] if”peksRrj Hkkx gqvk] ftlls fdlh lhfer ?kjsyq {ks= ls mRikfnr oLrq,¡] esa jktukanxako mPpHkwfe] nf{k.k esa dkadsj] iwoZ esa /kerjh foLr`r {ks=ksa esa] mRiknd rFkk miHkksDrkvksa ds chp xfr ftys ls f?kjk gqvk gSA bldk ekr` ftyk&nqxZ gSA izLrqr iznku djus yxh gSA cktkj dsUnz vc u dsoy mlh {ks= v/;;u {ks= ckyksn ftys ds xzkeh.k cktkjksa esa ik¡p ds mRiknksa ,oa lsokvksa ds forj.k ij vk/kkfjr gS] cfYd fodkl[k.M o tuin gS] ftlesa 393 xzke iapk;r o 238 vius vkl&ikl ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa dks Hkh viuh vksj xzke Cktkj gSA tgk¡ MkS.Mhyksgkjk fodkl[k.M xzke vkdf"kZr djus dh “kfDr j[krs gSaA bu cktkj dsUnzksa esa

'kks/k lkjka'k

1- jhuk] 'kks/k Nk=k] Hkwxksy v/;;u'kkyk ia- jfo'kadj 'kqDy fo'ofo|ky;] jk;iqj] N-x-] [email protected].

2- izks- ljyk 'kekZ] Hkwxksy v/;;u'kkyk ia- jfo'kadj 'kqDy fo'ofo|ky;] jk;iqj] N-x-] [email protected].

jhuk ,oa ljyk 'kekZ

Ckkyksn ftys ds xzkeh.k cktkjksa ij {ks=h; fodkl ekWMy dk izHkko


Vol. 24, 2019

R.N.I. No. UPBIL/1996/7631

I.S.S.N. - 0975-4903

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iapk;r Lrjh; esa dqy 32-8 izfr”kr Ckktkj fo|eku gSA dh og voLFkk gS] ftls ge fu/kkZfjr ekudksa ds vk/kkj ij izfrn”kZ xzke esa lkIrkfgd cktkjksa dh la[;k 27 gS] tks fodflr] vfodflr ;k fodkl”khy dgrs gSAß lHkh {ks=ksa dqy xzkeh.k cktkjksa dk 75 izfr”kr] }S&lkIrkfgd cktkj esa lalk/kuksa dh ek=k vyx&vyx gksrh gS] tks ml {ks= 22-2 izfr”kr vkSj izfrfnu yxus okys cktkj 2-8 izfr”kr fo”ks'k dk vyx izfr:Ik fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA Hkwfe gSA mPpkop] lalk/kuksa dk forj.k] unh ty izokg] tula[;k

forj.k] ekuo laLd`fr] Hkk'kk] d`f'k&Hkwfe mi;ksx] ;g v/;;u fof/k lHkh {ks=h; fodkl dk izfr:i gSA

izLrqr v/;;u izkFkfed ,oa f}fr;d vk¡dM+ksa ij i`Foh /kjkry ij ?kfVr gksusa okyh ?kVuk,¡ lHkh vk/kkfjr gSA v/;;u ds fy, loZizFke ckyksn ftys ds LFkku ij ,d lkFk ?kfVr ugha gksrh gS og izd`fr vkSj lHkh fodkl[k.Mksa ls xzke cktkjksa dh lwph rS;kj dj ekuo vUrlZEcU/kh fdz;kdykiksa dk vyx&vyx le; ;kn`fPNd fun”kZu }kjk 15 izfr”kr izfrn”kZ xzkeh.k vkSj {ks=ksa esa gqbZ ?kVukvksa ls lEcaf/kr gksrh gaSA ftu {ks=ksa cktkj dk p;u fd;k x;kA p;fur izfrn”kZ xzkeh.k esa izkd`frd lalk/kuksa dh ek=k vuqdwy gS vkSj mldk cktkj ds izfrn”kZ ds vkdkj dk lkaf[;dh; fof/k }kjk mi;ksx vf/kd gks jgk gS] ml {ks= dk fodkl tgk¡ vf/kd ijh{k.k fd;k x;kA gksxk] ogha lalk/kuksa dh de ek=k o de ekuoh;

bl izdkj ftys ls dqy 36 xk¡o p;fur gq,] vUrfdZz;k ls ml {ks= dk fodkl de gksxkAp;fur izfrn”kZ xzkeh.k cktkj ls Øsrk ,oa foØsrk laca/kh

vr% {ks=h; fodkl] ekuo ,oa izd`fr ds e/; tkudkjh lk{kkRdkj vuqlwph ,oa xzke Mk;jh ds }kjk vUrlZEcU/kh fdz;kdykiksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA ekuo viuh izkIr dh xbZA vko”;drkvksa ds vuqlkj izkd`frd lalk/kuksa dks mi;ksx

mn~ns'; esa ykrs gSa] xq.koÙkk ;qDr mi;ksxh cukrs gSa] tks lEiw.kZ fo”o esa ek=k ,oa mi;ksfxrk ds vk/kkj ij] vyx&vyx xzke Ckktkj vf/kdka”kr% lkIrkfgd vkSj {ks=ksa esa vyx&vyx izfr:iksa esa leku :Ik ls forfjr }SlkIrkfgd gksrs gS] ftldk vkdkj NksVk gksrk gS tgk¡ ugha gksrh gSA mu {ks=ksa esa fodkl rhozrk ls gqvk gS tgk¡ ,d fuf”pr [kkyh eSnkuksa o dgha dgha pcwrjksa esa iljs izkd`frd lalk/kuksa dh ek=k vf/kd gS ,oa ftu {ks=ksa esa yxkdj cSBdj lkekuksa dk foØ; fd;k tkrk gSA xzkeh.k lalk/kuksa dh deh o ekuoh; {kerk de gS mu {ks=ksa esa Ckktkj NksVs o cM+s vkdkj ds gksrs gS tks vius vkl ikl ds fodkl izfØ;k vis{kkd`r /kheh jgh gSA vU; xzkeh.k {ks=ksa dks Hkh izHkkfor djrk gSA

ckyksn ftyk izeq[kr% ik¡p fodkl[k.Mksa esa izLrqr v/;;u dk eq[; mís”; Ckkyksn ftys ds foHkDr gSA ;gk¡ dh HkkSfrd mPpkop] izkd`frd lalk/ku xzkeh.k cktkjksa ij {ks=h; fodkl ekWMy dk izHkko ds ,oa tula[;k forj.k esa tgk¡ fHkUurk,¡ gS] ogh d`f'k Hkwfe ifjizs{; esa HkkSxksfyd fo”ys'k.k djuk gSA mi;ksx] Hkk'kk iztkfr esa lekurk ikbZ tkrh gS ftlds xzkeh.k cktkj ds {ks=h; fodkl ij cktkj ekWMy dkj.k ftys ds {ks=h; fodkl esa tgk¡ fofHkUurk,¡ fufgr gS dk izHkko ogha {ks=h; leL;kvksa esa lekurk gSA bu leL;kvksa dks

fdlh Hkh izns”k dk {ks=h; fodkl ml {ks= ds /;ku esa j[krs gq, ljdkj }kjk {ks=h; fu;kstu izfdz;k,¡ HkkSxksfyd Lo:Ik] ogka mifLFkr izkd`frd lalk/kuksa dh }kjk vusd izdkj ds dk;Zdze lapkfyr djus dk iz;kl ek=k dk eq[; vk/kkj gksrk gSA ßfodkl fdlh Hkh {ks= dh fd;k tk jgk gS] ftldk xzkeh.k cktkjksa ds {ks=h; fodkl tula[;k dh dkyØe esa vkfFkZd &lkekftd ifjfLFkfr esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgk gSA

[[39


fdlh Hkh {ks= esa fuokljr ekuo leqnk; Lo;a viuh vksj vkdf"kZr djus dh “kfDr j[krh gSA bu cktkj vius vki esa vkRefuHkZj ugha gksrs gSa] mUgsa viuh dsUnzksa esa lsok iznkrkvksa dks ,sls ewY;ksa dh izkfIr gks jgh gS] vko”;drkvksa dh iwfrZ djus ds fy, O;kikj ,oa cktkj tks mls vius gj lEHko iz;kl esa oLrq mRikndrk dks dsUnzksa ij fuHkZj jguk iM+rk gSA xzkeh.k cktkjksa esa oLrqvksa c<+kok nsus esa mRizsjd dkjd gksrs gSa] ftlls os vf/kd ,oa lsokvksa dh lqfo/kk,¡] oLrq fofue; dh fØ;k lEiUu mRiknd ds foØ; ds fy, izksRlkfgr Hkh gksrs gSa] foØ; ls gksus ls izkIr gksrh gSA bl izdkj cktkj izfØ;k dk vkjaHk izkIr vk; oLrqvksa ds fofue; fØ;k ds foLrkj ij ekuo lH;rk ds fodkl ds lkFk gh oLrqvksa ds fofue; vk/kkfjr gksrh gSAgksus ls izkjaHk gqvk] ftlls fdlh lhfer {ks= dh ?kjsyw xzkeh.k cktkjksa dk forj.k mRikfnr oLrq,]¡ foLr`r {ks=ksa esa mRiknd rFkk

ckyksn ftys ds vf/kdka”k xzke Ckktkj xzke miHkksDrkvksa ds chp iznku gksus yxhA cktkj dsUnz vc u iapk;r Lrj ds gS ftls gkV Ckktkj ds :Ik esa tkuk tkrk dsoy mlh {ks= ds mRiknksa ,oa lsokvksa ds forj.k ij gSA vk/kkfjr gS] cfYd vius vkl&ikl ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa dks Hkh

ftys ds ik¡p fodkl[k.Mksa esa 393 xzke iapk;r iz;kZIr ty dh miYkC/krk gS] ogh vU; nks fodkl[k.M esa dqy xzkeh.k cktkjksa dh la[;k 238 gSA bu ik¡pksa ckyksn fodkl[k.M ¼12-61%½ vkSj MkS.Mh fodkl[k.M esa fodkl[k.M esa lcls vf/kd xzke cktkj MkS.Mhyksgkjk esa mPp Hkwfe ,oa oukPNkfnr Hwfe ds dkj.k tgka xk¡o clko ¼32-77%½ gS] tcfd xq.Mjnsgh fodkl[k.M ¼29-41%½ ,oa vis{kkd`r nwj&nwj gq, ogha xzke cktkj nwj&nwj ,oa xq:j fodkl[k.M ¼15-13%½ esa Hkh xzke cktkjksa dk vis{kkd`r de jgsA ftlls ftys ds O;kikfj;ksa foLrkj vis{kkd`r vf/kd izkIr gqvkA bu fodkl[k.Mksa esa ¼Øsrk&foØsrkvksa½ dks vf/kd nwjh ds] xzke cktkj esa lkeku vf/kd xzke cktkj fodflr gksus dk izeq[k dkj.k cM+k ,oa [kjhnus o cspus tkuk iM+rk gSA ftys esa dqN xzke cktkj lery eSnkuh Hkwfe] rkanwyk tyk”k;] Qly mRiknu gsrq ,sls gS] tgk¡ vHkh rd lM+d ekxZ dk fuekZ.k ugha gks ik;k

[[40


xzkeh.k cktkjksa dk fodkl gS] ftuesa vkfnoklh {ks= esa fLFkr MkS.Mh ,oa MkS.Mhyksgkjk fodkl[k.M izeq[k gSA bu lHkh dkj.kksa ls Øsrk& ftys ea s xkz eh.k cktkjka s dk {k=s h; forj.k vyx& foØsrkvksa dks vusd leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA vyx fodkl[k.Mka s ea s fHkUu&fHkUu gAS fodkl[k.Mka s ea s yxus budk lfEefyr izHkko xzkeh.k cktkjksa ds {ks=h; fodkl esa okys xkz e cktkjka s dk vkdkj] ogk¡ ds O;kikfj;ka s dh l[a ;k ds fo”ks"k egRo j[krk gS ¼lkj.kh 01½A vk/kkj ij NkVs s ,oa cMs + cktkj dks fuf”pr djrk gAaS

xzke cktkj dks O;kikfj;ksa dh fuf”pr la[;k ds yxuk gS] ftlds dkj.k miHkksDrk iwjs lIrkg ds fy, gjh vk/kkj ij ik¡p Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;k x;k gS ftlesa 30 ls lfCt;k¡ o vU; vko”;d lkeku [kjhnrs gSaA bl izdkj de O;kikfj;ksa okys cktkj gS] 31 ls 60 O;kikfj;ksa okys bu cM+s cktkjksa ij lehiLFk lHkh NksVs xzke cktkj fuHkZj xzke cktkj esa foØsrkvksa dh la[;k de gksus dk eq[; gksrs gSaa vkSj miHkksDrk ,oa foØsrk vf/kd nwjh r; dj dkj.k vkl&ikl ds vU; xzkeksa esa lIrkg ds vU; fnuksa esa lkeku [kfjnus o cspus cktkj LFky rd vkrs gSa cktkj yxuk] xzkeksa dk utnhd esa clk gksuk ,oa de nwjh ¼lkj.kh 0 2½Ar; djuk gS tcfd 61 ls 90 foØsrkvksa okys xzke Xkzeh.k Ckktkjksa ds vfHkfu/kkZj.k ij cktkj ekWMy dk cktkj&nks ,oa 91 ls 120 O;kikfj;ksa okys xzke izHkko cktkj&,d] MkS.Mhyksgkjk fodkl[k.M esa izkIr gq,A bl

Ckktkj dsUnzksa dh ifjdYiuk eq[; :Ik ls dsUnzh; izdkj vf/kd O;kikfj;ksa okys xzke cktkj ¼rhu½ cgqr gh LFky fl/nkUr ij fufgr gSSA bldk mi;ksx cfLr;ksa esa de gSSA bu xzke cktkjksa ds {ks=h; vkdkj ds vUrZxr vkdkj] izdkj] la[;k vkSj forj.k ds v/;;u] uxjh; ckyksn fodkl[k.M ls ,d xzke cktkj efV;k ih-] MkS.Mh izdk;ksZa] r`rh;d m|ksxksa] fofuekZ.k ,oa fØ;kufor m|ksxksa ls nks xzke cktkj ?kksfV;k ,oa ipsM+k ¼vkfnoklh xzke½ dks LFkkfir djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ftlds lanHkZ esa {ks=h; vkdkj esa vis{kkd`r cM+s cktkj gaSA bu cM+s xzke dsUnzh; LFky fl/nkUr dk loZizFke iz;ksx ekdZ tsQjlu cktkjksa esa foØsrkvksa dh la[;k vf/kd gksus dk eq[; dkj.k ¼1931½ us ,sls dsUnz ds fy, fd;k Fkk tks vius prqfnZd vkl&ikl ds vU; xzkeksa esa cktkjksa dk uk gksuk] xzkeksa dk {ks= dh tula[;k dh vko”;drkvksa dh iwfrZ fHkUu&fHkUu nwj&nwj ij clko gksuk] lIrkg esa ,d fnu xzke cktkj

[[41


fØ;kØykiksa }kjk lEikfnr djrk gSA fdUrq bl fl/nkUr LFkkfir fd, x,Ads Øec/n ,oa fo”kn v/;;u dk Js; teZu fo}ku

k = 4 eqY; ds rgr ifjogu ekxksZ ds vk/kkj ij fØLVkWyj ¼1966½ dks gS ftUgksaus lu~ 1933 bZ? esa nf{k.k dsUnz ls leku vUrjky ij NksVs xzke cktkjksa dh nwjh teZuh ds uxjh; vkSj xzkeh.k vf/koklksa ds forj.k ds fuf”pr dh xbZ ftlls izHkkfor gksrs gq, cktkj ifjogu fo”kn v/;;u ds vk/kkj ij vius dsUnzh; LFky fl/nkUr {ks= 'kV~dks.kh; :Ik izkIr djrk gSA bl izdkj dsUnz dh dk izfriknu izkekf.kd :Ik ls fd;k] rn~i”pkr vusd nwjh ,oa vkdkj {ks= esa Hkh ifjorZu dh izo`fÙk ikbZ tk,xhAHkkjrh; ,oa vU; oSKkfudks us Hkh dsUnzh; LFky fl/nkUr

k = 7 eqY; ds vUrxZr iz”kklfud {ks= dk ds fofHkUu rjhdks ls u;k vk;ke lfEEkfyr djus dk

ew[;ky; ckyksn dks ekuk x;k ftlesa cM+s cktkj dsUnzksa iz;kl fd;kA

dks LFkkfir fd;k x;k rFkk NksVs xzke cktkj ds :i esa okYWVj fØLVkWyj dk fl)kUr ,d cktkj lsok {ks= dk v)ZO;kl 4 fdeh- gksxkA bl

'kV~dks.kh cM+s cktkj dsUnzksa esa NksVs&NksVs xzke cktkj okYWVj fØLVkWyj us okLro esa viuk fl)kUr lfEefyr gksaxs ftlls ftys esa ,d inkuqdze cktkj lsok uxjh; ,oa xzkeh.k vf/kokl ds forj.k dk izfriknu djus dsUnz fodflr gksxkAds fy;s fd;k FkkA muds vuqlkj dsUnz LFky ,d fuf”pr

{ks=Qy ds ekuo vf/kokl dks vko”;d lqfo/kk,¡ iznku Ckkyksn ftyk /kjkryh; lery eSnku okyk {ks= djrk gS] tgk¡ dh Hkwfe mitkÅ] Qly mRiknu dh gS tgk¡ MkS.Mhyksgkjk o MkS.Mh ds vf/kdka”k Hkkx mPp Hkwfe vf/kdrk] ifjogu lqfo/kk,¡ ,oa iz”kklfud vyx&vyx oukPNkfnr gS] ftldk izHkko NksVs xzke cktkj dh n`f'Vdks.k ds vk/kkj ij] dsUnz LFky dks iznf”kZr djrk gSA LFkkiuk ,oa ifjogu ekxksZ ij fn`"VO; gqvkA bl izdkj fØLVkWyj ds vuqlkj fdlh dsUnz dh lÙkk blfy, cuh fØLVkWyj ds dsfUnz; LFkku fl)kUr ds rgr Ckkyksn ftys jgrh gS fd og vius pkjksa vksj ds {ks= dks vfuok;Z lsok,¡ ds {ks=h; fodkl ds fy, izfrLFkkiu xzkeh.k cktkjksa dk iznku djrk gSA lcls vf/kd lehiorhZ N% vkfJr LFkkuksa fodkl ekWMy izLrqr fd;k x;kA pwfd fØLVkWyj us esa ls dsoy nks LFkkuksa ds lkFk lEcU/k LFkkfir gksrs gS] cktkj ekWMy esa cM+s cktkj ls NksVs cktkj dh vksj oLrqvksa ftlesa fuEu oxZ ds dsUnz] Åaps oxZ ds dsUnz ds 'kV~dks.kh; ds fofue; ds izHkko dks ekuk gSA blh ekWMy ds rgr Ckktkj {ks= ds fljksa ij fLFkr gksrs gSA okLro esa dsUnzh; ckyksn ftys ds cM+s ,oa NksVs lHkh xzkeh.k cktkj esa LFkku fl)kUr esa ,sls 'kV~Hkqth; dsUnz dh jpuk dh xbZ gS] NksV&cM+s vko”;d oLrqvksa dk Ø; ,oa foØ; iz.kkyh ftlesa vkl&ikl ds fdUgh rhu dsUnzksa dks] lh/kh js[kkvksa lEiUu dh tkrh gSA bl fofue; iz.kkyh esa foØsrk cM+s esa feyk nsus ij lef=ckgq f=Hkwt dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS] cktkjksa ls vko”;d oLrq,¡ [kjhndj NksVs xzke cktkj ftlesa nks cktkj dsUnzksa dh vkil dh nwjh U;wure ,oa dks vko”;d lsok,¡ iznku djrs gSA fØLVkWyj ds fl)kUr ifjogu ewY; ds vk/kkj ij leku vkd`fr fufeZr gksrh ds vuqlkj ftys ds cktkj ekWMy esa ,d fuf”pr nwjh esa gksA blh vk/kkj ij ckyksn ftys ds LFkkfir {ks=h; xzke leku vUrjky ij cktkjksa dk fodkl laHko ugh gS] cktkjksa esa dsUnzh; LFkku fl)kUr ds rgr 'kV~dks.kh; D;ksafd {ks=h; mPpkop cktkjksa ds fuf”pr nwjh leku ekWMy }kjk fodkl dk izLrqr fd;k x;k gaSA vUrjky ds fodkl esa ck/kd fl) gksrs gSA bl cktkj

ekWMy ds vk/kkj ij ifjogu ekxksZa dks ;fn 'kV~dks.kh; fØLVkWyj ds dsfUnz; LFkku fl)kUr esa cktkj izk:Ik esa tksM+dj lqfo/kk,¡ iznku dh tk, rks ftys ds dk ekWMy ds* eqY; ij vk/kkfjr gSA ftlesa k = 3 ds rgr xzkeh.k cktkj dsUnzksa dh vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk fu/kkZfjr gksxh ftyk ew[;ky; ckyksn dks dsUnz ekuk x;k gS rFkk mlds tks ftys ds {ks=h; fodkl dh xfr”khyrk dk ekxZ izlLr lfeiLFk 6 NksVs xzke cktkj dsUnzksa ls "kV~dks.kh; :Ik esa

[[42


ftyk ckyksn % xzkeh.k cktkj dsUnzksa dh vofLFkfr ¼fØLVkyj ds vuqlkj½ 2017&18

ekufp= 01

djsxk ¼ekufp= 01½A gksrk gS vkSj muds lsok{ks= dh vkd`fr "kV~dks.kh; gksrh gS ftlesa d`f"k xzkeksa ;k iqjoksa dks y?kqÙke vf/kokl dh bdkbZ vxLRk ykW'k dk fl)kUr ekuk x;k gSA blesa 18 xk¡oksa dks f=Hkwtkdkj "kV~dks.kh;

{ks=h; fodkl dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, ykW”k dsUnz ds :Ik esa fy;k x;k gSA egksn; us 1954 esa fØLVkWyj ds fl)kUr dh rjg ,d

ykW”k ds cktkj ekWMy dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, cktkj ekWMy izLrqr fd;k ftlesa d`f"k {ks=h; xzke ds ckyksn ftys ds eq[;ky; ckyksn dks cM+s cktkj ds dsUnz l?ku cfLr;ksa ds f=Hkqtkdkj "kV~dks.kh; izfr:Ik dks ds :Ik esa ekudj 18 NksVs xzke cktkjksa dks f=Hkqtkdkj crk;k gSA ykW”k dk dsUnz LFky fl/nkUr] fØLVkWyj ds "kV~dks.kh; dsUnz ds vUnj LFkkfir fd;k x;kA bl izdkj fl)kUr dh ekU;rkvksa ij vk/kfjr gS rFkkfi ekU;rkvksa izR;sd "kV~dks.kh; f=Hkqtdh izR;sd Hkqtkvksa esa rhu&rhu dks yphyk ;k ifjorZu”khy ekuk x;k gSA bl fl/nkUr xzkeh.k cktkj LFkkfir gq, tks ,d f=Hkqtkdkj esa cktkj ds vk/kkj ij dsUnzLFkyksa dh O;oLFkk vkn”kZ f=Hkqtkdkj Lo:i esa 18 xzke cktkj dks iznf”kZr djrs gSA bl xzke

[[43


cktkj ekWMy esa d`f"k xzke ,oa iqjok dks y?kqÙke vf/kokl cktkj lsok dsUnzksa esa ?ds? dk eqY; {ks=h; fodkl ds dh bZdkbZ ekuk x;k gSA ykW”k ds vuqlkj ckyksn ftys ds lkFk&lkFk ifjorZu gksaxs ¼ekufp= 02½A

ftyk ckyksn % xzke cktkj dsUnzksa dh vofLFkfr ¼ykW'k ds vuqlkj½ 2017&18

ekufp= 02

bl izdkj ckyksn ftys ds NksVs ,oa cM+s xzkeh.k 16]19]21 bl idz kj 9 Hkkxka s ea s los k,¡ inz ku djrs gAScktkjksa ds fodkl ij fØLVkWyj ,oa ykW”k egksn; ds bl izdkj ykW”k ds bl fl/nkUr ds vk/kkj ij cktkj fodkl ekWMy dk izHkko ifjyf{kr gksrk gS tks ckyksn ftys ds NksVs xzke cktkjksa ls cM+s iz”kklfud Lrj ftys ds {ks=h; fodkl esa iz”kklfud Lrj dh lsok iznku rd dh lsokvksa dks ekWMy ds }kjk izLrqr fd;k x;k gSAdjus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk izlLr djsxkA

xzkeh.k Ckktkjksa ds foØsrkvksa ij nwjh dk izHkko yk”W k us d eYw ; dks ifjorhrZ ekuk gS vkjS dgk dh

Hk&w oUS ;kfld :Ik ea s ekuo ge”s kk cktkj dUs nkz a s dk ?d?s eYw ; cnyrs jgrs gS dUs nhz ; LFkku d ¾ 3]4]7]9]12]13] fuek.Z k ,oa fodkl ogka djrk gS tgka muds dk;ka Zs dks de

[[44


ykxr ea s vf/kdre ykHk ikz Ir gks ld]s bldk lh/kk lEcU/k djrh g]S tks xkz eh.k cktkjka s dks vkdkj ,oa Ckktkj ikz :Ik {k=s dh tul[a ;k o mlds vkl&ikl ds nlw js {k=s ka s ls Ørs k&foØrs kvka s dh l[a ;k ls iHz kkfor gkrs k gAS gkrs k g]S ftUga s og cktkj dh lfq o/kk,¡ inz ku djrk gAS fu"d"kZ cktkj dUs nkz a s dk oreZ ku ea s vk/kfq ud Lo:Ik fu/kkfZ jr gvq k g]S

ckykns ftys da s xkz eh.k cktkjka s dh Hkfw edk ij tks fd ekuoh; vf/koklk]as lMd+ ] ifjogu o njw lpa kj ds fØLVkyW j ,oa yk”W k ds cktkj ekMW y dk Li'V iHz kko lk/kuka s ,oa Lo:Ikka s dks iHz kkfor djrk gASifjyf{kr gkrs k g]S ftys ds Hkfw e mPpkopu NkVs s xkz e

Ckkykns ftys ds p;fur xkz e cktkjka s ea s foØrs kvka s cktkjka s ds forj.k ea s iez [q k ck/kd fl) gkrs s g]S ftlls ftys }kjk Ckktkj LFky rd dh vf/kDre njw h 80 fd-eh- gAS ds nf{k.k Hkkx ds xkz eh.k cktkj fo”k"s k iHz kkfor g,q ] tks ifj.kker% foØrs k foØ; lkexhz dks lkbfdy] Bys s nkis fg;k {k=s h; fodkl ea s ikz nfs ”kd fHkUUkrk ds iez [q k dkjd cuAs A ,oa pkjifg;k okguka s }kjk Ckktkj ea s ykrs gAS Ckktkj xko¡

lanHkZ lwphvFkok vkl&ikl xko¡ ds os fdlku] tks NkVs s o cMs + :Ik ea slfCt;ka s dk Lo;a mRiknu djrs g]S df'k Ckktkj ds fodkl 1- Bromley, R. J. and R. Symanki, April, 1971, ea s egRoi.w kZ LFkku j[krs gAaS ckykns ftys ea s xkz e Ckktkj rd ''Market Place trade in Latin America'', (N.S) lkexhz ogu dk lokfZ /kd vf/kdre ifz r”kr 5 fdeh- ls Geography, Vol. 56, pp. 124-132.

de njw h okys xkz e cktkjka s ¼75-11 ifz r”kr½ ds ikz Ir gvq kA 2- JhokLro] ohjUs nz deq kj ,oa gfjgj ilz kn] 1980] njw h c<u+ s ds lkFk gh foØrs kvka s dh l[a ;k ea s deh gbq Z gAS ßfoi.ku dUs nz LFkyka s dk mnH~ ko ,oa fodklß] mRrj ftys ea s 15 fd-eh- ls de njw h okys O;kikjh vf/kd g]S Hkkjr Hkxw kys if=dk] xkjs [kijq ] vda &16] l[a ;k&2]] i] ftldk iez [q k dkj.k xkz e Ckktkj dk utnhd gkus k] lMd+ 115&124- -o ifjogu lfq o/kk,¡ miyC/k gkus k g]S ftlls de le; ea s

3- dk;kyZ ; tuin ipa k;r Ckkykns ftyk] tux.kuk lkekfx;z ka s dks fcuk udq lku igp¡q k,¡ xkz e Ckktkj rd lkfa [;dh; ifq Lrdk o"kZ 2013&14-igp¡q k;k tkrk g]S blea s ckykns ] x.q Mjngs h ,oa x:q j

fodkl[k.M ds xkz e cktkj vi{s kkdr vf/kd fodflr gAS 4- vktkn] pUn”z k[s kj flga ,oa flga ] i"q iyrk] 1994] ßtcyijq uxj ea s foi.ku fd;z k dk fodkl % ,d fudVorhZ xko¡ ds O;olk;h dks vkl&ikl ds xkz e HkkxS kfs yd v/;;uß] mRrj Hkkjr Hkxw kys if=dk] cktkjka s ds foØ; ls cph oLrvq ka s dks rjq Ur nlw js fnu foØ; xkjs [kijq ] vda &1&2] i- 53-grs q iLz rrq djuk vko”;d gkrs k g]S fo”k"s k:Ik ls “kh?kz u"V

gkus s okyh oLr,q ¡ tlS &s lCth] Qy] eVu vkfnA vr% 5- deq kjh] lfjrk] 2014] ßnf{k.k NkVs kukxijq iez .My ds foØrs k de njw h ds xkz e cktkjka s dks vf/kd egRo nrs s g]S {k=s h; fodkl ,oa fu;kts u ea s xkz eh.k cktkjka s dh ftlls lkeku [kjkc ugha gkrs k vkjS oLrq Ørs k rd igp¡q Hkfw edk % ,d HkkxS kfs yd v/;;uß] ih&,p- Mh- mikf/k tkrk gAS blds foijhr 15 fdeh- ls vf/kd njw h ds xkz eh.k grs q lefirZ “kk/s k&icz /a k] jkp¡ hAcktkjka s ea s tkus okys O;olk;h Mk.S Mh ,oa Mk.S Mhykgs kjk

6- cla y] Mk-W ljq ”s k pUn]z 2016&17] ßxkz eh.k cLrh Hkxw kys ß fodkl[k.M ls vi{s kkdr vf/kd g]S bu {k=s ka s ea s ifjogu ehuk{kh] idz k”ku] ejs B] i- 288]308&310-okgu dh fo”k"s k lfq o/kk ds dkj.k foØrs k diM]s+ jk”ku]

QlaS h&lkexhz ] feBkbZ vkfn dk foij.k vf/kd djrs gAaS bl 7- cla y Mk-W ljq ”s k pUn]z 1999] ßuxjh; Hkxw kys ß ehuk{kh idz kj xkz e cktkjka s ea s foØrs kvka s dh l[a ;k Ckktkj xko¡ ,oa idz k”ku] ejs B] i- 540]41-lEiLz Fk fudVorhZ xko¡ dh tul[a ;k dh ekx¡ ij fuHkjZ

izLrqr v/;;u dk eq[; mís'; jktukanxk¡o ,oa dchj/kke ftys ls vYidkfyd xzkeh.k mRizokfl;ksa ds xarO; LFky dh dkf;Zd

n'kk ,oa izfr:Ik dk fo'ys"k.k djuk gSA izLrqr v/;;u eq[;r% izkFkfed vk¡dM+ksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA loZizFke v/;;u {ks=k ds lHkh

fodkl[k.Mksa ls fodkl[k.Mokj mu xk¡oksa dh lwph izkIr dh xbZ tgk¡ dbZ o"kksZa ls fo'ks"kdj v/;;u o"kZ 2013&14 esa vYidkfyd mRizokl

vis{kkd`r vf/kd gq, gSA mRizokl izHkkfor xk¡oksa dh lwph ds vk/kkj ij mís';iw.kZ nSofun"kZu fof/k }kjk 43 izfrn"kZ xk¡oksa dk p;u fd;k x;k]

tgk¡ ls vYidkfyd mRizokl lokZf/kd gq, gSa ,oa dbZ o"kksZa ls gks jgk gSA izfrn"kZ xk¡oksa ds mu lHkh ifjokjksa ls mRizokl lEcaf/kr lwpuk,¡

,d=k dh x;h] tks o"kZ 2012&13 esa mRizokflr gq, gSA bl izdkj dqy 1306 mRizoklh ifjokj p;fur gq,A p;fur ifjokjksa ls mRizokl

laca/kh] muds lkekftd&vkfFkZd ,oa v/;;u laca/kh tkudkjh ,d=k djus ds fy, lk{kkRdkj ,oa vuqlwfp dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA

losZf{kr mRizoklh ifjokjksa dh dqy tula[;k ¼7190 O;fDr½ esa ls mRizokfl;ksa dk izfr'kr 47-63 gSA ftlesa iq:"k 56-08 izfr'kr

,oa efgyk 38-42 izfr'kr gSA vYidkfyd xzkeh.k mRizokfl;ksa esa 34-46 izfr'kr vuqlwfpr tutkfr] 21-75 izfr'kr vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa

43-79 izfr'kr vU; tkfr ls gSA xzkeh.k mRizokfl;ksa esa 62-13 izfr'kr O;fDr lk{kj gSA dqy lk{kj mRizokfl;ksa esa 40-12 izfr'kr ek=k lk{kj]

39-17 izfr'kr izkFkfed] 14-13 izfr'kr ek/;fed] 5-68 izfr'kr mPp ,oa mPpRrj ek/;fed ,oa 'ks"k 0-90 izfr'kr O;fDr Lukrd ,oa

LukrdksRrj Lrj rd f'kf{kr gSaaA o"kZ 2012&13 esa xaRkO; LFky esa jktukanxk¡o ,oa dchj/kke ftys ls dqy mRizoklh O;fDr;ksa esa ls 78-77

izfr'kr O;fDr fØ;k'khy jgsA dqy mRizoklh iq:"kksa esa 82-65 izfr'kr iq:"k ,oa dqy mRizoklh efgykvksa esa 72-60 izfr'kr efgyk,¡

fØ;k'khy jghA xarO; {ks=k esa fØ;k'khy mRizokfl;ksa esa ls 26-80 izfr'kr bZaV HkV~Bk esa] 38-51 izfr'kr lM+d Hkou fuekZ.k] 12-05 izfr'kr

d`f"k etnwj] 15-31 izfr'kr m|ksxksa esa ,oa 7-33 izfr'kr vU; dk;ksZa esa layXu gq,A dqy fØ;k'khy mRizokflr O;fDRk;ksa esa ls 13-53 izfr'kr

O;fDRk;ksa ds xarO; LFky esa dk;Z dh vof/k 100 fnu ls de] 49-56 izfr'kr O;fDRk;ksa 100&150 fnu] 28-69 izfr'kr O;fDr 150&200 fnu

rFkk 8-22 izfr'kr O;fDr;ksa dh fØ;k'khyr 200 fnuksa ls vf/kd jghA dk;Z'khy mRizokflr O;fDr;kas esa ls 6-15 izfr'kr cky Jfed dks] 4-

86 izfr'kr fL=k;ksa dks] 1-45 izfr'kr iq:"kksa dks izfrfnu dh nSfud etnwjh 150 :i;s ls de izkIr gqbZA ogha 28-50 izfr'kr efgykvksa vkSj 36-

95 izfr'kr iq:"kksa dks nSfud etnwjh 150&300 :i;s izkIr gqbZ] tcfd 300 :i;s ls vf/kd nSfud etnwjh flQZ iq:"kksa ¼22-09 izfr'kr½ dks

izkIr gqbZA mRizokflr ifjokjksa esa 2-83 izfr'kr ifjokjksa dh izfrfnu dh vk; 200 :i;s ls de jghA tcfd 35-53 izfr'kr ifjokjksa dh

izfrfnu dh vk; 200&400 :i;s] 41-96 izfr'kr ifjokjksa ds 400&600 :i;s ,oa 19-68 izfr'kr ifjokjksa dh izfrfnu dh vk; 600 ls

vf/kd izkIr fd,A dqy mRizoklh ifjokjksa esa ls 98-24 izfr'kr ifjokjksa }kjk cpr dh xbZA dqy cpr djus okys mRizoklh ifjokjksa esa ls

37-33 izfr'kr ifjokj 20000 :i;s ls de] 50-04 izfr'kr ifjokj 20000&40000 :i;s ,oa 12-63 izfr'kr ifjokj 40000 :i;s ls vf/kd

cpr fd;sA lkjka'kr% jktukanxk¡o ,oa dchj/kke ftys ls vYidkfyd xzkeh.k mRizokl esa mRizokfl;ksa ds mRizokl dk izeq[k dkj.k ek/;e

dh miyC/krk ,oa iw.kZdkfyd jkstxkj dk vHkko gS] ogha xarO; LFky esa vis{kkd`r vf/kd etnwjh esa dk;Z dh miyC/krk gSA

'kks/k lkjka'k

1- Mk- vkse dqekjh oekZ] fjlpZ ,lksfl,V] ia- jfo'kadj fo'ofo|ky;] jk;iqj] N-x-A2- Mk- lsou dqekj Hkkjrh] lgk;d v/;kid Hkwxksy] 'kkldh; egkfo|ky;] izseuxj] ftyk lwjtiqj] N-x-A

vksedqekjh oekZ ,oa lsou dqekj Hkkjrh

vYidkfyd xzkeh.k mRizokfl;ksa dh vkfFkZd n'kk,¡% jktukanxk¡o ,oa dchj/kke ftys dk rqyukRed v/;;u


Vol. 24, 2019

R.N.I. No. UPBIL/1996/7631

I.S.S.N. - 0975-4903

[[46


IkzLrkouk fu;af=r gksrh gSA rFkkfi xUrO; LFky esa jkstxkj dk vuqca/k ,oa vf/kdre vk; dk izyksHku fuokl dh vof/k fdlh LFkku ds tula[;k ifjorZu ,oa fo'ys"k.k ds fu/kkZj.k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gS ¼f=ikBh] 2001½A esa iztuurk vkSj eR;Zrk dh Hkkafr izokl dk Hkh eq[; LFkku

gSA ftl izdkj izokl dh izo`fÙk] vkfFkZd voljksa ds jktukanxk¡o ,oa dchj/kke ftyk] NRrhlx<+ ifjorZu dk lqanj lwpdkad gksrk gSA mlh izdkj izokl] csflu dk if'pe Hkkx gSA viuh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr ds lkekftd ifjorZu dk vR;ar egRoiw.kZ lwpd Hkh gSA dkj.k ;g jkT; dk lcls de o"kkZ okyk Hkkx gS] tks vkS|ksfxd Økafr us xzkeh.k —f"k Jfedksa dks uxjksa ,oa eSdky Js.kh ds o`f"V Nk;k izns'k ds varxZr vkrk gSA ;gk¡ egkuxjksa dh vksj vkdf"kZr fd;k ftlls fujUrj xzkeh.k de o"kkZ ,oa flapkbZ dh deh ds lkFk vuqlwfpr tkfr dh {ks= ls uxjh; {ks= dh vksj izokl dh /kkjk cgrh tk jgh Hkh vf/kdrk gSA ifj.kker% xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ls vYidkfyd vkSj ftl ek=k esa egkuxjksa vkSj vkS|ksfxd dsUnzksa dh mRizokl cM+h ek=k esa fd;k tkrk gS] ftlus jkT; dh lajpuk fodflr gqbZ] mlh ek=k esa mRizokl esa Hkh o`f) tula[;k fu;kstdksa ds le{k u dsoy pqukSrh nh gS] vfirq gqbZA jkstxkj ds volj rFkk vkfFkZd n'kkvksa esa lq/kkj dh lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl ij ,d iz'u fpUg Hkh yxk ykylk esa yksx vusd dfBukb;ksa ds ckotwn mRizokl ds fn;k gSA bUgha rF;ksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, v/;;u gsrq bl fy, izksRlkfgr gksrs gSa ¼feJk] 2013½A izokl ls tula[;k fo"k;oLrq dk p;u fd;k x;k gSAfodkl dh nj ?kV tkrh gS rFkk tula[;k dk iqufoZrj.k v/;;u ds mn~ns';gksrk gS] tula[;k dh lajpuk ,oa vkdkj esa vUrj vk

izLrqr 'kks/k i= esa v/;;u dk eq[; mÌs'; tkrk gS vkSj fyax vuqikr Hkh cny tkrk gS ¼iar] 2013½A jktukanxk¡o ,oa dchj/kke ftys ls mRizokl dh ek=k ,oa vYidkfyd izokl ds vUrxZr os ekuo izokl lfEefyr dkj.kksa dk v/;;u djuk] mRizokflr ifjokjksa dh gksrs gSa] ftudh vof/k ¼ N% ekg ls de½ FkksM+h gksrh gSaA tukafddh] lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd n'kkvkas dk v/;;u blesa izoklh dqN fnu ;k eghus ds Hkhrj gh vius ewy djukA mRizokfl;ksa ds xarO; LFky dh dkf;Zd n'kk ,oa LFkku dks ykSV vkrs gSa ¼ekS;Z] 2013½Aizfr:i dk v/;;u djuk ,oa mRizokfl;ksa dh leL;kvksa

Þ/kku dk dVksjkÞ dgk tkus okyk NRrhlx<+ Hkkjr dk v/;;u djuk gSA esa vYidkfyd xzkeh.k mRizokl dk ,d egRoiw.kZ {ks= cu

'kks/k ifjdYiuk,¡ x;k gSA NRrhlx<+ esa o"kkZ dh vfu;ferrk ,oa flapkbZ dh deh ds dkj.k izns'k esa [kjhQ Qly dk mRiknu 1- vYidkfyd xzkeh.k mRizokl] vflafpr ,oa fiNM+sa lokZf/kd izHkkfor gksrk gSA izns'k ds ,sls {ks= tgk¡ flapkbZ {ks=ksa ls vf/kd gksrk gS] ftuesa Hkwfeghu ,oa lhekar ,oa y?kq&dqVhj m|ksxkas dh ux.;rk gS rFkk vuqlwfpr —"kdksa dh vf/kdrk gksrh gSAtkfr;ksa dh cgqyrk gS] izfro"kZ xzkeh.k tula[;k ds le{k 2- mRizokfl;ksa esa ;qok] vdq'ky ,oa vf'kf{kr fØ;k'khy [kjhQ Qly dVkbZ ds ckn] jkstxkj dh leL;k mRiUu O;fDr;ksa dh vf/kdrk gksrh gSAgks tkrh gSA ifj.kker% iw.kZdkfyd jkstxkj ds vHkko esa

fof/kra= jkT; ds xzkeh.k {ks=ksa dh tula[;k tgk¡ izfro"kZ jkT; vFkok Hkkjr ds vU; jkT;ksa ds fofHkUu uxjksa ,oa egkuxjksa izLrqr v/;;u izkFkfed vk¡dM+ksa ij vk/kkfjr gS] dh vksj mRizokflr gksrs gaS] ogha [kjhQ Qly cqvkbZ ds vko';drkuqlkj f}rh;d vk¡dM+ksa dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k igys ykSV vkrs gaSA v/;;u {ks= esa] xzkeh.k mRizokl dh x;k gSA loZizFke jktukanxk¡o ,oa dchj/kke ftys esa le; lhek izR;{k :i ls [kjhQ Qly fo'ks"kr% /kku ls vYidkfyd xzkeh.k mRizokl ls izHkkfor fodkl[k.Mksa dh

[[47


igpku dh xbZA blds fy, fodkl[k.M vf/kdkjh] jkgr {ks= dh dqy tula[;k ¼0&6 vk;qoxZ dks NksM+dj½ esa 69-'kk[kk ,oa tuir iapk;r dk;kZy;ksa ls fodkl[k.Mokj 46 izfr'kr O;fDr lk{kj gS] tcfd dchj/kke ftys ¼61-mu xk¡oksa dh lwph izkIr dh xbZ] tgk¡ ls fiNys dbZ o"kksZa ls 95½ dh vis{kk jktukanxk¡o ftys ¼76-97½ esa lk{kj O;fDr vkSj fo'ks"kdj v/;;u o"kZ 2013&14 esa vYidkfyd dk izfr'kr vf/kd gaSA mRizokl gq, gSA bu izHkkfor xk¡oksa dks ekufp= ij mRizokflr O;fDr;ksa dh lkekftd&vkfFkZd n'kk iznf'kZr dj vYidkfyd xzkeh.k mRizokl ds {ks=ksa dh

mRizokl dh tukafddh lajpuk ls xarO; LFky igpku dh xbZA {ks= ds lHkh fodkl[k.M ls vYidkfyd esa] u dsoy euq"; ,oa HkkSfrd lk/kuksa dk larqyu lq/kkj xzkeh.k mRizokl dk v/;;u djus ds fy, mÌs';iw.kZ gksrk gSA vfirq] tula[;k ds varj lEca/kksa ls {ks= esa nSofun"kZu fof/k }kjk izR;sd fodkl[k.Mksa ls 3&3 xkaoksa LoLF; lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd n'kk,¡ fufeZr gksrh gS dk p;u dj dqy 43 izfrn"kZ xk¡oksa dk p;u fd;k x;k ¼f=ikBh] 2001½A ;|fi jktukanxk¡o ,oa dchj/kke ftys ftlesa dqy 1306 vYidkfyd mRizoklh xzkeh.k ifjokjksa ls xzkeh.k tula[;k dk mRizokl vYidkfyd gksrk gSA ls v/;;u laca/kh tkudkjh izkIr dh xbZA bu 1306 vYidky ds fy,] gq, mRizokl esa gh v/;;u {ks= ,oa ifjokjksa ls xzkeh.k vYidkfyd mRizokfl;ksa ds mRizokl xarO; LFky dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa ek=kRed ,oa xq.kkRed dh izo`fRr rFkk muds lkekftd] vkfFkZd ,oa O;kolkf;d ifjoZru gksrs gSaA {ks= esa ekSleh izokl ds le; —f"k n'kkvksa ds v/;;u ds fy, lk{kkRdkj vuqlwph iz;qDr dh etnwjksa dh deh ls] —f"k O;oLFkk fo'ks"k :i ls izHkkfor xbZA gksrh gSA ftys ls mRizokflr ifjokjksa dh dqy tula[;k esa

v/;;u {ks= 47-64 izfr'kr O;fDr mRizokflr gq,A p;fur mRizokflr v/;;u {ks=] egkunh csflu dk if'pe Hkkx gS ifjokjksa esa iq:"kksa ¼56-08 izfr'kr½ dk izfr'kr vf/kd jgkA

ftlesa jktukanxk¡o ,oa dchj/kke ftyk ¼2007^ mRrj ls mRizokflr O;fDr;ksa esa 25-87 izfr'kr ckyoXkZ ¼0&14 22036^ mRrjh v{kka'k ,oa 80023^ ls 82037^ iwohZ ns'kkarj½ vk;q½ ,oa 73-64 izfr'kr ;qok ls gSaA izokfl;ksa dk lfEefyr gSA jktukanxk¡o ,oa dchj/kke ftyk 13 fyaxkuqikr xarO; {ks= dh vFkZO;oLFkk ,oa tukafddh rRoksa fodkl[k.Mksa esa foHkDr gSA ;gka dk dqy HkkSxksfyd dks izHkkfor djus esa egRoiw.kZ gksrs gSaA v/;;u {ks= ls {ks=Qy 11980 oxZ fdyksehVj gSA jktukanxk¡o ,oa mRizokflr O;fDr;ksa dk vkSlr fyaxkuqikr 627 efgyk dchj/kke] eSdy ioZr Js.kh ds o`f"V&Nk;k izns'k ds lkFk izfrgtkj iq:"k gSA rqyukRed n`f"V ls jktukanxk¡o ftys jkT; dk de o"kkZ okyk ¼100 lseh ls de½ {ks= Hkh gSA ;gk¡ ¼596 efgyk izfrgtkj½ dh vis{kk dchj/kke ftys ¼694 flafpr {ks= 41-08 izfr'kr ls Hkh de gSA {ks= dk 8-20 efgyk izfrgtkj½ dk fyaxkuqikr vf/kd gSAizfr'kr Hkkx oukPNkfnr gSA mRrjh Hkkx cSxk rFkk nf{k.k tula[;k dh lkekftd lajpuk] vkfFkZd Hkkx xksM+ tutkfr cgqy {ks= gS] ftlesa mRizokl dh fodkl dk vk/kkj LraHk gSA dksbZ Hkh ns'k ;k lekt vFkok izo`fRr de gksrh gSA o"kZ 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj O;fDr rc rd izxfr dh jkg ij vxzlj ugha gks ldrk] {ks= dh dqy tula[;k 23]59]759 O;fDr gS] ftlesa 49-74 tc rd ogk¡ dh tula[;k dh lkekftd n'kk,¡ Bhd ugha izfr'kr iq:"k ,oa 50-26 izfr'kr efgyk gSA tula[;k gksxh ¼of'k"B] 2010½A ifjokj dk vkdkj] izdkj] tkfr ?kuRo 193 O;fDr izfroxZ fdyksehVj gS ,oa tula[;k lajpuk] oSokfgd fLFkfr ,oa lk{kjrk Lrj vkfn lkekftd o`f)nj 30-24 izfr'kr gSA {ks= esa fyaxkuqikr 1010 efgyk lajpuk ds fu/kkZj.k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA fdlh izfrgtkj iq:"k gS] tcfd dchj/kke ftys ¼997½ dh Hkh {ks= dh tula[;k ds lkekftd n'kk dks izeq[kr% rhu vis{kk jktukanxk¡o ftys ¼1017½ dk fyaxkuqikr vf/kd gSA dkjd&f'k{kk] LokLF; ,oa O;kolkf;d lajpuk] egRoiw.kZ

[[48


<ax ls izHkkfor djrh gSaA blesa ifjokj dk vkdkj ,oa izkIr gqvk gS ogha lk{kj mRizokfl;ksa ¼65-41 izfr'kr½ dk izdkj lcls egRoiw.kZ gSA {ks= ds mRizokflr ifjokjksa esa izfr'kr dchj/kke ftys esa vf/kd izkIr gqvkA dqy lk{kj 60-18 izfr'kr ifjokj ,dy ifjokj gSA mRizoklh ifjokjksa O;fDr;ksa esa ls 40-12 izfr'kr O;fDr ek= lk{kj] 39-17 esa 40-05 izfr'kr ifjokj cM+s vkdkj ds gS] ftlesa lnL;ksa izfr'kr izkFkfed] 14-13 izfr'kr ek/;fed ,oa 5-68 dh la[;k N% ls vf/kd gS] tcfd 59-95 izfr'kr ifjokjksa izfr'kr mPp ,oa mPpRrj&ek/;fed Lrj rd f'kf{kr gSaaA dk vkdkj NksVk gS] ftuesa ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dh la[;k rqyukRed n`f"V ls mRizokfl;ksa esa tgka ek=&lk{kj rd ik¡p ls de gSA Kkr gks fd ek= 10-72 izfr'kr ifjokj ds f'kf{kr O;fDr;ksa ¼43-88 izfr'kr½ dk izfr'kr dchj/kke lnL;ksa dh la[;k tgk¡ UkkS ls vf/kd gSA mRizoklh ifjokjksa ftys esa vf/kd gS ogha izkFkfed Lrj ¼40-45 izfr'kr½ esa esa 21-75 izfr'kr ifjokj vuqlwfpr tkfr] 34-46 izfr'kr jktukanxk¡o ftys dk izfr'kr vf/kd jgk gSA ifjokj vuqlwfpr tutkfr ,oa 42-95 izfr'kr ifjokj xarO; LFky ds vk/kkj ij mRizokl izfr:ivU; fiNM+k oxZ ls gSA v/;;u {ks= ls xzkeh.k

{ks= ds dqy vYidkfyd xzkeh.k mRizokl dk vYidkfyd mRizokl esa fUkEu vkfFkZd LRkj ds yksxksa dh 81-78 izfr'kr mRizokl Hkkjr ds vU; jkT;ksa esa rFkk 13-49 vf/kdrk gksrh gS] ftlds dkj.k mRizoklh] ifjokj lfgr izfr'kr mRizokl NRrhlx<+ ds vU; ftyksa esa gqvkA izokflr gksrk gS] ftlesa mudh oSokfgr fLFkfr dh tcfd 4-73 izfr'kr mRizokl ftys ds vUnj n`"VO; gqvkA egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA {ks= ls mRizokflr O;fDr;ksa esa rqyukRed :i ls Hkkjr ds vU; jkT;ksa esa mRizokflr 38-10 izfr'kr O;fDr vfookfgr] 60-29 izfr'kr fookfgr O;fDr;ksa dk izfr'kr jktukanxk¡o ftys ¼79-08 izfr'kr½ ,oa 1-61 izfr'kr fo/kok] fo/kqj ,oa ifjR;Drk gSA dh vis{kk dchj/kke ftys ¼87-19 izfr'kr½ esa vf/kd jgkA vfookfgr esa iq:"kksa dk izfr'kr ¼40-35 izfr'kr½ ogha ftys ds vUnj ¼6-48 izfr'kr½ ,oa NRrhlx<+ ds vU; vis{kk—r vf/kd gS A ftyksa ¼14-44 izfr'kr½ ls mRizokflr O;fDr;ksa dk izfr'kr

fdlh Hkh {ks= ds lkekftd] vkfFkZd ,oa jktukanxk¡o ftys esa vis{kkd`r vf/kd jgkA LFkkuh; Lrj lkaL—frd lqn`<+rk ds fy, mRizokfl;ksa ds f'k{kk dk ij ftys ds vanj lokZf/kd mRizokl jktukanxk¡o ftys ds fo'ks"k egRo gksrk gSA f'k{kk tgk¡ yksxksa esa izkphu :f<+xr ekuiqj fodkl[k.M ¼11-67 izfr'kr½ ls gqvkA NRrhlx<+ ijEijkvksa dh cqjkbZ;ksa dks nwj djus dh {kerk rFkk ds vU; ftyksa esa mRizokl dk lokZf/kd izfr'kr vk/kqfud thou i)fr dks viukus esa tkx:drk mRiUu jktukanxk¡o ftys ds NqbZ[knku fodkl[k.M ¼19-14 djrh gS] ogha fuj{kjrk fdlh lekt ds lkekftd izfr'kr½ ls gqvk Afodkl] vkfFkZd izxfr ,oa jktuhfrd izkS<+rk ij vadq'k

Hkkjr ds jkT;okj lokZf/kd mRizokl dze'k% dk dk;Z djrk gS ¼pkanuk ,oa fl)w] 1980½A {ks= ds xzkeh.k jktukanxk¡o ftys ls egkjk"Vª] xqtjkr] fcgkj] vka/kzizns'k {ks=ksa ls mRizokfl;ksa }kjk ;|fi vYidkfyd izokl gksrk ,oa rfeyukMq jkT;ksa dh vksj vis{kkd`r vf/kd jghA gSa fdUrq bl vYidky ds izokl ls {ks= dh —f"k blds foijhr dchj/kke ftys ls mRrj izns'k] tEew ,oa vFkZO;oLFkk ij izfro"kZ —f"k Jfed dh ek=kRed deh d'ehj] iatkc] gfj;k.kk] e/;izns'k] >kj[k.M] fnYyh ,oa Li"V fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA pkanuk] ¼2012½ ds vuqlkj if'pe caxky esa vis{kk—r vf/kd gqvkA dchj/kke ftys mRizokfl;ksa dh lk{kjrk nj vkSj muds lkekftd Lrj esa ls Hkkjr ds vU; jkT;ksa dh vksj lokZf/kd mRizokl do/kkZ mPp /kukRed laca/k gksrk gSA {ks= ls mRizokflr O;fDr;ksa fodkl[k.M ¼89-56 izfr'kr½ ls vf/kd gqvkA {ks= ls Hkkjr ¼0&6 vk;q oxZ dks NksMdj½ esa 62-13 izfr'kr O;fDRk ds vU; jkT;ksa dh vksj mRizokflr ifjokjksa dk lokZf/kd lk{kj gSaA rqyukRed :i ls jktukanxko ftys esa tgka izfr'kr egkjk"Vª jkT; ¼38-27 izfr'kr½ esa ,oa U;wure fuj{kj mRizokfl;ksa ¼39-37 izfr'kr½ dk izfr'kr vf/kd

[[49


izfr'kr fcgkj jkT; ¼0-79 izfr'kr½ esa n`"VO; gqvkA ds dkj.kksa esa vkfFkZd dkj.kksa ls mRizoklh ifjokjksa dk dchj/kke ftys ls Hkkjr ds vU; jkT;ksa dh vksj mRizokl lokZf/kd izfr'kr dchj/kke ftys ds iaMfj;k fodkl[k.M izfr:i esa fHkUurk jgh tgka iatkc ,oa gfj;k.kk jkT; esa ¼95-19 izfr'kr½ esa rFkk lcls de cksM+yk fodkl[k.M lokZf/kd mRizokl do/kkZ fodkl[k.M ¼11-21 izfr'kr½ ls] ¼72-94 izfr'kr½ esa izkIr gqvkA tcfd izkd`frd dkj.kksa ls e/;izns'k] fnYyh] tEew ,oa d'ehj ,oa ia- caxky jkT; esa mRizoklh ifjokjksa dk lokZf/kd izfr'kr dchj/kke ftys ds iaMfj;k fodkl[k.M ls rFkk >kj[k.M jkT; esa cksM+yk gh cksM+yk fodkl[k.M ¼21-18 izfr'kr½ esa izkIr gqvkA ogha fodkl[k.M ¼7-14 izfr'kr½ ls vf/kd mRizokflr gq,A vU; dkj.kksa ls mRizoklh ifjokjksa dk lokZf/kd izfr'kr bl rjg jktukanxk¡o ftys ls Hkkjr ds vU; jkT;ksa esa jktukanxk¡o ftys ds jktukanxk¡o fodkl[k.M ¼11-01 mRizokflr O;fDr;ksa dk lokZf/kd izfr'kr mRrj izns'k izfr'kr½ esa rFkk U;wure izfr'kr dchj/kke ftys ds jkT; esa do/kkZ fodkl[k.M ¼34-53 izfr'kr½ ls] egkjk"Vª lgliqj yksgkjk fodkl[k.M ¼1-75 izfr'kr½ essa izkIr jkT; esa Mksaxjx<+ fodkl[k.M ¼57-05 izfr'kr½ ls] gqvkA Nqfj;k fodkl[k.M esa bldk izfr'kr ux.; jgkA xqtjkr jkT; esa vEckx<+ pkSdh fodkl[k.M ¼22-73 mYys[kuh; gS fd dchj/kke ftys ds cksM+yk fodkl[k.M izfr'kr½ ls] fcgkj esa [kSjkx<+ fodkl[k.M ¼2-90 izfr'kr½ esa vYio"kkZ ,oa o`f"VNk;k izns'k ds dkj.k ;gk¡ ds —"kd ls] vka/kizns'k jkT; esa Nqfj;k fodkl[k.M ¼22-92 izfr'kr½ ifjokjksa }kjk lokZf/kd mRizokl gqvk] tcfd vkfFkZd ls] rfeyukMw jkT; esa ekuiqj fodkl[k.M ¼28-57 dkj.kksa ls iaMfj;k fodkl[k.M ls vf/kd mRizokl gq, tks izfr'kr½ ls vf/kd mRizokflr gq,A nksuksa {ks=ksa esa iw.kZ dkfyd jkstxkj ds vHkko esa mRizokl dks

iznf'kZr djrk gSAmRizokl ds dkj.kxarO; LFky esa mRizokfl;ksa dh dkf;Zd ,oa mRizokl ds dkj.kksa ds vUrxZr vkfFkZd dkj.k O;kolkf;d n'kk,¡ftlesa jkstxkj dh fuf'pRkrk ,oa vkfFkZd YkkHk

fjpMZ ¼1978½ ds vuqlkj fdlh Hkh ns'k vFkok _.kxzLrrk] Hkwfeghu —"kd] csjkstxkjh vkfn dkj.kksa dks izns'k ds fofHkUu O;olk;ksa esa dk;Zjr tula[;k ds Lo:i j[kk x;k gSA izkd`frd dkj.kksa esa o`f"V Nk;k izns'k ds dks O;kolkf;d lajpuk dh laKk nh tkrh gSA fdlh Hkh varxZr vYi o"kkZ iz/kku xk¡oksa ls mRizokflr O;fDr;ksa dks ns'k ds vFkZra= ij dk;Z'khy tula[;k dk izR;{k izHkko j[kk x;k gS] ogha vU; dkj.kksa esa 'kkSfd;k rkSj ij] iM+rk gS ¼;kno ,oa foykl] 2014½A fdlh Hkh LFkku dh fj'rsnkjksa ,oa fe=ksa ds lkFk] NqvkNqr :<+hokfnrk] O;kolkf;d lajpuk] ogk¡ ds vkfFkZd&lkekftd fodkl lkekftd :i ls cfg"d`r O;fDr;ksa vkfn dks lEefyr dk lwpd gksrk gSA uxjh; {ks=ksa esa xzkeh.k {ks=ksa dh rqyuk fd;k x;k gSA esa] tgk¡ dkf;Zd foHksnu vf/kd gksrs gaS A rFkkfi nksuksa {ks=ksa jktukanxk¡o ,oa dchj/kke ftys ds dqy dh vFkZO;oLFkk dh iz—fr ,oa lkekftd thou esa mRizoklh ifjokjksa ¼1306½ esa ls 84-30 izfr'kr ifjokjksa vR;f/kd vUrj gksrk gSA vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa esa Hkkx ysus }kjk vkfFkZd dkj.kksa ls] 11-03 izfr'kr izkd`frd dkj.kksa ls dh nj uxjh; {ks=ksa esa xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ls de gksrk gS ,oa 4-67 izfr'kr ifjokjksa }kjk vU; dkj.kkas ls mRizokl ¼etwenkj] 2002½A dk;Z'khy tula[;k dh O;kolkf;d gqvkA rqyukRed n`f"V ls vkfFkZd dkj.kksa ls mRizokl esa lajpuk fdlh Hkh lekt dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr ,oa mlesa gksus jktukanxk¡o ftys ¼84-42 izfr'kr½ esa vis{kkd`r vf/kd okys ifjorZu ij izHkko Mkyrh gSA vkfFkZd n`f"V ls fdlh jgk ogha izkd`frd dkj.kksa ¼11-22 izfr'kr½ ,oa vU; Hkh {ks= dh tula[;k dh O;kolkf;d lajpuk vR;Ur dkj.kksa ¼4-74 izfr'kr½ ls mRizokl esa dchj/kke ftys esa egRoiw.kZ gksrh gS D;ksafd blls {ks= dh vFkZO;oLFkk o vis{kk—r vf/kd n`"VO; gqvkA {ks=h; vk/kkj ij mRizokl

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vkfFkZd thou ds lEca/k esa egRoiw.kZ tkudkjh izkIr gksrh dh xzkeh.k tula[;k ds vYidkfyd mRizokl dh izo`fRr gSA O;kolkfld lajpuk ds v/;;u ls {ks= fo'ks"k ds esa fujUrj o`f)] xarO; LFky dh vuqdwy vkfFkZd n'kkvksa fuokfl;ksa ds jgu&lgu ,oa thou ;kiu ds Lrj dk dk |ksrd gSaA lekU;r;k] jktukanxk¡o ,oa dchj/kke lVhd vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gS ¼vxzoky] 1977½A ftys ls mRizokflr O;fDr;ksa essa fuj{kj vFkok vYilk{kj

,oa vdq'ky] —f"k etnwj vf/kd gSA xarO; LFky esa izokl ds izsjd dkjdksa esa vkfFkZd mÌs'; vf/kd mRizokfl;ksa dh dkf;Zd lajpuk ds fu/kkZj.k esa mudh izcy gksrs gaS] rFkkfi mRizokfl;ksa dh vfHkxE;rk ,oa vdq'kyrk vFkok vYilk{kjrk dk dksbZ fo'ks"k izHkko ugha fuokl dh vof/k ij jkstxkj ds voljksa dh fuf'prrk] iM+rk] D;ksafd mRizokfl;ksa dh dkf;Zd lajpuk dk dk;Z dh izd`fr ,oa vf/kd vk; dk izyksHku dk egRoiw.kZ fu/kkZj.k nYkky vFkok Bsdsnkj }kjk vuqcaf/kr gksrk gS] izHkko iM+rk gSA vYidkfyd xzkeh.k mRizokl esa rFkkfi mRizokfl;ksa dh dkf;Zd n{krk dks fodflr djus lkekU;r;k] fuEu lkekftd&vkfFkZd Lrj ds vf'kf{kr esa muds izokl dh ckjEckjrk ,oa ,d gh xarO; LFky dk ,oa vdq'ky O;fDr;ksa dh cgqyrk gksrh gS ftlds dkj.k p;u egRoiw.kZ LFkku j[krk gSA buesa izokl tuu {ks= ds vkd"kZ.k dk izHkko] de le;

rd gh izHkko'khy gksrk gSA ifj.kker% mRizoklh O;fDr] v/;;u {ks= ls mRizokflr dqy dk;Z'khy xUrO; LFky esa yEcs le; rd fLFkj ugha jg ikrsA fdlh tula[;k ¼2698½ esa ls 38-51 izfr'kr O;fDr lM+d ,oa Hkh {ks= esa] vkus okys izokfl;ksa esa ogk¡ dh yEch vof/k esa Hkou fuek.kZ dk;Z esa] 26-80 izfr'kr baZV HkV~Bk dk;Z esa] 15-fuokljr~ O;fDr;ksa esa] ogk¡ dh vis{kk iqu% izokl dh 31 izfr'kr m|ksxksa esa] 12-05 izfr'kr —f"k dk;Z ,oa 7-33 laHkkouk,¡ vf/kd gksrh gSa ¼eksfjlu] 1967½A bl izdkj izfr'kr O;fDr vU; dk;Z esa lfØ; jgs A bl izdkj xarO; izokl ls izokl dk tuu gksrk gSA vr% v/;;u {ks= ds LFky esa mRizokfl;ksa ds izeq[k dk;Z lM+d ,oa Hkou ,oa bZaV mRizokfl;ksa ds mRizokl dh ek=k ,oa ckjEckjrk ds HkV~Bk esa etnwjh dk jgkA rqyukRed n`f"V ls bZaV HkV~Bk fu/kkZj.k esa xUrO; LFkYk esa] mRizokfl;ksa ds fuokl dh dk;ksZa esa jktukanxk¡o ftys ¼23-58 izfr'kr½ dh vis{kk vof/k fo'ks"k egRo j[krh gSA feJk ¼2013½ ds vuqlkj dchj/kke ftys ¼34-02 izfr'kr½ ds mRizokfl;ksa dh jkstxkj ds volj rFkk vkfFkZd n'kkvksa esa lq/kkj dh lgHkkfxrk vf/kd jghA {ks=h; vk/kkj ij bZaV HkV~Bk dk;ksZa ykylk esa yksx vusd dfBukb;ksa ds ckotwn mRizokl ds esa mRizokfl;ksa dh lcls vf/kd lfØ;rk dchj/kke ftys fy, izksRlkfgr gksrs gSa A xarO; LFky esa xzkeh.k ds iaMfj;k fodkl[k.M ¼37-76 izfr'kr½ esa n`"VO; gqvkA mRizokfl;ksa dh vkfFkZd n'kkvksa ds varxZr] mRizokfl;ksa ds ogha jktukanxk¡o ftys ds dk;Z'khy mRizokfl;ksa dh dk;Z ,oa dk;Z dh vof/k] mRizoklh ifjokj dh vk; ,oa lgHkkfxrk m|ksx ¼18-33 izfr'kr½] lM+d ,oa Hkou fuekZ.k cpr vkfn dk v/;;u lfEefyr gSaA lekU;r;k] ¼37-30 izfr'kr½ dk;ksZa esa vis{kk—r vf/kd jghA {ks=h; mRizokfl;ksa ds xarO; LFky esa fØ;k'khy jgus dh ;k vk/kkj ij lM+d ,oa Hkou fuek.kZ dk;Z esa mRizokfl;ksa dh vf/kd fnuksa rd dk;Z feyus dh vof/k] ifjokj dh vk; lcls vf/kd lgHkkfxrk jktukanxk¡o ftys ds vEckx<+ ,oa cpr dk lh/kk lEca/k O;kolkf;d n'kkvksa ls gksrk gSA PkkSdh fodkl[k.M ds mRizokfl;ksa ¼50-74 izfr'kr½ esa vkfFkZd n'kkvksa dh vuqdwy ifjfLFkfr u dsoy jgkA ,oa m|ksxksa esa lcls vf/kd lgHkkfxrk ekuiqj mRizokfl;ksa ds mRizokl dh vof/k dks c<+krk gS] cfYd fodkl[k.M ds mRizokfl;ksa ¼26-46 izfr'kr½ esa jghA —f"k muds ,d gh LFky ij gksus okys izokl dh ckjEckjrk esa dk;Z esa layXu fØ;k'khy mRizokfl;ksa dk izfr'kr Hkh o`f) djrk gSA jktukanxk¡o ftys ¼11-20 izfr'kr½ dh vis{kk dchj/kke

ftys ¼13-94 izfr'kr½ esa vf/kd izkIr gqvkA {ks=h; vk/kkj v/;;u {ks=] jktukanxk¡o ,oa dchj/kke ftys ij —f"k esa lcls vf/kd lgHkkfxrk jktukanxk¡o ftys ds

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[kSjkx<+ fodkl[k.M ds mRizokfl;ksa ¼20-09 izfr'kr½ esa izdkj 150&200 fnu dk;Z dk lcls vf/kd izfr'kr izkIr gqvkA tcfd vU; dk;Z esa layXu fØ;k'khy jktukanxk¡o ftys ds Mksaxjxk¡o fodkl[k.M ¼42-32 mRizokfl;ksa dk izfr'kr dchj/kke ftys ¼2-28 izfr'kr ½ izfr'kr½ esa n`"VO; gqvkA ,oa 200 fnu ls vf/kd dk;Z dk dh vis{kk jktukanxk¡o ftys ¼9-59 izfr'kr½ esa vis{kk—r mPp izfr'kr jktukanxk¡o ftys ds ekuiqj fodkl[k.M ds vf/kd n`"VO; gqvkA {ks=h; vk/kkj ij vU; dk;Z esa lcls mRizokfl;ksa ¼27-06 izfr'kr½ esa iznf'kZr gqvk A bl izdkj vf/kd lgHkkfxrk jktukanxk¡o ftys ds ekuiqj xarO; LFky esa lokZf/kd mRizokfl;ksa esa ls 49-56 izfr'kr fodkl[k.M ¼33-53 izfr'kr½ eas jgkA mRizokfl;ksa dk dk;Z fnol 100&150 fnu Fkk] nwljh vksj

200 ls vf/kd dk;Z dh vof/k] ek= 8-22 izfr'kr xarO; LFky esa dk;Z dh vof/k mRizokfl;ksa esa jghaA blls Li"V gksrk gS fd xarO; LFky esa

mRioz klh O;fDr] mRioz kl LFky ij ftruh mRizokfl;ksa dks vf/kd dke 5 ekg rd miyC/k gksrk gSAvof/k rd :drk g]S mls Jfedka s ds ioz kl dh vof/k ;k

xarO; LFky esa izfrfnu dh etnwjh dk;Z dh vof/k dgk tkrk gAS lkekU;r% mRioz kl dks nks oxka Zs ea s foHkDr fd;k tkrk gASS iFz ke eklS eh ;k NRrhlx<+ dk etnwj ;fn vius jkT; dks vYidkfyd mRioz kl ,oa f}rh; fujra j ;k LFkk;h NksM+dj vU; jkT;ksa dh vksj mRizokl dj jgk gS rks bldk mRioz klA tc mRioz klh de vof/k ds fy, ioz kl djrk g]S loZizeq[k mn~ns'; vf/kd etnwjh izkIr gksus dh vkdka{kk gS rks mls vYidkfyd mRioz kl dgrs gaS rFkk tc mRioz klh ¼;kno] 2008½A {ks= esa mRizokflr O;fDr;ksa dh izfrfnu fujUrj ,oa vf/kd vof/k rd xra O; LFky ea s :drs g]S rks dh etnwjh fu/kkZj.k esa ifjokj ds izfrfnu ds vk; dk bls LFkk;h mRioz kl dgrs gS ¼;kno] 2008½A jktukna xk¡o fo'ks"k egRo gSA xarO; LFky esa izkIr nSfud etnwjh dk ,oa dchj/kke ftys ds dyq fØ;k'khy mRioz kflr O;fDRk;ka s izHkko mRizoklh ifjokj ds izfrfnu ds vk; ij iM+rk gSA ea s ls 13-53 ifz r'kr O;fDRk;ka s ds xra O; LFky ea s dk;Z dh xarO; LFky esa mRizoklh ifjokjksa ds izfrfnu dh vk; dh vof/k 100 fnu ls de] 49-56 ifz r'kr O;fDRk;ka s ds x.kuk ifjokj ds fØ;k'khy lnL;ksa dks izkIr dqy etnwjh 100&150 fnu] 28-69 ifz r'kr O;fDr;ka s ds 150&200 fnu ds vk/kkj ij dh x;h gSA rFkk 8-22 ifz r'kr O;fDr;ka s dh 200 ls vf/kd fnu jghA {ks= ls mRizokflr dk;Z'khy O;fDr;kas esa ls 6-15 ryq ukRed nf"V ls tgka 100 fnu ls de dk;Z dk izfr'kr cPps dks] 4-86 izfr'kr fL=;ksa dks] 1-45 izfr'kr lokfZ /kd ifz r'kr jktukna xk¡o ftys ¼15-92 ifz r'kr½ ea s iq:"kksa dks nSfud etnwjh izfrO;fDr 150 :i;s ls de vf/kd jgkA ogha 100&150 ¼53-85 ifz r'kr½ ,oa 150&200 izkIr gqbZA ogha 28-50 izfr'kr efgykvksa vkSj 36-95 ¼32-45 ifz r'kr½ fnu dk;Z dh vof/k dk lokfZ /kd ifz r'kr izfr'kr iq:"kksa dks nSfud etnwjh 150&300 :i;s izkIr dchj/kke ftys ea s jghA tcfd 200 fnu ls vf/kd dk;Z dk gqbZA tcfd 300 :i;s ls vf/kd nSfud etnwjh 22-09 ifz r'kr vi{s kkdr jktukna xk¡o ftys ¼9-43 ifz r'kr½ ds izfr'kr iq:"kksa dks izkIr gqbZA rqyukRed n`f"V ls mRioz kfl;ka s ea s vf/kd jgkA dchj/kke ftys ¼32-43 izfr'kr½ ds mRizokfl;ksa esa

LFkkfud n`f"V ls {ks= ds mRizokflr O;fDr;ksa esa 150&300 :i;s ds nSfud etnwjh izkIr O;fDr;ksa dk 100 fnu ls de dk;Z fnol dk lokZf/kd izfr'kr izfr'kr vis{kkd`r vf/kd jgkA {ks=h; vk/kkj ij 150 jktukanxk¡o ftys ds Mksaxjx<+ fodkl[k.M ¼40-14 :i;s ls de ij cPpksa esa nSfud etnwjh dk lokZf/kd izfr'kr½ esa jgkA tcfd 100&150 fnu rd dk;Z dk izfr'kr jktukanxk¡o ftys ds Mksaxjxk¡o fodkl[k.M ¼8-lcls vf/kd izfr'kr dchj/kke ftys ds lgliqj yksgkjk 72 izfr'kr½ esa ,oa fL=;ksa dk lokZf/kd izfr'kr NqbZ[knku fodkl[k.M ds mRizokfl;ksa ¼64-29 izfr'kr½ esa jgkA blh fodkl[k.M ¼10-40 izfr'kr½ esa ,oa iq:"kksa dk lokZf/kd

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izfr'kr jktukanxk¡o fodkl[k.M ¼2-61 izfr'kRk½ esa izkIr izfr'kr½ esa] 600&800 :i;s vk; izkIr djus okys ifjokjksa gqvkA blh izdkj 150&300 :i;s dk nSfud etnwjh dk dk lokZf/kd izfr'kr jktukanxk¡o ftys ds Mksaxjxk¡o ¼29-fL=;ksa esa lokZf/kd izfr'kr dchj/kke ftys ds cksM+yk 47 izfr'kr½ esa rFkk 800 :i;s ls vf/kd izfrfnu izfr fodkl[k.M ¼37-24 izfr'kr½ esa ,oa iq:"kksa dk lokZf/kd ifjokj vk; izkIr djus okys dk lokZf/kd izfr'kr blh izfr'kr jktukanxk¡o ftys ds ekuiqj fodkl[k.M ¼64-12 ftys ds jktukanxk¡o fodkl[k.M ¼11-92 izfr'kr½ esa izfr'kr½ esa n`"VO; gqvk ,oa 300 :i;s ls vf/kd nSfud jgkA etnwjh esa iq:"kksa dk lokZf/kd izfr'kr jktukanxk¡o ftys ifjokj dh cpr ds vEckx<+ PkkSdh fodkl[k.M ¼30-05 izfr'kr½ esa n`"VO;

xarO; LFky esa izk;% lHkh mRizoklh ifjokjksa dh gqvkA eukso`fRr vf/kd ls vf/kd iSls tek djus dh gksrh gS]

xaaarO; LFky esa izfrfnu izfr ifjokj dh vk; ifj.kker% os viuh vko';dRkkvksa dks cgqr lhfer dj xzkeh.k {ks= esa Jfedksa ds mRizokl esa mRizokl [kpZ djrs gSaA cpr dh izo`fRr esa dk;Z dq'kyrk dk Hkh

LFky ls gksus okyh vf/kd vk; egRoiw.kZ dkjd gksrk gS izHkko iM+rk gS tks izoklh dq'ky Jfed gS mudh etnwjh ftlls muds Hkj.k&iks"k.k dh fLFkfr lq/kjrh gS ¼xtiky] vf/kd gksus ls mudk cpr Hkh vf/kd gksxk rFkk tks 2009½A mRizokfl;ksa dh dkf;Zd lajpuk ds fu/kkZjd mRizoklh vdq'ky Jfed gS etnwjh de gksus ls cpr Hkh ?kVdksa dk izHkko mRizokfl;ksa ds vk; Lrj ij Hkh fn[kkbZ de gksxkAnsrk gS lekU;r;k] fuEu lkekftd&vkfFkZd Lrj] fuj{kj o"kZ 2012&13 esa v/;;u {ks= esa dqy mRizoklh vFkok de lk{kj] cPpksa ,oa efgykvksa dk vk; Lrj ifjokjksa esa ls 98-24 izfr'kr ifjokjksa }kjk cpr dh xbZA vis{kkd`r de gksrk gS ¼'kekZ] 2002½A {ks= ls mRizokflr rqyukRed n`f"V ls tgk¡ dchj/kke ftys esa 20000 :i;s O;fDr;ksa esa izfr ifjokj nSfud vk; esa 2-83 izfr'kr ls de vk; izkIr djus okys ifjokjksa dk izfr'kr vf/kd gS ifjokjksa dh 200 :i;s ls de] 35-53 izfr'kr ifjokjksa dh ogha 20000 :i;s ls vf/kd cpr djus okys mRizoklh 200&400 :i;s] 41-96 izfr'kr ifjokjksa ds 400&600 ifjokjksa dk izfr'kr jktukanxk¡o ftys ds vis{kkd`r :i;s] 14-93 izfr'kr ifjokjksa ds 600&800 :i;s rFkk 4- vf/kd gSA {ks=h; vk/kkj ij cpr djus okys mRizoklh 75 izfr'kr ifjokj 800 :i;s ls vf/kd izfrfnu ifjokj ifjokjksa dk izfr'kr jktukanxk¡o ftys ds NqbZ[knku] dh vk; izkIr fd,A rqyukRed n`f"V ls jktukanxk¡o ftys jktukanxk¡o] Mksaxjx<+ ,oa dchj/kke ftys ds iaMfj;k esa tgk¡ 400 :i;s ls de vk; izkIr djus okys ifjokjksa dk fodkl[k.M esa 'kr~ izfr'kr jgkA dqy cpr djus okys izfr'kr vis{kk—r vf/kd jgk ogha 400 :i, ls vf/kd mRizoklh ifjokjksa esa ls 37-33 izfr'kr ifjokj 20000 vk; izkIr djus okys ifjokjksa dk izfr'kr dchj/kke ftys :i;s ls de] 50-04 izfr'kr ifjokj 20000&40000 :i;s esa vis{kk—r vf/kd jgkA {ks=h; vk/kkj ij 200 :i;s ls ,oa 12-63 izfr'kr ifjokjksa dh cpr 40000 :i;s ls de vk; izkIr djus okys mRizoklh ifjokjksa dk lokZf/kd vf/kd jghA {ks=h; vk/kkj ij 20000 :i;s ls de cpr izfr'kr jktukanxk¡o ftys ds Mksaxjx<+ fodkl[k.M ds djus okys mRizoklh ifjokjksa dk lokZf/kd izfr'kr mRizokfl;ksa ¼12-64 izfr'kr½ esa] 200 ls 400 :i;s dh vk; dchj/kke ftys ds cksM+yk fodkl[k.M ¼66-25 izfr'kr½ esa] izkIr djus okys ifjokjksa dk lokZf/kd izfr'kr Nqfj;k 20000&40000 :i;s cpr djus okys ifjokjksa dk fodkl[k.M ¼60-00 izfr'kr½ esa izkIr gqvkA ogha 400&600 lokZf/kd izfr'kr jktukanxk¡o ftys ds NqbZ[knku izfrfnu vk; izkIr djus okys ifjokjksa dk lokZf/kd fodkl[k.M ¼67-86 izfr'kr½ ,oa 40000 :i;s ls vf/kd izfr'kr dchj/kke ftys ds cksM+yk fodkl[k.M ¼60-00 cpr dh izo`fÙk jktukanxk¡o ftys ds jktukanxk¡o

[[53


fodkl[k.M ¼44-95 izfr'kr½ ds mRizoklh ifjokjksa esa izfr'kr ifjokjksa dks nq?kZVuk ij eqvkotk dh lqfo/kk izkIr vis{kk—r vf/kd jgkA ugha gqbZA rFkk 69-68 izfr'kr ifjokjksa dks vfrfjDr dk;Z

dk Hkqxrku izkIr ugha gqvkA lkFk gh 61-26 izfr'kr mRizokfl;ksa dk xarO; LFky esa leL;k,¡ ifjokjksa dks okilh dk fdjk;k izkIr ugha gqvkA ;g lHkh

izokl izfØ;k ds QyLo:i mRizoklh {ks= dh leL;k,a vuqcaf/kr mRizoklh ds vf/kd mRizokl dk tukafddh fo'ks"krkvksa ;Fkk ?kuRo] o`f)] vk;q] fyax] f'k{kk izfrQy gSAbR;kfn esa ek=kRed ,oa xq.kkRed ifjoRkZu gksrs gSaA

mRizoklh u dsoy vfxze o"kZ ds izokl ds fy;s tula[;k ds ek=kRed ifjorZu ls mRizoklh {ks= dh iqu% vuqcaf/kr gksrs gaS vfirq vius fj'rsnkjksa ,oa ifjfprksa tula[;k dk ?kuRo ,oa ncko esa o`f) gksrh gS] ftlls dks Hkh mRizokl ds fy;s izksRlkfgr djrs gSaA ifj.kker% lalk/kuksa dh "kks"k.k {kerk esa Hkh o`f) gksrh gSA ifj.kker% v/;;u {ks= ls izfro"kZ mRizokflr xzkeh.k tula[;k dh {ks= dk vkfFkZd fodkl tgk¡ mUur ,oa le`)'kkyh gksrk ek=k esa fujUrj o`f) gks jgh gSaA xzkeh.k tula[;k ds gS] ogha tula[;k ?kuRo esa o`f) ls vkizoklh {ks= esa dbZ vYidkfyd mRizokl dh vof/k esa izokl tuu {ks=ksa esa lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd leL;k,¡ Hkh mRiUu gksrh gS ¼flag] tgka Jfedksa dh deh ls] jpukRed dk;Z ds fodkl esa 2009½A ck/kk mRiUu gqbZ gS ogha xarO; LFky esa jpukREkd dk;Z ds

lkekU;r;k] uxj dsUnzksaa esa mRizokfl;ksa dh eq[; fy, fodkl dk ekxZ iz'kLr gqvk gSAleL;k loZ lqfo/kk;qDr lLrs edku dh gksrh gSA

fu"d"kZ ,oa lq>ko ifj.kker% uxjksa esa xanh cfLr;ksa dk foLrkj gks jgk gSA v/;;u {ks= ls mRizokflr ifjokjksa esa 16-77 izfr'kr tula[;k mRizokl ls xarO; {ks= ,oa mRizoklh ifjokjksa dks lqfo/kktud ,oa fu%'kqYd vkokl izkIr ugha dks dbZ lkekftd] vkfFkZd ,oa vkoklh; dfBukb;ksa dk gqvkA mRizokflr ifjokjksa esa 21-76 izfr'kr ifjokj dks lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA ifjokj lfgr LFkkukUrj.k ls is;ty dh leL;k dk lkeuk djuk iM+k ogha 93-80 mRizokfl;ksa ds cPpksa dks i<+kbZ chp esa gh NksM+uh iM+rh gSaA izfr'kr mRizokflr ifjokjksa dks xarO; LFky esa 'kkSpky; ifj.kker% mRizokfl;ksa dh f'k{kk izkFkfed ,oa ek/;fed ls dh lqfo/kk ls oafpr jguk iM+kA lkFk gh mRizokflr vf/kd ugha gks ikrh gSaaA blhfy, mRizokfl;ksa esa fuj{kj ifjokjksa esa 62-33 izfr'kr ifjokjksa dks fpfdRlk lqfo/kk ,oa vYilk{kj O;fDr;ksa dh vf/kdrk gksrh gSA miyC/k ugha gqbZ] ftlls mUgsa xarO; LFky ij 'kkjhfjd] vYidkfyd xzkeh.k mRizokl ls ;|fi] mRizokfl;ksa dh ekufld ,oa vkfFkZd dfBukbZ;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA /kku dVkbZ ds ckn csjkstxkjah dh leL;k tgk¡ gy gksrh gS blh izdkj 95-25 izfr'kr ifjokjksa ds cPpksa dks [ksyus ds ogha xarO; LFky ls vf/kd vk; izkIr dj cpr Hkh djrs gaS fy;s eSnku dh lqfo/kk izkIr ugha gqbZA ;gha ugha 32-70 ftlls os vius dtZ ls Hkh eqDr gksus dk iz;kl djrs gaSA izfr'kr ifjokjksa dk jkstxkj iathdj.k ugha gqvk] ftlls bl vYidkfyd xzkeh.k mRizokl ls {ks= esa Ñf"k etnwj mUgsa jkstxkj izkIr djus ,oa lkekftd lqj{kk izkIr djus ,oa etnwjh dh leL;k mRiUu gksrh gS] lkFk gh esa dfBukbZ mRiUu gqbZA tcfd mRizokflr ifjokjksa esa 76- vYidkfyd mRizoklh O;fDr] Bsdsnkjksa ls vfxze jkf'k 42 izfr'kr ifjokjksa dks 'kklu }kjk fu/kkZfjr etnwjh ls izkIr dj vxys o"kZ ds fy, vuqcaf/kr gks tkrs gS ftldk ¼300 :i;sa ls½ de nSfud etnwjh izkIr gqbZA 16-77 ykHk Bsdsnkj ca/kd Lo:i esa ysrk gSA izfr'kr ifjokjksa dks fu;fer lkIrkfgd Hkqxrku izkIr ugha mRizokl ,d Lora= ekuoh; izfØ;k gS] ftlesa gqvkA tcfd 42-42 izfr'kr ifjokj dks lkIrkfgd vadq'k yxkuk vlEHko gS ijUrq mls fu;a=.k djus dk vodk'k dk ykHk izkIr ugha gqvkA blh izdkj 65-39

[[54


iz;kl fd;k tk ldrk gSA vr% 'kklu }kjk ftys dh 7- etwenkj] 'kSyh] 2002] jk;iqj uxj esa efgyk vFkZO;oLFkk dks lqn`<+ ,oa le`) cukus ds fy;s xzkeh.k vkizokl % ,d HkkSxksfyd fo'ys"k.k] vizdkf'kr 'kks/k {ks=ksa esa —f"k uoizoZu dj y?kq ,oa dqVhj m|ksxksa dk izca/k] ia- jfo'kadj 'kqDy fo'ofo|ky; jk;iqjA fodkl djsa rFkk [kjhQ Qly dVkbZ ds i'pkr~ ekSleh 8- feJk] t; izdk'k] 2013] tukafddh] lkfgR; Hkou csjkstxkj O;fDr;ksa ds fy;s iz'kklfud Lrj ij jkgr dk;Z ifCyds'kUl vkxjk] i`"B 233&241AfØ;kfUor djsa ftlls mRizoklh ifjokjksa esa vkfFkZd le`f)

9- flag] ;'koar] 2009] lksuHknz ¼m-iz-½ esa lkekU; ds lkFk lkekftdrk esa lq/kkj gks ldsaAvkafdd tula[;k dk fo'ys"k.k] mŸkj izns'k

References : HkkSxksfyd if=dk] vad 14, i`"B 96-104A

1. Agrawal, S. N., 1977 : India's Population 10- f=ikBh] 'kdqUryk] 2001] NRrhlx<+ ls vYidkfyd Problem, Tata Mc-Graw Hill, Publishing

Company Ltd., New Delhi. pp. 59. xzkeh.k mRizokl] vizdkf'kr 'kks/k izca/k] ia- jfo'kadj 2. Morrison, P., 1967, Duration of Residence and 'kqDy fo'ofo|ky;] jk;iqjA

Prospectiove Migration, Demography, Vol. 8, 11- of'k"B] lfjrk] 2010] efgyk l'kfDrdj.k] ds-ds- PP. 171-84.

ifCyds'kul~] ubZ fnYyhA3. Rechards, I., 1978, Population and Settlement in

Meerut District, Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, 12- ;kno] fouksn dqekj] 2008] NRrhlx<+ ds nqxZ ftys Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, p. 43-93.

esa xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ls Je iyk;u dh leL;k&,d 4- pkanuk] vkj- lh-] 2012] tula[;k Hkwxksy] dY;k.kh vkfFkZd fo'ys"k.k] vizdkf'kr 'kks/k izca/k] ia- jfo'kadj

ifCyds'klZ] yqf/k;kuk i`"B 206&336A 'kqDy fo'ofo|ky;] jk;iqjA

5- xtiky] ,y- ,l-] 2009] —f"k etnwjksa dk izokl] 13- ;kno] jkds'k dqekj ,oa foykl] jke] 2014] tuin izdkf'kr 'kks/k izca/k] fla?kbZ ifCy'klZ ,.M xksj[kiqj ds uxjksa dh O;kolkf;d lajpuk esa fMLVªhC;wVlZ] jk;iqj] i`"B 54&79A ifjorZu% ,d HkkSxksfyd v/;;u] jk"Vªh; HkkSxksfyd

if=dk] o"kZ 5] vad 2] i`"B 151-158A 6- ekS;Z] ,l-Mh-] 2013] tula[;k Hkwxksy] 'kkjnk iqLrd Hkou] bykgckn] i`"B 78&250A

dksjck uxj esa vkizoklh; dk;Z'khy efgykvksa dh LokLF; n'kk,¡ ,oa Lrj

fdlh Hkh {ks=k dh vkfFkZd fodkl dh fn'kk ,oa n'kk O;fDr ds LokLF; ij fuHkZj djrk gSA LokLF; n'kk,¡ mRre gksus ij Je'kfDr esa O;fDr;ksa dh Hkkxhnkjh vf/kd gksrh gSA ,d chekj ns'k dh Je'kfDr de gksrh gS rFkk mRiknu Hkh ?kVus yxrk gSA mRiknu ?kVus ls ns'k vkfFkZd :i ls fiNM+ tkrk gS rFkk O;fDr;ksa dk thou Lrj Hkh fxj tkrk gS ¼i.Mk] 2015½A mRre vkoklh; lqfo/kk] O;fDr;ksa ds LokLF; dks mRre cuk, j[krk gS rFkk LokLF; lqfo/kk,¡] LokLF; dks etcwr cukrs gSa ¼pkScs] 2012½A lekt esa efgykvksa dk LokLF; fo'ks"k egRoiw.kZ gksrk gS] D;ksafd efgykvksa dk mRre LokLF; ns'k ds fodkl dk izrhd gksrk gSA ,d vLoLFk efgyk iwjs ifjokj dks chekj dj nsrh gS] blls ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk rFkk mRiknu izHkkfor gksrk gSA vr% ns'k] lekt rFkk ifjokj ds fodkl ds fy, efgykvksa dk LoLFk jguk vko';d gh ugha] vfirq vfuok;Z Hkh gSA

'kCn dqath%& izokl {ks=k] vk;q] oSokfgd fLFkfr] O;olk; rFkk 'kS{kf.kd fLFkfr ds vuqlkj LokF; LrjA

IkzLrkouk uxj esa vkizoklh; dk;Z”khy efgykvksa dh LokLF; n'kk,W ,oa Lrj dk fo”ys"k.k djuk gSA lkFk gh LokLF; Lrj dk LokLF; thou dk ,d xq.k gksrk gS] tks O;fDr fo”ys"k.k izokl {ks=] vk;q] oSokfgd fLFkfr] O;kolk; rFkk dks loksZRre thou O;rhr djus rFkk fØ;k'khy jgus gsrq 'kS{kf.kd fLFkfr ds vk/kkj ij vyx vyx v/;;u izLrqr izsfjr djrk gS ¼flag] 2004½A LokLF; dk ekuo thou dh djuk gSAxq.koRrk ij xgjk izHkko iM+rk gSA ekuo thou ds lHkh

i{kksa esa LokLF; ,d vewY; lalk/ku gS] tks mPprj fof/kra= lkekftd rFkk ekuoh; thou ds fy, vko';d gSA uxj ds p;fur vkizoklh; dk;Z'khy efgykvksa efgykvksa dk LokLF; Lrj ns'k dh vkfFkZd fodkl dh ds lokLF; n'kk ,oa Lrj dk ifjdyu ekuoferh; dqath gksrh gSA gktjk ¼2010½ us efgykvksa ds LokLF; dk v/;;u] jksx ,oa chekjh rFkk LokLF; lqfo/kkvksa ds vk/kkj fo'ys"k.k djrs gq, crk;k gS fd fdlh Hkh ns'k ds fodkl ij fd;k x;kA vkizoklh; dk;Z'khy efgykvksa esa LokLF; esa efgykvksa ds LokLF; dh fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk gksrh gS rFkk n'kk ds fo'ys"k.k gsrq ekuoferh; v/;;u esa 'kjhj Hkfo"; esa cPpksa dk LokLF; eq[;r% ekrk ds LokLF; ij nzO;eku lwpdkad ¼BMI½ dk ifjdyu fd;k x;k] ftlds fuHkZj djrk gS] ;fn fdlh ekrk dk LokLF; fuEu Lrj dk fy, fuEufyf[kr lw= iz;ksx fd;k x;kA gS] rks mudh vkus okyh larku vLoLFk gksaxhA ekuo dh

gj fØ;kdyki] lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd]

'kjhj nzO;eku lwpdkad (BMI) = lkaL—frd] ckSf)d lfØ;rk vkfn LokLF; ij gh fuHkZj djrk gSA

izkIr 'kjhj nzO;eku lwpdkad dks rhu oxksZa esa v/;;u dk mn~ns'; j[kdj fo'ysf"kr fd;k x;k &

izLrqr ”kks/k esa v/;;u dk eq[; mn~ns”; dksjck

'kks/k lkjka'k

MkW- ¼Jherh½ ;fruafnuh iVsy] lgk;d izk/;kid] Hkwxksy foHkkx] 'kkldh; 'kcjh ekrk dU;k LukrdksRrj egkfo|ky; fcykliqj ¼N-x-½A

;fruafnuh iVsy


Vol. 24, 2019

R.N.I. No. UPBIL/1996/7631

I.S.S.N. - 0975-4903

'kjhj dk otu ¼fd-xzk-½2Å¡pkbZ ¼ehVj½

[[56


1- U;wu otu lwpdkad & 16 ls de ¼vR;f/kd fuEu½] blds fy, 'kjhj nzO;eku lwpdkad ¼Body Mass Index½ 16 ls 16-9 ¼vfr fuEu½] 17 ls 18-4 ¼fuEu½ dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS&

Å¡pkbZ 2- lkekU; otu lwpdkad &18-5 ls 19-9

vkizoklh; dk;Z'khy efgykvksa dh Å¡pkbZ dks 3- vR;f/kd otu lwpdkad &20 ls 24-9 ¼mPp otu½] rhu Lrj] ;Fkk& lkekU; ls de Å¡pkbZ ¼1-5 ehVj ls 25 ls 30 ¼vfr mPpotu½] 30 ls vf/kd ¼vR;f/kd de½] lkekU; Å¡pkbZ ¼1-5 ls 1-6 ehVj½ rFkk lkekU; ls mPp otu½vf/kd Å¡pkbZ ¼1-6 ehVj ls vf/kd½ esa oxhZ—r dj v/;;u {ks= fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA

dksjck uxj ¼22º 30' mŸkjh v{kka”k ,oa 82º 42' uxj ds p;fur vkizoklh; dk;Z'khy efgykvksa iwohZ ns”kkarj½ ij fLFkr gSA bldh leqnz lrg ls vkSlr

esa 10-04% efgyk,¡ lkekU; ls de Å¡pkbZ ls gSa] ogha 57-Å¡pkbZ 304-8 ehVj gSA ;g uxj n-iw- e/; jsyekxZ ij 29% efgyk,¡ lkekU; Å¡pkbZ dh gSa] tcfd 32-66% fLFkr pkaik taD”ku ls jsy ,oa lM+d ekxZ }kjk tqM+k gqvk efgyk,¡ lkekU; ls vf/kd Å¡pkbZ ls gSA gSA bldk {ks=Qy 35-41 oxZ fdeh- gS] uxj dh tula[;k otu izfr:i 3]63]390 O;fDr ¼2011½ gSA lu~ 1951&61 ds n”kd esa

uxj dh tula[;k esa vkdfLed 454-60% o`f) ns[kh otu izfr:i O;fDr ds vkgkj miHkksx ds x;hA ;g o`f) fuf”pr :i ls uxj esa ,Y;qfefu;e la;a= okLrfod ek=k dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA lkekU; ls de lfgr vU; jk"Vªh; o la;qDr izfr"Bku LFkkfir gksus ,oa otu rFkk lkekU; ls vf/kd otu vLoLF;rk dk [kuu xfrfof/k;ks esa o`f) ds dkj.k FkhA dksjck ou] ifjpk;d gSA uxjh; vkizoklh; dk;Z'khy efgykvksa ds [kfut ¼izeq[k :i ls dks;yk½ laink ls ifjiw.kZ tutkfr otu izfr:i dk fo'ys"k.k ds fy, ¼BMI½ dk iz;ksx fd;k ckgqY; ftyk gSA o"kZ 1965 esa Hkkjr ,Y;qfefu;e la;a= x;k gSABALCO] 1975 esa jk"Vªh; rki fo|qr la;a= NTPC rFkk uxj ds vkizoklh; dk;Z'khy efgykvksa esa 14-SECL dh LFkkiuk ds i”pkr vkizokfl;ksa dh la[;k esa 16% efgyk,¡ lkekU; ls de otu ls gS] ogha 20-72% fujarj o`f) gqbZ gSA efgyk,¡ lkekU; otu ls gSaA tcfd 65-12% efgyk,¡ vkizoklh; dk;Z'khy efgykvksa dh LokLF; n'kk,¡ lkekU; ls vf/kd otu ls gSaA bl izdkj vkizoklh;

dk;Z'khy efgykvksa esa lkekU; ls vf/kd otu okyh uxj ds vkizoklh; dk;Z'khy efgykvksa ds efgykvksa dh vf/kdrk gS] tks muds vlarqfyr vkgkj ls LokLF; Lrj dk fo'ys"k.k] ekuoferh; v/;;u] jksx ,oa vLoLFkrk dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA chekjh rFkk LokLF; lsok,¡ ,oa lqfo/kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij

fd;k x;k gS rFkk mi;qZDr lHkh dkjdksa ds vk/kkj ij vkizoklh; dk;Z'khy efgykvksa dk LokLF; Lrj vkizoklh; dk;Z'khy efgykvksa ds LokLF; Lrj dk uxj dh vkizoklh; dk;Z'khy efgykvksa dh v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA LokLF; Lrj ds fu/kkZj.k ds fy, ekuoferh; v/;;u rFkk ekuoferh; v/;;u ds vk/kkj ij jksx ,oa chekjh ,oa LokLF; lsokvksa ,oa miHkksx izfr:i

dks xq.koRrk ds vk/kkj ij i`Fkd&i`Fkd Hkkj nsdj mudk ekuo 'kjhj ds oSKkfud fo'ys"k.k esa la;qDr Hkkj lwpdkad Kkr fd;k x;kA izkIr dqy la;qDr ekuoferh; ekiu izfof/k dk fo'ks"k egRo gSA ekuoferh; Hkkj lwpdkad ds vk/kkj ij vkizoklh; dk;Z'khy v/;;u esa ftu ekiksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] muesa efgykvksa dks rhu LokLF; Lrj] ;Fkk& fuEu ¼3 ls de½] Å¡pkbZ ,oa otu dk ekiu loZizeq[k gSA uxj ds e/;e ¼4 ls 5½ rFkk mPp ¼5 ls vf/kd½ esa oxhZ—r dj vkizoklh; dk;Z'khy efgykvksa ds LokLF; Lrj dk fo'ysf"kr fd;k x;k gSA v/;;u Å¡pkbZ ,oa otu ds vk/kkj ij fd;k x;k gSA

[[57

uxj ds p;fur vkizoklh; dk;Z'khy efgykvksa vkizoklh; dk;Z'khy efgykvksa esa fuEu LokLF; Lrj dk esa 42-07% efgyk,¡ fuEu] 40-49% efgyk,¡ e/;e ,oa izfr'kr vis{kk—r vf/kd jgk] tks efgykvksa ds fuEu 17-44% efgyk,¡ mPp LokLF; Lrj ls gSaA bl izdkj LokLF; n'kk,¡ ,oa fuEu 'kkjhfjd fLFkfr dk ifj.kke gSA

uxj ds vkizoklh; dk;Z'khy efgykvksa ds vkizokflr dk;Z'khy efgykvksa dk LokLF; Lrj Øe'k% LokLF; Lrj dk fo'ys"k.k izokl {ks=] vk;q] oSokfgd 44-51% fuEu] 42-31% e/;e ,oa 13-19% mPp gSA ogha fLFkfr] O;olk; ,oa 'kS{kf.kd fLFkfr ds vk/kkj ij NRrhlx<+ ds fofHkUu ftyksa ls vkizokflr dk;Z'khy i`Fkd&i`Fkd :i ls fd;k x;k gSA efgykvksa ds LokLF; Lrj esa fuEu ¼40-43%½ ,oa e/;e

¼43-22%½ dh rqyuk esa mPp LokLF; Lrj dk izfr'kr ¼16-¼1½ izokl {ks= ds vuqlkj vkizoklh; dk;Z'khy 33%½ de jgkA blh izdkj Hkkjr ds vU; jkT;ksa ls efgykvksa dk LokLF; Lrjvkizokflr dk;Z'khy efgykvksa esa fuEu ¼14-21%½ ,oa

uxj ds p;fur vkizoklh; dk;Z'khy efgykvksa mPp ¼16-67%½ dh rqyuk esa e/;e LokLF; Lrj dk

esa izokl {ks= ds vk/kkj ij LokLF; Lrj ds fo'ys"k.k ls izfr'kr ¼69-13%½ vf/kd jgk A

Kkr gksrk gS fd ftys ds vanj fofHkUu fodkl[k.Mksa ls

[[58


¼2½ vk;q ds vuqlkj vkizoklh; dk;Z'khy efgykvksa uxj ds vkizokflr dk;Z'khy efgykvksa ds dk LokLF; Lrj LokLF; Lrj ds fo'ys"k.k ls Li"V gS fd dksjck ftys ds

fofHkUu fodkl[k.Mksa ,oa NRrhlx<+ ds fofHkUu ftyksa ls uxj ds p;fur vkizoklh; dk;Z'khy efgykvksa vkizokflr dk;Z'khy efgykvksa esa tgk¡ fuEu LokLF; Lrj ds LokLF; Lrj dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjdksa esa vk;q vf/kd izkIr gqvk] ogha Hkkjr ds fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa lajpuk izeq[k gSA uxj ds vkizoklh; dk;Z'khy efgykvksa vkizokflr dk;Z'khy efgykvksa esa e/;e ,oa mPp LokLF; esa vk;q lajpuk ds vk/kkj ij LokLF; Lrj ds fo'ys"k.k ls Lrj vis{kk—r vf/kd jgk] tks Hkkjr ds fofHkUu jkT;ksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd ;qok vk;q oxZ dh vkizoklh; dk;Z'khy vkizokflr dk;Z'khy efgykvksa ds mPp LokLF; dk efgykvksa dk LokLF; Lrj Øe'k% 24-36% fuEu] 47-94% |ksrd gSA e/;e ,oa 27-40% mPp gSA

¼3½ oSokfgd fLFkfr ds vuqlkj vkizoklh; bl izdkj ;qok vk;q oxZ dh efgykvksa dk dk;Z'khy efgykvksa dk LokLF; LrjlokZf/kd izfr'kr e/;e LokLF; Lrj esa ik;k x;kA ogha

izkS<+ vk;q oxZ dh vkizoklh efgykvksa ds LokLF; Lrj esa uxj ds p;fur vkizoklh; dk;Z'khy efgykvksa e/;e ¼34-01%½ ,oa mPp ¼5-84%½ dh rqyuk esa fuEu ds LokLF; Lrj esa oSokfgd fLFkfr dk Li"V izHkko iM+rk LokLF; Lrj dk izfr'kr ¼60-15%½ vf/kd jgkA blh gSA vkizoklh; dk;Z'khy efgykvksa esa oSokfgd fLFkfr ds izdkj o`) vk;q oxZ dh vkizoklh; dk;Z'khy efgykvksa ds vk/kkj ij LokLF; Lrj ds fo'ys"k.k ls Li"V gksrk gS fd LokLF; Lrj esa e/;e ¼11-63%½ ,oa mPp ¼2-32%½ dh fookfgr efgykvksa dk LokLF; Lrj Øe'k% 41-61% fuEu] rqyuk esa fuEu LokLF; Lrj dk izfr'kr ¼86-05%½ 46-48% e/;e ,oa 11-91% mPp jgkA ogha vfookfgr lokZf/kd jgkA Li"V gS fd vkizoklh; dk;Z'khy efgykvksa efgyk vkizoklh;ksa esa 36-21% fuEu] 28-88% e/;e ,oa dh mez esa o`f) ds lkFk LokLF; Lrj esa deh n`"VO; gqbZ gS] 34-91% mPp LokLF; Lrj ls gSA blds foijhr tks efgykvksa dh fuEu LokLF; n'kk,¡ ,oa fuEu 'kkjhfjd fo/kok@ifjR;Drk efgykvksa dk LokLF; Lrj Øe'k% 55-fLFkfr dk izfrQy gSA 93% fuEu] 33-05% e/;e ,oa 11-02% mPp jgkA

Li"V gS fd fookfgr ,oa fo/kok@rykd'kqnk uxj ds p;fur vkizoklh; dk;Z'khy efgykvksa efgyk,¡ ikfjokfjd ftEesnkjh ds fuoZgu ds dkj.k vius ds LokLF; Lrj ij O;kolkf;d lajpuk dk lerqY; LokLF; dk mfpr ns[kHkky ugha dj ikrh gSa] QyLo:i izHkko n`"VO; gqvk gSA fuEu LokLF; Lrj ds vkizoklh; mudk LokLF; Lrj vis{kk—r fuEu jgk gS] ogha dk;Z'khy efgykvksa esa 49-10% etnwj oxZ ls rFkk 48-vfookfgr efgykvksa dk LokLF; Lrj mPp ik;k x;kA 22% efgyk,¡ 'kkldh; lsokvksa esa dk;Zjr gSaA ogha mPp

LokLF; Lrj esa 37-50% efgyk,¡ futh laLFkku rFkk 23-¼4½ O;olk; ds vuqlkj vkizoklh; dk;Z'khy 33% efgyk,¡ vU; O;olk; esa dk;Zjr gSaAefgykvksa dk LokLF; Lrj

[[60


tcfd e/;e LokLF; Lrj ds vra xrZ f'k{kk lLa Fkku uxj ds p;fur vkizoklh; dk;Z'khy efgykvksa ¼45-49%½] 'kkldh; los kvka s ¼42-39%½ ,oa vU; O;olk;ka s ds LokLF; Lrj ds fu/kkZj.k esa f'k{kk dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku ¼43-33%½ ea s dk;jZ r efgykvka s dk ifz r'kr vf/kd jgkA gksrk gS] D;ksafd f'k{kk dk lh/kk laca/k thou'kSyh ls gksrk

gS rFkk thou 'kSyh dk izR;{k izHkko LokLF; Lrj ij ¼5½ 'kS{kf.kd fLFkfr ds vuqlkj vkizoklh; iM+rk gSAdk;Z'khy efgykvksa dk LokLF; Lrj

bl izdkj fuEu LokLF; Lrj okys efgykvksa dk fd vkizoklh; dk;Z'khy efgykvksa dh mez esa o`f) ds lkFk vf/kd izfr'kr fuj{kj ¼54-72%½ rFkk izkFkfed@ LokLF; Lrj esa deh n`"VO; gqbZ gS] tks efgykvksa dh fuEu ek/;fed@ mPprj ek/;fed Lrj ¼47-62%½ ls izkIr LokLF; n'kk,¡ ,oa fuEu 'kkjhfjd fLFkfr dk izfrQy gSA gqvk gS] tcfd mPp LokLF; Lrj okyh efgykvksa dk ogha vfookfgr efgykvksa ¼11-91%½ ,oa fo/kok@ lokZf/kd izfr'kr O;kolkf;d Lrj dh efgykvksa ¼30- rykd'kqnk efgykvksa ¼11-02%½ dh rqyuk esa vfookfgr 55%½ esa iznf'kZr gqvk gSA ogha e/;e LokLF; Lrj okyh efgykvksa dk LokLF; Lrj ¼34-91%½ mPp ik;k x;kA efgykvksa dh lcls vf/kd izfr'kr fpfdRlk Lrj ¼59- fookfgr ,oa fo/kok@rykd'kqnk efgyk,¡ ikfjokfjd 09%½ ,oa Lukrd@LukrdksRrj Lrj ¼43-92%½ dh f'k{kk ftEesnkjh ds fuoZgu ds dkj.k vius LokLF; dk mfpr izkIr efgykvksa esa n`"VO; gqvkA ns[kHkky ugha dj ikrh gSa] QyLo:i mudk LokLF; Lrj

vis{kk—r fuEu jgk gS] ogha vfookfgr efgykvksa dk fu"d"kZ LokLF; Lrj mPp ik;k x;kA

uxj ds p;fur vkizoklh; dk;Z'khy efgykvksa References

esa lokZf/kd ¼42-07%½ efgyk,¡ fuEu LokLF; Lrj ls gSA 1. Hazra, Jyoti, 2010, "Women and Health",

;qok oxZ ¼24-36%½ ,oa izkS<+ oxZ ¼60-15%½ dh rqyuk esa Geographical Review of India, Vol. 56, No. (1),

o`) vk;q oxZ ds vkizoklh; dk;Z'khy efgykvksa esa fuEu pp. 1-8.

LokLF; Lrj dk izfr'kr ¼86-05%½ lokZf/kd jgk] Li"V gS 2. Singh, Bhupender, 2004, "A Study of Spatial

[[61


Variations of Medical Centres in Haryana, India", 5- flag] vkyksd] 2004] vktex<+ tuin ¼m-iz-½ esa The Decan Geographer, Vol. 42, No.1, pp.1-11. thou dh xq.koRrk dk Lrj] mRrj Hkkjr Hkwxksy

3- pkScs] dSyk'k] 2001] LokLF;@fpfdRlk Hkwxksy] if=dk] vad 40] i`"B 36&42Ae/;izns'k fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh] Hkksiky] i`- 23A

4- i.Mk] ch-ih- ,oa oekZ] ,y-,u-] 2015 tula[;k Hkwxksy] e-iz- fgUnh xzaFk vdkneh] i`- 214A

nqxZ &fHkykbZ uxjksa esa dk;Z'khy efgykvksa ds thou dh xq.koÙkk % ,d HkkSxksfyd v/;;u

f'kosUæ cgknqj ,oaa ljyk 'kekZ

çLrqr v/;;u dk eq[; mn~ns';] NÙkhlx<+ jkT; ds nqxZ & fHkykbZ uxjksa esa dk;Z'khy efgykvksa ds thou dh xq.koÙkk Lrj dk HkkSxksfyd fo'ys"k.k djuk gSA nqxZ &fHkykbZ uxjksa fd dk;Z'khy efgykvksa ds thou dh xq.koRrk Lrj ds fu/kkZj.k ds fy, uxjh; dk;Z'khy efgykvksa dh lkekftd] vkfFkZd] vkoklh; ,oa LokLF; n'kkvksa dks xq.koRrk ds vk/kkj ij i`Fkd&i`Fkd Hkkj nsdj mudk la;qDr Hkkj lwpdkad Kkr fd;k x;k gSA izkIr dqy la;qDr Hkkj lwpdkad ds vk/kkj ij uxjh; dk;Z'khy efgykvksa ds thou fd xq.koRrk Lrj dks rhu oxksZ mPp] e/;e ,oa fuEu esa oxhZÑr fd;k x;kA dk;Z'khy efgykvksa ds thou dh xq.koRrk Lrj dk fo'ys"k.k LFkkfud ,oa dkfyd izfr:Ik ds vk/kkj ij rFkk jkstxkj ds iwoZ ,oa ajkstxkj ds ckn dh fLFkfr esa fd;k x;k gSA blh izdkj dk;Z'khy efgykvksa ds thou dh xq.koRrk Lrj dks izHkkfor djus okys fofHkUu lkekftd&vkfFkZd dkjdksa ;Fkk &tkfr lajpuk] 'kS{kf.kd Lrj] oSokfgd Lrj] O;kolkf;d lajpuk rFkk izokl izfr:i ds vk/kkj ij mudk i`Fkd&i`Fkd fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA

'kCn dqath %& lkekftd Lrj] vkfFkZd Lrj] vkoklh; Lrj] LokLF; Lrj] thou dh xq.koRrk LrjA

IkzLrkouk lkekftd Lrj dks lqn`<+ djus dk iz;kl dj jgh gaSA orZeku le; esa dk;Z”khy efgyk,¡ izR;sd {ks= esa viuh fdlh izns”k ds lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd fodkl esa ;ksX;rk vo”; fl) dj jgh gSa] ijrq blls mUgsa ml izns”k dh dk;Z”khy tula[;k dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku lkekftd rFkk ikfjokfjd ncko ,oa vusd vkfFkZd gksrk gSA izns'k ds tukafddh] vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd Lrj leL;kvksa dk Hkh lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk gS ¼fla?ky] 2003½A dh tkudkjh izkIr djus ds fy, ml izns”k ds dk;Z”khy blh lanHkZ esa nqxZ&fHkykbZ uxjksa esa dk;Z”khy efgykvksa dh iq:"kksa ds lkFk&lkFk dk;Z”khy efgykvksa dk v/;;u Hkh lkekftd&vkfFkZd] vkoklh; ,oa LokLF; n'kk dk fo”ks"k egRo j[krk gS] D;ksafd dk;Z”khy efgykvksa dh lw{erk ls v/;;u dj dk;Z”khy efgykvksa ds thou dh ek=kRed ,oa xq.kkRed fo”ks"krk,¡ izns'k ds fodkl esa xq.koRrk Lrj Kkr fd;k x;k gSA egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSaA fiNyh nks “krkCnh esa efgykvksa dh

fLFkfr esa tks dqN cnyko gqvk gS] mlls fu%lansg v/;;u dk mn~ns'; efgykvksa ds vfLrRo esa ldkjkRed lq/kkj gqvk gSA Lora= izLrqr v/;;u dk izeq[k mn~ns”; nqxZ&fHkykbZ Hkkjr esa f”k{kk ds izlkj] vk/kqfudhdj.k ,oa uxjhdj.k dh uxjksa esa dk;Z”khy efgykvksa ds lkekftd&vkfFkZd] izfdz;k ls efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa ifjorZu laHko gqvk gSA vkoklh; rFkk LokLF; n'kk dk v/;;u djuk ,oa efgyk,¡ /kuksiktZu gsrq fofo/k izdkj ds vkfFkZd dk;ksZa esa dk;Z”khy efgykvksa ds thou dh xq.koRrk Lrj Kkr layXu gksdj lekt] jk"Vª ,oa fo”o ds fodkl esa viuk djuk gSAegRoiww.kZ ;ksxnku ns jgh gaS lkFk gh Lo;a ds vkfFkZd ,oa

'kks/k lkjka'k

1- Jh f'kosUnz cgknqj] 'kks/k Nk=] Hkwxksy v/;;u'kkyk] ia- jfo'kadj 'kqDy] fo'ofo|ky;] jk;iqj] N-x-] 492010- eks0&7828197170-2- izks- ljyk 'kekZ] Hkwxksy v/;;u'kkyk] ia- jfo'kadj 'kqDy fo'ofo|ky;] jk;iqj] N-x-A


Vol. 24, 2019

R.N.I. No. UPBIL/1996/7631

I.S.S.N. - 0975-4903

[[63


'kks/k ifjdYiuk vkadM+ksa ds lzksr ,oa fof/kra=

1½ dk;Z'khy efgykvksa ds thou dh xq.koRrk Lrj izLrqr “kks/k eq[;r% izkFkfed vkadM+ksa ij mudh 'kS{kf.kd fLFkfr ls izHkkfor gksrh gSA vk/kkfjr gSA buesa uxjh; dk;Z”khy efgykvksa dh

lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd n”kk laca/kh vk¡dMsa+ izeq[k gSa] rFkkfi 2½ efgykvksa dh fØ;k'khyrk ls Lo;a rFkk muds ifjokj uxj ls lacaf/kr HkkSxksfyd ,oa lkaLd`frd tkudkjh ds thou dh xq.koŸkk esa o`f) gksrh gSA f}rh;d vkadM+ksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA

v/;;u {ks=izkFkfed vkadMsa+

nqxZ uxj NRrhlx<+ dk izeq[k O;kikfjd ,oa nqxZ&fHkykbZ uxjksa dh dk;Z”khy efgykvksa ds okf.kfT;d uxj rFkk fHkykbZ uxj loksZifj vkS|ksfxd

v/;;u laca/kh fofo/k tkudkjh izkIr djus ds fy, uxj gSA nqxZ uxj ds fodkl esa fHkykbZ vkS|ksfxd uxj lk{kkRdkj vuqlwph dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA ftlesa dh fudVrk dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSA blhfy, bUgsa dk;Z”khy efgykvksa dh lkekftd&vkfFkZd] vkoklh; NRrhlx<+ dk ,d ek«k tqM+ok uxj dgk tkrk gSA nqxZ ,oa LokLF; n'kk dh tkudkjh ,oa dk;Z”khy efgykvksa uxj ftys dk iz”kklfud dsUnz ,oa ftyk eq[;ky; dh leL;kvksa ls lacaf/kr iz'u j[ks x,A nqxZ&fHkykbZ gSAfHkykbZ uxj dk fodkl fHkykbZ xzke ls gqvk tks uxj uxjksa esa dk;Z”khy efgykvksa dk foLr`r v/;;u djus ds mRrjh Hkkx esa fLFkr gSA o"kZ 1956 esa ykSg bLikr la;a= gsrq dkf;Zd izfr:i dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, mn~ns”; iw.kZ dh LFkkiuk ds iwoZ rd fHkykbZ ,d NksVk xzke Fkk ijUrq nSo fun'kZu fof/k ds vk/kkj ij fofHkUu dk;ksZ a esa layXu ykSg bLikr la;a= dh LFkkiuk ds ckn fHkykbZ uxj dk dk;Z”khy efgykvksa rFkk muds ifjokjksa lsa laEcaf/kr fodkl vkS|ksfxd uxj ds :Ik esa gqvkA nksuksa uxj ls tkudkfj;k¡ lk{kkRdkj ,oa vuqlwph ds ek/;e ls izkIr gksdj jk"Vªh; jktekxZ 58 xqtjrh gSAnqxZ uxj] jkT; dh dh xbZA dk;Z”khy efgykvksa ds dkf;Zd izfr:i dks jkt/kkuh jk;iqj ls 45 fdyksehVj rFkk fHkykbZ uxj 30 n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, lacaf/kr tkudkjh mlds dk;ZLFky fdyksehVj dh nwjh ij fLFkr gSA nqxZ ,oa fHkykbZ uxj ds ;Fkk&“kkldh; ,oa v“kkldh; dk;kZy;] f”k{k.k e/; dh nwjh 12 fdyksehVj gSA orZeku esa nqxZ uxj 58 laLFkkuksa] vLirky] nqdkuksa] fuekZ.k LFkyksa] xanh cfLr;ksa a okMksZ esa tcfd fHkykbZ uxj 70 okMksZ esa foHkDr gSA nqxZ esa tk dj izkIr dh xbZA bl izdkj nksukas uxjksa ls dqy uxj dk dqy {ks=Qy 54-11 oxZ fdeh- gS] ogha fHkykbZ 1202 dk;Z”khy efgykvksa ls tkudkjh izkIr dh xbZA uxj dk dqy {ks=Qy 142-32oxZ fdeh- gSA o"kZ 2011 dh p;fur dk;Z”khy efgykvksa ls izkIr tkudkjh dk tux.kuk ds vuqlkj nqxZ uxj dh dqy tula[;k fo'ys"k.k lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd n”kk dks /;ku esa j[k dj 2]68]806 O;fDr gS ogha fHkykbZ uxj dh dqy tula[;k fd;k x;k gSA6]27]734O;fDr gSA nqxZ uxj dk tula[;k ?kuRo ¼4]968

O;fDr izfroxZ fdeh-½fHkykbZ uxj fd rqyuk esa ¼4]411 f}rh;d vkadM+sa O;fDr izfroxZ fdeh-½ vf/kd gSA nqxZ uxj dh dqy efgyk “kks/k esa nqxZ&fHkykbZ uxjksa dh HkkSxksfyd ,oa tula[;k esa 72-62 çfr'kr efgyk,¡ lk{kj gSa tcfd lkaLd`frd rF;ksa ds fo”ys"k.k ds fy, f}rh;d vk¡dM+ksa dk fHkykbZ uxj dh dqy efgyk tula[;k esa 71-85 çfr'kr iz;ksx fd;k x;kA uxjksa dh tula[;k laca/kh vkadM+sa efgyk,¡ lk{kj gSaA nqxZ uxj dh rqyuk esa ¼17-76 çfr'kr½ tux.kuk iqfLrdk 2011] uxj fuxe nqxZ &fHkykbZ] uxj fHkykbZ uxj esa dqy efgyk tula[;k esa dk;Z'khy fuos”k nqxZ ls izkIr fd;k x;k gSA efgykvksa dk çfr'kr ¼12-07 çfr'kr½ fuEu gSA

[[64


fof/kra= mudk i`Fkd&i`Fkd fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA“kks/k ifjdYiukvksa dk ijh{k.k dkyZ fi;lZu lglaca/k xq.kkad lk{kkRdkj vuqlwph ls izkIr vkadM+ksa dks] ijh{k.k }kjk rFkk thou dh xq.koRrk ds fu/kkZjd ?kVdksa v/;;u dh fo"k; oLrq ds vk/kkj ij fo”ysf'kr dj dk i`Fkd&i`Fkd cgqpj dkjd fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;kA uxjh; dk;Z”khy efgykvksa dh Øe”k% lkekftd& cgqpj dkjd fo'ys"k.k esa trjkuk ¼2001½ ,oa dkUl vkfFkZd] vkoklh; rFkk LokLF; n'kk dk i`Fkd-&i`Fkd ¼1972½ }kjk iz;qDr cgqpj ekWMy (Multivariate Model) v/;;u fd;k x;kA rFkkfi uxj dh dk;Z”khy efgykvksa ds vUrxZr cgqpj xq.kuiw.kZ lglEc/k xq.kkad dk iz;ksx dh lkekftd] vkfFkZd] Lrj ds ifjdyu ds fy, Øe”k% dj dkjdksa dh izHkko'khyrk dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;ktks lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd n”kk dh ekud bdkbZ;ksa dks ek=k mPp lkFkZdrk Lrj ¼0-01½ ij izekf.kr gqvkA,oa xq.koRrk ds vk/kkj ij Hkkj fn;k x;k rFkk leLr

ekud bdkbZ;ksa ds Hkkj dk la;qDr Hkkj lwpdkad Kkr nqxZ&fHkykbZ uxjksa esa dk;Z'khy efgykvksa dh fd;k x;k gSA izkIr la;qDr Hkkj lwpdkad ds vk/kkj ij lkekftd n'kk ,oa Lrjdk;Z”khy efgykvksa dks rhu Lrj mPp] e/;e ,oa fuEu dk;Z'khy efgykvksa dh lkekftd n'kk gh oxZ esa oxhZd`r dj fo”ysf'kr fd;k x;k gSA nqxZ &fHkykbZ muds lkekftd Lrj ds fu/kkZj.k dk izeq[k dkjd gSA uxjksa fd dk;Z'khy efgykvksa ds thou dh xq.koRrk Lrj efgyk,¡ pkgs xzkeh.k ;k 'kgjh gks] mudks vkfFkZd ds fu/kkZj.k ds fy, uxjh; dk;Z'khy efgykvksa dh vkRefuHkZj cukus esa lkekftd fLFkfr egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk lkekftd] vkfFkZd] vkoklh; ,oa LokLF; n”kkvksa dks vnk djrh gS ¼vgen] bjQku 2014½A nqxZ uxj esa dqy xq.koRrk ds vk/kkj ij i`Fkd&i`Fkd Hkkj nsdj mudk p;fur dk;Z”khy efgykvksa esa lokZf/kd 36-74 izfr”kr la;qDr Hkkj lwpdkad Kkr fd;k x;k izkIr dqy la;qDr efgyk,¡ 30&44 vk;q oXkZ ls rFkk fHkykbZ uxj esa dqy Hkkj lwpdkad ds vk/kkj ij uxjh; dk;Z'khy efgykvksa ds p;fur dk;Z”khy efgykvksa esa lokZf/kd 39-90 izfr”kr thou fd xq.koRrk Lrj dks rhu oxkasZ mPp] e/;e ,oa efgyk,¡ 15&29 vk;q oXkZ ls gSaA nqxZ uxj esa dk;Z”khy fuEu esa oxhZÑr fd;k x;kAfuEu thou dh xq.koRrk Lrj efgykvksa esa lokZf/kd 73-81 izfr”kr efgyk,¡ lkekU; oxZ ds rgr mu lHkh dk;Z'khy efgykvksa dks j[kk x;k lss gaS tcfd fHkykbZ uxj esa Hkh dk;Z”khy efgykvksa esa ftldk la;qDr Hkkj lwpdkad 80 ls de gS] tcfd thou lokZf/kd 61-73 izfr”kr efgyk,¡ lkekU; oxZ lss gaS ogha dh xq.koRrk ds e/;e Lrj eas mu dk;Z'khy efgykvksa dks nksuksa uxjksa esa dqy p;fur dk;Z”khy efgykvksa esa lfEefyr fd;k x;k] ftudk la;qDr Hkkj lwpkad 80 ls vuqlwfpr tkfr dh dk;Z”khy efgykvksa dk izfr”kr 120 gS rFkk thou dh xq.koRrk ds mPp Lrj esa mu lHkh U;wure izkIr gqvkA nqxZ uxj esa p;fur dk;Z”khy dk;Z'khy efgykvksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k] ftudk efgykvksa esa 93-36 izfr”kr efgyk,¡ lk{kj gSa tcfd la;qDr Hkkj lwpdkad 120 ls vf/kd gSA dk;Z”khy fHkykbZ uxj esa p;fur dk;Z”khy efgykvksa esa 91-70 efgykvksa ds thou dh xq.koRrk Lrj dk fo”ys'k.k izfr”kr efgyk,¡ lk{kj gSaA fuEu vk; oxZ okyh efgykvksa LFkkfud ,oa dkfyd izfr:Ik ds vk/kkj ij rFkk jkstxkj esa fuj{kjrk dk izfr”kr vf/kd gSA nqxZ uxj esa dk;Z”khy ds iwoZ ,oa ajkstxkj ds ckn dh fLFkfr esa fd;k x;k gSA efgykvksa esa lokZf/kd 46-44 izfr”kr ,oa fHkykbZ uxj esa blh izdkj dk;Z”khy efgykvksa ds thou dh xq.koRrk Lrj dk;Z”khy efgykvksa esa lokZf/kd 54-52 izfr”kr dk;Z”khy dks izHkkfor djus okys fofHkUu lkekftd&vkfFkZd dkjdksa efgykvksa dks Lukrd@LukrdksRrj Lrj dh f”k{kk izkIr gS ;Fkk&tkfr lajpuk] 'kS{kf.kd Lrj] oSokfgd Lrj] tcfd nksuks uxjksa esa p;fur dk;Z”khy efgykvksa esa O;kolkf;d lajpuk rFkk izokl izfr:i ds vk/kkj ij izkFkfed Lrj rd fd f”k{kk izkIr dk;Z”khy efgykvksa dk

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izfr”kr U;wure izkIr gqvkA nqxZ uxj esa p;fur dk;Z”khy izfr”kr fuEu] 42-01 izfr”kr e/;e rFkk 19-73 izfr”kr efgykvksa esa 65-14 izfr”kr efgyk,¡ fookfgr gaS] fHkykbZ mPp izkIr gqbZA ogha fHkykbZ uxj esa lkekftd Lrj uxj esa Hkh ;g izfr”kr 54-52 lokZf/kd izkIr gqvkA nqxZ p;fur dk;Z”khy efgykvksa esa jkstxkj ds iwoZ Øe”k% 42-uxj esa p;fur dk;Z”khy efgykvksa esa lokZf/kd 61-73 51 izfr”kr fuEu] 38-44 izfr”kr e/;e rFkk 19-06 izfr”kr efgyk,¡ ftys ds fofHkUu fodkl[k.M ls izfr”kr mPp Fkk] tks jkstxkj ds i”pkr~ Øe”k% 32-74 vizokflr ,oa fHkykbZ uxj esa p;fur dk;Z”khy efgykvksa izfr”kr fuEu] 43 izfr”kr e/;e rFkk 24-27 izfr”kr mPp esa lokZf/kd 54-56 izfr”kr efgyk,¡ ftys ds fofHkUu izkIr gqvkAnksuksa uxjksa esa jkstxkj ds i”pkr~ dk;Z'khy fodkl[k.M ls vizokflr gSa tcfd NRrhlx<+ ds fofHkUu efgykvksa dk lkekftd Lrj mUur gqvkA bl izdkj ftys ls vizokflr dk;Z”khy efgykvksa dk nksuks uxjksa esa rqyukRed n`f"V ls dk;Z'khy efgykvksa ds lkekftd Lrj izfr”kr U;wure izkIr gqvkA esa jkstxkj ds i'pkr~ fuEu Lrj esa tgk¡ deh gqbZ gS] ogha

mPp Lrj esa vizR;kf'kr o`f) gqbZ gS] tks jkstxkj dh nqxZ&fHkykbZ uxjksa esa dk;Z'khy efgykvksa dk miyC/krk ds dkj.k dk;Z'khy efgykvksa dh mPp lkekftd Lrj 'kS{kf.kd Lrj rFkk vkfFkZd lqn`<+rk ds QyLo:i HkkSfrd

uxjh; dk;Z'khy efgykvksa ds lkekftd Lrj lqfo/kkvksa esa o`f) dk ifj.kke gSA bl izdkj Li"V gS fd Kkr djus ds fy, mudh lkekftd n”kk ds lwpd rRoksa efgykvksa dh fØ;k'khyrk ls mudk lkekftd Lrj le`) tSls&vk;q lajpuk] lk{kjrk Lrj] ”kS{kf.kd fLFkfr] tkfr ,oa mUur gksrk gS lajpuk vkfn dks ek=k ,oa xq.koRrk ds vk/kkj ij Hkkj

nqxZ&fHkykbZ uxjksa esa dk;Z'khy efgykvksa dh fn;k x;k rFkk leLr ekud bdkbZ;ksa ds Hkkj dk la;qDr vkfFkZd n'kk ,oa LrjHkkj lwpdkad Kkr fd;k x;k gSA nqxZ&fHkykbZ uxjksa esa

p;fur dk;Z”khy efgykvksa dk vf/kdre la;qDr Hkkj nqxZ&fHkykbZ uxjksa esa p;fur dk;Z”khy lwpdkad 42 izkIr gqvkA izkIr la;qDr Hkkj lwpdkad ds efgykvksa dh O;kolkf;d lajpuk dk v/;;u vko';d vk/kkj ij dk;Z'khy efgykvksa dks rhu lkekftd Lrj gS D;ksafd ;g dk;Z”khy efgykvksa ds lqn`<+ vkfFkZd fLFkfr fuEu] e/;e ,oa mPp esa j[kk x;kA fuEu lkekftd Lrj dks izdV djrk gSA nqxZ uxj esa dqy p;fur dk;Z”khy ds varxZr mu dk;Z'khy efgykvksa dks lfEefyr fd;k efgykvksa dh dkf;Zd lajpuk ds vUrxZr lokZf/kd 23-64 x;k] ftudk la;qDr Hkkj lwpdkad 14 ls de gS] tcfd izfr”kr efgyk,¡ futh O;olk; esa rFkk fHkykbZ uxj esa e/;e lkekftd Lrj esa mu dk;Z'khy efgykvksa dks lokZf/kd 26-87 izfr”kr efgyk,¡ futh O;olk; esa gh lfEefyr fd;k x;k] ftudk la;qDr Hkkj lwpdkad 15 ls layXu gSa ogha nksuks uxjksa esa dqy p;fur dk;Z”khy 28 rFkk mPp lkekftd Lrj ds rgr mu dk;Z'khy efgykvksa esa cSafdax tSls vU; dk;Z esa layXu dk;Z”khy efgykvksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k] ftudk la;qDr Hkkj efgykvksa dk izfr”kr U;wure izkIr gqvkA vk/kqfud lekt lwpdkad 29 ls 42 gSA bl izdkj uxjh; dk;Z'khy esa lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd fLFkfr vk; }kjk ifjyf{kr gksrh efgykvksa ds la;qDr Hkkj lwpdkad ds vk/kkj ij lkekftd gSA nqxZ uxj esa p;fur dk;Z”khy efgykvkas esa ls lokZf/kd Lrj dk jkstxkj ds iwoZ ,oa jkstxkj ds i”pkr~ dh fLFkfr 54-42 izfr”kr rFkk fHkykbZ uxj esa lokZf/kd 49-19 ds vk/kkj ij fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;kA nqxZ uxj esa lkekftd izfr”kr dk;Z”khy efgykvkas dh ekfld vk; 10]000 :Ik;s Lrj p;fur dk;Z”khy efgykvksa esas jkstxkj ds iwoZ Øe”k% ls de ,oa nqxZ uxj esa 16-33 izfr”kr dk;Z”khy efgykvksa 42-35 izfr”kr fuEu] 40-48 izfr”kr e/;e rFkk 17-18 dh ekfld vk; 20]000 :Ik;s ls vf/kd gS] ogha fHkykbZ izfr”kr mPp Fkk] tks jkstxkj ds i”pkr~ Øe”k% 38-27 uxj esa 20]000 :Ik;s ls vf/kd ekfld vk; izkIr djus

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okyh dk;Z”khy efgykvksa dk izfr”kr 20-52 izkIr gqvkA efgykvksa ds la;qDr Hkkj lwpdkad ds vk/kkj ij vkfFkZd vLrq p;fur dk;Z”khy efgykvkas esa Hkh fuEu vkfFkZd Lrj dk jkstxkj ds iwoZ ,oa jkstxkj ds i”pkr~ fd fLFkfr ifjokj dh efgyk,¡ ifjokj dh vko”;drkvksa dks iwjk ds vk/kkj ij fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;kA nqxZ uxj esa vkfFkZd djus gsrq etnwjh ,oa futh O;olk; esa vf/kd layXu gSa Lrj p;fur dk;Z”khy efgykvksa esas jkstxkj ds iwoZ Øe”k% ftlds dkj.k fuEu ekfld vk; izkIr djus okyh 42-35 izfr”kr fuEu] 36-56 izfr”kr e/;e rFkk 21-09 efgykvksa dh la[;k vf/kd gSA nksuksa uxjksa esa p;fur izfr”kr mPp Fkk] tks jkstxkj ds i”pkr~ Øe”k% 30-10 dk;Z”khy efgykvksa dk ikfjokfjd vk; esa vkfFkZd izfr”kr fuEu] 39-63 izfr”kr e/;e rFkk 30-27 izfr”kr lgHkkfxrk lokZf/kd 25&50 izfr”kr rd izkIr gqvk tks mPp izkIr gqvkA ogha fHkykbZ uxj esa vkfFkZd Lrj p;fur nqxZ uxj esa lokZf/kd 44-90 izfr”kr rFkk fHkykbZ uxj esa dk;Z”khy efgykvksa esa jkstxkj ds iwoZ Øe”k% 42-18 lokZf/kd 44-14 izfr”kr izkIr gqvkA izfr”kr fuEu] 37-95 izfr”kr e/;e rFkk 19-87 izfr”kr

mPp Fkk] tks jkstxkj ds i”pkr~ Øe”k% 24-27 izfr”kr nqxZ&fHkykbZ uxjksa esa dk;Z'khy efgykvksa dk fuEu] 42-67 izfr”kr e/;e rFkk 33-06 izfr”kr mPp izkIr vkfFkZd Lrj gqvkAnksuksa uxjksa esa dk;Z'khy efgykvksa esa jkstxkj dh

fdlh izns”k dh tula[;k dk vkfFkZd Lrj ml miyC/krk ds dkj.k vkfFkZd fLFkfr lqn`<+ gksus ls mudh izns”k esa fuokl djus okys yksxksa dh vk; ds Lrj }kjk Ø;'kfDr esa o`f) gqbZA ifj.kker% dk;Z'khy efgykvksa esa fu/kkZfjr gksrk gSA tula[;k ds vk; Lrj dks /;ku esa miHkksx dh {kerk fodflr gksus ls buds HkkSfrd j[kdj vkfFkZd fu;kstu dk dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA uxj dh lq[k&lqfo/kkvksa esa Hkh o`f) gqbZ] tks dk;Z'khy efgykvksa ds dk;Z'khy efgykvksa ds vkfFkZd Lrj dks Kkr djus ds fy, mPp vkfFkZd Lrj esa xq.kksRrj Lo:i dks iznf'kZr djrk mudh vkfFkZd n”kk ds lwpd rRoksa tSls&okf"kZd vk;] gSAÅtkZ miHkksx] vkS|ksfxd oLrqvksa dk miHkksx] nSfud

nqxZ&fHkykbZ uxjksa esa dk;Z'khy efgykvksa fd mi;ksx fd oLrqvksa] okgu] lapkj lk/ku] vkfn dks ek=k vkoklh; n'kk ,oa Lrj,oa xq.koRrk ds vk/kkj ij Hkkj fn;k x;k rFkk leLr

ekud bdkbZ;ksa ds Hkkj dk la;qDr Hkkj lwpdkad Kkr vkokl ekuo dh rhu ewyHkwr vko”;drkvksa esa ls ,d gSaA dk;Z”khy efgykvksa dh vkoklh; n”kk,¡ u fd;k x;kA bl izdkj vkfFkZd Lrj ds lHkh ekud dsoy buds vkfFkZd fØ;k”khyrk ls izHkkfor gksrh gS] bdkbZ;ksa dk vf/kdre la;qDr Hkkj lwpdkad 40 izkIr

gqvkA p;fur dk;Z'khy efgykvksa ds dqy la;qDr Hkkj vfirq vk; Lrj ls Hkh fu/kkZfjr gksrh gSA vkokl ekuo lwpdkad dks vk/kkj ekurs gq,] dk;Z'khy efgykvksa dks fufeZr egRoiw.kZ okrkoj.kh; dkjd gS tks O;fDr ds rhu vkfFkZd Lrj] mPp] e/;e ,oa fuEu esa oxhZ—r fd;k LokLF; ,oa jksx dh rhozrk dks izHkkfor djrk gSS vr% x;kA p;fur dk;Z'khy efgykvksa esa mu lHkh dk;Z'khy LoLF; vkoklh; fLFkfr u flQZ thou 'kSyh dh xq.koRrk efgykvksa dks ftuds ifjokj dk la;qDr Hkkj lwpdkad 15 dks fu/kkZfjr djrh gS] cfYd LokLF; Lrj dks larqfyr Hkh ls de izkIr gqvk] mUgsa fuEu vkfFkZd Lrj esa rFkk ftu cuk, j[krh gS ¼pkScs] 2012½A uxjksa esa lkekU;r% fuEu dk;Z'khy efgykvksa ds ifjokj dk la;qDr Hkkj lwpdkad lkekftd] vkfFkZd Lrj fd efgykvksa dh vkoklh; n”kk,¡ 15 ls 30 izkIr gqvk] e/;e vkfFkZd Lrj esa lfEefyr fd;k fuEu gksrh gSa ftlls efyu cfLr;ksa dh la[;k c<+rh tkrh x;k] tcfd ftu dk;Z'khy efgyk ifjokjksa dk la;qDr gSA vkoklh; fLFkfr fdlh Hkh O;fDr ds jgu&lgu ;k Hkkj lwpdkad 30 ls vf/kd jgk mUgsa mPp vkfFkZd Lrj esa mlds thou dh xq.koRrk dk lwpd gksrk gSA uxj dh lfEefyr fd;k x;kA bl izdkj uxjh; dk;Z'khy dk;Z'khy efgykvksa ds vkoklh; Lrj dks Kkr djus ds

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fy, mudh vkoklh; n”kk tSls&edku dk izdkj] edku ,oa 'kkjhfjd fØ;kvksa ds mRre lapkyu ds fy, vko';d dk {ks=Qy] nhokj dk izdkj] Nr dk izdkj] Q'kZ dk gS ¼nkHkM+dj ,oa flag] 2005½Adk;Z”khy efgykvksa ds izdkj] dejksa dh la[;k] fctyh dh O;oLFkk] 'kkSpky; dh LokLF; Lrj dk v/;;u cgqr vko”;d gS D;ksafd O;oLFkk rFkk ihus ds ikuh dk lzksr] vkfn dh ek=k ,oa dk;Z”khy efgyk,¡ ifjokj ,oa dk;ZLFky nksuksa ds nkf;Roksa xq.koRrk ds vk/kkj ij Hkkj fn;k x;k rFkk leLr ekud dk fuokZg djrh gSa ftlls muesa dbZ ekufld ,oa bdkbZ;ksa ds Hkkj dk la;qDr Hkkj lwpdkad Kkr fd;k x;kA “kkjhfjd LokLF; leL;k mRiUu gks tkrh gSA dk;Z'khy bl izdkj vkoklh; vf/kdre la;qDr Hkkj lwpdkad ¼39½ efgykvksa dh LokLF; Lrj ds fu/kkZj.k ds fy, muds ds vk/kkj ij dk;Z'khy efgykvksa ds vkoklh; n'kk dks vYidkfyd LokLF; leL;k ,oa nh?kZdkfyd LokLF; mPp ¼26&39 Hkkj lwpdkad½ e/;e ¼13 ls 26 Hkkj leL;k dh tkudkjh izkIr dj xq.koRrk ds vk/kkj ij lwpdkad½ ,oa fuEu ¼13 ls de Hkkj lwpdkad½ vkoklh; i`Fkd&i`Fkd Hkkj nsdj mudk la;qDr Hkkj lwpdkad Kkr Lrjksa esa foHkkftr dj fo'ysf"kr fd;k x;kA bl izdkj fd;k x;kA bl izdkj izkIr dqy la;qDr lwpdkad ¼12½ ds uxjksa ds dk;Z'khy efgykvksa dk la;qDr Hkkj lwpdkad ds vk/kkj ij dk;Z'khy efgykvksa ds LokLF; Lrj dks rhu vk/kkj ij vkoklh; n'kk dk jkstxkj ds iwoZ ,oa jkstxkj Lrj mPp] e/;e ,oa fuEu esa oxhZ—r dj fo'ysf"kr fd;k ds i”pkr~ fd fLFkfr ds vk/kkj ij fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;kA x;k gSA fuEu LokLF; Lrj ds vUrxZr mu dk;Z'khy nqxZ uxj esa vkoklh; Lrj p;fur dk;Z”khy efgykvksa esas efgykvksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gS] ftudk la;qDr Hkkj jkstxkj ds iwoZ Øe”k% 61-39 izfr”kr fuEu] 21-43 izfr”kr lwpdkad 4 ls de gS tcfd e/;e LokLF; Lrj esa 4&8 e/;e rFkk 18-88 izfr”kr mPp Fkk] tks jkstxkj ds i”pkr la;qDr Hkkj lwpdkad izkIr efgyk,¡ ,oa mPp LokLF; Lrj Øe”k% 50-00 izfr”kr fuEu] 27-72 izfr”kr e/;e rFkk 22- esa 8 ls 12 la;qDr Hkkj lwpdkad izkIr dk;Z'khy efgykvksa 28 izfr”kr mPp izkIr gqvkA ogha fHkykbZ uxj esa vkoklh; dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA nqxZ uxj esa dqy p;fur Lrj p;fur dk;Z”khy efgykvksa esa jkstxkj ds iwoZ Øe”k% dk;Z”khy efgykvksa esa 65-65 izfr”kr jksx xzflr] 34-35 48-70 izfr”kr fuEu] 23-13 izfr”kr e/;e rFkk 19-38 izfr”kr fujksxh gSa ogha fHkykbZ uxj fd p;fur dk;Z”khy izfr”kr mPp Fkk] tks jkstxkj ds i”pkr~ Øe”k% 44-30 efgykvksa esa 70-36 izfr”kr jksx xzflr] 29-64 izfr”kr izfr”kr fuEu] 31-43 izfr”kr e/;e rFkk 24-27 izfr”kr fujksxh gSaA nqxZ uxj esa jksx xzflr dk;Z”khy efgykvksa esa mPp izkIr gqvkA rqyukRed n`f"V ls nksuksa uxjksa esa ls 80-05 izfr”kr dk;Z”khy efgyk,¡ vYidkfyd LokLF; p;fur dk;Z”khy efgykvksa ds vkoklh; n'kkvksa esa fuEu leL;k ls rFkk 19-95 izfr”kr dk;Z”khy efgyk,¡ vkoklh; Lrj esa tgk¡ deh gqbZ gS] ogha e/;e vkoklh; nh?kZdkfyd LokLF; leL;k ls xzflr gSa tcdh fHkykbZ Lrj ,oa mPp vkoklh; Lrj esa mYys[kuh; o`f) gqbZ gS] uxj esa jksx xzflr dk;Z”khy efgykvksa esa ls 75-54 tks dk;Z”khy efgykvksa dh fØ;k'khyrk ds ckn ifjokjksa izfr”kr dk;Z”khy efgyk,¡ vYidkfyd LokLF; leL;k dh vPNh vkoklh; n'kk rFkk ifjokjksa ds vkfFkZd Lrj esa ls rFkk 25-46 izfr”kr dk;Z”khy efgyk,¡ nh?kZdkfyd o`f) dk ifj.kke gSA LokLF; leL;k ls xzflr gSaA nqxZ uxj esa LokLF; Lrj

p;fur dk;Z”khy efgykvksa esas Øe”k% 11-56 izfr”kr fuEu] nqxZ&fHkykbZ uxjksa esa dk;Z'khy efgykvksa fd 56-80 izfr”kr e/;e rFkk 31-63 izfr”kr mPp izkIr gqvk LokLF; n'kk ,oa Lrjogha fHkykbZ uxj esa LokLF; Lrj p;fur dk;Z”khy

ekuo thou ds lHkh i{kksa esa LokLF; ,d vewY; efgykvksa esas Øe”k% 18-24 izfr”kr fuEu] 38-44 izfr”kr /kjksgj gS] tks fd mPp lkekftd] ekuoh; thou ds fy, e/;e rFkk 43-32 izfr”kr mPp izkIr gqvkA

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nqxZ&fHkykbZ uxjksa esa dk;Z'khy efgykvksa ds thou muds thou 'kSyh esa dksbZ fo'ks"k xq.kkRed ifjorZu u gksus dh xq.koRrk Lrj ls muds thou dh xq.koRrk Lrj vkt Hkh fuEu gSA

efgykvksa ds thou dh xq.koRrk Lrj] cgqLrjh; ?kVukvksa orZeku le; esa Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa mudh lap;h vko`fRr ,oa ikjLifjd fØ;k lqèkkj ,oa mRFkku ij è;ku dsfUær fd;k tk jgk gS tSls&vkoklh; n'kk,¡a] v/kkslajpuk lqfo/kk dk foLrkj] blhfy, uxjksa esa dk;Z'khy efgykvksa ds çR;sd igyq dk thou 'kSyh] HkkSfrd rFkk lkekftd okrkoj.k esa lkeatL; vè;;u vkSj Hkh egRoiw.kZ gks tkrk gSA lkekU;r% thou ds }kjk fu/kkZfjr gksrk gSAfd xq.koÙkk ,oa thou Lrj fd voèkkj.kk dks ,d gh vFkZ

esa ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ijUrq okLro esa ;g ,d nwljs ls LFkkfud izfr:Ik ds vk/kkj ij dk;Z'khy efgykvksa i;kZIr fHkUu gaSA thou fd xq.koÙkk fdlh O;fä ,oa mlds ds thou dh xq.koRrk Lrjifjokj fd lkekftd] vkÆFkd] vkoklh; ,oa LokLF; nqxZ&fHkykbZ uxjksa esa dk;Z'khy efgykvksa esa n”kkvksa fd lexz fo'ks"krkvksa dks çnf”kZr djrk gS ijUrq LFkkfud izfr:Ik ds vk/kkj ij thou dh xq.koRrk ds Lrj thou Lrj eq[; :i ls vkÆFkd dkjd vk; ls lacafèkr esa Ik;kZIr fHkUurk gSA izoklh dk;Z'khy efgykvksa dh gksrk gSA ,d fodkl'khy ns'k esa O;fDr;ksa dh thou dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr esa lq/kkj ds lkFk&lkFk muds thou dh xq.koRrk dk vFkZ gS] izR;sd O;fDr dks leku :Ik ls xq.koRrk ds Lrj esa Hkh xq.kkRed ifjoZru gksrk gSA nqxZ Hkkstu] oL=] edku] lsok rFkk lqfo/kkvksa dks miyC/k &fHkykbZ uxjksa ds p;fur dk;Z'khy efgykvksa ds thou djkuk ¼fclkyhg] 1979½A thou dh xq.koRrk ds varxZr ds xq.koRrk Lrj dk fo'ys"k.k izokl ds vuqlkj ftys ds vkfFkZd] lkekftd] vkoklh;] f”k{kk] LokLF;] jkstxkj fofHkUu fodkl[k.M ls vkizokflr] NRrhlx<+ ds fofHkUu tSls RkRo vkrs gS] ftuls fdlh Hkh O;fDr ds jgu&lgu ftyksa ls vkizokflr ,oa Hkkjr ds fofHkUu jkT;ksa ls ;k mlds thou dh xq.koRrk dk Kku gksrk gSA vkizokflr efgykvksa ds lanHkZ esa fd;k x;k gSA dk;Z'khy dqenOkYyh ¼2013½ us eSlwj ftys esa thou dh xq.koRrk ds efgykvksa ds vkizokflr Lo:i dk izHkko] mRizokflr HkkSxksfyd fo”ys"k.k esa xzkeh.k&uxjh; i;kZoj.k] tkfr dsUnz dh rqyuk esa xUrO; LFky dk vkfFkZd {ks= vf/kd lajpuk] LokLF;] f”k{kk] vkokl ,oa vk/kkjHkwr le`) fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA rFkkfi blls dk;Z”khy efgykvksa v/kkslajpuk] jkstxkj] xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkk] jktuhfr] esa vkfFkZd Lrj esa xq.kkRed ifjorZu laHko gqvk gS] ftlls euksjatu ,oa lqj{kk dks lfEefyr fd;k gSAorZeku le; dk;Z'khy efgykvksa ,oa muds ifjokj dk vkfFkZd Lrj ,oa esa lekt esa fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk cgqr ls ifjorZu gq, gaS thou dh xq.koRrk Lrj le`) ,oa mUur gqbZ gSA ijarq dk;Z”khy efgykvksa ds thou dh xq.koRrk Lrj esa

p;fur dk;Z'khy efgykvksa esa LFkkfud izfr:Ik vkaf'kd ldkjkRed ifjoRkZu gh n`"VO; gq, gSaAflag ds vuqlkj thou dh xq.koRrk Lrj ds fo”ys'k.k ls Li'V ¼2004½ us vius v/;;u esa crk;k fd O;fDr;ksa dk vkfFkZd gksrk gS fd dk;Z'khy efgykvksa esa thou dh xq.koRrk dk fodkl] mPp thou dh xq.koRrk ls izkIr gksrk gS rFkk fuEu Lrj lokZf/kd nqxZ uxj esa 30-03 izfr”kr ftys ds jkstxkj dh miyC/krk rFkk lalk/kuksa dk leku forj.k] vUnj ls vizokflr fØ;k'khy efgykvksa esa rFkk fHkykbZ vkfFkZd fØ;kdyki ,oa izk—frd ekuoh; Ik;kZoj.k esa uxj esa lokZf/kd 42-11 izfr”kr NRrhlx<+ ds fofHkUu varZlaca/k mPp thou dh xq.koRrk Lrj dk eq[; /;s; gSaA ftys ls vizokflr fØ;k'khy efgykvksa esa izkIr gqvk] uxjksa esa tgk¡ dk;”khy efgyk,¡ viuh rFkk ifjokj dh mYys[kuh; gS fd jkstxkj ds csgrj voljksa ds dkj.k nqxZ ewyHkwr vko”;drk dh iwfrZ dk nkf;Ro fuHkk jgh gaS] ogha ftys ds fofHkUu fodkl[k.M ls nqxZ uxj esa rFkk fHkykbZ fuEu lkekftd &vkfFkZd] vkoklh; Lrj ds QyLo:Ik

[[69


uxj esa NRrhlx<+ ds fofHkUu ftys ls vizokflr jkstxkj ds csgrj volj ,oa “kS{kf.kd lqfo/kkvksa dk dk;Z”khy efgykvksa dk vf/kd izokl gqvk] ftudh fodkl gSAikfjokfjd vk; ,oa thou dh xq.koRrk Lrj fuEu FkhA p;fur dk;Z”khy efgykvksa esas dkfyd Lo:i thou dh xq.koRrk dk e/;e Lrj lokZf/kd nqxZ uxj esa ds vk/kkj ij 1980 ls iwoZ fuEu thou dh xq.koÙkk nqxZ 61-98 izfr”kr rFkk fHkykbZ uxj esa 63-28 izfr”kr ftys ds uxj ¼69-23izfr”kr½ fd rqyuk esa tgk¡ fHkykbZ uxj ¼90-vUnj ls vizokflr fØ;k'khy efgykvksa esa izkIr gqvkA 38izfr”kr½ esa Ms< xquk vf/kd izkIr gqvk]ogha dk;Z”khy blds foijhr mPp thou dk xq.koRrk Lrj lokZf/kd nqxZ efgykvksa esa e/;e thou dh xq.koÙkk nqxZ uxj ¼23-08 uxj esa 22-81 izfr”kr rFkk fHkykbZ uxj esa 42-41 izfr'kr izfr”kr½ fd rqyuk esa fHkykbZ uxj ¼5-77izfr”kr½ esa Hkkjr ds fofHkUu jkT;ksa ls vizokflr dk;Z'khy efgykvksa U;wure izkIr gqvkA dk;Z”khy efgykvksa esa mPp thou dh esa izkIr gqvkA mYys[kuh; gS fd Hkkjr ds fofHkUu jkT;ksa ls xq.koÙkk nqxZ uxj esa 7-69izfr”kr rFkk fHkykbZ uxj esa 3-vizokflr dk;Z'khy efgykvksa esa mPp vkfFkZd ,oa mPp 85izfr”kr izkIr gqvkA 1981 ls 2000 rd nksuksa uxjksa esa vk; Lrj ds ifjokj dh efgyk,¡ vf/kd gSaA blds foijhr fuEu] e/;e ,oa mPp thou dh xq.koRrk Lrj dh nqxZ uxj esa NRrhlx<+ ds fofHkUu ftyksa ls vkizokflr dk;Z”khy efgykvksa dk izfr”kr yxHkx leku jgkA dk;Z'khy efgykvksa esa rFkk fHkykbZ uxj esa nqxZ ftys ds fHkykbZ uxj esa 1980 ls iwoZ dh rqyuk esa 1981 ls 2000 fofHkUu fodkl[k.M ls vizokflr fØ;k'khy efgykvksa esa rd fuEu Lrj dh dk;Z'khy efgykvksa dk e/;e Lrj esa ;g izfr'kr U;wure izkIr gqvkA bl izdkj LFkkfud {ks= LFkkukarj.k vf/kd gqvk gSA 2001 ds ckn dk;Z”khy dh efgyk,¡ tgk¡ fuEu vkfFkZd Lrj ds ifjokjksa ls vf/kd efgykvksa esas fuEu thou dh xq.koÙkk nqxZ uxj ¼35-lacaf/kr gS ogha bu efgykvksa ds dkf;Zd lajpuk esa etnwjh 21izfr”kr½ dh rqyuk esa tgk¡ fHkykbZ uxj ¼38-57izfr”kr½ ,oa ?kjsyw dk;Z dh vf/kdrk gS ftlds dkj.k efgykvksa dh esa vf/kd izkIr gqvk] ogha dk;Z”khy efgykvksa esa e/;e orZeku esas vkfFkZd Lrj esa fxjkoV gqbZ] ifj.kker% thou thou dh xq.koÙkk nqxZ uxj ¼43-66izfr”kr½ dh rqyuk esa dh xq.koRrk Lrj Hkh fuEu jghA fHkykbZ uxj ¼37-71izfr”kr½ esa U;wure izkIr gqvkA dk;Z'khy efgykvksa ds thou dh xq.koRrk Lrj dk dk;Z”khy efgykvksa esa mPp thou dh xq.koÙkk nqxZ uxj esa dkfyd fo'ys"k.k 21-13izfr”kr rFkk fHkykbZ uxj esa 23-71izfr”kr izkIr gqbZA

o"kZ 1980 ds iwoZ efgykvksa esa fuEu 'kS{kf.kd Lrj dh nqxZ&fHkykbZ uxjksa esa p;fur dk;Z'khy vf/kdrk Fkh ftlds dkj.k mudh lcls vf/kd efgykvksa ds thou dh xq.koRrk ij fofHkUu dkfyd o"kkasZ lgHkkfxrk] etnwjh ,oa ?kjsyw dk;ksZa esa vf/kd jgh ftlls esa ifjokj ,oa lekt ds :<+hoknh ekU;rkvksa ,oa nksuks uxjksa esa fuEu thou dh xq.koÙkk Lrj fd dk;Z”khy dk;Z'khyrk ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k esa cnyko] jkstxkj ds efgykvksa dk izfr”kr vf/kd izkIr gqvkA o"kZ 1981&2000 csgrj volj] “kS{kf.kd lqfo/kkvksa dk fodkl] Lo;a vk; ds e/; fuEu thou dh xq.koRrk Lrj dh dk;Z'khy izkIr djus fd bPNk dk lfEefyr izHkko n`"VO; gqvkA nqxZ efgykvksa dh tgk¡ deh gqbZ ogha e/;e ,oa mPp vkfFkZd &fHkykbZ uxjksa esa o"kZ 1980 ds iwoZ efgykvksa dks jkstxkj Lrj esa fLFkj o`f) dh izo`fRr ikbZ xbZA bl dkykof/k esa ds csgrj volj dk vHkko rFkk lkekftd :<+hoknh efgyk,¡ mPp 'kS{kf.kd Lrj ds dkj.k ,oa r`rh;d ,oa ekU;rk,a vf/kd izcy Fkh blhfy, o"kZ 1980 ds iwoZ mPp vk; izkIr lsokvksa esa vf/kd layXu gqbZ] ftlds efgyk,¡ vf/kd fØ;k”khy ugha FkhA ijUrq o"kZ 2001 ds dkj.k muds vkfFkZd Lrj ,oa mudh thou “kSyh esa ckn efgyk,¡ vf/kd fØ;k”khy gqbZ ftldk izeq[k dkj.k xq.kkRed ifjorZu ifjyf{kr gqvkA o"kZ 2001 ds ckn

[[70


efgykvksa dh f}rh;d ,oa r`rh;d dk;kZs ds mPp vk; dh xq.koÙkk mPp FkhA Lrj okys inksa ij inkiZ.k gksus ls muds vkfFkZd Lrj ,oa nqxZ uxj esa jkstxkj ds iwoZ efgykvksa esa fuEu thou dh xq.koRrk Lrj esa Hkh mRrjksRrj ifjorZu fn[kkbZ thou dh xq.koÙkk Lrj dk izfr”kr vf/kd gksus dk izeq+[k nsrk gSA o"kZ 2001 ds ckn dh dkykof/k esa mPp thou dh dkj.k efgykvksa dk fuEu vk; Lrj ds ifjokjksa ls gksuk xq.koRrk Lrj okyh dk;Z”khy efgykvksa dk izfr”kr iwoZ gSA p;fur dk;Z”khy efgykvksa esas jkstxkj ds ckn fuEu~ o"kkZsa fd rqyuk esa nksuksa uxjksa esa vis{kkd`r vf/kd izkIr thou dh xq.koÙkk nqxZuxj ¼22-62izfr”kr½ fd rqyuk esa gqvkA tgk¡ fHkykbZ uxj ¼20-35izfr”kr½ esa de izkIr gqbZ ogha dk;Z'khy efgykvksa ds thou dh xq.koRrk Lrj dk;Z”khy efgykvksa esa mPp thou dh xq.koÙkk nqxZ uxj jkstxkj ds iwoZ ,oa jkstxkj ds ckn ¼20-41izfr”kr½ fd rqyuk esa fHkykbZ uxj ¼37-30izfr”kr½

esa yxHkx 2 xquk vf/kd izkIr gqbZA nqxZ uxj esa dk;Z”khy fdlh uxj eas efgykvkas ds thou dh xq.koÙkk efgykvksa esas jkstxkj ds ckn Hkh thou dh xq.koÙkk Lrj muds jkts xkj ds iow Z LOkkHkkfod :i ls fuEu gkrs h gS dk izfr”kr U;wure gksus dk izeq+[k dkj.k efgykvksa ds D;kfas d efgyk,¡ vius ifjokj ds lnL;kas dh vk; ij fuHkZj dkf;Zd lajpuk esa etnwjh ,oa ?kjsyw dk;Z dh vf/kdrk gS djrh gSfa tlls vius rFkk vius ifjokj dh vko';drkvkas ftlds dkj.k efgykvksa dh orZeku esas vkfFkZd Lrj esa dks lhfer vk; eas ijw k djuk dfBu gkrs k gSA ijUrq tc fxjkoV gqbZA ifj.kker% buds thou dk xq.koRrk Lrj Hkh efgyk,¡ fofHkUu O;kolkf;d dk;kZsa eas lya Xu gks dj vk; fuEu~ jgkA p;fur dk;Z”khy efgykvksa esas jkstxkj ds ckn vÆtr djus yxrh gSa rks Lo;a rFkk ifjokj dh vk; eas e/;e thou dh xq.koÙkk fHkykbZ uxj ¼42-35izfr”kr½ fd o`f) gkrs h gSA ftlls mudh lkekftd] vkÆFkd] vkoklh; rqyuk esa nqxZ uxj ¼56-97izfr”kr½ esa vf/kd izkIr gqbZ n'kk eas xq.kkRed ifjorZu gkrs k gS rFkk dk;Z'khy efgykvkas ftldk izeq+[k dkj.k dk;Z”khy efgykvksa ds 'kS{kf.kd Lrj ds thou dh xq.koÙkk eas mYyfs [kr o`f) gkrs h gSA ;gh esa o`f} ds lkFk&lkFk muds dk;Z ds Lo:Ik esa fofo/krk çofÙk nqxZ& fHkykÃ uxjkas eas Hkh –"VO; gqvk gSAvkuk gS] lkFk gh muds vk; Lrj esa lq/kkj ls thou Lrj esa

nqxZ uxj esa p;fur dk;Z”khy efgykvksa esas Hkh xq.kkRed ifjorZu gqvk gSA bl izdkj dk;Z'khy thou dh xq.koÙkk Lrj jkstxkj ds iwoZ 48-92 izfr”kr ,oa efgykvksa dh fØ;k'khyrk ls Lo;a rFkk muds ifjokj ds fHkykbZ uxj esa 51-08 izfr”kr izkIr gqvkA p;fur vkfFkZd vk; esa o`f) gksrh gS] ftlls ifjokj ds thou dh dk;Z”khy efgykvksa esas jkstxkj ds iwoZ fuEu thou dh xq.koRrk esa /kukRed o`f) gksrh gS] tksdkyZ fi;lZu xq.koÙkk fHkykbZ uxj ¼48-05 izfr”kr½ fd rqyuk esa tgk¡ lglaca/k xq.kkad ijh{k.k }kjk mPp lkFkZdrk Lrj ¼0-001½ nqxZ uxj ¼57-65 izfr”kr½ esa vf/kd izkIr gqvk] ogha ij izekf.kr gqvk ¼ifjdYiuk &2] lR;kfir½Adk;Z”khy efgykvksa esa mPp thou dh xq.koÙkk nqxZ uxj

tkfr lajpuk ds vuqlkj dk;Z'khy efgykvksa ds ¼15-48 izfr”kr½ dh rqyuk esa fHkykbZ uxj ¼27-85 izfr”kr½ thou dh xq.koRrk Lrjesa vf/kd izkIr gqvkA fHkykbZ uxj esa jkstxkj ds iwoZ Hkh

efgykvksa esa mPp thou dh xq.koÙkk Lrj dk izfr”kr tkfr lajpuk ds vuqlkj uxjh; dk;Z'khy vf/kd gksus dk izeq+[k dkj.k efgykvksa dk mPp vkfFkZd efgykvksa ds thou dh xq.koRrk Lrj esa fofHkUurk ikbZ ,oa mPp vk; Lrj ds ifjokjksa ls gksuk gSA ftlls jkstxkj tkrh gSA fuEu lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr ds dkj.k ds iwoZ Hkh mPp vkfFkZd Lrj ds dkj.k efgykvksa dh vk; vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkfr dh efgykvksa esa mPp thou Lrj vis{kkÑr vf/kd mUur gksus ls efgykvksa ds thou dh xq.koRrk Lrj vis{kk—r de ikbZ tkrh gS] blds

[[71


foijhr vU; tkfr;ksa dh efgykvksa esa vf/kd lEiUurk thou dh xq.koRrk dk mPp Lrj] vfookfgr efgykvksa esa rFkk mPp 'kS{kf.kd Lrj ds dkj.k mudk thou Lrj mPp nqxZ uxj esa 29-91 izfr”kr rFkk fHkykbZ uxj esa 38-ik;k tkrk gSA 71izfr”kr lokZf/kd izkIr gqvkA ogha thou dh xq.koRrk

dk e/;e Lrj fookfgr efgykvksa esa nqxZ uxj esa 68-15 p;fur dk;Z'khy efgykvksa esa tkfr ds vuqlkj izfr”kr rFkk fHkykbZ uxj esa 66-35 izfr”kr lokZf/kd thou dh xq.koRrk Lrj dks fo'ysf"kr fd;k x;k ftlesa n`'VO; gqvkAthou dh xq.koRrk dk mPp Lrj nqxZ uxj esa 30-18 'kS{kf.kd fLFkfr ds vuqlkj dk;Z'khy efgykvksa ds izfr”kr vU; tkfr;ksa dh dk;Z'khy efgykvksa esa rFkk thou dh xq.koRrk LrjfHkykbZ uxj esa 44-85 izfr”kr lokZf/kd vU; fiNMk oxZ

dh dk;Z'khy efgykvksa esa izkIr gqvk rFkk fuEu thou dh fdlh Hkh {ks= dh efgykvksa ds thou dh xq.koRrk Lrj vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dh efgykvksa esa nqxZ uxj xq.koRrk Lrj ds fu/kkZj.k esa f'k{kk dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku esa 42-86 izfr”kr rFkk fHkykbZ uxj esa 38-33 izfr”kr gksrk gSA lkekU;r;k 'kS{kf.kd Lrj esa o`f) ds lkFk&lkFk vuqlwfpr tutkfr dh dk;Z'khy efgykvksa esa lokZf/kd thou dh xq.koRrk Lrj esa Hkh o`f) dh izo`fRr ikbZ tkrh izkIr gqvkA e/;e thou dh xq.koRrk Lrj nqxZ uxj esa gSA p;fur dk;Z”khy efgykvksa esa 'kS{kf.kd fLFkfr ds ¼66-95 izfr”kr½ vU; vU; fiNMk oxZ dh dk;Z'khy vuqlkj thou dh xq.koRrk Lrj ds fo”ys"k.k ls Li"V efgykvksa esa rFkk fHkykbZ uxj esa ¼68-18 izfr”kr½ gksrk gS fd dk;Z'khy efgykvksa esa thou dh xq.koRrk dk vuqlwfpr tutkfr dh dk;Z”khy efgykvksa esas lokZf/kd fuEu Lrj tgk¡ fuj{kj dk;Z'khy efgykvksa esa nqxZ uxj esa izkIr gqvkA 84-62 izfr”kr rFkk fHkykbZ uxj esa 68-63izfr”kr lokZf/kd oSokfgd fLFkfr ds vuqlkj dk;Z'khy efgykvksa ds izkIr gqvk]ogha thou dh xq.koRrk dk e/;e Lrj thou dh xq.koRrk Lrj Lukrd@LukrdksRrj ,oa O;kolkf;d 'kS{kf.kd Lrj izkIr

efgykvksa esa nqxZ uxj esa 60-40 izfr”kr lokZf/kd jgk rFkk dk;Z'khy efgykvksa dh thou dh xq.koRrk ds fHkykbZ uxj esa thou dh xq.koRrk dk e/;e Lrj Lrj ij muds oSokfgd lajpuk dk izR;{k izHkko IkM+rk gSA gkbZ@gk;j lsdaMjh 'kS{kf.kd Lrj izkIr efgykvksa esa 56-fookfgr efgyk,¡ ikfjokfjd mRrjnkf;Ro ds fuokZgu esa 47 izfr”kr lokZf/kd n`"VO; gqvkAvius O;fDrRo dks fu[kkjus ,oa HkkSfrd lq[k&lqfo/kkvksa

dh oLrqvksa dks foLrkj ugaha ns ikrh gSa ftlls muds thou thou dh x.q koRrk dk mPp Lrj] Lukrd@ dh xq.koRrk dk Lrj vis{kk—r fuEu gksrk gS ogha] LukrdkRs rj ,oa O;kolkf;d 'k{S kf.kd Lrj ikz Ir efgykvka svfookfgr efgyk,¡ ikfjokfjd nkf;Roksa ls eqDr gksus ls] ea s nxq Z uxj ea s 27-17 ifz r”kr rFkk fHkykbZ uxj ea s 43-41 HkkSfrd lq[k lqfo/kkvksa dh oLrqvksa ds miHkksx gsrq Lora= ifz r”kr lokfZ /kd ikz Ir gvq kA dk;'Z khy efgykvka s ds gksrh gS] Qyr% muds thou dh xq.koRrk dk Lrj 'k{S kf.kd Lrj ea s of) ds lkFk&lkFk muds dk;Z ds Lo:Ik vis{kk—r mPp gksrk gSA ea s fofo/krk vkbZ gS ftlls muds vk; Lrj ea s l/q kkj ds lkFk

muds thou ds x.q kkRed Lrj ea s Hkh /kukRed ifjoruZ gvq k p;fur dk;Z”khy efgykvksa esa oSokfgd fLFkfr gAS bl idz kj dk;”Z khy efgykvka s ds 'k{S kf.kd Lrj dk ds vuqlkj thou dh xq.koRrk Lrj ds fo”ys'k.k ls Li"V muds thou ds x.q kkoRRkk Lrj ij iHz kko dkyZ fi;luZ gksrk gS fd dk;Z'khy efgykvksa esa thou dh xq.koRrk dk lglca /a k x.q kkda ijh{k.k }kjk mPp lkFkdZ rk Lrj ¼0-001½ fuEu Lrj fo/kok efgykvksa esa nqxZ uxj esa 52-04izfr”kr ij iez kf.kr gvq kgS ¼ifjdYiuk&1] lR;kfir½A rFkk fHkykbZ uxj esa 39-22 izfr”kr lokZf/kd jgk] tcfd

[[72


O;kolkf;d lajpuk ds vuqlkj dk;Z'khy efgykvksa cgqpj dkjd fo'ys"k.k ds thou dh xq.koRrk Lrj dk;Z'khy efgykvksa esa thou dh xq.koRrk dks

Hkkjrh; Je 'kfDr esa efgykvkas dk ,d izeq[k izHkkfor djus okys dkjdksa esa lkekftd] vkfFkZd] fgLlk gS] ysfdu jkstxkj ds Lrj vkSj xq.koRRkk dh n`f"V vkoklh; ,oa LokLF; izeq[k dkjd gS bu dkjdksa fd ls os iq:"kksa ls ihNs jg tkrh gSa ¼,l- ,u- xqIrk] 2014½A izHkko'khyrk ds fo'ys"k.k ds fy, trjkuk ¼2001½ ,oa nqxZ&fHkykbZ uxjksa esa dk;Z”khy efgykvksa dh O;kolkf;d dkUl ¼1972½ }kjk iz;qDr cgqpj ekWMy (Multivariate

lajpuk esa fHkUurk fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA dk;Z”khy efgykvksa dh Model) ds vUrxZr cgqpj xq.kuiw.kZ lglEc/k xq.kkad dk O;kolkf;d lajpuk dks mudk “kS{kf.kd Lrj] ifjokj] iz;ksx dj dkjdksa dh izHkko'khyrk dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k dk;Z djus dh bPNk] cPpksa dh ns[kHkky tSls rRo izHkkfor x;kA nqxZ&fHkykbZ uxjksa esa p;fur dk;Z'khy efgykvksa ds djrs gSaA uxjh; {ks=ksa esa izkFkfed dk;Z ux.; gksrs gS] thou dh xq.koRrk Lrj dks izHkkfor djus okys lkekftd] blhfy, fuEu vk; Lrj dh efgyk,¡ etnwjh tSls fuEu vkfFkZd] vkoklh; ,oa LokLF; laca/kh dkjdksa ds vk/kkj ij O;kolkf;d dk;ksZa esa layXu gksrh gaS ftlls mudh thou cgqpj dkjd fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;kA fo'ys"k.k ls Li"V dh xq.koRrk Lrj fuEu gksrh gSA tcfd f”kf{kr efgykvksa gksrk gS fd dk;Z'khy efgykvksa ds thou dh mPp dh Hkkxhnkjh mPp O;kolkf;d dk;ksZa esa vf/kd fn[kkbZ xq.koRrk Lrj ds mUu;u esa efgykvksa dh mPp lkekftd nsrh gS ftlls mudh thou dh xq.koRrk mPp gksrh gSA Lrj] mPp vkfFkZd Lrj ,oa mPp vkoklh; Lrj dk izHkko nqxZ &fHkykbZ uxjksa esa Hkh blh rjg dk izfr:Ik ns[kus dks tgk¡ mPp lkFkZd Lrj ij izekf.kr gqvk] ogha efgykvksa feyrk gSA dh mPp LokLF; Lrj dk izHkko fuEu lkFkZd Lrj ij

iznf'kZr gqvkA blds foijhr efgykvksa ds thou dh fuEu p;fur dk;Z”khy efgykvksa esa O;kolkf;d xq.koRrk Lrj ij efgykvksa ds fuEu vkfFkZd Lrj dk lajpuk ds vuqlkj thou dh xq.koRrk Lrj ds fo”ys'k.k izHkko mPp lkFkZd Lrj ij izekf.kr gqvkA ls Li"V gS fd dk;Z'khy efgykvksa esa thou dh xq.koRrk

dk fuEu Lrj etnwjh@?kjsyw etnwjh tSls fuEu fu"d"kZ ,oa lq>ko O;kolkf;d dk;ksZa esa layXu efgykvksa esa nqxZ uxj esa 68- vkt 'kS{kf.kd Lrj esa o`f) ds lkFk&lkFk 70 izfr”kr rFkk fHkykbZ uxj esa 73-61 izfr”kr lokZf/kd dk;Z”khy efgykvksa esa O;kolkf;d ,oa vkfFkZd Lora=rk esa jgk] tcfd thou dh xq.koRrk dk mPp Lrj nqxZ uxj esa i;kZIr ifjorZu n`"VO; gqvk gS] ftldk izHkko muds lokZf/kd 37-25 izfr”kr “kS{kf.kd laLFkku esa dk;Zjr O;fDrRo] jgu&lgu] lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr ij Hkh efgykvksa esa rFkk fHkykbZ uxj esa thou dh xq.koRrk dk iM+k gS] ijarq fQj Hkh dk;Z'khy efgykvksa dh lkekftd mPp Lrj lokZf/kd 42-48 izfr”kr “kkldh; lsok esa ,oa vkfFkZd Lrj esa vkaf'kd ldkjkRed ifjoRkZu gh dk;Zjr efgykvksa esa n`"VO; gqvkA mYys[kuh; gS fd n`"VO; gq, gSaA nqxZ uxj ds p;fur dk;Z”khy efgykvksa etnwj oxZ dh vkizoklh; dk;Z'khy efgykvksa esa fuEu dh thou dh xq.koRrk Lrj ds HkkSxksfyd fo'ys"k.k ls lk{kjrk Lrj rFkk fuEu vk; Lrj ds dkj.k muesa thou Li"V gksrk gS dh nqxZ& fHkykbZ uxjksa esa jkstxkj ds i”pkr~ dh xq.koRrk dk Lrj fuEu ik;k x;k] ogha 'kkldh; p;fur dk;Z”khy efgykvksa dh thou dh xq.koÙkk esa lsokvksa ,oa “kS{kf.kd laLFkku esa dk;Zjr efgykvksa esa vk; fuEu Lrj esa tgk¡ deh gqbZ ogha e/;e ,oa mPp Lrj esa Lrj mPp gksus ds dkj.k muds thou dh xq.koRrk dk o`f) dh izo`fÙk ikbZ xbZA dk;Z”khy efgykvksa dh vkfFkZd Lrj Hkh mPp ik;k x;kA lfØ;rk ls fuEu Lrj dh dk;Z'khy efgykvksa dk e/;e

[[73


Lrj esa LFkkukarj.k vf/kd gqvk] tks efgykvksa ds mPp “kS{kf.kd Lrj esa o`f/n ds lkFk&lkFk O;kolkf;d ,oa vkfFkZd Lora=rk esa i;kZIr ifjorZu dk izfrQy gSA blds lkFk gh dk;Z'khy efgykvksa dh fuEu thou dh xq.koRrk Lrj dk dkj.k fuEu lkekftd&vkfFkZd n'kk rFkk fuEu vkoklh; n'kk gSA

nqxZ& fHkykbZ uxjksa esa dk;Z'khy efgykvksa dh lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd Lrj ij 'kS{kf.kd Lrj dk izHkko lokZf/kd jgkA ftlesa fuEu 'kSf{kd Lrj ,oa vizf'kf{kr dk;Z'khy efgyk,¡ fuEu vk; ds vkfFkZd dk;ksZa esa layXu gSaAblds foijhr mPp O;kolkf;d dk;ksZa esa layXu dk;Z'khy efgykvksa esa ;g lEkL;k de fn[kkÃ nsrh gSA blh çdkj efgyk,¡ vkÆFkd fØ;k'khyrk ds lkFk ifjokfjd rFkk lkekftd nkf;Roksa dk fuoZgu Hkh djrh gSa bl vfrfjä nkf;Roksa ds dkj.k dÃ dk;Z'khy efgykvksa esa LokLF; leL;k mRiUu gks jgh gS tks ,d xaHkhj leL;k gS D;ksafd LokLF; Lrj thou dh xq.koÙkk Lrj dk egRoiw.kZ lwpd gSA efgyk l'kfädj.k dh fn'kk esa yxkrkj ç;klksa ls jk"Vª fuekZ.k ,oa fodkl dk;kasZ esa enn feysxh rFkk lekt viuh iwjh {kerk dk mi;ksx dj thou dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj }kjk ekuo lalk/ku fodkl dk y{; 'kh?kzrk ls çkIr dj ldsxk ¼,l- ,u- xqIrk] 2014½A dk;Z'khy efgykvksa dh thou dh xq.koRrk Lrj esa lq/kkj ls fuf'pr gh ifjokj ,o alekt ds lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd fodkl esa ldkjkRed ifjorZu laHko gksxk] tks jk"Vª ds fodkl ds fy;s furkar vko';d gSA

lanHkZ&lwph

1. Bisaliah, S., 1979, "Technology Output and

Factor Price Effects on Employment", Manpower

Journal, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 35

2. Desai, A.R., 1985, "Rural Socioiogy in India",

Popular Prakashan, Bombay, pp.- 54-56.

3. Kumudavalli, 2013, "Quality Of Life In Mysore

District. A Geographical Analysis", Unpublished

Ph.D. Thesis, University Of Mysore, pp.1.

4. Singhal, Tara, 2003, "Working Women and

Family", RBSA Publication, Jaipur, pp. 19-20.

5- vgen] bjQku] 2014] **efgyk l'kfDrdj.k**] bafLVV~;wV QkWj lks'ky MsoyiesaV ,aM fjlPkZ]jkPkh] i`-&49-

6- xqIrk] ,l- ,u-] 2014]**tukafddh ds ewyrRo**] o`ank ifCyds'kUl izk- fy-] fnYyh] i`-&468&469] ISBN: 927-81-8281-508-7-

7- pkScs] dSyk'k] 2001] **LokLF;@fpfdRlk Hkwxksy**] e/;izns'k fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh] Hkksiky] i`- 23-

8- nkHkM+d] dkosjh ,oa vU;] 2005]**fcykliqj ftys esa jksx forj.k izfr:Ik dk HkkSxksfyd v/;;u**] mRrj izns'k HkkSxksfyd if=dk] vad&10] i`"B 92&98-

9- flag] vkyksd] 2004] **vktex<+ tuin ¼m-iz-½ esa thou dh xq.koRrk dk Lrj**] mRrj Hkkjr Hkwxksy if=dk] vad 40] i`"B 36&42-

tuin&eÅ ¼m0iz0½ esa lalk/ku fodkl Lrj ,oa LFkkfud fu;kstu gsrq ojh;rk ds {ks=ksa dk fu/kkZj.k

v/;;u {ks=k tuin&eÅ ds lalk/kuksa ds v/;;u ,oa fo'ys"k.k ls ;g rF; lkeus vk;k gS fd lalk/kuksa ds cgqyrk ds ckotwn Hkh ;g {ks=k rn~uq:i lE;d :i ls fodflr ugha gks ldk gS] ftldk eq[; dkj.k lalk/kuksa dk vfoosdiw.kZ mi;ksx ,oa fu;kstu dh xyr izfØ;k jgh gSA fu;kstu dh izfØ;k dks lgh Lo:i iznku djus gsrq loZizFke lalk/kuksa dk fodkl Lrj ,oa fu;kstu gsrq ojh;rk ds {ks=kksa dk fu/kkZj.k vko';d gSA

'kCn la{ksi % lalk/ku] fodkl] fu;kstu] fodkl Lrj] LFkkfud fu;kstu] vYifodflr] larqfyr fodklA

IkzLrkouk iw.kZrk iznku dh x;h gSA

v/;;u {ks= tuin&eÅ ds fofHkUu lalk/kuksa v/;;u {ks=ds v/;;u ls muds {ks=h; forj.k dk Lo:i mHkjdj eÅ tuin m0iz0 ds iwokZapy esa vktex<+ lkeus rks vk tkrk gS fdUrq {ks= fo'ks"k esa lalk/kuksa dh 0 0e.My ds vUrxZr 25 27* ls 26 17* mÙkjh v{kka'k ,oa leqPpf;d Lo:i dks mHkkjus gsrq ;g vko';d gS fd 0 083 9* ls 38 51* iwohZ ns'kkUrj ds e/; fLFkr gS] ftldk lalk/kuksa ds fodkl Lrj dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k tk;] rkfd

dqy HkkSxksfyd {ks=Qy 1]727-9 oxZ fdeh0 gSA bl {ks= ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa fofHkUu lalk/kuksa ds lkisf{kd

tuin ds mÙkj esa ?kk?kjk unh ds ikj xksj[kiqj rFkk egRo dks Li"V :i ls le>k tk lds ¼vks>k] lquhy

nsofj;k] if'pe esa vktex<+] nf{k.k esa xkthiqj ,oa iwjc dqekj] 2005] i`0 217½A

esa cfy;k tuin fLFkr gS ¼fp= 01½A v/;;u ds mís';

bl tuin dk l`tu lu~ 1988 esa vktex<+ ds izLrqr v/;;u dk eq[; mís'; v/;;u {ks= vkB fodkl [k.Mksa ¼nksgjh?kkV] Qrsgiqj e.Mko]

tuin&eÅ dk lalk/ku fodkl Lrj Kkr dj LFkkfud eqgEenkckn] ?kkslh] cM+jko] ijngk] dksikxat rFkk fu;kstu gsrq ojh;rk ds {ks=ksa dk fu/kkZj.k djuk gS] rkfd jkuhiqj½ ,oa tuin&cfy;k ds fodkl [k.M jruiqjk dks mlds vk/kkj ij v/;;u {ks= ds fy, lefUor fodkl feydj gqvkA iz'kklfud n`f"Vdks.k ls tuin dks pkj vk;kstuk rS;kj dh tk ldsA rglhyksa ¼eÅ] ?kkslh] eqgEenkckn ,oa e/kqcu½ ,oa 9

fodkl [k.Mksa ¼nksgjh?kkV] ?kkslh] Qrsgiqj e.Mko] cM+jko] fof/kra=e/kqcu] ijngk] dksikxat] jruiqjk] eqgEenkckn ,oa

izLrqr v/;;u esa foospukRed ,oa jkuhiqj½] 92 U;k; iapk;rksa] 597 xzkelHkkvksa ,oa 1]644

fo'ys"k.kkRed fof/k ra=ksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq, v/;;u dks

'kks/k lkjka'k

Mk- lquhy dqekj vks>k] lgk;d izk/;kid] Hkwxksy foHkkx] vej ukFk feJ LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky;] nwcsNijk] cfy;k&277205 ¼m0iz0½ eks0&9454354932] Email: [email protected]

lquhy dqekj vks>k


Vol. 24, 2019

R.N.I. No. UPBIL/1996/7631

I.S.S.N. - 0975-4903

[[75


fo'ys"k.k ,oa O;k[;kxzkeksa esa foHkDr fd;k x;k gSA blds vfrfjDr blesa ,d uxjikfydk ¼eÅ½] 6 Vkmu ,fj;k ¼nksgjh?kkV] ?kkslh] lalk/ku fodkl Lrj dk fu/kkZj.k dksfV xq.kkad dksikxat] eqgEenkckn] vfeyk] vnjh½ ,oa nks tux.kuk fof/k ls fd;k x;k gS] ftlds fy, Hkwty dh miyC/krk uxj ¼dqFkhZtkQjiqj ,oa [kSjkckn½ gSaA ou {ks=] tula[;k o`f)] tula[;k ?kuRo] lk{kjrk] izfr

fp= 01

[[76


O;fDr d`f"kr Hkwfe] m|ksxksa dh la[;k] 'kq) cks;k x;k fodkl [k.Mokj fofHkUu pjksa ds dksfVØe ,oa dksfVeku {ks=Qy] flapkbZ xgurk] 'kL; xgurk] izfr gsDVs;j xq.kkad dks rkfydk&1 ¼v½ ,oa ¼c½ esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gSAmoZjd dk iz;ksx ,oa izfr O;fDr [kk|kUu dk mRiknu lalk/ku fodkl Lrj ds fo'ys"k.k ls v/;;u pjksa dks fodkl [k.M Lrj ij vkjksgh ,oa vojksghØe esa {ks= tuin&eÅ dk vkSlr lalk/ku fodkl lwpdkad 5-dksfVeku iznku fd;k x;k gS ¼flag] mfeZys'k] 2002] i`0 00 vk;k gSA bl vkSlr dks vk/kkj ekudj v/;;u {ks= ds 212½A izR;sd fodkl [k.M ds lHkh pjksa ds dksfVeku dks lalk/ku fodkl Lrj dks rhu Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkDr fd;k x;k vyx&vyx Kkr djds muds ;ksx dks pjksa dh la[;k ls gS tks rkfydk 02 ,oa fp= 02 ls Li"V gS&foHkDr djds dksfVeku xq.kkad izkIr fd;k x;k gSA

fp= 02

[[77


rkfydk 02 % tuin&eÅ % lalk/ku fodkl LrjA

Js.kh dksfV xq.kkad fodkl [k.M dk ukemPp 5-50 ls vf/kd ?kkslh] cM+jko e/;e

4-50 ls 5-50

nksgjh?kkV] ijngka] eqgEenkckn

fuEu 4-50 ls de Qrsgiqj e.Mko] dksikxat] jruiqjk] jkuhiqj

1- mPp Lrj vYifodflr gS] rFkkfi v/;;u {ks= ds lexz ,oa larqfyr fodkl ds fu;kstu gsrq izFke ojh;rk fuEu Js.kh rkfydk 02 ds voyksdu ls Li"V gS fd mPp ds lalk/ku fodkl Lrj okys {ks= dks] f}rh; ojh;rk Lrj ds varxZr v/;;u {ks= ds nks fodkl [k.M&?kkslh e/;e Js.kh dks ,oa r`rh; ojh;rk mPp Js.kh dks fn;k ,oa cM+jko vkrs gSa] ftudk lalk/ku fodkl lwpdkad x;k gSA ¼fp= 03½Øe'k% 6-00 ,oa 5-75 gSaA bu {ks=ksa esa lalk/ku fodkl Lrj

mPp gksus dk izeq[k dkj.k ;g gS fd bl {ks= esa fodkl 1- fu;kstu gsrq izFke ojh;rk ds {ks=tU; voLFkkiuk rRoksa dk fodkl vf/kd gqvk gS] ftlds blds vUrxZr lalk/ku fodkl Lrj dk fuEu pyrs lalk/kuksa dks fodkl dk volj izkIr gqvk gSA ;gh Js.kh {ks= vkrk gSA blesa Qrsgiqj e.Mko] dksikxat] dkj.k gS fd bl {ks= esa d`f"k ,oa m|ksxksa dk fodkl jruiqjk ,oa jkuhiqj fodkl [k.M lfEefyr gSaA bl {ks= vf/kd gqvk gSA ds fodkl gsrq tgka ,drjQk o`{kkjksi.k djus] Hkw&ty dh 2- e/;e Lrj miyC/krk esa o`f) djus ,oa tula[;k ds vU; Hkkxksa esa

LFkkukUrfjr djus ds mik; djus] Ldwy&dkystksa dh e/;e lalk/ku fodkl Lrj ds varxZr v/;;u LFkkiuk djus]flapkbZ ds fofo/k lk/kuksa ds fodkl djus] {ks= dh nksgjh?kkV] ijngka ,oa eqgEenkckn fodkl [k.M mUure fdLe ds chtksa ,oa moZjd rFkk vk/kqfud d`f"k vkrs gSa] ftudk lalk/kuksa ds fodkltU; lqfo/kk,a miyC/k ;a=ksa ds iz;ksx djus dh vko';drk gS] ogha nwljh vksj gSaA Qyr% bu {ks=ksa esa lalk/kuksa dk vkSlr fodkl gqvk gSA;gka tula[;k fu;a=.k gsrq ifjokj fu;kstu] vkfn

3- fuEu Lrj dk;ZØeksa dh Hkh vko';drk gSA

fuEu lalk/ku fodkl Lrj ds varxZr v/;;u 2- fu;kstu gsrq f}rh; ojh;rk ds {ks={ks= ds Qrsgiqj e.Mko] dksikxat] jruiqjk ,oa jkuhiqj

blds vUrxZr lalk/ku fodkl Lrj dk e/;e fodkl [k.M vkrs gSa] ftudk vkSlr fodkl lwpdkad Js.kh {ks= vkrk gS] blesa nksgjh?kkV] ijngka ,oa Øe'k% 4-33] 4-42] 4-58 ,oa 3-92 gSA bu {ks=ksa esa lalk/ku eqgEenkckn ;s rhu fodkl [k.M lfEefyr gSaA bu {ks=ksa fodkltU; lqfo/kkvksa dk vHkko gSA Qyr% lalk/kuksa dk esa d`f"k gsrq vizkIr Hkwfe dks d`f"kr Hkwfe esa ifjorZu djus de fodkl gqvk gSA,oa izfr gsDVs;j moZjd dh ek=k dks c<+kus dh

LFkkfud fu;kstu gsrq ojh;rk ds {ks=ksa dk vko';drk gSA m|ksx&/ka/kksa ,oa jkstxkj ds vU; lk/kuksa fu/kkZj.k& dk fodkl Hkh vko';d gSA blds lkFk gh lkFk tula[;k

o`f) ij fu;a=.k Hkh vko';d gSAlalk/ku fodkl Lrj ds fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa ds v/;;u }kjk v/;;u {ks= ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa fofHkUu 3- fu;kstu gsrq r`rh; ojh;rk ds {ks=lalk/kuksa ds fodkl ds Lrj dk irk pyrk gS ¼vks>k]

blds vUrxZr lalk/ku fodkl Lrj dk mPp lquhy dqekj] 2005] i`0 219½A ;|fi lewpk v/;;u {ks=

[[78


Js.kh {ks= vkrk gSA blesa nks fodkl [k.M ?kkslh ,oa Hkwfe esa ifjofrZr djus dh vko';drk gSA lkFk gh lkFk cM+jko lfEefyr gksrs gSaA bl fodkl [k.M esa tula[;k tula[;k dks vU;= LFkkukUrfjr djus dh vko';drk gS ij fu;a=.k djuk rFkk d`f"k ;ksX; csdkj Hkwfe dks d`f"kr ¼vks>k] lquhy dqekj] 2005] i`0 221½A

fp= 03

[[79


fu"d"kZ lanHkZ lwph

izLrqr v/;;u ls ;g rF; lkeus vk;k gS fd 1- vks>k] lquhy dqekj] 2005] ^tuin&eÅ ¼m0iz0½ ds v/;;u {ks= tuin&eÅ ds fodkl Lrj esa vlekurk lalk/kuksa dk HkkSxksfyd fo'ys"k.k ,oa fu;kstu**] O;kIr gSA bldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd tks Hkh fodkl gqvk gS] vizdkf'kr 'kks/k xzUFk] ohj cgknqj flag iwokZapy og larqfyr ugha gqvk gSA vr% bl {ks= ds larqfyr fo'ofo|ky;] tkSuiqj] i`0 217&221-fodkl gsrq lefUor ;kstuk vko';d gSA fdUrq fodkl 2- flag] mfeZys'k] 2002] ^^cfy;k tuin ¼m0iz0½ ds ;kstukvksa dks ykxw djus ls iwoZ fu;kstu ds ojh;rk ds lalk/kuksa dk HkkSxksfyd fo'ys"k.k ,oa fu;kstu**] {ks=ksa dk fu/kkZj.k vko';d gS] ftlds rgr lcls fuEu vizdkf'kr 'kks/k xzUFk] ohj cgknqj flag iwokZapy fodkl Lrj okys {ks= dks izFke ojh;rk {ks= ds vUrxZr fo'ofo|ky;] tkSuiqj] i`0 212-,oa lcls mPp fodkl Lrj okys {ks= dks fuEu ojh;rk ds {ks= ds vUrxZr j[kdj fodkl djuk gksxk] rkfd fodkl larqfyr gks ldsA

nqxZ ftys ds 'kL; çfr:Ik] Ñf"k n{krk ,oa 'kL; xgurk esa LFkkfud dkfyd ifjorZu¼1990&93 ls 2011&13½

Ñf"k Hkwfe mi;ksx ekuo i;kZoj.k ,oa çÑfr dk o.kZu gS] tks fd HkkSfrd] tyok;qfod ,oa e`nk laca/kh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds lkFk ekuo fØ;k dykiksa ls lh/kk lEcaf/kr gSA Hkwfe mi;ksx dh n`f"V ls ftys dk 68-47 çfr'kr Hkkx 'kq) cks;k x;k {ks=k ,oa 31-89 çfr'kr Hkkx f}Qlyh Hkwfe ds varxZr lfEefyr gSA v/;;u {ks=k ds nf{k.kh mPp çns'k esa flapkbZ lzksrksa ds vHkko ds dkj.k fujkQlyh {ks=k vis{kkÑr de gS] ogha ftys ds f'koukFk ikj eSnku esa fujkQlyh {ks=k vf/kd gS] ftldk eq[; dkj.k mitkÅ Ñf"k Hkwfe veusj] ewLdk ufn;ksa ,oa f'koukFk nksvkc {ks=k] V~;wcosy dk flapkbZ gsrq ç;ksx gS] ogha v/;;u {ks=k [kjhQ Qly esa vukt dk mRiknu 87-54 çfr'kr] nygu dk mRiknu 1-59 çfr'kr ,oa frygu dk mRiknu 6-32 çfr'kr gSA tcfd jch eas xsgw¡ dk mRiknu 11-07 çfr'kr] puk 45-75 çfr'kr] frojk 40-29 çfr'kr ,oa jkbZ ljlksa dk mRiknu ek=k 1 çfr'kr Ñf"k Hkwfe esa miyC/k gS] ;|fi v/;;u {ks=k esa vukt esa /kku] nygu esa puk ,oa frygu esa lks;kchu dh ç/kkurk gSA 1990&93 esa ftys ds ckyksn ds eSnkuh Hkkx esa fLFkr xq.Mjnsgh ,oa MkS.Mhyksgkjk rglhyksa esa lokZf/kd 'kL;&xgurk&lwpdkad n`"VO; FkhA 2011&13 esa nqxZ ftys esa csesrjk ¼146-83 çfr'kr½ ,oa lktk ¼157-18 çfr'kr½ rglhyksa esa mPp 'kL; xgurk çkIr gqbZ gSA ftys esa lktk ,oa csesrjk rglhy esa falapkbZ gsrq uydwi ds ç;ksx ,oa nksQlyh {ks=k esa foLrkj ds dkj.k 'kL; xgurk mPp çkIr gqbZA 2011&13 esa nqxZ ftys ds MkS.Mh ¼47-7 çfr'kr½ rglhy esa fuEu 'kL; xgurk Lrj çkIr gksus dk çeq[k dkj.k fujk&Qlyh {ks=k esa deh] HkkVk ,oa fUkEu mitkÅ feV~Vh ,oa flapkbZ lzksrksa esa ugj ,oa V~;wcosy dk vkHkko gSA

eq[; 'kCn % 'kL; xgurk] 'kL; izfr:i] Hkwfe mi;ksx ,oa d`f"k xgurkA

IkzLrkouk okrkoj.k esa ekuo }kjk fd;s x;s iz;Ruksa ls fdlh Hkwfe dh vf/kdre mit dks izdV djrk gSaA bls mRikfnr Qlyksa d`f"k xgurk dk vkdyu mu Hkkxksa esa vklkuh ds ek=kRed egRo] varj ,oa {ks=h; izHkko dks Kkr djus ls dh tk ldrh gS tgka o"kZ esa ,d gh Qly mxkbZ tkrh esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA HkkSxksfyd fofo/krk ds dkj.k gSA pwafd NRRkhlx<+ vapy esa orZeku d`f"k vFkZO;oLFkk esa fofHkUUk Hkkxksa esa d`f"k ds Lo:i esa cgqr fo"kerk,¡ gSA Hkwfe] Je] iwath ,oa izca/k laca/kh pjksa dk iz;ksx d`f"k lkekU; :i ls d`f"k ds izdkj ;k [ksrh ds rjhds dks d`f"k xgurk fu/kkZj.k esa ugha fd;k tkrk D;ksafd ;gka d`f"k ;ksX; Hkwfe ds vkiwfrZ] vknzZrk] d`f"k xgurk rFkk fuoZgu dk ,d ek= ek/;e gS vkSj [ksrksa dk vkdkj NksVk okf.kT;hdj.k dh ek=k] bR;kfn dkj.kksa ds vk/kkj ij gksrk gSA ;gka /kku dh d`f"k xgurk /kku dh fdLeksa] oxhZd`r djrs gSAflapkbZ] [kkn] moZjd ,oa e”khuksa dh miyC/krk ij

vk/kkfjr gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ;gka NksVs vkdkj ds QkeksZa mn~ns';esa d`f"k xgurk cM+s QkeksZa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd feyrh gSA bl v/;;u dk mn~ns”; v/;;u {ks= ds Hkwfe

d`f"k {kerk izkd`frd&lkaLd`frd O;kIr mi;ksx ,oa “kL; çfr:i dk LFkkfud forj.k Kkr djuk]

'kks/k lkjka'k

MkW- ik;y lkgw] vfrfFk O;k[;krk Hkwxksy] 'kkldh; LukrdksRRkj egkfo|ky;] Hk[kkjk] /kerjh ¼N-x-½

ik;y lkgww


Vol. 24, 2019

R.N.I. No. UPBIL/1996/7631

I.S.S.N. - 0975-4903

[[81


{ks= esa miyC/k flapkbZ ds fofHkUu lk/kuksa dk vkadyu dj esa mlh _rq esa vusd Qlyksa ds vk/kkj ij oxhZÑr dj flapkbZ çfr:i dk ewY;kadu djuk] Ñf"k fuos”kksa ds buds fuf”pr {ks=ksa dks fu/kkZfjr djuk “kL;ksa ds forj.k mi;ksx ij flapkbZ ds çHkko dk fo”ys"k.k djuk] “kL; ;k çfr:Ik dk v/;;u dgykrk gS ¼”kekZ] 1971½A nqxZ çfr:i ij flapkbZ ds çHkko dk ewY;kadu djukA ftys dh Ñf"k esa eq[; :i ls [kjhQ ,oa jch Qly

çfr:i ifjyf{kr gSA fLFkfr ,oa foLrkj[kjhQ Qly 0 0nqxZ ftyk 20 22* 30^* ls 22 01* 30^* mRrjh

0 0 [kjhQ Qlysa e/; twu ls ekulwu vkus ds lkFk v{kka'k ,oa 80 49* 20^* ls 81 56* 32^* iwohZ ns”kkarj ds e/; cks;h tkrh gS ,oa 'khr _rq ds çkjaHk esa dkV yh tkrh gSA NRrhlx<+ jkT; ds nf{k.k&if”pe Hkkx esa fLFkr gSA nqxZ [kjhQ dh Qly esa eq[; :i ls /kku] dksnks&dqVdh] ftys ds mRrj esa fcykliqj] mRrj&iwoZ esa jk;iqj] fry] Tokj] eDdk] ewaxQyh lfEefyr gaSA nf{k.k&iwoZ esa /kerjh] nf{k.k esa dkadsj] nf{k.k&if”pe esa

jktukanxk¡o ,oa mRrj&if”pe esa dchj/kke ftyk fLFkr çns'k esa eq[; vkgkj pkoy gksus ds dkj.k /kku gSA ftys dk dqy HkkSxksfyd {ks=Qy 8]515-01 oxZ dh [ksrh lcls vf/kd ek=k esa dh tkrh gSA ftys esa [kjhQ fdyksehVj gSA ftys ds varxZr 12 rglhy ekSle esa vukt ,oa frygu dh Qly çeq[k gSA ftys esa ;Fkk&ukokx<+] csesrjk] lktk] csjyk] nqxZ] /ke/kk] ikVu] vukt dk {ks=Qy 4]54]936 gsDVs;j gS ftlesa /kku 86-84 xq.Mjnsgh] MkS.Mh&yksgkjk] MkS.Mh] xq#j ,oa ckyksn çfr'kr esa] eDdk 0-05 çfr”kr] dksnks dqVdh 0-64 çfr”kr “kkfey gSaA ftys dh leqnzry ls vkSlr Å¡pkbZ 317 ehVj {ks= esa mRikfnr fd;s tkrs gSaA ftys esa frygu ds varxZr gSA ftys esa rhu çeq[k ufn;ka f”koukFk] [kk#u ,oa rkanqyk 6-32 çfr”kr Ñf"k Òwfe lfEefyr gS ftlesa eq[; :Ik ls viokfgr gS] tks Ñf"k ds lkFk&lkFk çns'k dh vkfFkZd lks;kchu dh Ñf"k 6-10 çfr”kr] fry 0-14 çfr”kr ,oa fLFkfr dks Hkh çHkkfor djrh gSA ftys dh çeq[k feêh ewaxQyh dqy [kjhQ Qlyh {ks= ds 0-08 çfr”kr esa yh cyqbZ] dUgkj ¼dkyh½] yky&ihyh ,oa eVklh gSaA tkrh gSA nqxZ ftys esa [kjhQ Qly esa nygu ds vUrxZr

1-59 çfr”kr Ñf"k {ks= vkrk gSA ftlesa eq[; :i ls 'kL; çfr:Ikvjgj 0-96 çfr”kr esa cks;h tkrh gS ogha vU; nyguksa dk

“kL; çfr:Ik dk rkRi;Z ,d çns”k ds ldy {ks= de gS ¼lkj.kh 01½A Qly {ks=Qy ls fofÒUu Qlyksa ds çfr”kr dh ek=k dk

çeq[k [kjhQ Qlyksa dk forj.k irk yxkdj mudk lkisf{kd egRo Kkr djus ls gSA fdlh {ks= esa mxkbZ tkus okyh fofo/k Qlyksa ds {ks=h; /kku (Paddy)

forj.k ls cus çfr:Ik dks “kL; çfr:Ik dgk tkrk gSA /kku NRrhlx<+ jkT; ds lkFk&lkFk v/;;u

“kL; çfr:Ik fdlh {ks= ds ÒkSfrd] vkfFkZd] lkekftd {ks= dh laLÑfr esa iwjh rjg ls jpk&clk gS] uSlfxZd

,oa lkaLÑfrd dkjdksa ds ijLij çfrfØ;k ds QyLo:Ik lEink ls /kuh bl çns'k esa /kku dh cs'kqekj fdLesa

mRiUu vkSj fodflr gksrk gSA vr% “kL; çfr:Ik bu ijEijkxr :i ls ikbZ tkrh gSA /kku dh Qly dks iwjs

dkjdksa ds lfEefyr çÒko dk |ksrd gS ¼xqIrk ,oa xksys] thoudky esa mPp rkieku ,oa vknzZrk ds lkFk leqfpr

2004½A Ñf"k ç/kku ns”k] çns”k ;k {ks= fo”ks"k esa fofHkUu ty dh vko';drk gksrh gSA çns”k esa Ëkku ds mRiknu gsrq

Qlysa dqy cks;s x;s {ks=Qy ds fdrus çfr”kr Hkkx ij vuqdwy ÒkSxksfyd n”kk,¡ miyCËk gSa lkFk gh bl Qly ls

cksbZ xbZ ,oa mudk ijLij lkisf{kd egRo dk v/;;u vfËkd tula[;k dk Òj.k&iks"k.k Òh laÒo gSA 1990&93

“kL; çfr:i dks Li"V djrk gS lkFk gh fo”ks"k {ks= esa ,d esa v/;;u {ks= esa dqy [kjhQ Qlyh {ks= ds 89-36

_rq fo”ks"k Qly dk mRiknu fd;k tkrk gS rks nwljs {ks=

[[82


çfr”kr esa Ëkku dk mRiknu fd;k tkrk Fkk ogha 2011&13 c<+okj ds fy;s xeZ ,oa rj tyok;q dh vko';drk gksrh esa v/;;u {ks= esa dqy [kjhQ Qlyh {ks= ds 86-84 gSA v/;;u {ks= esa 1990&93 esa 1-38 çfr”kr ogha çfr”kr ,oa dqy jch Qlyh {ks= ds 1-89 çfr”kr ij Ëkku 2011&13 esa 0-96 çfr”kr {ks= ij vjgj dh Ñf"k dh dk mRiknu çkIr gqvkA /kku dk lokZf/kd {ks=Qy ikVu tkrh gSA ftys esa lcls vf/kd vjgj dk mRiknu csesrjk rglhy esa 74-55 çfr”kr ,oa lcls de MkS.Mh esa 29-98 rglhy esa dqy [kjhQ Qlyh {ks= ds 2-34 çfr”kr ,oa çfr”kr {ks= esa çkIr gqvk gSA ftldk eq[; dkj.k lcls de xq:j rglhy esa 0-04 çfr”kr ij fd;k tkrk oukPNkfnr ,oa ÒkBk feÍh dh vfËkdrk] flapkbZ lzksrksa dk gSAvÒko ,oa tutkrh; ckgqY; tula[;k }kjk iqjkuh i)fr mM+n ¼Urad½ls Ñf"k gSA

v/;;u {ks= esa 1990&93 esa dqy jch Qlyh; eDdk (Maige) {ks= ds 5-48 çfr”kr esa mM+n dk mRiknu fd;k tkrk Fkk

eDdk ,d çeq[k [kk|kUu Qly gS] ftldk ogha 2011&13 esa ftys ds 2-87 çfr”kr Òkx esa mM+n dh ouLifr uke ft;k est^ gSA NRrhlx<+ esa çeq[k :i ls [ksrh dh tkrh gSA lcls vf/kd MkS.Mhyksgkjk rglhy esa eDdk dh vflaafpr [ksrh cLrj ds iBkj ,oa ljxqtk ds 1-16 çfr”kr ogha lcls de nqxZ rglhy esa dqy Qlyh igkM+h {ks=ksa esa [kjhQ ds ekSle esa dh tkrh gSA v/;;u {ks= ds 0-08 çfr”kr ij mM+n dh Ñf"k dh tkrh gSA{ks= esa 1990&93 esa dqy [kjhQ Qlyh; {ks= ds 0-04 lks;kchu ¼Soyabean½çfr”kr esa ogha 2011&13 esa 0-05 çfr”kr esa eDds dh [ksrh

v/;;u {ks= esa 1990&93 esa dqy [kjhQ dh tkrh gSA MkS.Mh] MkS.Mhyksgkjk ,oa ËkeËkk rglhy esa Qlyh; {ks= ds 0-06 çfr”kr esa lks;kchu dk mRiknu eDds dh [ksrh dh tkrh gS] ogha çns”k ds vU; rglhyksa esa fd;k tkrk Fkk ogha 2011&13 esa lks;kchu ,d çeq[k eDds dh [ksrh ux.; gSA flapkbZ lqfo/kk gksus ij eDds dh fryguh Qly ds :i esa 6-10 çfr”kr ij mRikfnr dh Ñf"k orZeku esa [kjhQ ,oa jch nksuksa Qlyksa esa dh tkrh tkrh gSA ftys esa lcls vf/kd lktk rglhy esa dqy gSA Qlyh {ks= ds 17-49 çfr”kr esa lks;kchu dk mRiknu

dksnks&dqVdh ¼Kodo-Kutki½ fd;k tkrk gS bldk eq[; dkj.k lktk esa dkyh feV~Vh v/;;u {ks= esa 1990&93 esa dqy [kjhQ ,oa lks;kchu dh Ñf"k gsrq miyC/k vuqdwy n”kk,a gS ogha

Qlyh; {ks= ds 6-71 çfr”kr Ñf"k Hkwfe esa dksnks&dqVdh vU; rglhyksa esa /kku dh Ñf"k ds foLrkj ds dkj.k dk mRiknu fd;k tkrk Fkk ogha 2011&13 esa ftys ds dqy lks;kchu ds {ks= esa deh vk;h gSA[kjhQ Qly ds 0-64 çfr”kr esa dksnks&dqVdh dk fry ¼Sesame½mRiknu gksrk gSA csesrjk esa lokZf/kd 0-92 çfr”kr ,oa

nqxZ ftys esa 1990&93 esa dqy [kjhQ Qlyh; lcls de csjyk rglhy esa 0-33 çfr”kr Òkx esa {ks= ds 0-75 çfr”kr ij ogha 2011&13 esa 0-14 çfr”kr ij dksnks&dqVdh dk mRiknu fd;k tkrk gSA dksnks&dqVdh fry dh [ksrh dh tkrh gSA MkS.Mhyksgkjk rglhy esa lcls dk mRiknu çeq[k :i ls [kjhQ dh ekSle esa fd;k tkrk vf/kd dqy [kjhQ {ks= ds 0-95 çfr”kr ij fry dh [ksrh gSaAdh tkrh gS ¼lkj.kh 01½A

vjgj ¼Arhar½jch Qly

vjgj dh [ksrh vknzZ ,oa 'kq"d nksuksa çdkj ds jch Qlya s Hkfw e dh ueh ,oa flpa kbZ ij fuHkjZ tyok;q {ks=ksa esa vklkuh ls dh tkrh gSA Qly dh vPNh

[[83


gkrs h gAS jch eklS e dh e[q ; Qlya s puk] frojk] xgs ¡]w tkrk Fkk] ogha 2011&13 ea s 44-75 çfr”kr ij frojk dk mMn+ ] vylh] eljw ] eVj] ex¡w ] ljlk]as ljw te[q kh] dlq eq mRiknu fd;k x;k gAS nxq Z ftys ds lHkh 12 rglhyka s ea sgAS dyq Qlyh {k=s dk 28-58 çfr”kr jch e©le ea s Ñf"k frojk+ dk mRiknu fd;k tkrk gAS lcls vf/kd frojk+ dk dk;Z grs q mi;kxs fd;k tkrk gAS bldk e[q ; dkj.k o"kkZ mRiknu Mk.S Mhykgs kjk rglhy ea s dyq jch {k=s ds 21-78 vk/kkfjr Ñf"k ,oa flpa kbZ ea s V;~ cw oys dk vkHkko gAS nxq Z çfr”kr ij ,oa lcls de mRiknu Mk.S Mh rglhy ea s dyq ftys ea s jch dh çe[q k Qlyka s ea s xhz "edkyhu /kku] xgs ¡]w Qlyh {k=s ds 2-37 çfr”kr ea s dh tkrh gASpuk] frojk] jkb&Z ljlka s ,oa “kkd&LkCth gaS ¼lkj.kh 01½A vU; fryguçeq[k jch Qlyksa dk forj.k ftys ea s vU; fryguka s ea s ljlk]as exwa Qyh] jkb]Z xsgw¡ ¼Wheat½ jkefry] dlq eq dks fy;k x;k gAS 1990&93 ea s dyq Qlyh

{k=s ds 1-56 çfr”kr ea s budk mRiknu fd;k tkrk Fkk ogha v/;;u {k=s ea s xgs ¡w dh Qly jch eklS e dh ,d 2011&13 ea s 1-00 çfr”kr çkIr gvq k gAS vr% fryguka s dk egRoi.w kZ Qly gAS ftys ea s 1990&93 ea s dyq jch Qlyh; {k=s de gvq k gS ftldk e[q ; dkj.k /kku dh mRiknu {k=s {k=s ds 8-64 çfr”kr Ñf"k Hkfw e ij xgs a w dk mRiknu fd;k ea s foLrkj] fryguka s ea s de vkfFkdZ ykHk dh çkfIr ,oa tkrk Fkk ogha 2011&13 ea s ftys ds dyq jch {k=s ds 11-07 flpa kbZ lkz rs ka s dk foLrkj gASçfr”kr {k=s blds vUrxrZ gAS ftlea s lcls vf/kd lktk

rglhy ea s dyq jch Qlyh {k=s dk 5-98 çfr”kr ogha xUuk ¼Sugercane½lcls de Mk.S Mh rglhy ea s 0-30 çfr”kr ij xgs ¡w dh xUuk [kjhQ ,oa jch nkus ka s eklS e ea s ck;s k tkrk Qly yh tkrh gAS gAS 1990&93 ea s ftys ea s xUus dh Ñf"k 0-32 çfr”kr ij dh puk ¼Gram½ thrh Fkk] ogha 2011&13 ea s 0-57 çfr”kr ij çkIr gbq Z gAS

ftys ea s lokfZ /kd xUus dk mRiknu {k=s cjs yk rglhy ea s 1-nxq Z ftys ea s 1990&93 ea s dyq jch Qlyh {k=s ds 47 çfr”kr ogha Mk.S Mh ,oa Mk.S Mhykgs kjk ea s xUus dk 31-20 çfr”kr ij ,oa 2011&13 ea s 50-81 çfr”kr ij pus mRiknu de {k=s ka s ea s fd;k tkrkA ftldk e[q ; dkj.k dh [krs h dh tkrh gAS lcls vf/kd pus dk {k=s lktk V;~ cw oys ls flpa kbZ dk vHkko gS ¼lkj.kh 01½Arglhy ea s 42-64 çfr”kr ogha lcls de Mk.S Mh rglhy ea s

0-19 çfr”kr çkIr gvq k gS ftldk çe[q k dkj.k Mk.S Mh vr% fu"d"kZ :i ea s dgk tk ldrk gS fd rglhy ea s flpa kbZ lk/kuka s dk vHkko ,oa de mitkÅ enk uokx<]+ ces rs jk] lktk ,oa cjs yk rglhyks a ea s [kjhQ eklS e dh miyC/krk gAS ea s /kku ,oa jch eklS e ea s yk[k&frojk] puk ,oa xgs w a Qlya s

e[q ;r% yh tkrh gaS ftldk e[q ; dkj.k bu rglhyka s ea sfrojk ¼Teora½flpa kbZ ds fy, V;~ cw oys ,oa mitkÅ dUgkj feVV~ h dh

frojk ¼yk[kMh+ ½ NRrhlx<+ dh çe[q k nyguh miyC/krk g]S ogha ckykns ] Mk.S Mh] Mk.S Mhykgs kjk] x:q j] Qly gAS çn's k ea s flpa kbZ ds lhfer lkz rs gkus s ds dkj.k /ke/kk] nxq Z ,oa ikVu rglhyka s ea s frojk] puk ,oa xgs ¡w de f}Qlyh; Ñf"k i)fr dk vuiq e rjhdk NRrhlx<+ ds {k=s ea s mxk;h tkrh gS ftldk dkj.k /kku dk mRiknu jch fdlku mrjs k ds :i ea s nh?kdZ ky ls viukrs pys vk jgs g]aS Qly ea s vf/kdk”a k {k=s ea s gkus k gAS mrjs k ds :i ea s nygu ,oa frygu dh fofHkUu Qlya s yh

'kL; çfr:i esa LFkkfud dkfyd ifjorZu tkrh g]S fdUrq frojk+ muea s lQyre gkus s ds dkj.k vkt ¼1990&93 ls 2011&13½Hkh bldh [krs h dh tkrh gAS çn”s k ea s 1990&93 ea s dyq jch

Qlyh {k=s ds 41-66 çfr”kr ij frojk dk mRiknu fd;k nxq Z ftys ea s foxr o"kka Zs ea s Qlyka s ds ryq ukRed

[[84


egRo ea s g;q s vUrjka s dh foops uk djus ds mn's ; ls ftys ea s mMn+ ] frojk ,oa vjgj ds Ñf"k {k=s ea s deh vk;h gS ogha iow Z ;kts uk o"kZ 1990&93 ls 2011&13 ds e/; fofHkUu ftys es çe[q k jch Qly pus dh mUur Ñf"k ea s foLrkj gS Qlyka s ds vUrxrZ {k=s ea s g;q s ifjoruZ dk v/;;u fd;k ¼lkj.kh 02½Ax;k gAaS foxr o"kkZs ea s fdlkuka s }kjk de {k=s ka s ea s vf/kdkf/kd nxq Z ftys ea s frygu Qlyka s ds {k=s ea s Hkh ykHk çkfIr dh çofRr ds dkj.k vuds Qlyka s fo”k"s kdj ifjoruZ g;q s gAS ftys ea s 1990&93 es a vylh dk mRiknu frygu ,oa nygu Qlyka s ds {k=s es a deh vk;h gAaS nxq Z 4-09 çfr'kr Ñf"k {k=s es a fd;k tkrk Fkk tks 2011&13 ea sftys ea s 1990&93 ea s çe[q k [kk| Qlyka s ea s /kku çFke ux.; {k=s ea s çkIr gbq Z gAS çn”s k ea s 1990&93 ea s lk;s kchu Qly Fkh dyq Qlyh {k=s ds 60-69 çfr'kr Hkkx ij dh Ñf"k ek= 0-04 çfr'kr Ñf"k {k=s ea s dh tkrh Fkh tks mRikfnr dh tkrh Fkh] tks 2011&13 ea s c<d+ j 61-21 2011&13 es a c<d+ j 4-30 çfr'kr {k=s ea s dh tkrh gAaS ftys çfr'kr Hk&w Hkkx ij mRikfnr dh tkrh gAaS ftys ea s ea s blh çdkj exaw Qyh] fry ,oa jkbZ ljlka s ds mRiknu {k=s f}rh;d [kk| Qly xgs ¡w dk mRiknu 1990&93 ea s dyq es a deh vk;h gAaS vr% Li"V gS fd ftys ea s vf/kd mRiknu Qlyh {k=s ds 2-77 çfr'kr Fkh tks 2011&13 es a c<d+ j 3- nus s okyh Qlyka s ¼/kku] puk ,oa lk;s kchu½ dk mRiknu {k=s 41 çfr'kr gks x;h gAaS nxq Z ftys ea s Tokj ,oa tkS tlS s ekVs s c<k+ g]aS ogha ijEijkxr mrjs k i)fr ls yh tkus okyh Ñf"k vuktka s dk mRiknu {k=s ?kVk g]aS ogha eDds dh vk/kfq udre Qlyka s ¼vylh] fry ,oa frojk½ dk {k=s de gvq k gAaS[krs h ls g;q s mRiknu of) ds dkj.k eDds ds {k=s ea s 0-02

nxq Z ftys es a xUus dk mRiknu 1990&93 ea s 0-32 çfr'kr dh of) ntZ dh x;h gAaS nxq Z ftys ea s mUur chtka sçfr'kr ij dh tkrh Fkh tks 2011&13 ea s c<d+ j 2-62 dk ç;kxs ] jklk;fud mojZ dka s ,oa dhVuk'kdka s ds ç;kxs ,oa çfr”kr gks x;h g]S ogha vU; Qly ftlea s “kkd lCth flpa kbZ lk/kuka s dh lfq o/kk ds dkj.k /kku ds {k=s ea s foLrkj lfEefyr gSa 1990&93 ea s 0-50 çfr”kr ea s mRiknu dh ik;k x;k gASatkrh Fkh tks 2011&13 ea s c<d+ j 18-24 çfr”kr ij dh

nxq Z ftys es a pus dks NkMs d+ j lHkh nygu Qlyka s tkus yxh gAS ftys ea s O;kikfjd Qlyka s ds {k=s ea s of) gbq Z ds {k=s ea s deh vk;h gS ftldk dkj.k Qly pØ uk g]S O;kikfjd Qlyka s dh vkjs c<r+ s g;q s vkd"k.Z k dk çe[q k viukuk ,oa vf/kd ykHk nus s okyh Qlyka s dk vf/kd dkj.k çfr bdkbZ {k=s ea s buds }kjk çkIr gkus s okyh vf/kd foLrkj gAS ftys ea s 1990&93 ea s [kjhQ Qly ds ckn vk; gAS u;h mUur'khy fdLeka s ds ç;kxs ls gkus s okyh çfr nyguh Qlyka s dk mRiknu fd;k tkrk Fkk tks xhz "e gDs V;s j vf/kd mit ,oa mit ds x.q kkRed l/q kkj us ykHk dkfyu Qlyka s ds igys dkV yh tkrh Fkh ijUrq vc dh ek=k ea s vkjS vf/kd of) dj nh gS ifj.kkeLo:i Ñ"kdka s }kjk [kjhQ ds ckn lh/ks /kku dh [krs h dh tkrh gS vf/kd mit nus s okyh Qlyka s ds {k=s ea s foLrkj ogha mrjs k ftlls nyguh Qlyka s ds {k=s ea s deh n[s kus dks feyrh gAS ea s nygu ,oa frygu Qlyka s ds de mit nj ds dkj.k ftys ea s 1990&93 ea s vjgj dyq Qlyh {k=s ds 0-94 mRiknu {k=s ea s deh ifjyf{kr gS ¼lkj.kh 02½Açfr'kr ij ck;s h tkrh Fkh ftldk {k=s ?kVdj 2011&13 ea s

'kL; xgurk 0-68 çfr'kr çkIr gvq kA mMn+ dyq Qlyh {k=s ds 1-76 çfr'kr Hk&w Hkkx ij ck;s h tkrh Fkh tks 2011&13 ea s 0-44 'kL; xgurk dk rkRi;Z ,d fuf”pr {k=s ea s ,d çfr'kr gks x;h] ftys ea s pus dh Ñf"k 10-02 çfr'kr Ñf"k Ñf"k o"kZ ea s yh tkus okyh Qlyka s dh l[a ;k gAS nlw js “kCnka s{k=s es a dh tkrh Fkh oreZ ku ea s pus ds {k=s ea s foLrkj ds ea s ,d o"kZ ea s ,d gh Ñf"k {k=s ij mxk;h tkus okyh Qlyka sdkj.k 13-76 çfr'kr Òkx ij ogha frojk dk mRiknu ftys dh l[a ;k 'kL; xgurk dgykrh gAS ,d {k=s ea s o"kZ ea s ,d ds 13-37 çfr'kr Ñf"k {k=s es a fd;k tkrk Fkk tks 2011&13 gh Qly mRiUu gkrs h gS rks mldh xgurk 100 ekuh es a ?kVdj 12-12 çfr'kr gh 'k"s k jgkA vr% nxq Z ftys es a exaw ] tk,xh] ;fn nks Qlya s mRikfnr dh tk;xas h rks “kL;

[[85


xgurk 200 gks tk;xs hA Qlyka s dh l[a ;k c<u+ s ls N = “k)q ck;s k x;k {k=s “kL;&xgurk&lpw dkda vf/kd gkrs k g]S tcdh de gkus s 'kL; xgurk ds vk/kkj ij nxq Z ftys ds Ñf"k ls U;uw A ;fn lpw dkda de gkxs k rks Hkfw e dk mi;kxs Hkh {k=s ka s dks mPp] e/;e ,oa fuEu 'kL; xgurk Ñf"k {k=s ea sde gkxs k vFkkrZ ~ “kL;&xgurk&lpw dkda ,oa Hkfw e mi;kxs foHkkftr fd;k x;k g%S &dk /kukRed lg&lca /a k jgrk gS ¼gk:u] 2001½A

mPp 'kL; xgurk R;kxh dh J.s kh x.q kkda fof/k ds vk/kkj ij

1990&93 ea s ftys ds ckykns ds enS kuh Hkkx ea srglhy Lrj ij nxq Z ftys dh “kL;&xgurk&lpw dkda fLFkr x.q Mjngs h ,oa Mk.S Mhykgs kjk rglhyka s ea s lokfZ /kd dk ifjdyu fd;k x;k gAS nxq Z ftys ea s rglhyokj “kL;&xgurk&lpw dkda n"VO; FkhA 2011&13 ea s nxq Z “kL;&xgurk&lpw dkda dk J.s khxr forj.k ¼lkj.kh 03½ ftys ea s ces rs jk ¼146-83çfr”kr½ ,oa lktk ¼157-18 fd;k x;k gASçfr”kr½ rglhyka s ea s mPp 'kL; xgurk çkIr gbq Z gAS ftys

ifjdyu l=w fuEukulq kj gS & ea s lktk ,oa ces rs jk rglhy ea s fla pa kbZ grs q uydiw ds ç;kxs ,oa nks Qlyh {k=s ea s foLrkj ds dkj.k 'kL; xgurk mPp çkIr gbq AZ lktk rglhy ea s /kku ds lkFk&lkFk vjgj ,oa lk;s kchu dh Ñf"k Hkh dh tkrh g]aS ogha bu rglhyka s ea sTkgk¡ Ñ"kdka s }kjk Qly pØ viukus ds dkj.k bu rglhyka s ea s

CI = 'kL; xgurk lpw dkda 'kL; xgurk lokfZ /kd n"VO; gAS

C = dyq Ñf"k xr {k=s

CI = × 100CN

lkj.kh 01 % ftyk nqxZ % 'kL; xgurk lwpdkad

Øekad rglhy dk uke o’kZ 1990&91 o’kZ 2013&14

1- uokx<+ 134-21 125-502-

csesrjk

144-10

146-83

3-

lktk

122-56

157-184-

csjyk

154-40

130-31

5-

Ckkyksn

153-75

53-75

6-

xq.Mjnsgh

165-70

124-407-

MkS.Mh

&

47-708-

MkS.Mhyksgkjk

167-36

123-409-

xq:j

146-83

74-3610-

/ke/kk

130-31

124-1011- nqxZ 157-18 124-2112- ikVu 145-50 122-56

vkSlr 135-15 112-85

lzksr %& O;fDrxr x.kuk

[[86


e/;e xgurk ¼130-31 çfr”kr½ e/;e 'kL; xgurk çkIr gqbZ] tks dh e/;e 'kL; xgurk lwpdkad Lrj ¼70&140½ dks çnf'kZr 1990&91 esa lokZf/kd 8 rglhysa Øe”k% xq:j] djrh gSA ftys ds bu rglhyksa esa [kjhQ esa rkanqyk uokx<+] ckyksn] /ke/kk] nqxZ] ikVu] csesrjk ,oa csjyk tyk”k; dh ugjksa }kjk flapkbZ dh vf/kdrk ,oa jch esa¼130&160½ e/;e “kL; xgurk Lrj ifjyf{kr Fkh ogha Qlyksa esa flapkbZ lk/kuksa dh deh] vR;f/kd Hkwfexr ty orZeku esa ftys ds xq:j ¼74-36 çfr”kr½] ikVu ¼122-56 ds nksgu ds ifj.kkeLo:i tyLrj esa fxjkoV ls jch esa çfr”kr½] MkS.Mhyksgkjk ¼123-40 çfr”kr½] /ke/kk ¼124-1 uydwi ls lhfer {ks= esa flapkbZ dh miyC/krk ls 'kL; çfr”kr½] nqxZ ¼124-21 çfr”kr½] xq.Mjnsgh ¼124-4 xgurk dk e/;e Lrj çkIr gqvk gSAçfr”kr½] uokx<+ ¼125-5 çfr”kr½] ,oa csjyk rglhy esa

fuEu 'kL; xgurk Ñf"k n{krk

av/;;u {ks= esa 1990&93 esa lktk rglhy Ñf"k n{krk çkÑfrd&lkLa Ñfrd O;kIr ¼130½ fuEu “kL;&xgurk&lwpdkad ds varxZr Fkk bldk okrkoj.k eas ekuo }kjk fd;s x;s ç;Rukas ls fdlh Hkfw e dh dkj.k lktk rglhy esa 1990&93 esa flapkbZ lzksrksa dk vf/kdre mit dks çdV djrh gSA Ñf"k&n{krk HkkSfrd vHkko ,oa jch esa mUgkjh Qlyksa dk foLrkj Fkk] ogha ¼tyok;q ,oa feV~Vh½] lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd ¼[krs kas ds 2011&13 esa nqxZ ftys ds MkS.Mh ¼47-7½ ,oa ckyksn ¼53- vkdkj] Ñf"k ds çdkj] Qlykas dh gjs Qjs ] flpa kbZ ,oa 75½ rglhyksa esa fuEu 'kL; xgurk Lrj çkIr gksus dk ;=a hdj.k½ vkfn dkj.kkas ds lxa fBr dk;kZsa ,oa çHkkokas dk gh çeq[k dkj.k fujk&Qlyh {ks= esa deh] HkkVk ,oa de çfrQy gS] D;kfas d bu lHkh dkj.kkas ds lxa fBr çHkkokas ds mitkÅ feV~Vh ,oa flapkbZ lzksrksa esa ugj ,oa V~;wcosy dk ifj.kkeLo:i fdlh {k=s dh mRikndrk ,oa mRiknu dh vkHkko gSA ftys esa ckyksn rglhy esa [kjhQ esa ugjksa }kjk ek=k eas o`f) gkrs h gS ¼ekgs Een gk:u] 2001½A Ñf"k n{krk* flafpr {ks= 11]338 gsDVs;j gS] fdUrq jch ,oa xzh"e _rq ls rkRi;Z Hkfw e fo'k"s k eas mRiknu {kerk ls gSA Ñf"k n{krk dh Qlyksa esa flapkbZ ds lk/ku dk vkHkko gS] ftlds çkÑfrd ,oa lkLa Ñfrd okrkoj.k eas ekuo }kjk fd, x, dkj.k ckyksn esa 'kL; xgurk fuEu Lrj ij n`"VO; gS ç;Rukas ls fdlh Hkfw e dh vf/kdre mit dks çdV djrh ¼lkj.kh 02½A gSA Ñf"k dh n{krk HkkSfrd ¼Hkw vkÑfrd] tyok;q ,oa

feV~Vh½ lkekftd] vkfFkZd] tkrs kas ds vkdkj ,oa Ñf"k

[[87

rduhdh ,oa lxa BukRed dkjdkas ds lxa fBr dk;kZsa ,oa Iya, Iyb, Iyn = Qlykas dh mit lpw h ca, cb, cn = Qlykas ds {k=s Qy dk çfr'krçHkkokas dk gh çfrQy gS] D;kfsa d bu lHkh dkj.kkas ds

lxa fBr çHkkokas ds ifj.kkeLo:i fdlh {k=s dh v/;;u {k=s ea s Ñf"k n{krk dh x.kuk HkkfV;k }kjk mRikndrk ,oa mRiknu dh ek=k eas o`f) gkrs h gS çfrikfnr l=w dks ç;Dq r djrs g;q s rglhyka s ea s çkIr çe[q k ¼ekg's ojh] nhid] 2008½A ,l- ,l- HkkfV;k ¼1967½ us Qlyka s /kku] xgs ]a w puk] vjgj] frojk] lk;s kchu] dkns k&s dVq dh mRrj çn's k dh Ñf"k mRikndrk ds fu/kkZj.k grs q ,oa xUuk ds çfr gDs V;s j mit ftyk lkfa [;dh if=dk nxq Z mRikndrk lpw dkda dk mi;kxs fd;k bldh x.kuk grs q 1990&93 ,oa 2011&13 }kjk miyC/k vkda Mk+ a s ds vk/kkj ij l=w % & dh x;h gS ¼lkj.kh 03½A rRi”pkr~ lpw dkda dh ek=k ds

vk/kkj ij v/;;u {k=s dks rhu Ñf"k n{krk çn”s k Lrj mPp] e/;e ,oa fuEu ea s oxhÑZ r fd;k x;k g%S &tgk¡ &

Iya = 'a' Qly dh mit lpw h mPp n{krk lwpdkad yc = 'a' Qly dh çfr ,dM+ mit 1990&93 ea s v/;;u {k=s ds nks rglhy x.q Mjngs h yr = 'a' Qly dh çekf.kd bdkbZ dh mit nj ,oa x:q j ea s mPp Ñf"k n{krk ifjyf{kr Fkh ogha 2011&13 ea s

x:q j ,oa ckykns rglhyka s ea s mPp n{krk lpw dkda çkIr gvq k mRikndrk lpw dkda dk fu/kkZj.k mit bldk dkj.k bu rglhyka s ea s 1990 ls iow Z dh fLFkfr ea slpw dkda kas ds çR;ds Qly ds çfr'kr {k=s Qy ls xq.kk ugjh flpa kbZ r=a ka s dk fodkl] Ñf"k ea s flpa kbZ dh miyC/krk djds Kkr fd;k x;kA blds fy, l=w &jklk;fud mojZ dka s ,oa [kknka s dk ç;kxs ] mUur chtka s dk ç;kxs ,oa Ñf"k {k=s ka s dk foLrkj gAS ftys ds vU; rglhyka s ls

tgk¡ & bu nkus ka s rglhyka s ea s Ñ"kdka s }kjk vf/kd mitnj çkIr djus Ei = mRikndrk lpw dkda ds dkj.k Ñf"k n{krk dk mPp Lrj n"VO; gAS

Iya = × 100ycyr

[[88


e/;e n{krk lwpdkad ij gqvk gS ;gh dkj.k gS fd bu {ks=ksa esa Ñf"k n{krk esa lrr~ o`f) nj çkIr gqbZ gSA MkS.Mh ,oa MkS.Mh&yksgkjk 1990&93 esa ftys ds ckyksn ¼MkS.Mh½] uokx<+] rglhyksa dk mPp ,oa oukPNkfnr çns”k esa fLFkr ds lktk] csesrjk ,oa nqxZ rglhyksa esa e/;e Ñf"k n{krk ogha dkj.k Ñf"k n{krk de ogha csjyk rglhy esa flapkbZ lzksrksa orZeku esa ftys ds ikVu] csjyk] xq.Mjnsgh] csesrjk] nqxZ] esa o`gn Ñ"kdksa ds ikl V~;wcosy dh lqfo/kk ogha lhekar MkS.Mh ,oa MkS.Mh&yksgkjk rglhyksa esa e/;e Ñf"k n{krk ,oa y?kq Ñ"kdksa ds ikl V~;wcosy ls flapkbZ dk vHkko gksus lwpdkad ifjyf{kr gSA bu rglhyksa esa lkekftd] ds dkj.k Ñf"k n{krk dk e/;e Lrj çkIr gqvk gSAvkfFkZd ,oa rduhdh laxBuksa dk çHkko Ñf"k mRikndrk

fuEu n{krk lwpdkad gksxh ,oa Ñf"k n{krk esa o`f) ls çfr bdkbZ Ñf"kxr {ks= ls vf/kdre ykHk çkIr gksxkA vr% ftys esa Ñf"k n{krk dks o"kZ 1990&93 esa ftys ds csjyk] ikVu] /ke/kk e`nk dh moZjrk flpakbZ lzksr] moZjdksa dk ç;ksx] Ñf"k ,oa MkS.Mhyksgkjk rglhyksa esa fUkEu Ñf"k n{krk çkIr gqbZ i)fr;k¡] vkfn çHkkfor djrh gS ogha ekuoh; dkjd Ñf"k ftldk dkj.k vuqitkÅ feV~Vh] flapkbZ lzksrksa dk vHkko n{krk dks çHkkfor ,oa fu;f=r Hkh djrs gSaA ijaijkxr Ñf"k i)fr] vkfn dk çHkko FkkA o"kZ 2011&13

esa ftys ds lktk] uokx<+ ,oa /ke/kk rglhyksa esa Ñf"k fu"d"kZn{krk fuEu gksus dk eq[; dkj.k uokx<+ ,oa lktk Hkwfe mi;ksx dh n`f"V ls ftys dk 68-47 rglhyksa esa ugjh flapkbZ ;kstuk dk vkHkko gSA ogha /ke/kk çfr'kr Hkkx 'kq) cks;k x;k {ks= ,oa 31-89 çfr'kr Hkkx rglhy esa flapkbZ lqfo/kk dk vHkko ,oa ijaijkxr Ñf"k f}Qlyh Hkwfe ds varxZr lfEefyr gSA v/;;u {ks= ds dh vf/kdrk ds dkj.k mRikndrk ,oa Ñf"k n{krk fuEu nf{k.kh mPp çns'k esa flapkbZ lzksrksa ds vHkko ds dkj.k çkIr gqbZ gSA fujkQlyh {ks= vis{kkÑr de gS] ogha ftys ds f'koukFk

ikj eSnku esa fujkQlyh {ks= vf/kd gS] ftldk eq[; v/;;u {ks= esa Ñf"k n{krk ds mUu;u gsrq dkj.k mitkÅ Ñf"k Hkwfe ,oa f'koukFk nksvkc {ks= ,oa flapkbZ lqfo/kk ,oa {kerk dk fodkl vok”;d gS] D;ksafd V~;wcosy dk flapkbZ gsrq ç;ksx gS] ogha v/;;u {ks= esa flapkbZ lzksrksa ,oa flapkbZ {kerk esa o`f) ls gh Ñf"k n{krk [kjhQ Qly esa vukt dk mRiknu 87-54 çfr'kr] çkIr fd;k tk ldsxk] Qyr% “kL; xgurk esa vfHko`f)

[[89


3. Jadhav, Satish and Suryawanshi, 2008, nygu dk mRiknu 1-59 çfr'kr ,oa frygu dk mRiknu SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF CROPPING PATTERN 6-32 çfr'kr gS] tcdh jch eas xsgw¡ dk mRiknu 11-07 IN JALGAON D ISTRICT, THE GOA

çfr'kr] puk 45-75 çfr'kr] frojk 40-29 çfr'kr ,oa jkbZ GEOGRAPHER, The Research Journal of Geographer's Association Goa (GAG), Vol. VI, ljlksa dk mRiknu ek= 1 çfr'kr Ñf"k Hkwfe ij miyC/k No. 1, PP. 63-68 .gS] ;|fi v/;;u {ks= esa vukt esa /kku] nygu esa puk ,oa

4- xqIrk] ,e-ih- ,oa xksys mek] 2004] **eLrwjh rglhy frygu esa lks;kchu dh ç/kkurk gSA v/;;u {ks= esa mPp esa 'kL; çfr:i ifjorZu**] peZ.orh % Hkwxksy 'kks/k 'kL; xgurk f'koukFk ikj eSnku esa ogha fuEu 'kL; if=dk] vad 4] i`- 39&48Axgurk nf{k.kh mPp çns'k esa n`"VO; gSA 'kL; fofo/krk

dh n`f"V ls ftys ds xq.Mjnsgh rglhy ¼24-02 çfr'kr½ esa 5- xksys] mek] 2006]**jktukanxkao ftys dh vFkZO;oLFkk lokZf/kd ,oa ckyksn rglhy esa fuEu 'kL; fofo/krk esa Qly çfr:i ifjorZu**] 'kks/k çdYi] vad 34] lwpdkaad izkIr gqvk A v/;;u {ks= esa ckyksn ds eSnku o"kZ&11] la[;k 1] i`- 26&29A¼xq:j ,oa ckyksn rglhyks½ esa mPp Ñf"k n{krk ,oa

6- lkgw] lqjs”k dqekj ,oa Vh-,y- oekZ] 2018] **d`f"k f”koukFk ikj eSnku esa fuEu Ñf"k n{krk çkIr gqbZ gSA

xgurk ,oa d`f"k {kerk % ftyk /kerjh ¼NRrhlx<+½ ftys esa ckyksn ds eSnku ¼500 O;fDr@oxZ fdeh-½ esa dk HkkSxksfyd v/;;u**fjlpZ fyad] vad 175] la- lokZf/kd ogha ftys ds f”koukFk ikj eSnku esa ¼300

XVII ¼8½] vDVwcj] i`- 49&52AO;fDr@oxZ fdeh-½ fuEu Hkwogu {kerk n`"VO; gSA

7- flag] 'k'kkad 'ks[kj] 2004] **lqYrkuiqj tuin ¼m-ç-½ v/;;u {ks= esa /kku] xsgw¡] puk] rqvj] lks;kchu dh mPp esa 'kL; fofo/krk dk LFkkfud ,oa dkfyd ladsUnzh;rk f'koukFk ikj eSnku esa gS] ogha ftys ds nf{k.kh fo'ys"k.k**] mRrj Hkkjr Hkwxksy if=dk] vad 40] la- mPp çns'k esa xsg¡w] puk] rqoj ,oa lks;kchu dh ladsUnzh;rk 1] i`- 95&99A

fuEu çkIr gqbZA ftldk eq[; dkj.k flapkbZ lzksrksa dk 8- flag] lanhi dqekj ,oa çlkn] vksadkj] 2011]**Hkwfe vHkko] fuEu mitkÅ Ñf"k Hkwfe ,oa vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa

mi;ksx esa ifjorZu ,oa xzeh.k fodkl % cMkxkao tutkfr tula[;k dh vf/kdrk ls ijEijkxr Ñf"k fodkl [k.M dk ,d HkkSxksfyd v/;u**] mRrj Qlyksa dh vf/kdrk gSAHkkjr Hkwxksy if=dk] vad 41] la- 1] i`- 47&52A

References

9- gk:u] eksgEen] 2001] **“kL; xgurk ,oa Ñf"k 1. Gole, Uma, 2006, Agriculture Intensity And

Agricultrural Efficiency : A Geographical n{krk % cgjkbp tuin dk ,d çrhd v/;;u**] Analysis, THE SOCIAL PROFILE, A Research mRrj Hkkjr Hkwxksy if=dk] vad 37] la- 1 ,oa 2] Journal of Social Sciences, Vol: 10, No. 182, i`- 91&98APage no. - 9-16.

10- JhokLro] çHkk'kadj ,oa ikBd] jekifr] 2011] 2. Gole, Uma, 2009, CARRYING CAPACITY OF **tuin mUuko esa Ñf"k Hkwfe mi;ksx ,oa 'kL; LAND IN SEONATH BASIN, THE GOA

GEOGRAPHER, The Research Journal of xgurk**] mRrj Hkkjr Hkwxksy if=dk] vad 41] la- 4] Geographers Association Goa (GAG), Vol. VI i`- 23&26ANo. 1, PP 49-53.

xksj[kiqj egkuxj ¼m0iz0½ esa efyu cfLr;ksa esa lk{kjrk izfr:i

fdlh Hkh lekt vkSj jk"Vª dh izxfr ds fy, f'k{kk ,d vk/kkjHkwr rÙo gS D;ksafd ;g ifjorZu rFkk izxfr dk lcls cM+k vkSatkj gksrk gSA f'k{kk ds fcuk lH; lekt dh dYiuk ugh dh tk ldrh gS] Kku vkSj fodkl ds fy, lk{kjrk izFke lksiku gSA fdlh Hkh {ks=k ds lkekftd fodkl ,oa lk{kjrk Lrj ds e/; lnSo mPp /kukRed lglEcU/k ik;k tkrk gSA pw¡fd uxjh; lekt lH; lekt ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS blfy, uxjksa esa f'k{kk dk egRo vis{kkd`r vf/kd gksrk gSA egkuxj esa vofLFkr efyu cfLr;ksa esa vusd leL;k,¡ gSa mu leL;kvksa dh tuuh ogkW ds yksxksa esa f'k{kk dh deh gSA xksj[kiqj egkuxj ds efyu cfLr;ksa dh dqy lk{kjrk 36-5 izfr'kr gSa ftlesa 44-1 izfr'kr iq:"k ,oa 29-7 izfr'kr efgyk lk{kjrk gSA bu cfLr;ksa dh dqy lk{kjrk esa 58-5 izfr'kr mPp izkFkfed] 25 izfr'kr gkbZLdwy] 9-7 izfr'kr b.VjehfM,V ,oa 6-8 izfr'kr mPp Lrj rd f'k{kk izkIr gSA Li"V gS fd bu cfLr;ksa dh lk{kjrk 36-5 izfr'kr tks egkuxj dh lk{kjrk 83-9 izfr'kr ,oa xksj[kiqj tuin dh lk{kjrk 70-83 izfr'kr ls dkQh de gSA bl izdkj efyu cfLr;ksa dh fuEu lk{kjrk muds lkekftd&vkfFkZd n'kk dks izHkkfor djus okyk eq[; dkjd gSA bl fuEu lk{kjrk dk eq[; dkj.k vfHkHkkodksa dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dk n;uh; gksuk] vfHkHkkodksa dk fuEu 'kSf{kd Lrj] efyu cfLr;ksa esa fo|ky; dk u gksuk] vkfn gSA bu leL;kvksa ds lek/kku gsrq ljdkjh] xSj ljdkjh ,oa LFkkuh; fudk; }kjk efyu cfLr;ksa esa fuoflr cPpksa ,oa vfHkHkkodksa dks f'k{kk ds izfr tkx:d djuk] LFkkuh; Lrj ij fo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk] ljdkj }kjk pyk;h x;h ;kstuk dk dBksjrk ls ikyu djrs gq, xjhch js[kk ls uhps thou&;kiu djus okys ifjokj ds cPpksa dks U;wure 'kqYd ds lkFk egkuxj esa LFkkfir fofHkUu ljdkjh ,oa xSj&ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa esa izos'k lqfuf'pr djk;k tk;] ftlls cPpksa dks csgrj f'k{kk eqgS;k djk;k tk lds rkfd efyu cfLr;ksa ds yksx lekt dh eq[; /kkjk ls tqM+dj viuk ;ksxnku ns ldsaA

eq[; 'kCn % egkuxj] efyu cLrh] lk{kjrk] f'k{kk] izkFkfed] ek/;fed] mPpA

IkzLrkouk Js.kh esa izfrLFkkfir djus esa lgk;d gksrk gS (Islam,

2001)A lk{kjrk dk xjhch mUewyu] “kkfUriw.kZ o cU/kqRo f”k{kk ekuo thou ds fodkl dk vk/kkj gS okys vUrjkZ"Vªh; lEcU/kksa ds fuekZ.k vkSj tukafddh; blfy, f”k{kk dk egRo fdlh fuf”pr {ks= ds fy, u izfØ;kvksa ds Lora= fodkl dks fu/kkZfjr djus esa cgqr gksdj lkoZnsf”kd o lkoZHkkSfed gksrk gSA f”k{kk ds fcuk vf/kd lgk;d gksrk gS (Chandna, and Siddhu, 1980)AlH; lekt dh dYiuk ugh dh tk ldrh gS ¼oekZ]

2007½A Kku vkSj fodkl ds fy, lk{kjrk izFke lksiku fdlh Hkh {ks= ds lkekftd fodkl o lk{kjrk gSA lk{kjrk ls rkRi;Z mu O;fDr;ksa ls gS tks fdlh Hkh Lrj ds e/; ges”kk mPp /kukRed lglEcU/k ik;k tkrk Hkk"kk esa i<+ ,oa fy[k ldrs gS ¼f=ikBh] 1999½A lk{kjrk gS D;ksfd jk"Vª ds Hkkoh fodkl] vkfFkZd fodkl o ifjokj Loeso ,d egRoiw.kZ lalk/ku gS tks ekuo dks egkekuo dh fu;kstu dk;ZØe esa lk{kjrk izlkj dh mPp nj ojnku

'kks/k lkjka'k

1- Mk0 latho dqekj flag] Post Doctoral Fellow, Hkwxksy foHkkx] nhun;ky mik/;k; xksj[kiqj fo'ofo|ky;] xksj[kiqj&273001] Email:[email protected], Mob. No. 9451883888.

2- Mk0 pUæfeyu oekZ] iwoZ 'kks/k v/;srk] Hkwxksy foHkkx] nhun;ky mik/;k; xksj[kiqj fo'ofo|ky;] xksj[kiqj&273001] Email:[email protected], Mob. No. 8423748912.

latho dqekj flag ,oa pUæ feyu oekZ


Vol. 24, 2019

R.N.I. No. UPBIL/1996/7631

I.S.S.N. - 0975-4903

[[91


,oa bldh fuEu nj ck/kd fl) gksrh gSA Li"V gS fd mŸkjh] e/;orhZ {ks= rFkk iwohZ ,oa nf{k.kh&iwohZ Hkkx½ esa lk{kjrk dh deh fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dh lkekftd] vkfFkZd] foHkDr dj izR;sd {ks= ls mlesa vofLFkr cfLr;ksa dk jktuSfrd o lkaLd`frd ifjiDork esa vojks/k dk dk;Z lekuqikfrd p;u fd;k x;k] ftlesa uxj ds e/; esa djrh gSA blds vykok lk{kjrk dk izHkko nwljs fLFkr ,d] uxj ds okº; Hkkx esa fLFkr ,d rFkk nksuksa ds tukafddh; o lkekftd i{kksa tSls tUe nj] e`R;q nj] e/; esa fLFkr ,d efyu cLrh dk p;u fd;k x;k gS izokl] O;kolkf;d lajpuk] oSokfgd Lo:i] jkstxkj ,oa rkfd fu"d"kZ ls lkekU;hdj.k fd;k tk ldsA egkuxj esa vk; ds volj] jgu&lgu ds Lrj] thou “kSyh ,oa fLFkr efyu cfLr;ksa ds ;kn`f”pd 1200 ifjokjksa ls xgu /kkfeZd fo”okl ij cgqr vf/kd iM+rk gS ¼frokjh] 2014½A lk{kkRdkj dj iz”ukoyh dks iw.kZ fd;k x;kA ifjokjksa ds pw¡fd uxjh; lekt] lH; lekt ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS p;u esa lnSo bl ckr dk /;ku j[kk x;k gS fd blfy, uxjksa esa f”k{kk dk egRo vis{kkd`r vf/kd gksrk gS mŸkjnkrkvksa dh lkekU; n”kk] lHkh tkfr;ksa] oxksZ] /keksZ] ysfdu bl uxjh; lekt esa efyu cfLr;ksa dh vk; oxZ ,oa vk;q oxZ dk izfrfuf/kRo gks ldsA izkIr vf/kdkf/kd leL;kvksa esa lcls izeq[k leL;k ogk¡ dh vk¡dM+ksa dk lkj.kh;u djds rF;ksa dks vkjs[kksa }kjk tula[;k esa lk{kjrk dh deh gSA mijksDr rF;ksa ds iznf”kZr fd;k x;kA vkyksd esa izLrqr “kks/k izi= xksj[kiqj egkuxj ds efyu v/;;u dk mn~ns'; cfLr;ksa esa lk{kjrk izfr:i dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA

izLrqr “kks/k izi= xksj[kiqj egkuxj ¼m0iz0½ esa vk¡dM+ksa ds lzksr ,oa fof/kra= efyu cfLr;ksa esa lk{kjrk izfr:i ds v/;;u dk eq[;

;g “kks/k izi= izkFkfed rFkk f}rh;d vk¡dM+ksa mn~ns”; fuEufyf[kr gS&ij vk/kkfjr gSA xksj[kiqj egkuxj esa efyu cfLr;ksa dh 1- xksj[kiqj egkuxj ds efyu cfLr;ksa esa lk{kjrk ds fLFkfr rFkk mlesa fuokl djus okys ifjokjksa dh {ks=h; izfr:i dk v/;;u djukAtula[;k] ftyk uxjh; fodkl vfHkdj.k ¼MwMk½

2- v/;;u {ks= ds efyu cfLr;ksa esa jgus okys yksxksa ds xksj[kiqj rFkk vU; lzksrksa ls izkIr fd;s x;s gS tcfd “kSf{kd Lrj dk foospu djuk gSAefyu cfLr;ksa dh vofLFkfr] “kSf{kd lqfo/kk ,oa mudh

n”kk rFkk lk{kjrk Lrj] ifjokj esa f”k{kk izkIr djus okys 3- v/;;u {ks= ds efyu cfLr;ksa esa lk{kjrk ds fuEu O;fDr;ksa ,oa mlesa vf/kdre f”k{kk izkIr djus okys yksxksa Lrj gksus ds dkj.kksa dks js[kkafdr djrs gq, “kSf{kd ls lEcfU/kr rF;ksa dks f}Lrjh; losZ{k.k dj izkIr fd;k Lrj ds mUu;u gsrq lq>koksa dk fuoZpu djuk gSA x;k gSA loZizFke egkuxjh; {ks= esa QSys 110 efyu v/;;u {ks= cfLr;ksa dk lkekU; losZ{k.k mudh vofLFkfr] n”kk ,oa

xksj[kiqj egkuxj HkkSxksfyd n`f"Vdks.k ls e/; “kSf{kd lqfo/kkvksa] vkfn dk lkekU; v/;;u fd;k x;k xaxk eSnku ds e/; mŸkj esa mŸkj izns”k jkT; ds iwoksZŸkj esa gSA rRi”pkr~ f}rh; pj.k esa xgu v/;;u ds fy, fLFkr ;g uxj jkIrh o jksfgu ufn;ksa ds laxe ij muds egkuxj ds dqy 110 efyu cfLr;ksa esa ls izfrp;fur 34 ck;sa fdukjs ij vofLFkr gSA xksj[kiqj uxj vius uke ds efyu cfLr;ksa ds 1200 ifjokjksa dk xgu losZ{k.k fd;k e.My] ftyk vkSj rglhy dk eq[;ky; gSA ;g egkuxj x;k gSA v/;;ukFkZ efyu cfLr;ksa dk izfrp;u mudh iwohZ mŸkj izns”k dk okf.kfT;d ,oa O;kikfjd dsUæ gksus ds clko dh dkfyd vofLFkfr rFkk f”k{kk dh lqfo/kk ds lkFk&lkFk lkekftd] lkaLd`frd ,oa jktuSfrd dsUæ Hkh vk/kkj ij lEiw.kZ egkuxj dks pkj {ks=ksa ¼if”peh rFkk gSA 2011 dh tula[;k tux.kuk ds vuqlkj egkuxj dh layXu lehiorhZ {ks=] if”peh rFkk nf{k.kh if”peh {ks=]

[[92


dqy tula[;k 6]72]925 gSA uxj dk {ks=Qy 147 oxZ okMksZ esa foHkDr gSA ¼ekufp= 01½fdeh0 gS rFkk iz”kklfud n`f"Vdks.k ls ;g egkuxj 70

fp= 0

1

[[93


efyu cfLr;ksa esa lk{kjrk rFkk mPp f”k{kk xzg.k djus okys yksxksa esa ck¡Vdj v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA fdlh Hkh lekt vkSj jk"Vª dh izxfr ds fy,

f”k{kk ,d vk/kkjHkwr rŸo gS D;ksfd ;g ifjorZu rFkk rkfydk 02 % xksj[kiqj egkuxj % efyu cfLr;ksa esa izxfr dk lcls cM+k vkSatkj gksrk gSA xksj[kiqj egkuxj 'kSf{kd LrjAds 110 efyu cfLr;ksa esa ls 34 efyu cfLr;ksa dk lk{kjrk ls lEcfU/kr rF;ksa ;Fkk dqy lk{kjrk] iq:"k lk{kjrk] efgyk lk{kjrk] “kSf{kd Lrj] vkfn vk¡dM+ksa dks laxzghr fd;k x;k gS ftlesa losZf{kr efyu cfLr;ksa esa vkSlr lk{kjrk 36-5 izfr”kr gS tks xksj[kiqj egkuxj dh dqy lk{kjrk 83-9 izfr”kr] xksj[kiqj tuin dh dqy lk{kjrk 70-83 izfr”kr ,oa mŸkj izns”k dh lk{kjrk 67-7 izfr”kr ls dkQh de gSA

rkfydk 01 ls Li"V gS fd bu cfLr;ksa esa 63-5 izfr”kr vFkkZr~ yxHkx nks frgkbZ ds djhc tula[;k fuj{kj gSA lzksr&ys[kdx.k }kjk ifjxf.krAiq:"k ,oa efgyk lk{kjrk egkuxj ds efyu cfLr;ksa esa dqy f”kf{kr

egkuxj ds efyu cfLr;ksa ds losZ{k.k ls fofnr O;fDr;ksa ds izfr”kr dks rkfydk 02 esa iznf”kZr fd;k x;k gqvk gS fd bu cfLr;ksa esa ;|fi dqN i<+h&fy[kh efgyk;sa gS rkfydk ls Li"V gS fd izkFkfed rd f”k{kk izkIr djus t:j gS ysfdu budh lk{kjrk iq:"kksa dh vis{kk dkQh okys O;fDr 31-1 izfr”kr gS ¼fp= la[;k 02½A izkFkfed de gSA bu cfLr;ksa esa vkSlr iq:"k lk{kjrk 44-1 izfr”kr rd f”k{kk xzg.k djus okys lcls vf/kd O;fDr ukSlM+ rFkk vkSlr efgyk lk{kjrk 29-1 izfr”kr gSA rkfydk 01 gfjtu cLrh 40-4 izfr”kr esa rFkk lcls de O;fDr ls Li"V gS fd losZf{kr lHkh efyu cfLr;ksa esa efgyk iqfnZyiqj 20-5 izfr”kr esa gSA mPp izkFkfed Lrj rd lk{kjrk iq:"k lk{kjrk ls de gS vFkkZr~ iq:"k ,oa efgyk f”k{kk izkIr djus okys O;fDr 27-4 izfr”kr gSA mPp lk{kjrk esa dkQh fo"kerk gSA bu efyu cfLr;ksa esa lcls izkFkfed Lrj rd f”k{kk izkIr djus okys lcls vf/kd vf/kd iq:"k lk{kjrk fetkZiqj 58-8 izfr”kr rFkk lcls O;fDr NksVk egsok 38-6 izfr”kr esa rFkk lcls de O;fDr de iq:"k lk{kjrk Hkxokuiqj ua0&2 34-7 izfr”kr gS] fetkZiqj 19-8 izfr”kr esa gSA gkbZLdwy Lrj rd f”k{kk tcfd lcls vf/kd efgyk lk{kjrk dqfeZ;ku Vksyk 39-5 xzg.k djus okys dqy 25 izfr”kr O;fDr gSA gkbZLdwy Lrj izfr”kr rFkk lcls de efgyk lk{kjrk ukSlM+ gfjtu rd f”k{kk xzg.k djus okys lcls vf/kd O;fDr iqfnZyiqj cLrh 19-2 izfr”kr gSA 34-2 izfr”kr esa rFkk lcls de cgjkeiqj nf{k.kh 17-3

izfr”kr esa gSA b.VjehfM,V Lrj rd f”k{kk xzg.k djus efyu cfLr;ksa esa 'kSf{kd Lrj okys dqy 9-7 izfr”kr O;fDr gSA b.VjehfM,V Lrj rd

egkuxj ds efyu cfLr;ksa esa jgus okys yksxksa ds f”k{kk xzg.k djus okys lcls vf/kd O;fDr iqfnZyiqj 14-7 “kSf{kd Lrj dh tkudkjh gsrq dqy f”kf{kr O;fDr;ksa dh izfr”kr esa rFkk lcls de ukSlM+ gfjtu cLrh 3-0 “kSf{kd ;ksX;rk dks vk/kkj ekudj dqy ik¡p izfr”kr esa gSA efyu cfLr;ksa esa mPp f”k{kk xzg.k djus oxksZ&izkFkfed] mPp izkFkfed] gkbZLdwy] b.VjehfM,V

[[94


okys cgqr gh de O;fDr ek= 6-8 izfr”kr gSA lcls 9-7 izfr”kr esa rFkk lcls de ukSlM+ gfjtu cLrh 2-8 vf/kd mPp f”k{kk xzg.k djus okys O;fDr mŸkjh gqek;wWiqj izfr”kr esa gSA

efyu cfLr;ksa esa lk{kjrk izfr:i leLr losZf{kr efyu cfLr;ksa dk 26-5 izfr”kr gSA bl laoxZ esa lcls vf/kd lk{kjrk pjxk¡ok ¼35-00 izfr”kr½ esa] lk{kjrk izfr:i ds v/;;u gsrq egkuxj ds tcfd lcls de lk{kjrk Hkxokuiqj ua0&2 ¼30-20 losZf{kr efyu cfLr;ksa dks dqy ik¡p oxksZ esa ckaVdj izfr”kr½ esa gSA v/;;u fd;k x;k gS tks fuEufyf[kr gS& e/;e lk{kjrk efyu cfLr;k¡ ¼35&40 izfr'kr½ vfr fuEu lk{kjrk okyh efyu cfLr;k¡ ¼<30 izfr'kr½

lk{kjrk ds bl oxZ eas dqy 14 efyu cfLr;k¡ bl oxZ ds vUrxrZ vkus okyh dyq 4 efyu ¼taxy rqylhjke] jkeiqj u;k xk¡o] cjxnok¡] ukSlM+ cfLr;k¡ ¼NkVs k egos k] cgjkeijq nf{k.kh] uklS M+ gfjtu cLrh ;kno cLrh] tkfgnkckn] udgk ua0&1] vaf/k;kjhckx] rFkk jenŸkijq ½ g]S bl oxZ ds vUrxrZ lcls vf/kd lk{kjrk ek/kksiqj gfjtu cLrh] egqbZlq/kjiqj] jkuhMhgk] cgjkeijq nf{k.kh ea s 29-9 ifz r”kr gS rFkk bl lcls U;uw folquiqjok] mŸkjh gqek;wWiqj] egknso >kj[k.Mh ua0&2] lk{kjrk uklS M+ gfjtu ea s 27-5 ifz r”kr gAS bl loa xZ ds tVsiqj nf{k.kh½ gS] tks dqy losZf{kr efyu cfLr;ksa dk 41-vUrxrZ vkus okyh efyu cfLr;ka s dk dyq lofZs {kr efyu 1 izfr”kr gSA bl laoxZ esa lcls vf/kd lk{kjrk cfLr;ka s dk 11-8 ifz r”kr gAS vaf/k;kjhckx ¼39-9 izfr”kr½ esa rFkk lcls de lk{kjrk

fuEu lk{kjrk okyh efyu cfLr;k¡ ¼30&35 folquiqjok ¼35-4 izfr”kr½ esa gSA izfr'kr½

mPp lk{kjrk efyu cfLr;k¡ ¼40&45 izfr'kr½ fuEu lk{kjrk oxZ ds vUrxZr dqy 9 efyu

mPp lk{kjrk oxZ ds vUrxZr~ dqy 5 efyu cfLr;k¡ ¼tkQjk cktkj] pjxk¡ok] lqfM+;kdqvk¡ c”kkjriqj] cfLr;k¡ ¼”kkgiqj] fla?kfM+;k] f”koiqj gfjtu cLrh] csfr;kgkrk gfjtu cLrh] Hkxokuiqj ua0&2] >juk Vksyk] /keZ”kkyk gfjtu cLrh] dqfeZ;ku Vksyk½ gS] tks dqy efyu ?kkslhiqj gfjtu cLrh] xksiykiqj] xkaxksyh Vksyk½ gS] tks


cfLr;ksa dk 14-7 izfr”kr gSA bl oxZ esa lokZf/kd lk{kjrk bl izdkj mi;qZDr foospu ls Li"V gS fd egkuxj ds dqfeZ;ku Vksyk esa 43-7 izfr”kr gS rFkk lcls U;wu lk{kjrk efyu cfLr;ksa esa f”k{kk dk Lrj cgqr gh fuEu gS tks efyu fl?kfM+;k esa 40-90 izfr”kr gSA cfLr;ksa ds lkekftd&vkfFkZd n”kk dks izHkkfor dj jgk

gSA bu efyu cfLr;ksa eas vfHkHkkodksa dk vf”kf{kr ;k cgqr vfr mPp lk{kjrk okyh efyu cfLr;k¡ ¼>45 de i<+k&fy[kk gksuk] xjhch ds dkj.k f”k{kk dks izfr'kr½ izkFkfedrk u nsuk] vkfFkZd fLFkfr Bhd u gksus ds dkj.k

bl laoxZ ds vUrxZr dqy 2 efyu cfLr;k¡ cPpksa dk ukekadu vPNs fo|ky; esa u djkuk] LFkkuh; ftlesa fetkZiqj 47-5 izfr”kr ,oa iqfnZyiqj 45-8 izfr”kr Lrj ij fo|ky; dk u gksuk rFkk cPpksa dks fo|ky; gS] tks dqy losZf{kr efyu cfLr;ksa dk 5-9 izfr”kr gSA Hkstus ds ctk; vius dk;ksZ esa dke ij yxkdj /kuktZu

[[96


dks izksRlkgu nsuk vkfn fuEu lk{kjrk ds mYys[kuh; ykHk ds izfr vkdf"kZr dj tkx:d fd;k tkuk pkfg, dkj.k gSA rkfd os vius cPpksa dks fu;fer fo|ky; HkstasA ljdkj

}kjk fu/kkZfjr ;kstuk esa futh fo|ky;ksa esa Hkh xjhc cPpksa fu"d"kZ ,oa lq>ko dks U;wure “kqYd ij izos”k fnykus dh dBksjrk ls ikyu

egkuxj ds efyu cfLr;ksa ds lk{kjrk izfr:Ik fd;k tk;A efyu cfLr;ksa esa Lrjh; fo|ky;ksa dh ds fo'ys"k.k ls Li"V gS fd buesa vkSlr lk{kjrk cgqr de LFkkiuk gks rkfd bu cfLr;ksa ds cPps f”kf{kr gksdj ¼36-5 izfr”kr½ gS vFkkZr~ 63-5 izfr”kr tula[;k vf”kf{kr lekt dh eq[;/kkjk ls tqM+dj lH;] ;ksX;] ukxfjd cu ;k fuj{kj gS tks lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, lds vkSj lekt rFkk jk'Vª ds fodkl esa viuk ;ksxnku ns vojks/kd gSA egkuxj ds losZf{kr 34 efyu cfLr;ksa esa ls ldsaA ek= 2 efyu cfLr;k¡ ¼fetkZiqj rFkk iqfnZyiqj½ gh ,slh gS

lUnHkZ lwphftuesa lk{kjrk 45 izfr”kr ls vf/kd gS vFkkZr~ 32 efyu cfLr;ksa esa 45 izfr”kr yksx Hkh lk{kj ugha gSA bu cfLr;ksa 1- oekZ] pUæ feyu] 2007] xksj[kiqj egkuxj esa efyu esa vkSlr iq:"k lk{kjrk 44-1 izfr”kr rFkk vkSlr efgyk cfLr;ksa esa ukxfjd lqfo/kk;sa % ,d HkkSxksfyd lk{kjrk 29-1 izfr”kr gSA bu cfLr;ksa esa 50 izfr”kr ls v/;;u] vizdkf”kr “kks/k izcU/k] Hkwxksy foHkkx] vf/kd ¼58-5 izfr”kr½ tula[;k ek= mPp izkFkfed Lrj nhun;ky mik/;k; xksj[kiqj fo”ofo|ky;] rd gh f”k{kk xzg.k fd;s gS rFkk mPp f”k{kk izkIr djus xksj[kiqj] i`0 la0 89-okys yksxksa dk izfr”kr ek= 6-8 izfr”kr gS tks cgqr gh de 2- f=ikBh] vkj0] Mh0] 1999] tukafddh ,oa tula[;k gSA bu cfLr;ksa ds vf/kdka”k cPps chp esa gh i<+kbZ NksM+ v/;;u] olqU/kjk izdk”ku] i`0 la0 209-nsrs gSA muds i<+kbZ NksM+us dk izeq[k dkj.k ;k rks os ,d

3- Islam, M., 2001, Urbanization and Socio-gh d{kk esa ckj&ckj vuqŸkh.kZ gks tkrs gS ;k fQj muds Economic Development in Ballia District,

vfHkHkkodksa }kjk mudh i<+kbZ dks chp esa gh jksddj mUgsa Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis V.B.S.P. University,

dgha dke&dkt ij yxkdj muls /kuktZu djuk gSA Jaunpur, p.p. 70-71.

4- Chandana, R.C. & Siddhu, M.S. (1980) : efyu cfLr;ksa esa fuEu lk{kjrk dk izeq[k dkj.k Introduction to Population Geography, Kalyani xjhch] vf”k{kk] vfHkHkkodksa dk f”k{kk ds izfr mnklhurk] Publishers, New Delhi, p. 98.

cPpksa dk vius dke dkt esa lg;ksx ysuk ;k vU;= 5- frokjh] _f"kds”k] 2014] ^^lk{kjrk izfr:Ik % yxkdj /kuktZu djuk] vkfn gSA bu efyu cfLr;ksa esa

mŸkjk[k.M dk ,d HkkSxksfyd fo”ys"k.k**] tuZy f”k{kk ds Lrj dks mPp cukus ds fy, ljdkjh ,oa xSj vkQ lks”ky lkbal fjlpZ ilZisfDVo] vad&2] ljdkjh Lrj ij pyk;s tk jgs loZf”k{kk vfHk;ku ls la[;k&2] i`0la0 124&125- tksM+us dk iz;kl l?kurk ls djuk pkfg,A cPpksa ds

vfHkHkkodksa dks Hkh gekjs thou esa f”k{kk ds mi;ksx ,oa

xksM+ tutkfr;ksa esa O;kIr va/kfo'okl muds iks"k.k] LokLF; ,oa fodkl esa ck/kd

fo'o lekt nks lewgks esa foHkkftr gS igyk uxjh; lekt nwljk xzkeh.k lekt A uxjh; lekt esa lH; ,oa vk/kqfud dgs tkus okys O;fDr fuokl djrs gS] tcfd xzkeh.k lekt esa ljy ,oa vlH; dgs tkus okys yksx jgrs gS A xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa ,sls dbZ nwjLFk xzkeh.k vapy gS tgk¡ ds yksx lH;rk ls dkslks nwj gS A vkt Hkh mu yksxks rd lqfo/kkvksa dk vHkko gS ,slh gh ,d izkphu tutkfr gS xksM+ tutkfr ] tks /kerjh ftys ds xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa QSys gq, gSA lqfo/kkvksa ds vHkko ds dkj.k vkt Hkh ;s tutkfr viuh izkphu fpfdRlk i)fr ij iw.kZ fo'okl ,oa vkLFkk j[krh gS] fdlh Hkh lekt ,oa O;fDr dk fodkl mlds LokLF; ij fuHkZj djrk gS tks lekt ;k O;fDr ekufld] 'kkjhfjd] ,oa nSfgd :Ik ls iw.kZr% LoLFk gksxk ogh fodkl ds iFk ij vkxs c<+ ikrk gS ] D;ksfd LoLFk 'kjhj esa gh LoLFk efLr"d fuokl djrk gS A bl izdkj LoLFk efLr"d ls ldkjkRed fopkj mRiUu gksrs gS] ftlls O;fDr lkekftd ]vkfFkZd fodkl dj ikrk gS A

tutkfr;ksa dh fpfdRlk O;oLFkk va/kfo'okl ij vk/kkfjr gS bZykt gsrq vk/kqfud fpfdRlk dsUnzksa dh vksj u tkdj os loZizFke cSaxk] xqfu;k] iqtkjh vFkok 'keu dh 'kj.k ysrs gS A chekjh dks os nSfod izdksi ds :Ik esa ekurs gS vk/kqfud LokLF; lsokvksa dh if)r;ksa dks viukus dh fn'kk esa tutkfr;ka dkQh ihNs gSA xkssM+ tutkfr;ksa ds lekt esa va/kfo'okl vR;f/kd O;kIr gS ftlds dkj.k osa chekfj;ksa dk dkj.k vkSj bZykt va/kfo'okl ds ek/;e ls djrs vk jgsa gS ftlds dkj.k ih<+h nj ih<+h LokLF; ,oa iks"k.k esa vR;f/kd deh ik;h tkrh gS A

orZeku okrkoj.kh; ifjos'k tutkrh; lekt dks Hkh izHkkfor fd;k gS izkphu le; esa xksM+ tutkrh; yksxks dk LokLF; cgqr cqjk ugha Fkk ijarq yxkrkj ladze.k ls vDlj chekfj;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS A oSls rks xksM+ tutkfr cgqr lh chekfj;ksa ls xzflr jgrs gSA ijarq lcls vf/kd isV] vkar] rFkk peZ jksxks ds f'kdkj gks tkrs gS A izLrqr 'kks/k esa xksM+ tutkfr;ksa ds lekt esa QSys va/kfo'okl ,oa muds iks"k.k ,oa LokLF; ij iM+us okys izHkko dk fo'ys'k.kkRed 'kks/k fd;k x;k gS A

eq[; 'kCn %& xkasM+ tutkrh; ] va/kfo'okl] iks"k.k ,oa LokLF; A

IkzLrkouk v/a kfo”okl fdlh fo”k"s k lekt ;k n”ss k ls ugha tqMs gS cfYd ;g gj txg ik;as tkrs gSA v/a kfo”okl eas tutkfr;kas eas ijk”kfDr ij xgjk fo”okl gkrs k vkLFkk j[kus okys vf/kdrj xjhc] vui<+ o uhpys rcds gSA ;g fo”okl vuds Lrj ij gkrs k gSA vkfnokfl;kas eas ds ykxs gkrs s gSaA izk;% xkMas + tutkfr;kas eas v/a kfo”okl ds xzkeh.k lekt dh Hkkfa r /keZ dk fodflr Lo:Ik ]/keZ lca /a kh izfr vR;f/kd fo”okl n[s kus dks feyrk gSA LokLF; ekuo efa nj ,oa fofo/k lEiznk; rFkk okn] vkfn ugha ik;s tkrs thou dh vuekys lEa ifr gS euq"; dh thou vkSj mldh gSA ijra q vkfnoklh lekt ds O;fDr iow Ztksa ,oa ijia jkxr [kq”kh ds fy;s LokLF; ls T;knk fdlh vU; oLrq dh nos rkvkas dh itw k vo”; djrs gSA itw k izk;% Ik”kq if{k;kas dYiuk djuk dfBu gSA LokLF; fdlh Hkh lekt dh dh cfy djds e=a ikB djds lEiUu dh tkrh gSA vkfFkZd izxfr ds fy;s vfuok;Z gSA

'kks/k lkjka'k

1- Mk- dkty eksb=k] ,lksfl,V izksQslj] Hkwxksy foHkkx] Mk- lh-oh- jeu fo'ofo|ky;] dksVk] foykliqj] N-x-A 2- Jherh eatw"kk lkgw] 'kks/k Nk=k] Hkwxksy foHkkx] Mk- lh-oh- jeu fo'ofo|ky;] dksVk] foykliqj] N-x-A

dkty eksb=k ,oa Jherh eatw"kk lkgw


Vol. 24, 2019

R.N.I. No. UPBIL/1996/7631

I.S.S.N. - 0975-4903

[[98


xkMas + tutkfr ds xkoa lekU;r% txa yka s vkjS ava/kfo”okl dk iks"k.k ,oa LokLF; ij iM+us okys izHkko dk igkMk+ a s ij gkrs k gAS txa yka s vkjS igkfM;+ ks a ij gkus s ds dkj.k v/;;u fd;k gS &os ykxs tMh cfq V;ka s dk vPNk Kku j[krs gAaS r=a ] e=a ] >kM+ 1- “kk/s k dk;Z ds fy;s /kerjh ftys ds uxjh fodkl[k.M Qdwa budh ijia jkxr fpfdRlk dk ,d :Ik gAS ds xkMas + tutkrh; dk pquko fd;k x;k gSA v/;;u dk mns'; ,oa egRo 2- v/;;u ds fy;s 200 ifjokjka s dk puq ko fd;k tk;xs kA

iLz rrq “kk/s k ds ek/;e ls xkMas + tutkfr;ka s ds 3- v/;;u esa 10 xzkekas ls 20&20 ifjokjksa dk p;u LokLF; ea s v/a kfo”okl fdl idz kj ck/kd gS bl ij fd;k x;k gSA ryq ukRed v/;;u fd;k x;k g&S

v/;;u {ks= 1- xksaM+ tutkfr;ksa dh LokLF; dks izHkkfor djus okys

NRrhlx<+ jkT; esa fLFkr /kerjh ftys dk dkjdks dks Kkr djuk rFkk mudh vkfFkZd n”kk Kkr 0fuekZ.k 6 tqykbZ 1998 esa gqvk FkkA /kerjh ftyk 20 42* djukA

0mRrjh v{kka'k ,oa 18 33* iwohZ ns'kkarj eas fLFkr gS A ;g 2- xksaM+ tutkfr;ksa dh LokLF; laca/kh leL;k,a mudh

ftyk ty lalk/ku dh n`f"V ls laiUu ftyk gSA /kerjh fopkj] vkSj n`f"Vdks.k dks irk djukA

ftyk dh dqy {ks=Qy 2]029 oxZ fdeh- gSA3- cSxk tutkfr;ksa ds :f<+oknh va/kfo”okl tfur

/kerjh ftyk] NRrhlx<+ izns”k ds ÅoZjd LokLF; laca/kh vo/kkj.kkvksa dks Kkr djukA

eSnkuh {ks= esa fLFkr gS A egkunh] /kerjh ftys dh thou 4- xkasM+ tutkfr;ksa dh ijijkxr fpfdRlk i)fr dk js[kk gSA /kerjh ftys eas egkunh ds izokg dkj.k d`f"k Hkwfe

ewY;kdau djuk rFkk vk/kqfud fpfdRlk i)fr dks dh mitkÅ moZjrk vf/kd gSA /kerjh ftys ds iwoZ esa viukus dh fLFkfr dks Kkr djukA lriqM+k Js.kh] if”pe eas dkadsj ftyk ,oa mRrj fn”kk esa

jk;iqj ,oa nf{k.k esa mM+hlk jkT; dh lhek gSaA /kerjh 5- nqyZHk iztkfr dh tMh cqfV;ksa dh tkudkjh izkIr gks ftys dh dqy tula[;k 7]99]781 ¼2011 dh tux.kuk& ldsxh ftlls mudk laj{k.k ,oa lao/kZu esa lgk;rk uqlkj gS½ ftlesa 25-98 izfr”kr tula[;k vuqlwfpr feysxhA tutkfr dh gS

6- v/;;u ls cSxk tutkfr;ksa ds LokLF; laca/kh tutkfr LokLF; esa ck/kd va/kfo'okl leL;kvksa ds funku ds fy;s cuk;h tkus okyh uhfr

fu/kkZj.k dh uohu rF;ksa dks Kkr djukA tutkfr;kas dks izd`fr iq= dgk tkrk gSA bldk eq[; dkj.k tutkfr;ksa dk izd`fr ls tqM+ko gSA ;g 7- gksus okyh chekfj;ksa ds dkj.kksa dks Kkr djukA tutkfr laLd`fr dh ,d egRoiw.kZ fo”ks"krk Hkh gS] ysfdu

'kks/k izfof/k ,oa 'kks/k {ks=ksa dk ifjp; vf”k{kk ,oa xjhch ds dkj.k muesa tkx:Drk dh Hkkjh

,d mRre “kks/k dk;Z ds fy, vko”;d gS mfpr deh gSA mudh nqfu;k vius pkyhl ipkl fdyksehVj v/;;u i)fr dk pquko djukA v/;;u i)fr oSKkfud dh nwjh rd lhfer gS A tutkfr ifjokj viuh thou esa ekunaM ds vuqlkj gks tks rF;ksa dks oSKkfudrk iznku dj CykWd ;k rglhy eq[;ky; ls T;knk nwj dh nqfu;k ls ldsaA loZFkk vifjfpr jgrk gSA efgyk;s rks gkV cktkj LFky

rd gh lhfer jgrh gSaA ckjgeklh lM+d] fo|qrhdj.k] “kks/k dk;Z dks xgu :Ik iznku djus ds fy;s jsfM;ks] Vhoh] vkfn lqfo?kkvksa dh dksbZ igqap ugha gS] vr% /kerjh ftys dk uxjh fodkl[k.M ds xksaM+ tutkfr;ksa esa

[[99


ckgjh nqfu;k dk muds thou esa dksbZ n[ky ugh cu ik;h yxrk gS A vius vki dks fdlh nSoh; ck/kk ;k dzks/k ls gS foKku dh izxfr ds ;qx esa vkt rd balku dh igqap xzflr ekudj vius thou dks ,d vfHk”kki ds :Ik esa pkan ,oa rkjks rd cu x;h gS] ogha bl ifjos”k esa th jgsa thuk izkajHk dj nsrk gS A tutkfr;ksa dks vkt Hkh ,slk yxrk gS] fd iwjh nqfu;k oSls tutkrh; {ks=ksa esa LokLF; lsok,a ,oa leL;k,a gh gS tSls pkyhl ipkl fdyksehVj dh lhek esa muesa

tutkrh; {ks=ksa esa fpfdRlk lqfo/kkvksa dh deh fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA bu ifjfLFk;ksa esa ,d cPpk tUe ysrk gS gS] fpfdRldkas dh deh gS] iSjkesfMdy LVki dh deh gS] thou thrk gS vkSj ej tkrk gSA thou ds ladV ;k tks dk;Zjr gS os Hkh vius eq[;ky; esa ugha jgrs gS] mudh izR;sd ?kVukvksa dks izd`fr ds lkFk tksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA miyC/krk xzkeokfl;ksa dks lgt :Ik ls miyC/k ugha gS izd`fr ij fo”okl dksbZ [kjkc ckr ugha gS] ysfdu ekuoh; vr% tutkrh; {ks=ksa es LokLF; f”k{kk dh tkudkjh ugha =qfV;ksa] vlko/kkfu;ksa ls mRiUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks izkd`frd fey ikrh gSA mUgs ;s ugh ekywe fd fpfdRlk foKku us izdksi ;k nSfod ladV ds :Ik esa tksM nsuk va/kfo”okl ;k vkt fdruh izxfr dj yh gSA mUgs ;s ugha ekywe dh va/k J/nk gSA ;g va/kfo”okl {ks= esa dkQh xgjs rd cSBh “kkldh; vLirkyks esa mUgs fu”kqYd fpfdRlk dh lqfo/kk gqbZ gSA bu ifjfLFk;ksa esa xkao esa tc dksbZ O;fDr chekj miyC/k gSA mUgss ;s ugha ekywe dh “kklu ds }kjk mUgs gksrk gS rks mls nSoh; ukjktxh ds :Ik esa ns[kk tkrk gSA csgrj ls csgrj LokLF; lqfo/kk miyC/k djkus ds fy;s mipkj ds fy;s fdlh MkWDVj ds ikl ys tkus ds LFkku ij D;k D;k ;kstuk,a ykxw dh gSA u rks LokLF; ;kstuk dh mls LFkkuh; cSaxk ds ikl ys tk;k tkrk gSA cSaxk ds }kjk tkudkjh gS] u gh mldk ykHk ysus dh izfd;k dh mUgsa pkaoy ds nkus ;k dkSMh ;k dksbZ vU; oLrq dk mi;ksx dj tkudkjh gSA u rks mUgs chekjh ds fo:) lqj{kkRed ea=ksPpkj.k ,oa >kM+ Qwad] dj bl ckr ij fopkj fd;k mik;kas dh tkudkjh gS vkSj u gh mipkjkRed mik;ksa dh tkrk gS fd mDr chekjh dk dkj.k D;k gSA cSaxk ds }kjk gh tkudkjh gSA mUgsa bl ckjs esa crkus okyk Hkh dksbZ ugha fopkjksijkUr chekjh ;k egkekjh dk dkj.k fdlh nsoh gSA vr% os LokLF; lqfo/kkvkas dk] LokLF; ;kstukvksa dk nsork dh ukjktxh crkbZ tkrh gS rFkk mipkj djus ds ykHk ugha ys ikrs gSA ifj.kke ;g gksrk gS fd vkt Hkh iwoZ mls izlUu djus dh fof/k crk;h tkrh gSA bl fof/k tutkrh; {ks=ksa es eysfj;k] Mk;fj;k] jDr vYirk] {k;] esa eqxkZ] cdjk] ”kjkc fofo/k izdkj dh iwtu lkekxzh vkfn lk/kkj.k chekfj;ksa ls ekgkekjh ds :Ik e`R;q gksrs eaxk;h tkrh gS rFkk bu lkekfxz;kas dk mi;ksx dj jgrh gS tks fd tutkfr; ifjokjksa ds lkeus ,d xaHkhj ea=ksPpkj.k dj nsoh dks izlUu djus ds fy, iwtk fd;k leL;k cu pqdh gS A tkrk gSA ejht ds mipkj dk dkj.k ckn esa fd;k tkrk

gSA bl izfd;k esa tgk¡ ,d vksj izHkkfor ifjokj dks >kM+ xksaM+ tutkfrvksa dh ijaijkxr fpfdRlk Qwad esa vuko”;d O;; gksrk gS ogh chekj O;fDr dh xksM+ tutkfr ds yksx vHkh Hkh tM+h cqfV;ksa vkSj chekjh vkSj c<rh tkrh gSA vDlj ;g ns[kk tkrk gS tc ra= e= ls viuk mipkj djrs gaSA vk/kqfud fpfdRlk chekjh dkQh c<+ tkrh gS] rc buds }kjk vleFkZrk izdV i)fr ij mUgs tjk Hkh fo”okl ugha gS os vius jksxksa ds dj nh tkrh gS rFkk ckgjh bZykt dh lykg nh tkrh gSA mipkj ds fy;s vkt Hkh MkWDVj ;k fdlh ckgjh O;fDr dh rc rd cgqr nsj gks pqdh gksrh gS vkSj chekj dh izk.kj{kk lgk;rk ugha ysrs gSA os Lo;a gh tM+h cqfV;ksa dh lgk;rk dfBu gks tkrh gSA bl iwjh izfd;k ds QyLo:Ik ifjokj ls viuh “kkjhfjd chekjh dk bZykt dj ysrs gaSA ;g dVq vkfFkZd :Ik ls detksj gks tkrk gS ,oa chekj O;fDr dk lR; Hkh gS fd vk/kqfud fpfdRlk i)fr ¼,syksiSFkh½ fdlh ladze.k ifjokj ds vU; lnL;ksa dks Hkh xzflr dj ysrk gS Hkh chekjh dks rqjar Bhd rks dj nsrh gS ijarq ;g chekjh vkSj ih<+h nj ih<+h ifjokj “kkjhfjd :Ik ls vLoLFk jgus

[[100


dks tM+ ls Bhd ugha djrh gSA vk/kqfud fpfdRlk i)fr vFkok v)Z”kkldh; lsok esa dj ldsA ls bZykt djus okys fpfdRldkas vkt Hkh vusdksa chekfj;ksa 3- xksaM+ tutkfr;ksa ds fy;s eksckbZy] gkfLiVy dh eas vk;qosZn dk lgkjk ysuk iMrk gS A O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,A

ijaijkxr fpfdRlk i)fr ds varxZr 4- xksM+ tutkrh; esa fpfdRld dh Hkwfedk vnk djus tutkrh; {ks= esa cSaxk o xqfu;k jksfx;ksa dk tM+h cqfV;ksa okys cSxkvksa dks vk/kqfud fpfdRlk i)fr dk Kku ;k ra=] ea= ls mipkj djrk gSA izk;% izR;sd chekjh ds fn;k tkuk pkfg,Afy;s vyx vyx tM+h cwVh gksrh gSA tutkrh; xzke ds

5- f”k{kk ,oa tkx:drk dk izlkj fd;k tkuk vko”;d vf/kdka”k cSxkvksa dks bu tM+h cqfV;ksa dk Kku gksrk gSA gSA bu tM+h cwfV;ksa ls rS;kj dh xbZ vkS"kf/k ds lsou djus ls

chekfj;ksa esa LFkk;h lq/kkj gksrk gS ;s vkS"kf/k;ka chekfj;ksa dks 6- vPNh lM+das ,o LokLF; lqfo/kk,a iznku dh tkuh tM+ ls [kRe dj nsrh gS bu tM+h cwfV;ksa ds lsou ls fdlh pkfg,Aizdkj ds nq"izHkko ugha gksrs gSA ;s vius vuqHko ls vusdksa 7- efgykvksa dks fo”ks"k euksjatukRed fpfdRlk f”k{kk chekfj;kas dk bZykt dj ysrs gSaA budks viuh fpfdRlk fn;k tkuk pkfg,A n{k gks tkus ij nkbZ] vk”kk] i)fr ij vVwV fo”okl jgrk gSA vlk/; jksxksa dh LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ dh ljdkjh lsok esa ysuk pkfg, fpfdRlk tM+h cwfV;ksa ds vykok xqfu;ksa ds }kjk gh dh rkfd buds ijaijkxr Kku dk ykHk izkIr gks ldsAtkrh gS] xqfu;k viuk iqjk Kku vius f”k";ksa dks ugh nsrs

8- budh lkaLd`frd fojklr ls NsM+NkM fd;s fcuk ftlls vlk/; chekfj;ksa dh fpfdRlk i)fr yqIr gksrh uohu ;kstukvksa dk lapkyu djuk pkfg,A tk jgh gSA

9- budh cfLr;ksa ds vklikl d`f"k] Ik”kqikyu]eqxhZ 98 izfr”kr mRrj nkrk Lo;a dh fpfdRlk ikyu ] eRL; ikyu ] e/kqeD[kh ikayu ds izf”k{k.k i)fr esa fo”okl djrs gS mUgs fdlh Hkh vU; fpfdRlk dsUnz [kksys tk;s rkfd xksM+ tutkrh; ds yksx i)fr ij fo”okl ugha gSA 80 izfr”kr xSj tutkrh; vkfFkZd :Ik ls l{ke gks ldsA mRrjnkrk tM+h cwfV;ksa ds mipkj ls jksx eqDr gks tkrs gS

,slk mRrjnkrkvksa us crk;kA 8 izfr”kr yksx ;g ekurs 10- xkaoks esa lkeqnkf;d Hkou cuuk pkfg, bl Hkou esa gS fd >kM+ Qwad ls dbZ chekfj;ka Bhd gks tkrh gSa ftlesa Vsyhfotu] VsyhQksu tSlh vR;f/kd lqfo/kk,a iznku ;s cSaxk fl)gLr gSA 93 izfr”kr yksx ra= e= ds iz;ksx fd;k tk;s rkfd ;s uohu fpfdRlkfof/k;ksa ,oa dks vuqfpr ekurs gS dsoy 7 izfr”kr yksx blls LokLF; vkS"kf/k;ksa dk Kku izkIr dj lds ftlls os ykHk feyuk Lohdkj djrs gSaA va/kfo”okl dh vksj izsfjr u gks ik;sA

lq>ko 11- fctyh dh lqfo/kk izR;sd xkaoks dks iznku dh tkosa ftlls dh muesa va/kfo”okl u iuisA izk;% yksx 1- va/kfo”oklkas] tknw Vksuk] Hkwr&izsr] vkfn fopkjksa dk jkf= esa va/ksjs ds dkj.k va/kfo”oklh gks tkrs gSAifjorZu fd;k tkosA

mijksDr lq>kokas dks /;ku esa j[kdj ;kstuk vkSj 2- xksM+ tutkfr ds O;fDr;ksa dks izkS<+ f”k{kk dks dk;Zdze pyk;k tk;s rks xksM+ tutkfr;ksa esa va/kfo”okl vfuok;Z ek/;fed f”k{kk dk ntkZ fn;k tkuk pkfg, de gksxk vkSj os fpfdRlk ds vk/kqfud i)fr;ksa dks vkSj d{kk ikap] d{kk vkB rd v/;;u dh viukus ds izfr tkx:d gksaxs bl ckr dk /;ku j[kuk vadlwfp;ka fn;k tk;s ftldk mi;ksx ljdkjh

[[101


vko”;d gS fd budh tM+h cwfV;ksa ds }kjk ijijkxr “kfDr dk izdksi ekurs gS A ysfdu ljdkj ds iz;kl ,oa fpfdRlk i)fr dks uqdlku igqpk;s fcuk bUgs vk/kqfud lkekftd ifjos”k ds laidZ esa vkus ls vk/kqfud fpfdRlk fpfdRlk ¼ ,syksiSFkh½ ls tksM+k tk;sA dh vksj vkdf"kZr gks jgs gS ;|fi bldh izfd;k vR;Ur

/kheh gS A fu"d"kZ lanHkZ lwph xkasM+ tutkfr ds thou ds fofHkUu i{kksa dk

lefUor izHkko muds LokLF; dks fu/kkZfjr djrk gS A 1- frokjh] Mh-,u-] 2002] vkfnoklh ,oa i;kZoj.k] “kkafr bl lanHkZ esa orZeku “kks/k ds varxZr /kerjh ftys ds izdk”ku] bykgkcknA uxjh; fodkl[k.M esa thou ;kiu djus okys xksM+ 2- vxzoky] oklqnso “kj.k] 1949] i`Fohiq=] lLrk tutkrh ds LokLF; ,oa fodkl ij va/kfo”okl dk izHkko lkfgR; eaMy] fnYyhA dk rqyukRed v/;;u fd;k x;k gS va/kfo”okl dks izeq[k

3- frokjh] oh- ds-] 1998] Hkkjr dh tutkft;ka] leL;k ds :Ik p;fur dj rr~ laca/kh fLFkfr;ksa dk fgeky; ifCyf”kax gkml] eqcbZA fo”ys'k.k fd;k x;k gS A xksaM+ tutkrh; orZeku esa

ijaijkxr fpfdRlk i)fr;ksa ij vVwV fo”okl djrh gS 4- fo|kFkhZ] ,y- ih-] 1975] Hkkjrh; vkfnoklh ukxfjd vkSj bUgh fof/k;ksa ,oa izfdz;kvksa ls chekjh dk bZykt djrs izpkfj.kh lHkk] okjk.klhA gS A viuh chekfj;ksa dk dkj.k izkd`frd vkink ,oa nSoh;

/kerjh ftys esa /kku dh tSo&fofo/krk ij feV~Vh dk izHkko

/kku dh tSo&fofo/krk ds HkkSxksfyd dkjd mPpkop] feV~Vh] o"kkZ] vkfn çeq[k :i ls /kku dh d`f"k dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA fuEu mPpkop lery Hkw&Hkkx dks çnf'kZr djrk gSA ;gka /kku dh fofo/krk de ,oa mUur çdkj dh gS rFkk mPp mPpkop esa /kku dh vf/kd çtkfr;ksa dk mRiknu gS bldk eq[; dkj.k mPp mPpkop oukPNkfnr igkM+h {ks=k gS ;gka tutkfr;ksa dh vf/kdrk gksus ds dkj.k ijEijkxr Ñf"k dh tkrh gSA /kku dh çtkfr; fofo/krk dk lokZf/kd çHkko feV~Vh ds çdkjksa dh miyC/krk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA p;fur xzkeksa eas lokZf/kd mUur fdLeksa dk mRiknu dUgkj feV~Vh esa ,oa ijEijkxr fdLeksa dk mRiknu HkkBk feV~Vh esa izkIr gqvk gSA p;fur xzkeksa esa lokZf/kd /kku dh çtkfr;ksa dh la[;k o"kZ 2015&16 esa xzke vekyh ¼17½ esa çkIr gqbZ gS tks v/;;u {ks=k ds uxjh rglhy esa iwoZ fn'kk esa fLFkr gSA bldk eq[; dkj.k oukPNkfnr] HkkBk feV~Vh ,oa ijEijkxr fdLeksa ds ç;ksx ls Ñf"k ,oa vk/kqfud Ñf"k dk fuEu mi;ksx gSA lcls de /kku dh çtkfr; fofo/krk p;fur xzke dYys ¼5½ esa çkIr gqbZ gS bldk eq[; dkj.k lery Ñf"k Hkwfe] o"kkZ ,oa flapkbZ ty dh miyC/krk ls mUur Ñf"k dk vf/kd ç;ksx gSA v/;;u {ks=k esa foyqIr çk; çtkfr;kas ds laj{k.k gsrq budks mUur çtkfr;ksa ds :i esa ifjorZu dj bueas vf/kd mRiknu çnku djus dh {kerk dk fodkl vko';d gSA

eq[; 'kCn % tSo&fofo/krk] /kku dh iztkfr;k¡] mPpkop ,oa feV~VhA

IkzLrkouk x;kA çtkfr dk vFkZ fofHkUu fdLeksa ds ,sls lewg ls gS tks vkuqokaf”kd Lrj ij ,sls feyrs&tqyrs gS fd mldks tSo&fofo/krk ledkyhu fo'o dh xaHkhj vkil esa feykdj ubZ fdLeksa dh larfr mRiUu dh tk leL;k gS blds varxZr nks ijLij lacaf/kr vo/kkj.kk,a ldsA çtkrh; fofo/krk ,d {ks= esa ikbZ tkus okyh vkuqokaf'kd ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh; fofo/krk lfEefyr gSA fofHkUu fdLeksa dh fofo/krk dks fu:fir djrk gSA ;g ikfjfLFkfrdh; ç.kkyh ,oa ekuo nksuksa dk laj{k.k fofo/krk fdlh Hkh {ks= esa /kku çtkfr;ksa dh la[;k ls vko';d gSA çkÑfrd ,oa ekuo çsfjr dkj.k ls tSo& tkuh tkrh gSA fofo/krk yxkrkj ?kV jgh gS ¼pUnzdkj ,oa tk;loky]

2004½A tSfod fofo/krk dk laf{kIr :i gh tSo&fofo/krk v/;;u ds mn~ns';gSA thfor çkf.k;ksa ds chp dk varj rFkk ftl tSfod izLrqr “kks/k i= esa v/;;u dk eq[; mn~ns”; tfVyrkvksa esa og jgrk gS] mldk varj gh tSo&fofo/krk /kerjh ftys esa /kku dh d`f"k ,oa /kku dh tSo&fofo/krk gSA tho eaMy esa myC/k thoksa dh la[;k] çtkfr rFkk dk v/;;u djuk vkSj ftys ds izfrn”kZ xzkeksa esa /kku dh varj esa fofHkUurkvksa ds dqy ;ksx dks gh tSo&fofo/krk iztkfr;ksa ij feV~Vh ds izHkko dk v/;;u djuk gSAdgrs gS ¼v:.k dkR;keu] 2013½A

fof/kra=ckW;ks MkbZoflZVh ¼Biodiversity½ 'kCn dk

izLrqr v/;;u izkFkfed ,oa f}rh;d vk¡dM+ksa ukedj.k 1986 bZ- esa okYVj th- jkslsu ds }kjk fd;k ij vk/kkfjr gSA loZizFke /kerjh ftys ds pkj rglhyksa

'kks/k lkjka'k

1- MkW- lqjs'k dqekj lkgw] lgk;d f'k{kd] 'kk-vk-izk-'kk- dqjkZ] /kerjh ¼N-x-½A2- MkW- Vh- ,y- oekZ] izksQslj ,oa foHkkxk/;{k] Hkwxksy foHkkx] 'kkldh; NRrhlx<+ LukrdksRRkj egkfo|ky;] jk;iqj ¼N-x-½A

lqjs'k dqekj lkgw ,oa Vh- ,y- oekZ


Vol. 24, 2019

R.N.I. No. UPBIL/1996/7631

I.S.S.N. - 0975-4903

[[103

dks vk/kkj ekuk x;k gSA v/;;u o"kZ 2015&16 ,oa 1985&86 ds f}rh;d vkadM+ksa ij vk/kkfjr gS rFkk Hkw&vfHkys[k i=d ,oa lkaf[;dh; iqfLrdk esa vafdr vkadM+ksa dk iz;ksx esa yk;k x;k gSA lkFk gh /kerjh ftys ds pkj rglhyksa ls dqy 12 izfrn”kZ xzkeksa dk nSofun”kZu fof/k }kjk p;u fd;k x;k gS rFkk 1240 d`"kd ifjokjksa ls /kku dh d`f"k laca/kh lwpuk,¡ vuqlwph ,oa lk{kkRdkj ds }kjk izkIr fd;k x;k gSA v/;;u {ks= ds /kku dh tSo&fofo/krk ij feV~Vh ds izHkko gsrq /kku iztkfr;ksa dk fo”ys"k.k dh xbZ gSA

esa xfj;kcan] nf{k.k&iwoZ esa mM+hlk jkT;] dksaMkxk¡o ,oa nf{k.k&if”pe esa dkadsj rFkk if”pe esa ckyksn ftyk fLFkr gSA

/kerjh ftys esa 2011 dh tux.kuk esa tula[;k 7]99]781 gSA ftlesa 49-75 izfr”kr iq:’k ,oa 50-25 izfr”kr efgyk,¡ gSA ftlesa 81-35 izfr”kr tula[;k xzkeksa esa ,oa 18-65 izfr”kr tula[;k uxjh; {ks=ksa esa fuokl djrh gSaA dqy tula[;k esa 25-96 izfr”kr vuqlwfpr tutkfr ,oa 7-32 izfr”kr vuqlwfpr tkfr gSA

/kku dk {ks=Qy v/;;u {ks=

/kku dh tSo&fofo/krk ls vk'k;&/kku dh /kerjh ftyk NRrhlx<+ jkT; ds e/; esa fLFkr fofHkUu çtkfr;ksa ls gSaA ;g v/;;u {ks= dh vkthfodk

ågSA ftys dk xBu 6 tqykbZ 1998 dks gqvkA ;g 20 2^ 30Þ dk eq[; lk/ku gSA /kku dh Ñf"k ds Lo:i esa Ñ"kdksa dh

å å åls 21 1^ 32Þ mRrjh v{kka”k ,oa 81 23^ 17Þ ls 82 10^ 35Þ vkfFkZd] lkekftd ,oa oS;fDrd xq.kksa dk çHkko iM+rk gSA iwohZ ns”kkarj ds e/; fLFkr gSA bldk HkkSxksfyd {ks=Qy ftys esa dqy Qlyh {ks= 2]06]551 gsDVs;j gS blesa /kku 4]081-93 oxZ fdyksehVj gSA ;g Åijh egkunh csflu dk dk {ks= 1]39]991 gsDVs;j gSA ;g dqy 'kL; {ks= dk 67-Hkkx gSA /kerjh ftys ds mRrj esa jk;iqj] nqxZ] mRrj&iwoZ 77 çfr'kr gSA

[[104


/kku dh Ñf"k ds v/;;u ds fy, o"kZ 2015&16 fofo/krk dgk tkrk gSA esa ftys ds 4 rglhyksa ds 12 xzkeksa ls vk¡dM+s ,d= fd;s /kku çtkfr;ksa dh fofo/krk esa HkkSxksfyd dkj.k x;sA lkj.kh 01 ds fo”ys'k.k ls Li"V gksrk gS fd egRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA mPpkop] feV~Vh ,oa o"kkZ dk çHkko Vªkal&egkunh eSnku esa fLFkr dq:n rglhy ds xzke /kku çtkfr;ksa dh fofo/krk ij iM+rk gSA ftys ds p;fur HkSalcksM+ esa /kku dk {ks=Qy vf/kd gSA ;gk¡ /kku dk {ks= 12 xzkeksa esaa çtkfr fofo/krk ds HkkSxksfyd dkj.kksa dk “kr~ çfr”kr gSA vekyh xkao dk {ks= lcls de gSA ;gka fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gS &bldk {ks= dqy “kL; {ks= dk 53-08 çfr”kr gSA [kijh

mPpkop ,oa /kku dh çtkfrxkao dk f}rh; LFkku gS ;gka /kku dk {ks= dqy “kL; {ks= 99-47 çfr”kr gSA xzke esa ugj ,oa V~;wcosy dh lqfo/kk ds mPpkop ds varxZr mPpre ,oa U;wure Hkkxksa dkj.k [kjhQ ekSle esa 50-99 çfr”kr ,oa jch ekSle esa 49- dh Å¡pkbZ ds varj dks mPpkop dh laKk çnku djrs gSA 01 çfr”kr {ks= esa /kku dh Ñf"k dh tkrh gSA mPpkop Ñf"k ij çR;{k :i ls çHkko Mkyrk gSA D;ksafd

Qlyksa ds forj.k ,oa lacaf/kr dk;Z /kjkryh; Lo:i ij /kku çtkfr dh miyC/krk vk/kkfjr gS ¼lruke flag] 2008½A /kku çtkfr;ksa dh

v/;;u {ks= esa /kku dh fofo/krk ds dkj.k igys fofo/krk] Ñf"k fof/k ,oa mRiknu /kjkry ds mPpkop ij /kku dh fofHkUu fdLesa ikbZ tkrh FkhA ;g LFkku fo'ks"k dh fuHkZj djrk gSA /kjkryh; fLFkfr ls gh /kku çtkfr;ksa dk tyok;q ,oa feV~Vh ds vuqlkj mxrh FkhA bldh fo”ks"krk LFkku fo'ks"k ds vk/kkj ij fu/kkZj.k gksrk gSA p;fur xzkeksa /kku dh ,slh fdLesa tks vf/kd ikuh esa mRikfnr dh tkrh esa LFkkuh; Lrj ij Hkh mPpkop esa fHkUurk ik;h tkrh gSA Fkh vkSj dqN fdLesa fuEu ty dh miyC/krk esa vPNh bUgh ds vk/kkj ij mPpkop dks rhu Lrjksa esa oxhZÑr mit nsrh FkhA tSo&fofo/krk dk mi;ksx /kku dh Ñf"k fd;k x;k gS &iSnkokj c<+kus ds lkFk&lkFk jksx&jks/kh ,oa dhVjks/kh

(i) fuEu mPpkop ¼ckgjk½Qlyksa dh fdLeksa ds fodkl esa lgk;d gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd gfjr Økafr ds fy, mRrjnk;h /kku dh ckSuh fdLeksa (ii) e/;e mPpkop ¼xHkkj½dk fodkl rkboku esa ik;h tkus okyh Mh- ft;ks Å&tus

(iii) mPp mPpkop ¼HkkaBk ;k fVdjk½uked /kku dh çtkfr ls fd;k x;k FkkA

fuEu mPpkop orZeku le; esa /kku ds jksx jks/kh vkSj dhVjks/kh

v/;;u {ks= esa fuEu mPpkop okys Hkkx dks 20 çeq[k thu dk mi;ksx /kku lq/kkj dk;ZØe esa gks jgk ^ckgjk^ Hkwfe ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA çk;% bl rjg dh gSA çtkrh; Lrj fd fofo/krk egRoiw.kZ gSA ;fn iwjs fo'o Hkwfe NksVs ukys] unh ,oa /kjkryh; fo"kerk ds lehiLFk esa fdlh /kku dh ,d gh çtkfr gks rks mls dksbZ jksx gks {ks=ksa eas gksrh gSA bl çdkj ds Ñf"k Hkwfe dk easM+ Å¡ps&Å¡ps tk, rks laHko gS fd ml çtkfr dk vfLrRo gh feV tk,A gksrs gSA ;gka nsj ls idus okyh ¼130 fnu ls vf/kd½ /kku ysfdu çtkrh; fofo/krk ds dkj.k ,slk ugha gks ldrk dh çtkfr;k¡ cks;h tkrh gSA p;fur xzkeksa esa fuEu ¼Ñ".k pUnz] ;kno] 2012½A mPpkop esa /kku çtkfr;ksa dk dqy {ks=Qy o"kZ 1985&86

çtkfr fofo/krk ds HkkSxksfyd dkj.k esa 981-68 gsDVs;j FkkA blesa 111 /kku çtkfr;ksa dk /kku dh gtkjksa çtkfr;k¡ ikbZ tkrh gSA ;g mRiknu fd;k x;kA xzke uokxkao esa lcls vf/kd 128-00

fofHkUu tyok;q ,oa feV~Vh esa feyrh gSA bl çdkj gsDVs;j rFkk xzke ckjxjh esa lcls de 28-30 gsDVs;j çtkfr;ksa esa ik;h tkus okyh fofHkUurk dks çtkfr; Hkwfe ij /kku dk mRiknu fd;k x;kA o"kZ 2015&16 esa

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448-24 gsDVs;j —f"k Hkwfe esa 48 /kku çtkfr cksa;k x;kA xzkeksa esa e/;e mPpkop okys —f"k {ks= esa /kku çtkfr;ksa xzke uokxkao esa lcls vf/kd 82-95 gsDVs;j ij ,oa xzke dk dqy {ks=Qy o"kZ 1985&86 esa 183-00 gsDVs;j FkkA fpaojhZ¼eky½ esa lcls de 11-00 gsDVs;j Hkwfe esa /kku dh blesa 45 /kku çtkfr;ksa dk mRiknu fd;k x;kA xzke Qly ckasbZ xbZA bldk çeq[k dkj.k ;gka HkkBk Hkwfe dh HkSalcksM+ esa lcls vf/kd 37-30 gsDVs;j —f"k Hkwfe esa 5 /kku vf/kdrk gS ¼lkj.kh 02½A çtkfr;k¡ ,oa xzke eFkqjkMhg esa 3-20 gsDVs;j esa 1 /kku

çtkfr;k¡ lcls de çkIr gqbZA o"kZ 2015&16 esa 578-59 e/;e mPpkopgsDVs;j esa 62 /kku çtkfr;k¡ cksa;h x;h blesa lcls vf/kd

v/;;u {ks= esa e/;e mPpkop okys Hkkx dks {ks=Qy xzke ijlV~Bh esa 93-20 gsDVs;j esa 9 /kku ^xHkkj^ Hkwfe ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA /kku dh Ñf"k gsrq çtkfr;k¡ çkIr gqbZA bldk çeq[k dkj.k ;gk¡ dk lery mfpr ty/kkj.k {kerk ,oa ueh /kkj.k djus dh {kerk Ñf'k Hkwfe dk gksuk gSaA lcls de xzke ukgjMhg esa 14-0 fuEu mPpkop ls de ,oa mPp mPpkop ls vf/kd gksrh gsDVs;j esa 4 /kku çtkfr;k¡ çkIr gqbZA bldk çeq[k dkj.k gSA ;gka /kku dh e/;e vof/k ¼100 ls 130 fnu½ esa idus ;gka fuEu mPpkop Ñf"k Hkwfe dh vf/kdrk gS okys çtkfr;k¡ cks;h tkrh gSA v/;;u {ks= ds p;fur ¼lkj.kh 02½A

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mPp mPpkop /kku çtkfr;ksa dk dqy {ks=Qy o'kZ 1985&86 esa 166-30 gsDVs;j FkkA blesa 39 /kku çtkfr;k¡ cksabZ xbZA blesa mPp mPpkop okys —f"k Hkwfe dks ^HkkaBk ;k lcls T;knk /kku dk {ks=Qy xzke rsUnqHkkBk esa 32-30 Vhdjk* Hkwfe dgk tkrk gSA ;g —f"k Hkwfe fuEu Js.kh dh gsDVs;j esa 8 /kku çtkfr;k¡ çkIr gqbZA lcls de xzke de moZj Hkwfe gksrh gS ,oa budh ty/kkj.k {kerk de dYys esa 2-30 gsDVs;j ij 1 /kku çtkfr;k¡ çkIr gqbZA o'kZ gksus ls bl Hkwfe esa ueh dh ek=k de gksrh gSA bl Js.kh ds 2015&16 esa dqy {ks=Qy 311-87 gsDVs;j —f"k Hkwfe esa 23 [ksrksa esa esM+ksa dh Å¡pkbZ vis{kk—r de gksrh gS] ftlls /kku çtkfr;k¡ cks;h x;h blesa lcls vf/kd /kku dk o"kkZ dk ty [ksrksa esa ugha #drk lkFk gh fjlko Hkh vf/kd {ks=Qy xzke fpaojhZ¼eky½ esa 61-56 gsDVs;j esa 7 /kku gksrk gSA bl çdkj dh Hkwfe esa de vof/k ¼100 fnu ls çtkfr;k¡ çkIr gqbZA lcls de xzke [kijh eas 4-10 de½ esa idus okyh /kku çtkfr;ksa dk mRiknu vf/kd gsDVs;j ij 1 /kku çtkfr;k¡ çkIr gqbZ gSA bldk çeq[k çkIr gqvk gSA dkj.k fuEu mPPkkop esa lery {ks= dk gksuk gS

p;fur xzkeksa esa mPp mPpkop okys —f"k {ks= esa ¼lkj.kh 02½A

xzkeksa esa mPpkop lkj.kh 03 ds fo”ys"k.k ls iryh feêh esa 'kh?kz idus okyh /kku çtkfr;ksa dh —f"k dh Li"V gksrk gS fd p;fur /kku dk {ks=Qy o"kZ 1985&86 tkrh gSA ufn;ksa ,oa ukyksa ds lehiorhZ {ks=ksa esa ikbZ tkus esa 1330-98 gsDVs;j FkkA blesa 195 /kku çtkfr;k¡ çkIr okyh feêh esa vis{kk—r vf/kd ty/kkj.k {kerk ds dkj.k gqbZA o"kZ 2015&16 esa 1338-70 gsDVs;j {ks= esa 133 /kku e/;e ,oa nsj ls idus okyh çtkfr;ksa dh —f"k ds fy, çtkfr;ksa dh Ñf"k gqbZA vPNh gksrh gSA p;fur xzkeksa ds feêh;ksa dks 5 oxksaZ esa

foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS %&feêh ,oa /kku dh çtkfrdUgkj feêh ,oa /kku dh çtkfrfeV~Vh ikS/kksa dh o`f) ds fy, iks"kd rRo rFkk

ok;q dk lapkj djrh gS ¼'kekZ] Hkkj}kt] 2012&13½A /kku dUgkj feêh xgjh dkyh jax dh gksrh gSA ;g dh —f"k esa] /kku çtkfr;ksa ds fu/kkZj.k esa fefV~V;k¡ feêh dM+h ,oa ueh ds vHkko esa cM+h njkjsa ikbZ tkrh gSA lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSA feV~Vh ds vk/kkj ij /kku dh fpdukbZ dh çfr'kr mPp gksrh gS ,oa ty fudklh fuEu çtkfr ,oa mit fuHkZj djrh gSA losZf{kr {ks= esa foLr`r gksrh gS ¼—f"k foKku dsaæ] /kerjh] 2016½A bl esa pwuk] vkfØ;u Øe dh 'kSyksa ds {ks=ksa esa voxhZ—r josnkj] uhl iksVkl] eSXuhf'k;e] ,Y;qehfu;e dh vf/kdrk ,oa ,oa xzsukbV 'kSy lewg ds fo[k.Mu ls cuh gYdh rFkk vkæZrkxzkgh gksus ds dkj.k ;g feêh /kku dh —f"k gsrq

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loksZÙke gSA bl feêh esa nsj ls ¼130 fnu ls vf/kd½ idus xzkeksa esa o"kZ 1985&86 esa 38-21 gsDVs;j {ks= FkkA blesa 10 okys /kku dh çtkfr;ksa dk mRiknu dh tkrh gSA v/;;u çtkfr;k¡ cks;h xbZA o"kZ 2015&16 esa 32-80 gsDVs;j {ks= {ks= esa bl feV~Vh esa nwcjkt] ckaliRrh] lQjh] eklqjh] esa 8 çtkfr;ksa esa /kku dh Ñf"k dh xbZ gSAfo".kq Hkksx] cklerh] vkfn cksbZ tkrh gSA p;fur xzkeksa esa HkkBk feV~Vh ,oa /kku çtkfro"kZ 1985&86 esa 690-08 gsDVs;j esa /kku dh 61 çtkfr;k¡

v/;;u {ks= esa HkkBk feV~Vh ¼ysVsjkbV½ gYdh cksbZ xbZA blesa lcls T;knk {ks=Qy xzke HkSalcksM+ esa 136-yky jax] cM+s d.kksa ls fufeZr gksrh gSA ;g /kku mxkus ds 20 gsDVs;j FkkA blesa 10 /kku dh çtkfr;k¡ çkIr gqbZA fy, lkekU; gS] ijarq cgqr vPNh ugha gSA blesa ty/kkj.k xzke eFkqjkMhg] ckjxjh ,oa ukgjMhg esa dUgkj feêh {kerk ,oa vk;ju dk çfr'kr de gksrk gSA bl feV~Vh esa ux.; gSA o"kZ 2015&16 esa dqy {ks=Qy dUgkj feV~Vh dk 'kh?kz idus okyh /kku dh çtkfr;k¡ cks;h tkrh gSA 707-20 gsDVs;j esa 43 çtkfr;k¡ cks;h xbZA blesa lcls p;fur xzkeksa esa o"kZ 1985&86 esa 139-88 gsDVs;j {ks= FkkA vf/kd dUgkj feV~Vh esa /kku dk mRiknu xzke HkSalcksM+ esa blesa 38 çtkfr;k¡ cks;h xbZA xzke fpaojhZZ ¼eky½ esa lcls 138-30 gsDVs;j gS] ;gka 4 çtkfr;ksa dh Ñf"k dh xbZA xzke vf/kd 31-90 gsDVs;j esa 6 çtkfr;k¡ cks;k x;kA xzke eFkqjkMhg ckjxjh ,oa ukgjMhg esa ux.; gSAukgjMhg esa lcls de HkkBk feV~Vh dk {ks= ux.; gSA o"kZ

eVklh feV~Vh ,oa /kku dh çtkfr 2015&16 esa HkkBk feV~Vh esa /kku dk {ks=Qy 98-16 ;g feV~Vh gYds ihys jax dh gksrh gS bldh gsDVs;j {ks= esa 23 çtkfr;k¡ cks;h xbZA blesa lcls T;knk

lajpuk ,oa moZjk 'kfDr /kku ds fy, mi;qDr gksrh gSA fpaojhZZ¼eky½ esa 27-76 gsDVs;j {ks= esa 5 /kku çtkfr;ksa dk ty /kkj.k {kerk ,oa ty fudkl lkekU; gksrh gS] fdUrq mRiknu dh xbZAthoka'k vf/kd gksrh gSA ;g feV~Vh vklkuh ls VwVrh ,oa dNkjh feV~Vh ,oa /kku dh çtkfrHkqjHkqjh gksrh gS ¼Ñf"k foKku dsUnz] /kerjh] 2016½A

dNkjh feV~Vh unh ,oa ukyksa ds }kjk cgkdj p;fur xzkeksa esa o"kZ 1985&86 esa eVklh feV~Vh dk {ks= ykbZ gqbZ feV~Vh gksrh gSA blesa jsr rFkk phdk fefJr 430-61 gsDVs;j FkkAblesa 76 çtkfr;k¡ cks;h xbZA lcls fo{ksfir feV~Vh] LFkkuh; :i ls ^^dNkjh feV~Vh** vf/kd /kku dk {ks=Qy xzke ukgjMhg esa 63-80 gsDVs;j esa dgykrh gSA blesa 30 ls 45 çfr'kr phdk] 60&65 9 /kku çtkfr;k¡ ,oa xzke vekyh esa lcls de 13-39 çfr'kr ckyw ik;h tkrh gSA egkunh ds rVorhZ {ks=ksa dh gsDVs;j {ks=Qy esa 5 çtkfr;k¡ çkIr gqbZA o"kZ 2015&16 esa dNkjh feV~Vh dkQh mitkÅ gS rFkk bldh ty/kkj.k eVklh feV~Vh esa /kku dh Ñf"k 474-84 gsDVs;j esa 53 {kerk vf/kd gSA v/;;u {ks= esa çokfgr gksus okyh çtkfr;ksa dh Ñf"k dh xbZA blesa lcls T;knk xzke egkunh ,oa cjlkrh ufn;ksa ds fdukjs bl çdkj dh fpaojhZZ¼eky½ esa 70-12 gsDVs;j {ks= esa 7 /kku çtkfr;k¡ ,oa feV~Vh dk foLrkj p;fur xzke rsUnqHkkaBk ,oa ukgjMhg esa lcls de xzke [kijh esa 4-60 gsDVs;j {ks= esa 2 /kku gSA dNkjh feV~Vh esa /kku dh 'kh?kz ,oa e/;e vof/k esa çtkfr;ksa dk mRiknu fd;k x;kAidus okyh çtkfr;ksa dh Ñf"k dh tkrh gSA

Mksjlk feV~Vh ,oa /kku çtkfrp;fur xzkeksa esa o"kZ 1985&86 esa rsUnqHkkaBk ,oa

;g feV~Vh xgjk eVeSyk] /kqlj jax fy;s gksrh gS ukgjMhg esa Øe”k% 7-70 ,oa 24-50 gsDVs;j {ks= esa 10 /kku bldh lajpuk dUgkj ,oa eVklh ds e/; gksrh gSA blesa çtkfr;ksa dh Ñf"k dh xbZA o"kZ 2015&16 esa 25-70 nksuksa fefV~V;ksa ds xq.k ,oa fo'ks"krk,¡ gksrh gSA Mksjlk gsDVs;j {ks= esa 6 /kku çtkfr;ksa gSAfeV~Vh esa /kku dh lHkh çtkfr;k¡ cks;h tkrh gSA p;fur

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p;fur xzkeksa dh feV~Vh;ksa esa dqy /kku dk {ks=Qy o"kZ fuEu mi;ksx gSA lcls de /kku dh çtkfr; fofo/krk 1985&86 esa 1]330-98 gsDVs;j {ks= FkkA blesa 195 /kku p;fur xzke dYys ¼5½ esa çkIr gqbZ gS bldk eq[; dkj.k çtkfr;ksa dh Ñf"k dh xbZA o"kZ 2015&16 esa 1]338-70 lery Ñf"k Hkwfe] o"kkZ ,oa flapkbZ ty dh miyC/krk ls gsDVs;j {ks= esa 133 çtkfr;k¡ gS ¼lkj.kh 04½A mUur Ñf"k dk vf/kd ç;ksx gSA v/;;u {ks= esa foyqIr

çk; çtkfr;kas ds laj{k.k gsrq budks mUur çtkfr;ksa ds fu"d"kZZ:i esa ifjorZu dj bueas vf/kd mRiknu çnku djus dh

/kku dh tSo&fofo/krk ds HkkSxksfyd dkjd {kerk dk fodkl vko”;d gSA mPpkop] feV~Vh] o"kkZ vkfn çeq[k :i ls /kku dh d`f"k dks

lUnHkZ lwphçHkkfor djrs gSA fuEu mPpkop lery Hkw&Hkkx dks çnf'kZr djrk gSA ;gka /kku dh fofo/krk de ,oa mUur 1- paækdj] vo/k jke ,oa tk;loky] v'kksd] 2004] çdkj dh gS rFkk mPp mPpkop esa /kku dh vf/kd ^^o`f"VNk;k çns'k esa /kku çtkfr dh tSo&fofo/krk % çtkfr;ksa dk mRiknu gS bldk eq[; dkj.k mPp ,d HkkSxksfyd fo'ys"k.k] mÙkj Hkkjr Hkwxksy if=dk] mPpkop oukPNkfnr igkM+h {ks= gS ;gka tutkfr;ksa dh vad&40] twu&fnlacj] i`- 8&15 Avf/kdrk gksus ds dkj.k ijEijkxr Ñf"k dh tkrh gSA /kku

2- ;kno] —".k paæ] 2012] tSo&fofo/krk laj{k.k ,oa dh çtkfr; fofo/krk dk lokZf/kd çHkko feV~Vh ds çdkjksa fo'ks"k vkokl LFkyksa dk egRo] jkT; ou vuqla/kku dh miyC/krk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA p;fur xzkeksa eas laLFkku] NÙkhlx<+] jk;iqj] i`- 8&9AlokZf/kd mUur fdLeksa dk mRiknu dUgkj feV~Vh esa ,oa

ijEijkxr fdLeksa dk mRiknu HkkBk feV~Vh esa izkIr gqvk 3- oek]Z Vkis yky] 1992] ^iow kÙZs kj cLrj dh tutkfr;ka sgSA dh —f"k ,oa LokLF; lca /a kh leL;k,¡%& ,d HkkxS kfs yd

fo'y"s k.k**] vçdkf'kr ih&,p-Mh-] 'kk/s k&çc/a k] i-a p;fur xzkeksa esa lokZf/kd /kku dh çtkfr;ksa dh jfo'kda j 'kDq y fo'ofo|ky;] jk;ijq Ala[;k o"kZ 2015&16 esa xzke vekyh ¼17½ esa çkIr gqbZ gS tks

v/;;u {ks= ds uxjh rglhy esa iwoZ fn'kk esa fLFkr gSA 4- oekZ] jkts'oj dqekj] 2005] ^jk;iqj ftys esa /kku dh

bldk eq[; dkj.k oukPNkfnr] HkkBk feV~Vh ,oa —f"k ,oa mlds lanHkZ esa tSo&fofo/krk rFkk mtkZ

ijEijkxr fdLeksa ds ç;ksx ls Ñf"k ,oa vk/kqfud Ñf"k dk

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ctV**] vçdkf'kr ih&,p-Mh-] 'kks/k&çca/k] ia- 7- —f"k foKku dsaæ] 2016] /kerjh esa ik, tkus okys jfo'kadj 'kqDy fo'ofo|ky;] jk;iqjA e`nk;sa] —f"k foKku dsaæ] /kerjhA

5- flag] lruke] 2008] Ñf"k Hkwxksy] ;wfuoflZVh 8- çeq[k [kjhQ Qlyksa dh —f"k dk;Zekyk] 2015] ifCyds”ku] ubZ fnYyh] ISBN : 978-81-7555-205-0- ^^funs'kky; foLrkj lsok,a^^] bafnjk xka/kh —f"k

fo'ofo|ky;] jk;iqj¼N-x-½] i`- 23&24] 21&22] 25A6- JhokLro] jatuk] f=ikBh] ds- lh- ,oa xqIrk] xksiky]

2011] ^^tSo&fofo/krk ál ,oa laj{k.k % ,d HkkSxksfyd v/;;u**] laiknd ,l- vf[kys'k ,oa la/;k 'kqDyk] lsaVj Q‚j fjlpZ LVMht] jhoka ¼e- ç-½] i`- 279] ISBN : 978-81-87364-43-6-

jk;iqj uxj esa cky vk;q oxZ fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa iks"kd rRoksa dh miyC/krk ,oa iks"k.k n'kk,¡

NRrhlx<+ ds jk;iqj uxj esa cky vk;qoxZ fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds LokLF; ,oa iks"k.k dh fLFkfr ds laca/k esa O;kid Lrjh; v/;;u fd;k x;kA losZ{k.k ds nkSjku ik;k x;k fd cky vk;qoxZ esa vkgkj ds :i esa eq[; :i ls vukt 'kkfey Fks ¼284-6 xzk-½A vk;oxkZuqlkj gjh iRrsnkj lfCt;ksa] nq/k ,oa Qyksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA nky fd ek=kk Hkh i;kZIr ugha gSA iks"kd rRoksa ds miHkksx esa dSyksjh dh ek=kk ¼293-9 fd-dSyksjh½ i;kZIr ik;h x;h fdarq izksVhu ¼52 xzk-½ olk ¼23-6 xzk-½ rFkk dSfY'k;e ¼494-3 fexzk-½ ds miHkksx izfr:i esa deh ik;h x;h blds }kjk xzg.k fd;s tkus okys izksVhu dh ek=kk vuq'kaflr nSfud ek=kk ls cgqr de gS lexz :i ls 'kkjhfjd fodkl laca/kh eanrk 40 izfr'kr Ldwy tkus okys cPpksa esa ns[kh x;hA yxHkx 20 izfr'kr cky vk;qoxZ fo|kFkhZ dqiks"k.k o mPp iks"k.k dh Js.kh esa vkrs gSA 'kjhj ds iks"k.k ds fy, vko';d rRoksa dh deh ls gksus okys jksxksa esa csjh&csjh] ,uhfe;k jksx loZs{k.k {ks=k esa fn[kkbZ fn;sA cky vk;qoxZ ds otu esa Hkh deh ik;h x;hA jk;iqj uxj esa lQkbZ ,d izeq[k leL;k gS ftlds dkj.k gksus okys laØked jksxksa dh la[;k bu okMkZs esa vf/kd ik;h x;h Ldwyksa esa e/;kUg Hkkstu dk;ZØe ds rgr cPpksa dks mfpr iks"k.k vkgkj fn;k tk jgk gS ftlls muds iks"k.k Lrj esa Øe'k% o`f) gks jgh gSA

IkzLrkouk ftlds }kjk dksbZ Hkh thfor izk.kh HkksT; inkFkZ dks izkIr dj iks"kd rRoksa dk mi;ksx 'kkjhfjd dk;ksZ dks lEiUu iks"k.k ekuo thou dh izkFkfed vko';drk gS djus ds fy,] o`f) ds fy, rFkk blds ?kVdksa ds blds fcuk thfor ugha jgk tk ldrkA LokLF; ,oa iquZfuekZ.k ds fy, djrk gSAßl'kDr 'kjhj dk fuekZ.k mfpr iks"k.k ij fuHkZj djrk gSA

vrhr dky ls Hkkjr esa turk dk iks"k.k Lrj Ldwyh cPpksa dks f'k{kk nsus ds lkFk gh muds mRlkgtud jgk gSA nw/k] ngh] vkSj eD[ku dh deh ugha LokLF; ,oa iks"k.k ds çfr ltx gksus dh vko';drk gksrh FkhA [ksrh dh mit tulewg ds fglkc ls vPNh FkhA gSA blfy, lHkh çkFkfed ,oa iwoZ ek/;fed] 'kkldh;] tula[;k dh o`f) vkSj vkgkj lkexzh dh deh ls iks"k.k v'kkldh; vkSj vuqnku çkIr 'kkykvksa esa rktk ,oa Lrj de gks x;k gSA vusd 'kks/k drkZvksa us Ldwy tkus ikSf"Vd e/;kUg Hkkstu dh O;oLFkk dh xÃ gSAokys ckydksa ,oa fd'kksjksa ds vkgkj ,oa iks"k.k dk losZ{k.k mn~ns';fd;k rFkk mUgksus dgk fd fodkl'khy jk"Vªksa esa Ldwy

izLrqr 'kks/k i= dk eq[; mn~ns'; jk;iqj uxj tkus okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vi;kZIr Hkkstu feyus ls os esa fuokljr cky vk;q oxZ fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa iks"kd rRoksa dh dqiks"k.k ds f'kdkj gks tkrs gS] bldk eq[; dkj.k gS& 1- miyC/krk ,oa iks"k.k n'kkvksa dk v/;;u] budh HkksT; inkFkksZa ds mRiknu esa deh] 2- xjhch 3- iks"k.k laca/kh leL;kvksa dk fo'ys"k.k rFkk muds fujkdj.k gsrq lq>ko Kku dh deh AizLrqr djuk gSA çR;sd fo|kFkhZ gekjs jk"Vª dk Hkkoh

Mh-,Q-VuZj us iks"k.k dks bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr ukxfjd gS mlds cgqeq[kh fodkl ds fy, mldk LoLF; fd;k gS ßiks"k.k mu fofHkUu izfdz;kvksa dk la;kstu gS jguk furkar vko';d gSA LoLFk ru esa LoLFk eu dk

'kks/k lkjka'k

Mk- y{eh uk;d] Hkwxksy v/;;u'kkyk] ia- jfo'kadj 'kqDy fo'ofo|ky;] jk;iqj ¼N-x-½] E-mal : [email protected].

y{eh uk;d


Vol. 24, 2019

R.N.I. No. UPBIL/1996/7631

I.S.S.N. - 0975-4903

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fodkl gksrk gSA {ks=Qy 165 oxZ fdeh- gSA p;fur okMksZ ls 5 izfr'kr ,sls ifjokjksa dk p;u fd;k x;k tgkW cky vk;q oxZ ds vakdM+kas dk ladyu ,oa fof/k ra=fo|kFkhZ fo|eku gSA

izLrqr v/;;u eq[;r% izkFkfed vakdM+ksa ij Iksk"kd rRo vk/kkfjr gSA f}rh;d vakdM+ksa dk vkaf'kd iz;ksx fd;k

x;k gSA vakdM+ksa dk ladyu p;fur okMksZ esa ifjokjksa ds iks"kd rRoksa dh vko';drk O;fDr dh mez] eqf[k;k ls lk{kkRdkj vuqlwph ds ek/;e ls fd;k x;k gSA fyax o 'kkjhfjd fLFkfr ij fuHkZj djrh gSA o;Ld fo"k; ds lw{e] rdZlaxr ,oa oSKkfud v/;;u gsrq vakdM+ksa O;fDr;ksa ds fy, ;s iks"kd rRo 'kjhj dh mfpr dk oxhZdj.k] lkj.kh;u]fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA fdz;k'khyrk o 'kkjhfjd otu dks cuk;s j[kus ds fy,

vko';d gksrs gS tcfd f'k'kqvksa o NksVs cPpksa esa 'kkjhfjd v/;;u {ks= fdz;k'khyrk ds vfrfjDr o`f) o fodkl ds fy, Hkh

jk;iqj uxj NRrhlx<+ ds yxHkx dsUnz esa iks"kd rRoksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA Ldwy tkus okys cky 0fLFkr gSA bldk foLrkj 21 14'14” mRrjh va{kk'k rFkk vk;q oxZ dk iks"k.k m|ksx&lapkydksa ij cgqr gn rd

081 38'5” iwohZ ns'kkUrj ij gSA uxj jk"Vªh; jktekxZ fuHkZj djrk gSA bu lcdh ns[kHkky vkSj fujh{k.k dk Hkkj dzekad&53 }kjk eqEcbZ gkoM+k ls rFkk jsyekxZ }kjk ns'k ds ns'k dh jktO;oLFkk ij gSA iks"kd rRoksa dh mfpr ek=k egRoiw.kZ dsUnzksa ls lacaf/kr gSA orZeku esa uxj 72 okMksZ esa izkIr gks lds blds fy, nSfud vuq'kaflr ek=k foHkDr gSA uxj dh dqy tula[;k ¼2011½ 10]26]539 Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) dks vk/kkj rFkk ?kuRo 161 O;fDr izfr oxZ fdeh- gSA jk;iqj uxj dk ekudj vkgkj dh x.kuk dh tkrh gSA

[[112


I- dkcZfud iks"kd rRo %& blesa izeq[k ikap rRo iks"kd rRo vkgkj ds os lHkh la?kVd gksrs gS gksrs gS%&1- dkcksZgkbZMsªV 2- izksfVu 3- olk 4- foVkfeu ftudk 'kjhj esa mi;qDr ek=k esa laHkj.k fd;k tkuk 5- tyApkfg,A iks"kd rRo HkksT; inkFkksZ esa fufgr mi;ksxh

jklk;fud ?kVd gksrs gS ftudk mi;qDr ek=k esa miyC/k II- vdkcZfud iks"kd rRo %& ;s jpukRed rRo

gksuk 'kjhj dks LoLF; j[kus ds fy, ije vko';d gSA dgs tkrs gS D;ksafd ;s gekjs 'kjhj dks jksaxksa ls cpkrs jklk;fud vk/kkj ij iks"kd rRoksa dk oxhZdj.k nks izdkj gSA izeq[k vdkcZfud rRo gS %& dSfY'k;e] ls fd;k tk ldrk gS %& QkLQksjl] yksgk] vk;ksfMu] vkfn AI- dkcZfud iks"kd rRo II. vdkcZfud iks"kd rRo

dSyksjh ÅtkZ;qDr Hkkstu dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

dSyksjh gekjs 'kjhj ds fy, cgqr gh vko';d dSyksjh izkfIr rFkk vk; oxZ esa egRoiw.kZ laca/k rRo gSA ;s jklk;fud ;kSfxd gksrs gS ftuesa dkcZu] gSA vk; esa o`f) ds lkFk&lkFk dSyksjh izkfIr dh ek=k esa

Hkh o`f) gksrh tkrh gSA bu okMkZsa esa dSyksjh izkfIr dk eq[; gkbMªkstu rFkk vkWDlhtu gksrs gSA ;g 'kjhj dks ÅtkZ L=ksr pkWoy gSA izkf.kt inkFkksZ] lfCt;ksa ,oa [kk| rsyksa ls iznku djrs gS dkcksZgkbMªsV ÅtkZ ds cgqr lLrs L=ksr gS dSyksjh dk U;wu va'k izkIr gksrk gSA mi;ZqDr lkj.kh esa ,d xzke dkcksZgkbMªsV ls pkj fdyks dSyksjh feyrh gSA fofHkUu vk; oxZ ds 6&14 o"kZ rd ds cPpksa dks izfrfnu Xywdkst ÅTkkZ dk eq[; L=ksr gSA cky vk;q oxZ dks vf/kd

[[113


izkIr dSyksjh dh ek=k vkSj vuq'kaflr ek=k ls deh ;k mi;ZqDr lkj.kh ls Li"V gksrk gS fd p;fur okMkZsaa esa vf/kdrk dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA bl lkj.kh ls Li"V gksrk gS izksVhu dk vkSlr miHkksx izfr:i vfrfuEu vk; oxZ esa fd p;fur okMksZa ds vfr fuEu vk; oxZ esa dSyksjh miHkksx 48-6 xzke rFkk fuEu e/;e vk; oxZ esa 50-3 xzke gS] tks esa deh gSA vfr fuEu vk; oxZ esa dSyksjh dk vkSslr vuq'kaflr ek=k ls 7-8%] rFkk 4-8% de gSA ogha e/;e miHkksx 1989 fdyks dSyksjh gS tks vuq'kaflr ek=k ls 3-1% ¼53-4xzke½] mPp e/;e ¼55-2xzke½ vkSj mPp vk; ¼56-7 de gSA ogh fuEu] e/;e] mPp e/;e vkSj mPp oxksZ esa Hkh xzke½ oxksZ esa izksVhu dk vkSlr miHkksx izfr:i vuq'kaflr dSyksjh izkfIr vuq'kaflr ek=k ls dze'k% 0-65%, 2-3%, ek=k ls dze'k% 0-8%] 4%] 7%] vf/kd gSA bldk eq[; 4.7% rFkk 6-4% vf/kd gSA dkj.k ;g gS fd vk; esa o`f) ds lkFk gh izkf.kt inkFkZ]

nw/k] pkWoy] xsgWw vkSj nkyksa dk miHkksx c<+rk gS rFkk bu ckyd ckfydkvksa esa vuq'kaflr dSyksjh dh ek=k izksfVu ;qDr iznkFkksZ ds miHkksx ls 'kjhj dks vf/kd ek=k esa 10 &12 o 13 &14 o"kZ esa fHkUu&fHkUu gksrh gSA vfr fuEu izksVhu dh izkfIr gksrh gSA vk; oxZ esas dSyksjh dk miHkksx 10 &12 o"kZ ckydksa esa olk 2]183 fdyks dSyksjh ckfydkvksas esa 1]887 gS tks vuq'kaflr

ek=k ls 0-3% rFkk 4-2% de gSA 7&9 vk;q oxZ esa dSyksjh olk ,d dkcZfud ;kSfxd gSA ÅtkZ mRiknu dk vkSlr miHkksx izfr#i 1]932-4 fdyks dSyksjh gS tks dh n`f"V ls dSyksjh ds i'pkr~ olk dk LFkku gS olk esa vuq'kaflr ek=k ls 0-9% de gSA vU; lHkh vk; oxkZsa esa vko';d olh; vEy mifLFkr jgrs gS tks 'kkjhfjd o`f) dSyksjh dk vkSlr miHkksx izfr#i vf/kd gSA jk;iqj uxj ds fy, vko';d gksrs gSA olk 'kjhj esa Tofyr gksdj esa lHkh vk; oxkZsa esa vkSj 'kkykvksa esa e/;ku Hksktu esa eq[; m".krk iznku djrs gSA pchZ ds :i esa 'kjhj esa laxzfgr [kk|kkUu ds #i esa pkoy dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ftlds gksdj ân;] vkfn vfr dksey vo;oksa dh ckg~; pksVksa o dkj.k dSykSjh dh ek=k cky vk;q oxZ esa vf/kd gSA /kDdks ls lqj{kk djrs gSA;g foVkfeuksa ds vo'kks"k.k esa izksVhu lgk;d gksrk gS] Ropk dks fpduk o LoLF; cuk;s j[kus

esa lgk;rk iznku djrk gSA 'kjhj ds fuekZ.k djus okys HkksT; rRoksa esa izeq[k LFkku izksVhu dk gSA izksVhu 'kjhj dh o`f) ,oa fodkl esa vkgkj esa i;kZIr ek=k esa olk dk lsou u djus viwoZ ;ksxnku iznku djus okyk iks"kd rRo gSA izfrfnu ls lkekU; o`f) #d tkrh gS Ropk lw[kh [kqjnjh o ds vkgkj ds izksVhu dk izk;% v/kZ Hkkx bZa/ku ds #i esa [kpZ pedghu gks tkrh gS dksf'kdvksa dh dk;Z{kerk esa deh vk gksrk gSA vkikrdky esa tc 'kjhj ds dkckZsgkbMªsV vkSj tkrh gSAolk lekIr gks tkrs gS rc isf'k;ksa dk izksVhu ?kqy ?kqy dj olk eq[; :i ls nw/k] ekal] eNyh] eD[ku] Å"ek iznku djrk jgrk gSA euq"; ds 'kjhj dk e`nq Ård rsy] ?kh ngh] lwjteq[kh] ewaxQyh] bR;kfn esa ik;k tkrk vax (Soft Tissue) 75% izksVhu ls cuk gqvk gSA blh gSA dqN HkksT; inkFkksZ esa vn`'; #i esa ik;k tkrk gS tSls iks"kd rRo ds dkj.k f'k'kq voLFkk] ckY;koLFkk ,oa & vukt] nkysa] Qy] lfCt;ka] vkfnAfd'kksjkoLFkk esa rhoz xfr ls o`f) vkSj fodkl gksrk gSA

mi;ZqDr lkj.kh ls Li"V gksrk gS fd p;fur ;g dksf'kdkvksa dh o`f) ,oa ejEer djrh gS rFkk okMkZsaa esa olk miHkksx izfr:i vfr fuEu vk; oxZ esa de ,.VhckWMht ds :i esa 'kjhj dh lqj{kk djrk gSA izksVhu gS] bldk eq[; dkj.k vk; esa deh gSA olk dh izkfIr fofo/k ,sfeuks vEyksa ls feydj cuk gSA eq[; :i ls izkf.kt inkFkksZ nw/k] ?kh] bR;kfn ls gksrh gSA

izksVhu ds izeq[k L=ksr gS %& nw/k] v.Mk] xsgWw] vfrfuEu o fuEu vk; oxkZsa esa bu [kk| inkFkksZ dk Qyh] nky] iuhj] lks;kchu] ekal&eNyh] bR;kfnA miHkksx cgqr de ek=k esa gksrk gSA vfr fuEu vk; oxZ esa

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olk dk vkSlr miHkskx 22-5 xzke gS] tks vuq'kaflr ek=k tUrqvksa }kjk mRiUu gksrs gS lkFk gh vusd ikS/ksa Hkh blds ls 3-8% de gSA fuEu vk; oxZ esa vkSlr miHkksx 23-5 vPNs L=ksr gSA foVkfeu 'kjhj dks jksxksa ls lqj{kk iznku xzke gS tks vuq'kaflr ek=k ls 1-9% de gSA ogha e/;e djrk gS vkSj 'kjhj ds fofHkUu fdz;kvksa dks fu;af=r djrk ¼23-6xzke½] mPp e/;e ¼24-2xzke½ vkSj mPp vk; ¼24-8 gSA xzke½ oxksZ esa olk dk vkSlr miHkksx izfr:i vuq'kaflr foVkfeu&, ¼jsfVukWy½ek=k ls dze'k% 0-9%] 3-2%] 5-8%] vf/kd gSA 4&6 o"kZ

olk esa foys; ;g foVkfeu 'kjhj dh o`f) esa vk;q oxZ esa olk vkSlr miHkksx 24-4 xzke gS tks vuq'kaflr lgk;rk djrk gS rFkk 'kjhj ds midyk Årdksa dks ek=k ls 2-4% de gS] ogha 10&12 o"kZ vk;q oxZ esa olk LoLF; cuk;s j[krk gSA bldh deh ls jrkSa/kh] vkW[kksa dk vkSlr miHkksx 22-94 xzke gS tks vuq'kaflr ek=k ls 4-2% 'kq"d gksuk rFkk ikpu laca/kh leL;k mRiUu gks tkrh gSA vf/kd gSA izLrqr lkj.kh ls Li"V gksrk gS fd vk; oxZ esa 'kkjhfjd o`f) #d tkrh gSA nw/k] eD[ku] /kh] eNyh dk o`f) ds lkFk olk miHkksx esa Hkh o`f) gksrh gSArsy] v.Ms dh tnhZ] xktj] ikyd] bR;kfn esa foVkfeu&,

foVkfeu lokZf/kd ik;k tkrk gSA ouLifr inkFkkZs esa bldh izkfIr ;g ,d dkcZfud inkFkZ gS tks 'kjhj ds fodkl dSjksfVu ds #i esa gksrh gS tks ckn esa foVkfeu , esa

ds fy, vR;Ur vko';d gSA foVkfeu vf/kdka'kr% ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA

mi;DqZ r lkj.kh ls Li"V gkrs k gS fd p;fur vk; oxZ ¼563-7 fe-xkz e½ ea s foVkfeu&, dk vklS r miHkkxs okMka asZ ea s vfr fuEu] fuEu ,oa e/;e vk; oxZ ea s foVkfeu&, vfr fuEu] fuEu vk; oxZ dh ryq uk ea s vf/kd gAS dk vklS r miHkkxs dez 'k% 525-4 fe-xkz e] 537-4 fe-xkz e foVkfeu&, ds miHkkxs dks vk; oxZ iHz kkfor djrk gS vfr rFkk 546-9 fe-xkz e gkrs k gS tks vu'q kfa lr ek=k ls 4-2%] 2- fuEu] fuEu vk; oxZ ea s n/w k] v.Mk] eNyh] xktj tlS s 5% ,oa 0-5% de gAS mPp e/;e ¼554 fe-xkz e½ ,oa mPp foVkfeu ;Dq r [kk| inkFkkZs dk los u cgrq de ek=k ea s

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foVkfeu&ch1 djrs g]S ftlds dkj.k muea s foVkfeu&, dh deh ikbZ tkrh g]S rFkk iLz rrq lkj.kh ls Li"V gkrs k gS fd p;fur foVkfeu&ch1 dk jklk;fud uke Fkk;feu gAS okMka asZ ea s foVkfeu&, dh ikz fIr vko';drk ls de ek=k es a ;g ty ea s ?kyq u'khy gAS bldh deh ls ^^cjs h&cjs h^^ gkrs h gAS lHkh vk;q ,oa vk; oxka sZ ea s vklS r miHkkxs ifz r#i uked jkxs gkrs k gAS blds iez [q k L=krs %&[kehj] xktj] xgs Ww 545-4 fe-xkz e gS tks vu'q kfa lr ek=k ls 0-83% de gAS pkoy] bR;kfn gAS

mi;ZqDr lkj.kh ls Li"V gksrk gS fd vfr fuEu ek=k ls 46% vf/kd gSA lHkh vk;q ,oa vk; oxkZsa esa vk; oxZ esa Fkk;feu dk vkSlr miHkksx 1-02 fe- xzke gSA Fkk;feu dk vkSlr miHkksx vuq'kaflr ek=k ls 30-87% tks vuq'kaflr ek=k ls 2-1% de gSA vU; lHkh vk; oxksZa vf/kd gSA esa Fkk;feu dk miHkksx vuq'kaflr ek=k ls vf/kd gS foVkfeu&lhD;ksafd bu vk; oxksZa esa pkoy dk mi;ksx vf/kd fd;k

;g ty esa foys; foVkfeu gSA bldk tkrk gS] ftlds dkj.k Fkk;feu dh izkfIr vklkuh ls gks jklk;fud uke ,LdkfcZd ,flM gSA bldh deh ls tkrh gSA 10&12 o"kZ vk;q oxZ ds ckydksa esa Fkk;feu dk LdohZ uked jksx gks tkrk gSA [kV~Vs jlnkj Qy tSls %& vkSlr miHkksx lokZaf/kd 1-83 fe- xzke gSA tks ckfydkvksa uhacw] larjk] phdw] vkWoyk] VekVj iRrsnkj lfCt;kW rFkk ds rqyuk esa vf/kd gS ogha 13&14 o"kZ vk;q oxZ ckfydkvksa vadqfjr vukt foVkfeu&lh ds izeq[k L=ksr gSAesa ckydksa dh vis{kk miHkksx 1-46 feyh xzke vuq'kaflr

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izLrqr lkj.kh dzekad 05 ls Li"V gksrk gS fd ftlds dkj.k cky vk;q oxZ izk;% dSyksjh] izksVhu] 4&6 o"kZ vk;q oxZ esa foVkfeu&lh dk vkSlr miHkksx 40-3 dSfY'k;e] foVkfeu&,] foVkfeu&ch rFkk foVkfeu&lh feyh xzke gksrk gSA tks vuqlaf'kr ek=k ls 0-8% vf/kd dh vkSlr miHkksx dh ek=k vuq'kaflr ek=k ls vf/kd gSAgSA vfr fuEu] fuEu] fuEu e/;e vk; oxZ esa dze'k 38 fe- References

xzke rFkk 39 fe-xzke gS tks vU; vk; oxksZ dh vis{kk de 1. Bansal, Richa, 1992, Health Status of Pre-gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd bu vk; oxksZa esa [kV~Vs jlnkj School Children in Slums of Bhilai and Raipur,

Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, Pt. R.S.S. University Qyksa dk miHkksx de gksrk gSA mPp vk; oxZ esa vkSlr Raipur.miHkksx 42-3 feyh xzke gS tks vuq'kaflr ek=k ls 5-6%

2. Gopalan, C.et.at, 1971, “Nutritive Value of Indian vf/kd gSA 13&14 o"kZ vk;q oxZ esa foVkfeu&lh dk vkSlr Foods”, National Institute of Nutrition,

miHkksx 40-6 feyh xzke gSA tks lHkh vk;q oxksZ esas vf/kd Hyderabad.

gSA3. Kochar, G.K., Neha Bansal & Maninder Kaur,

2010,”Nutritional Status of Private and mi;qZDr leLr lkj.kh;ksa ds v/;;u ls Li"V Government School Going Adolescent Males”, gksrk gS fd vk; oxZ dh n`f"V ls p;fur okMksZa esa dSyksjh] The Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, Vol-

izksVhu] dSfY'k;e] foVkfeu&,] foVkfeu&ch rFkk 47, No.12, PP-533-537.foVkfeu&lh dh vfr fuEu vk; oxZ esa vR;f/kd deh gSA

4. Kumari, K, 2005, “Health and Nutrition Status of dSyksjh dh deh ls dk;Z{kerk izHkkfor gksrh gS yksgk gh School Going Children in Patna”, Health And

Population ,National Institute of Health And ,slk rRo gS tks vuq'kaflr ek=k ls vf/kd izkIr gksrk gSA Family Welfare, Munirka, New Delhi, Vol. 28, ljdkj ds }kjk Ldwy tkus okys cky vk;q oxZ ds LokLF; No.-1.

o iks"k.k Lrj dks c<+kus ds fy, 'kkyk esa e/;kUg Hkkstu 5. Kumari, K, 2007, “Differentials of Nutritional djok;k tkrk gS] tks izksVhu o foVkfeu ;qDr gksrk gS

Status In school-Age Children And the

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Associated Factors”, Health And Population, 8- uk;d] y{eh] 2008] jk;iqj uxj dh efyu cfLr;ksa National Institute of Health And Family Welfare, esa cky vk;q oxZ dh LokLF; ,oa iks"k.k n'kk,a] Munirka ,New Delhi, Vol. 30,No.- 4.

vizdkf'kr ¼,e-fQy-Hkwxksy½ y?kq 'kks/k izca/k] ia- 6. Nalwade, Vijaya, Manu Mahadevi & Varsha

jfo'kadj 'kqDy fo'ofo|ky;-Zanver, 2006, “Nutritional Intervention for Iron

and Vitamin A Deficient School Children“, The

Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, Vol-43,

No.10, PP-465-474.

7- MkW- [kku- tsM- Vh-] ukS"khu vatqe] 2015] ßjktuknxkao uxj ¼N-x-½ dh efyu cfLr;ksa esa cky vk;q oxZ dh iks"k.k n'kk,aÞ] lafodkl lans'k] Journal of Eco Develpoment “ Institute for Rural

Eco-Development , Gorakhpur, Vol-23, No. I & II,

P.P-72-75.

Hkkjr&phu lEcU/kksa esa Mksdyke dk L=krsftd egRoSTRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF DOKLAM IN INDO-CHINA RELATIONS

Hkkjrh; Lok/khurk ds Bhd nks o"kZ i'pkr~ ,f'k;k esa Hkkjr dk ,d vkSj iM+kslh ^ihiqYl fjifCyd vkWQ pkbuk* ds uke ls ,d nwljk lkE;oknh jk"Vª cukA ftls ekU;rk iznku djus okyk izFke jk"Vª oekZ Fkk rFkk nwljk Hkkjr cukA ;|fi Hkkjr o phu ds lEcU/k e/kqj jgs ijUrq phu us o"kZ 1950 esa ,d cM+h ?kVuk dks vatke fn;kA phu us Hkkjr vkSj vius e/; vktkn e/;orhZ jk"Vª frCcr ij geyk fd;k vkSj ns[krs gh ns[krs ml ij dCtk dj mls viuk ,d izkar ?kksf"kr dj fn;kA ftlls phu vkSj Hkkjr ds e/; Qklyk [kRe gks x;k vkSj vc rd tks ljgn flQZ d'ehj rd NksVs ls Hkkx ij QSyk Fkk og c<+dj mÙkjk[k.M ls iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr rd QSy x;kA Hkkjr] phu o HkwVku ds f=ktaD'ku ij fLFkr ^Mksdyke* ,d fookfnr {ks=k gSA Mksdyke esa ,d lM+d fuekZ.k dks ysdj Hkkjr l'kL=k cy vkSj phu dh ihiqYl fycjs'ku vkehZ ds e/; fookn rc 'kq: gqvk tc 18 twu] 2017 dks Hkkjrh; lSfudksa us phu dks lM+d cukus ls jksdkA njvly 2007 esa Hkkjr o HkwVku dh eS=kh laf/k dks ysdj Hkkjr us Mksdyke fookn esa viuh rkdr >ksadh vkSj phu dks ihNs gVus ij etcwj fd;k vkSj phu us Hkh vc Hkkjr dh 'kfDr dk yksgk ekurs gq, 28 vxLr] 2017 dks ogkW ls vius lSfud ihNs gVk;sA vc vkxs ns[kuk gS fd oDr bu nksuksa ns'kksa dks fdl eksM+ ij ys tkrk gSA

IkzLrkouk pkj fookfnr {ks= gSaA tks if”pe esa ^Mksdyke* ls izkjaHk gksdj ^xsekspsu* ls ^cVkaXyk* rd foLr`r gSA ^Mksdyke* HkwVku dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr{ks= esa 89 oxZ fdyksehVj rFkk flUpqek o X;w {ks= esa 180

,f”k;k ds nks fo”kky jk"Vªksa & Hkkjr o phu ds fdeh0 Hkw&Hkkx fookfnr gSA1e/; yxHkx 46]500 oxZ fdeh0 {ks= esa foLr`r HkwVku ,d

Mksdyke dh vofLFkfrLFkyc) jk"Vª gSA phu&HkwVku ds e/; 500 fdeh0 yEch lhek js[kk gS tcfd Hkkjr ds lkFk HkwVku dh 670 fdeh0 ^Mksdyke* phu] Hkkjr vkSj HkwVku ds f=taD”ku yEch lhek js[kk feyrh gSA tgkW rd phu o HkwVku ds ij fLFkr ,d ladh.kZ iBkj gSA ;g phu ds frCcrh Lok;Ùk f}i{kh; laca/kksa dk iz”u gS lkezkT;oknh eukso`fÙk ds dkj.k {ks= dh ;kMksax (Yadong) dkmaVh vkSj HkwVku dh ^gk* phu HkwVku dks viuk Hkw&Hkkx crkrk jgk gSA lu~ 1930 esa (Haa) ?kkVh ds ikl fLFkr gSA ^Mksdyke*iBkj ^Mksye* phu ds izeq[k ekvksRlsrqax us dgk fd] phu dh lkE;oknh iBkj ds mÙkj&iwoZ esa 30 fdeh0 nwj fLFkr gSA ;g {ks= ikVhZ HkwVku dks viuk ,d [kks;k gqvk Hkw&Hkkx ekurh gSA dhi ds vkdkj tSlh pqEch ?kkVh ds mÙkjh Nksj ds fudV frCcr phu dk ,d gkFk gS rFkk usQk] HkwVku flfDde fLFkr gSA pqEch ?kkVh phu ds frCcr {ks= esa QSyh gqbZ gSA usiky o yn~nk[k* mldh ikWp vaxqfy;kW gSaA HkwVku ujs”k us bl fookfnr {ks= ij HkwVku vkSj phu nksuksa gh jk"Vªh; vlsacyh esa ;g crk;k fd phu o HkwVku ds e/; viuk&viuk nkok trkrs gSaA ;g {ks= flfDde esa

'kks/k lkjka'k

1- Mk0 la/;k flag] ,lksfl,V izksQslj] j{kk ,oa L=krsftd v/;;u] Mh0,&oh0 dkyst] dkuiqjA2- Mk0 vt; dqekj flag] ,lksfl,V izksQslj] j{kk ,oa L=krsftd v/;;u] ih0ih0,u0 dkyst] dkuiqjA

la/;k flag ,oa vt; dqekj flag


Vol. 24, 2019

R.N.I. No. UPBIL/1996/7631

I.S.S.N. - 0975-4903

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Hkkjr&phu lhek ij fLFkr ^ukFkw&yk* njsZ ls yxHkx 15 HkwVku ds fuoklh yEcs le; rd oká lalkj ls iw.kZr;k fdeh0 nf{k.k iwoZ fn”kk esa fLFkr gSA vlEc) thou fcrkrs jgsA 18 vxLr] 1949 dks HkwVku us

Lora= Hkkjr ljdkj ls ,d laf/k dh ftlds vuqlkj mn~ns';HkwVku us viuh fons”k uhfr dk Hkkj Hkkjr dks lkSai fn;kA

izLrqr “kks/k dk mn~ns”; Mksdyke ds dkykUrj esa Hkkjr&phu ;q) ds ckn HkwVku us izfrj{kk dk Hkw&jktuhfrd ,oa L=krsftd egRo dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, Hkkj Hkh Hkkjr dks lkSai fn;kA3Hkkjr o phu ds e/; fo|eku lhek laca/kh eqn~nksa ,oa phu

Hkkjr dh lgk;rk ls nard izkstsDV* ds vUrxZr }kjk Hkkjr ds f[kykQ dh tk jgh ?ksjkcanh ls {ks=h; lqj{kk yxHkx 1]000 fdeh0 lM+d dk fuekZ.k Hkkjrh; lhek vkSj “kkafr ds fy, mRiUu gksus okyh pqukSfr;ksa dk v/;;u lM+d laxBu }kjk fd;k x;kA blesa yxHkx 30 djksM+ djuk gS ftlls fd Hkfo"; esa Mksdyke fookn tSlh ?kVuk #i;s ¼rRdkyhu ykxr½ O;; gqvkA bl izdkj HkwVku dks dh iqujko`fÙk u gksA lalkj ls tksM+us dk Js; Hkkjr dks izkIr gSA4

fof/kra=Mksdyke fookn

izLrqr v/;;u {ks= Mksdyke ds Hkw&jktuhfrd Mksdyke phu vkSj HkwVku ds e/; ,d fookfnr ,oa L=krsftd egRo ls lEcfU/kr tkudkjh f}rh;d

{ks= gSA phu }kjk bl {ks= esa lM+d fuekZ.k dk dk;Z “kq: vkadM+ksa jk"Vªh; o vUrjkZ"Vªh; izdk”kuksa ls izdkf”kr gqvk ftldk HkwVku us fojks/k fd;kA HkwVku dk phu ds i=&if=dkvksa ,oa ys[kksa] vkfn ls izkIr fd;s x;s gSaA lkFk lh/kk jktuf;d laca/k u gksus ds dkj.k HkwVku us

phu&HkwVku lhek fookn viuk fojks/k twu] 2017 esa Hkkjr fLFkr phu ds nwrkokl esa ntZ djk;kA blds ckn gq, ?kVukØe esa Mksdyke {ks= esa 1959 esa izdkf”kr phuh ekufp=ksa esa HkwVku dks phu }kjk fd;s tk jgs lM+d fuekZ.k dks Hkkjrh; lSfudksa phu ds Hkw&Hkkx ds :i esa iznf”kZr fd;k x;kA ;|fi mlh us #dok fn;kAo"kZ yxHkx 300 o"kksaZ ls HkwVku ds Hkw&Hkkx jg pqds if”peh

frCcr ds ,d izeq[k Hkkx ij phu us vf/kdkj dj fy;kA Hkkjrh; lus k dh bl dkjZokbZ ij phu us dMk+ rnqijkar cny jgs Hkw&jktuSfrd ?kVukØe o HkwVku& ,rjkt trk;kA mldk dguk Fkk fd ^Mkds yke* mldk Hkkjr ds eS=hiw.kZ laca/kksa dks ns[krs gq, phu us Hkh HkwVku ds fgLlk gS vkSj ogkW fd;s tk jgs fuekZ.k dk;Z dks jkds dj izfr lkSgknZiw.kZ laca/kksa dks fodflr djus dh dksf”k”k izkjaHk Hkkjrh; lus k us mldh lia zHkqrk dk mYy?a ku fd;k gSA phu dj fn;kA m/kj vius Hkw&jktuSfrd o lkefjd us Hkkjr dks fookfnr {k=s ls viuh lus k gVkus vFkok ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks ns[krs gq, HkwVku us Hkh vius i`Fkd xEHkhj ifj.kke Hkqxrus ds fy, rS;kj jgus dh /kedh nhA vfLrRo dks fodflr djrs gq, u dsoy dksyacks izLrko esa tcfd bl lEcU/k eas Hkkjr dk Li"V dguk gS fd viuh mifLFkfr ntZ djkbZ vfirq 21 flrEcj] 1971 dks ^Mkds yke* HkVw ku dk fgLlk gS ,oa Hkkjr ds fy, j.kuhfrd la;qDr jk"Vª la?k dh lnL;rk vftZr djus ds lkFk&lkFk :i ls vR;Ur egRoi.w kZ {k=s gSA vr% phu dks ogkW fuekZ.k 1973 esa xqV fujis{k vkanksyu dk lfØ; lnL; cu dk;Z jkds dj HkVw ku ds lkFk ckrphr }kjk elys dks x;kA 2 lqy>kuk pkfg,A Hkkjr dk ekuuk gS fd phu }kjk

fookfnr {k=s eas fd;k tk jgk lMd+ fuekZ.k teQjs h fjt* Hkkjr ,oa HkwVku (Jampheri Ridge) rd igqWp cukus dk iz;kl gSA ;g fjt flfDde ls feyk gqvk HkwVku yxHkx 46]500 Hkkjr ds fy, lkefjd n`f"Vdk.s k ls vR;f/kd egRoi.w kZ gSAoxZfdeh0 ds Å¡ps&uhps igkM+h {ks= ij clk gqvk gSA

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Hkkjr dk ;g ekuuk gS fd rduhdh :i ls dkWjhMksj fLFkr ^fpdu usd* rd dh nwjh yxHkx 50 Hkkjrh; lSfud phfu;ksa }kjk HkwVkuh {ks= esa teQsjh fjt* fdeh0 rd de gks tk,xh tks fd ml {ks= esa Hkkjrh; rd lM+d foLrkj dks jksdus ds fy, rSukr fd;s x, Fks] lSfudksa dh j{kkRed rSukrh ds fy, vU; lqj{kk fufgrkFkZ D;ksafd ,slk dksbZ Hkh fuekZ.k Hkkjr dh lqj{kk esa las/kekjh Hkh Hkkjr dh fpark dk dkj.k gSA gksxhA ;fn phu dh igqWp teQsjh fjt* rd gks tkrh gS Hkkjr ds fodYirks mlds fy, flyhxqM+h dkWfjMksj ;k ^fpdu usd* rd

Hkkjrh; jktu; ds fy, orZeku fLFkfr ,d igqWp vklku gks tk,xkA blls Hkfo"; esa phu flyhxqM+h uktqd vkSj tksf[ke Hkjh pqukSrh gSA ,d vksj rks mls bl dkfjMksj dks vo#) dj Hkkjr dh eq[;Hkwfe ls iwoksZÙkj fLFkfr ls cpkuk gksxk fd ml ij gLr{ksidkjh gksus dk Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa dk lEidZ dkV ldrk gSA blds vykok vkjksi yx lds rFkk nwljh vksj bl ckr ds izfr lrdZ bl {ks= rd igqWp cukus ds ckn phu iwoksZÙkj jkT;ksa ds jguk iM+sxk fd vuko”;d ladksp ;k f”k"Vkpkj esa vyxkooknh lewgksa rd gfFk;kj Hkh igqWpk ldrk gS] Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; fgrksa dks uqdlku ugha igqWpsA dqN yksx ftlls bu jkT;ksa esa 'kkafr O;oLFkk dks xEHkhj [krjk iSnk ;g dg ldrs gSa fd fo”oO;kih ruko “kSfFkY; ds bl nkSj gks ldrk gSA esa tc Hkkjr&phu lEcU/kksa esa ruko py jgk gS] rc Hkkjr

Hkkjr&phu lEcU/kksa ij Mksdyke fookn dk izHkko ds fy, HkwVku fo”ks"kdj ^Mksdyke* dk lkefjd egRo phu dk dguk gS fd f=taD”ku ij fLFkr ftl vkSj c<+ x;k gSA gekjk ekuuk gS fd Hkkjr dk iwoksZÙkjh

{ks= ij og lM+d dk fuekZ.k dj jgk gS] og mldk {ks= lhekar ds lanHkZ esa fo”ks"kdj flfDde ds ifjizs{; esa gSA phu dk ;g Hkh dguk gS fd mDr {ks= dh lhek HkwVku Mksdyke lkefjd n`f"V ls egÙoiw.kZ cuk jgsxkA6ls yxrh gS u fd Hkkjr ls ,sls esa Hkkjr dks phu&HkwVku phuh lsuk ds vk/kqfudhdj.k vkSj jg&jgdj lhek fookn esa n[ky nsus dk dksbZ vf/kdkj ugha gSA phu mdlkus dh xfrfof/k;kW Hkkjr ds fy, pqukSrh is”k djrh us Hkkjr ij ncko cukus ds fy, flfDde ds ukFkw&yk njsZ gSaA mls de djds ugha vkaduk pkfg,A gesa pqukSrh dks ls gksus okyh dSyk”k ekuljksoj ;k=k ij jksd yxk nh Lohdkj djuk pkfg,A Hkkjr dks vuqla/kku fodkl ij FkhA mlus blds fy, lqj{kk dkj.kksa dk gokyk fn;k Fkk fuos”k djds vius mRiknu dks lq/kkjuk gksxkA vesfjdk vkSj Hkkjr esa ?kqliSB dk vkjksi yxkrs gq, Hkkjrh; lSfudksa vc gesa vius lcls djhch ns”kksa esa fxurk gSA gesa bldk ds ihNs gVus rd dSyk”k ekuljksoj ;k=k can djus dh ykHk mBkuk pkfg,A gesa tkiku] rkboku] fo;ruke] ckr dgh FkhA nf{k.k dksfj;k] vkLVªsfy;k vkSj vU; {ks=h; ns”kksa ls fj”rs

mDr ds lEcU/k esa Hkkjr us ;g ekuk fd Hkh lq/kkjus pkfg,A ftl izdkj phu ikfdLrku dks rduhdh :i ls Hkkjrh; lSfud phfu;ksa dks ^teQsjh ukfHkdh; gfFk;kjksa dh rduhd nsus ls tqM+h Hkkjrh; fjt* rd lM+d foLrkj djus ls jksdus ds fy, HkwVkuh fparkvksa dh ijokg ugha djrk mlh izdkj gesa Hkh nwljs {ks= esa gSaA gkykafd ;g lM+d fuekZ.k jksdus ds fy, ns”kkas ls fj”rs cukus esa phu dh izfrfØ;kvksa dks ysdj Hkkjrh; f=taD”ku ij mlds nkoksa ds vuq:i gS] ysfdu ijs”kku ugha gksuk pkfg,A7^teQsjh fjt* dk lSU; egRo Hkkjr ds etcwr #[k dk bl rjg og HkwVku dks rS;kj djuk pkgrk gS eq[; dkj.k gSA D;ksafd bl {ks= esa dksbZ Hkh fuekZ.k Hkkjr fd og Hkkjr dks vkW[k fn[kkus yxsA bl n`f"V ls Hkkjr ds fy, xEHkhj lqj{kk izHkkoksa ds lkFk ;FkkfLFkfr esa vkSj HkwVku ds lEcU/k uktqd nkSj ls fudy jgs gSaA vr% egRoiw.kZ cnyko dk okgd gksxkA ;fn phu dh igqWp mudh vksj iw.kZ tkx#d jgus dh vko”;drk gSA ^teQsjh fjt* rd gks tkrh gS rks mlds fy, flyhxqM+h mYys[kuh; gS fd phu ds gh HkM+dkus ij 1992 ds ckn

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HkwVku esa ekax gksus yxh fd 1949 dh laf/k dh /kkjk 2 ij Hkkjr ds fy, HkwVku dk lkefjd egRo gSA HkwVku dks iqufoZpkj gksuk pkfg,A /khjs&/khjs dbZ ekeyksa ij og Hkkjr HkVdus dh vuqefr ugha nh tkuh pkfg, fd Hkkjr ds foijhr jk; O;Dr djus yxkA gkykafd vc HkwVku ds fnu lkefjd fgr [krjs esa iM+ tk;sa D;ksafd phu bl iz;kl esa cny x;s gSaA vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, og vkt nwljs ns”kksa gS fd HkwVku dks vius izHkko esa ykdj mls usiky ds Lrj dh vksj nkSM+ jgk gSA8 ij ys vk;sA vr% Hkkjr ljdkj dks vius jk"Vªh; fgrksa dks

n`f"Vxr j[krs gq,] phu ds lkFk lhek fookn dks lqy>kus milgakjds fy, ,deq”r le>kSrs dh i`"BHkwfe rS;kj djuh pkfg,

phu dh HkwVku esa ?kqliSB fuf”pr gh Hkkjr dh ftlls lHkh eqn~ns Lor% gy gks tk,WAfpark dk dkj.k gSA gesa ;g ugha Hkwyuk pkfg, fd frCcr

lanHkZ lwphij vf/kdkj ds QyLo:i gh Hkkjr vkSj phu ds e/; cQj jkT; lekIr gksus ls Hkkjr dk mRrjh lhekUr {ks= 1- ik.Ms;] jkelwjr] 2013] phu dsfUnzr Hkkjr dh lqj{kk fo”ks"kdj v#.kkapy izns”k phu ds vfrØe.k dk f”kdkj fpark,¡] vkd`fr izdk”ku] fnYyh] izFke laLdj.k] i`0 gqvkA ;|fi Hkkjr vkSj phu ds chp lhek ds iz”u ij 44-O;kid erHksn dk;e gS] fdUrq nksuksa i{k okrkZ tkjh j[kus 2- dqnsfl;k] d`".kk] 1972] fo”o jktuhfr esa Hkkjr] e/; ds i{k esa gSaA ;fn Hkkjr vkSj phu dk lhek le>kSrk gks izns”k fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh] Hkksiky] izFke laLdj.k] tk, rks fu%lansg vUrjkZ"Vªh; jktuhfr vkSj {ks=h; i`0 178-jktuhfr ij mldk xEHkhj izHkko gksxk vkSj blds O;kid

3- ogh] i`0 178-,oa nwjxkeh ifj.kke gksaxsA Hkkjr dks phu ds lkFk lhek fookn lqy>kus ,oa j.kuhfrd Lrj ij phu dks ?ksjus dh 4- ^lqj{kk*] n`f"V djsaV vQs;lZ VqMs] flrEcj] 2017] i`0 dksf”k”k djuh pkfg, ftlls fd ^Mksdyke* ,oa lhek 86-leL;k ds i{k esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; tuer rS;kj gks ldsA ,sls

5- ogh] i`0 86-esa Hkkjr dks viuh phu laca/kh uhfr ij iqufoZpkj dj u,

6- iar] iq"is”k] tSu] Jhiky ,oa iapkSyk jk[kh] 2016&17] fodYiksa dh ryk”k djuh pkfg,A lkFk gh Hkkjr dks viuh vUrjkZ"Vªh; laca/k ¼fl)kUr vkSj O;ogkj½ ehuk{kh lSU; rS;kfj;ksa dk Hkh iqufuZjh{k.k djus dh vko”;drk gSA izdk”ku] esjB] ckjgokW la”kks/ku laLdj.k] i`0 438

Hkkjr dks phu lhek ls yxs jkT;ksa esa lSU; 7- fMQsal ekWuhVj] o"kZ 3] vad 4] vxLr&flrEcj] lktks&lkeku ds rhoz vkokxeu esa l{ke vk/kkjHkwr

2014] fnYyh] i`0 45-lajpukvksa] tSls& lM+d] jsyos iqy ,oa gokbZ vM~Mksa] vkfn dks rsth ls fodflr djuk pkfg,A blds lkFk gh Hkkjr 8- flag] yYyu th] 2017] jk"Vªh; j{kk vkSj lqj{kk] dks rhuksa lsukvksa dh j{kk vko”;drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, izdk”k cqd fMiks] cjsyh] rsjgokW laLdj.k] i`0 478-vk;kr ,oa Lons”kh mRiknu ra= dks etcwr cukuk gksxkA

xzkeh.k vkokl dh fLFkfr ,oa mldk rqyukRed v/;;uv#.kkpy çns'k ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa

euq"; ,d lkekftd çk.kh gSA vr% og vius nSfud fØ;kdykiksa dks funZ~oan :i ls djuk pkgrk gS] blds fy;s mls vkokl dh vko';drk gSA vius vkokl esa og fuæk thou dks lkekU; :i ls lewgksa esa O;rhr djrk gS ] ftls ifjokj dgrsa gSaA lfØ; gksus ij og ges'kk xfr'khy jgrk gS vkSj ;g xfr'khy i{k lfØ;rk ls vf/kd lEcaf/kr gSA lfØ;rk dk {ks=k oLrqr% vkfFkZd {ks=k gS vkSj bl vkfFkZd {ks=k ds varxZr ekuo ds vkokl vkrs gSa bu vkoklksa dh fLFkfr o la[;k fo"ke ik;h tkrh gSA çns'k esa 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj 13]83]727 vkoknh gS buesa ls 10]66]358 xzkeh.k tula[;k gS ftuesa 5]46]011 iq#"k vkSj 5]20]347 efgyk,sa gSa] rFkk 2]70]546 vkokl gSaA buesa ls 2]51]113 vkokl xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa gSa tks v/;kokflr gSA çns'k dh 77-06 çfr'kr vkoknh xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa fuokl djrh gS ] tks 2001 dh vis{kk 2-19 çfr'kr de gSA çns'k esa vkSlru 5-49 O;fä çfr vkokl esa fuokl djrs gSaA çns'kh; ,oa tuinh; Lrj ij n'kdh; fo"kerk,¡ vkoklksa ds forj.k ,oa o`f) esa ns[kus dks feyrh gSA vr% vkt vko';drk bl ckr dh gS ] fd fofHkUu ç;klksa ds }kjk yksxksa dh ewyHkwr vko';drkvksa esa ls vkoklksa dh miyfC/krk ij /;ku nsus dh gSA

eq[; foanq % xzkeh.k vkokl ] fo"kerk,¡ ] vkokl miyfC/krk ,oa fofHkUu oxZ ds xzkeh.k vkoklksa dh fLFkfrA

jpukRed çfrHkk dk ifjp; fn;kA bl çdkj ls vkJ; IkzLrkoukHkwrdky ds lkaL—frd /kjksgj vkSj ijaijk ds mÙkj& vkokl ekuo ds fy, ek= ,d ,slk [kksy ugha thfor vo'ks"k gSAgS ] ftlesa og viuh <sj lkjh Hkkoukvksa ls ijs jgrk gks]

vkokl ;k x`g dks tux.kuk edku esa lekukFkhZ cfYd ;g ,d çdkj dh laLFkk gS ftlesa fofo/k mís';ksa dh iwfrZ ds fy;s blesa laf'kfy"V lajpuk ik;h tkrh gSA :i ls O;k[;k dh xbZ gS - x`g ,d iw.kZ #i ls fufeZr ;k vr% Li"V gS fd vkokl ekuo dh ewyHkwr vko';drkvksa mldk dqN Hkkx ,d i`Fkd bZdkbZ ds :i esa fufeZr] esa ls ,d gSa] bldh egÙkk fofo/k tyokf;d ifjfLFkfr;ksa ftlesa lM+d dh vksj ls] ;k edku ds vk¡xu ls vFkok esa fHkUu çdkj dh ik;h tkrh gSA ijarq fQj Hkh ewy :i ls lh<h ls eq[; ços'k }kj gks] x`g ;k edku dgykrk gSA bldh vko';drk de ;k vf/kd çR;sd ekuo dks gksrh tux.kuk 2011 esa nksuksa gh rjg ds edkuksa - v/;kokflr gS] D;ksafd ;g euq"; dks çR;sd çdkj dh tyokf;d ,oa ifjR;ä dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA vkSj budk ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lqj{kk ,oa vkJ; çnku djrk gSA vr% bl mi;ksx vkoklh; ;k xSj - vkoklh; ;k nksuksa gh rjg ls ewyHkwr vko';drk dh iwfrZ ds fy;s ekuo miyC/k inkFkksaZ fd;k tkrk gSA bl çdkj ls x`g euq"; ds fy;s ,d dk ç;ksx djrs gq, ns'kdky - dky ikfjLFkSfrdh ds vkJ;LFky gS] ftlesa jgdj og viuk thou ;kiu vuq:i fofo/k:ih vkJ;ksa - eafnj] jktegy] ljdkjh djrk gSA czqU'k us lgh gh dgk gS fd vkokl çk—frd Hkou rFkk vU; çdkj dh bekjrksa ds fuekZ.k esa viuh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lkaL—frd jhfrfjoktksa dk ifj.kke gSA

'kks/k lkjka'k

eqUuk yky xqIrk] jktdh; mPprj ek/;fed fo|ky;] pkS[kke] vkyqckjh] tuin&ukelkbZ] v#.kkpy çns'k] 792102-

eqUuk yky xqIrk


Vol. 24, 2019

R.N.I. No. UPBIL/1996/7631

I.S.S.N. - 0975-4903

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edkuksa dh vofLFkfr] Lo:i] foU;kl vk;kstu] bR;kfn 2- fo'ks"kdj cnyrs ifjos'k esa jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd] ,oa lkekftd dkjdksa dk vkokl ds çdkjksa esa ifjorZu ij çk—frd ,oa lkekftd - vkfFkZd dkjdksa dk dk v/;;u djukAlaf'kfy"V çHkko iM+rk gSA lkekU;:i ls edkuksa dks

fofo/k tyok;q] fuekZ.k lkexzh] lqj{kk] /keZ] laLdkj rFkk 3- fodflr rduhd dk vkoklksa ij gksus okys çHkko dk lkekftd ,oa lkaL—frd ijEijk;sa O;kid :i ls çHkkfor o.kZu djukAdjrh gSA blls Hkh vf/kd x`gksa ij ekuo dh vkfFkZd

ifjdYiuk fLFkfr dk çR;{k&ijks{k :i ls çHkko ik;k tkrk gSA ijarq

1 ekuo thou dh ewyHkwr vko';drkvksa esa ls vkokl edkuksa dh vofLFkfr esa ,d ckr ns[kus dks feyrh gS fd lcls egRoiw.kZ vko';drk gSAlHkh çk—frd dkjd vkfFkZd :i ls fiNM+s oxksaZ ds x`gksa

ij gh vR;f/kd çHkko Mkyrh gS] D;ksafd T;ksa - T;ksa ekuo 2- çns'k ds oukapyksa esa jgus okys yksx Hkou fuekZ.k esa vkfFkZd :i ls l'kä o rduhdh :i ls n{k gksrk pyk vf/kdrj lqyHkrk ls çkIr LFkkuh; lkexzh dk tkrk gS] R;ksa&R;ksa og lHkh çk—frd dkjdksa dh lhekvksa mi;ksx djrs gSAdksa yk¡?krk tkrk gSA

3- çns'k ds xzkeh.k vkokl çk;% tyokf;d fLFkfr ds çLrqr 'kks/k&i= esa v#.kkpy çns'k ds xzkeh.k vuqlkj fufeZr fd, tkrs gS] ,oa fodflr rduhd

vkoklksa dh vofLFkfr dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA ;gk¡ ij dk vHkko ik;k tkrk gSA yksx t~;knkrj edkuksa dks tehu ls Åij mBkdj cukrsa

v/;;u {ks= gS D;ksafd o"kZ ds t~;knkrj fnuksa esa feêh esa ik;h tkrh gSA

çLrqr 'kks/k&i= dk v/;;u&{ks= v#.kkpy çns'k ds dfri; Hkkxksa dksa NksM+dj loZ= çk—frd dkjdksa çns'k gSA ;g ns'k ds lqnwj mÙkj&iwoZ esa fLFkfr gSA {ks=Qy dk çHkko gj txg ik;k tkrk gSA çns'k ds mÙkjh Hkkx esa dh –f"V ls mÙkj & iwohZ jkT;ksa esa ;g lcls cM+k jkT; gS oQZ ,oa vU; Hkkxksa esa vf/kd o"kkZ dk çHkko gksus ds dkj.k rFkk bldk dqy {ks=Qy 83]743 oxZ fdyksehVj gSA bls yksx edkuksa dh Nrsa t~;knkrj <kynkj cukrsa gSA blds ^mxrs lw;Z dk ioZr^ dgk tkrk gSA bl çns'k dh lhek,a vfrfjä oukapy esa fuokl djus okys yksx edkuksa ds nf{k.k esa vle] nf{k.k&iwoZ esa ukxkySaM] iwoZ o nf{k.k - iwoZ fuekZ.k esa LFkkuh; lkexzh dk mi;ksx djrs gsa] vkSj esa E;kaekj] if'pe esa HkwVku vkSj mÙkj mÙkj&iwoZ phu vkfFkZd –f"V ls lEiUu yksx Hkou fuekZ.k esa vk/kqfud

0¼frCcr½ ls feyrh gSA çns'k dk v{kkalh; foLrkj 26 28* rduhd dk ç;ksx djrsa gSA yksx t~;knkrj vius edkuksa

0 0dk foU;kl vk;rkdkj ,oa oxkZdkj j[krsa gSA bl çdkj mÙkj ls 29 30* mÙkj rd ns'kkarjh; foLrkj 91 20* iwoZ 0ls xzkeh.k thou esa jktuhfrd] lkekftd] ,oa vkfFkZd ls 97 30* iwoZ rd gSA tux.kuk 2011 ds vuqlkj çns'k

ifjorZu ds dkj.k vf/kd cnyko ns[kus dks feyrs gSA dh dqy tula[;k 13]83]727 gS] ftuesa 7]13]912 iq#"k vr% xzkE; thou vius fpjLFkkbZ jhfrfjoktksa ,oa yksd ,oa 6]69]815 efgyk,a gSaA blesa ls 10]66]358 tula[;k ijaijkvksa dk Hkkoh ih<+h ds fy, cgqewY; /kjksjg gSA xzkE;kapy esa fuokl djrh gS ] ftlesa ls 5]46]011 iq#"k

,oa 5]20]347 efgyk,a gSaA ;g dqy tula[;k dk 77-06 mís'; çfr'kr gSA ;gk¡ dqy 2]70]546 vkokl gSa]ftlesa ls

çLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u ds mís'; fuEu gS %&2]51]113 xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa gSa rFkk blesa 1]95]723 ¼2011 ds

1 Hkkjr ds mÙkj& iwoZ jkT; v#.kkpy çns'k ds xzkeh.k vuqlkj½ ifjokj fuokl djrs gSaAvkoklksa dk v/;;u djukA

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vk¡dM+ksa ds lzksr ,oa fof/k&ra= lka[;dh; fof/k;ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

çLrqr v/;;u f}rh;d vk¡dM+ksa ij vk/kkfjr gS çns'k esa xzkeh.k vkoklksa dh fLFkfr];s f}rh;d vk¡dM+s Hkkjr dh tux.kuk iqfLrdk&2001 xqQkoklh ekuo ftl {k.k foLr`r Hkw&Hkkx ij ,oa 2011 rFkk vkokl tux.kuk iqfLrdk - v#.kkpy vorfjr gqvk] mls fofHkUu çdkj ds ekSle dk lkeuk çns'k 2001 ,oa 2011 ls çkIr fd, x, gSaA blds vfrfjä djuk iM+k Fkk vkSj mlds mijkar gh mlus vius cpko ds tuinksa dh okf"kZd lka[;dh; if=dk ] lekpkj i=ksa vkSj fy, vkJ; - x`g dk fuekZ.k fd;kA ;s vkJ;&x`g ;k baVjusV] vkfn ls çkIr vkadM+as ç;ksx fd, x, gSaA pw¡fd vkokl çns'k esa 2001 dh edku tux.kuk ds vuqlkj ,d igkM+h çns'k gS] blfy, çns'k ds xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa 2]17]766 Fks tks 2011 esa c<+dj 2]70]546 vkoklksa esa vR;f/kd varj ik;k tkrk gSA xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds gks x,] vFkkZr blesa 24-24 çfr'kr dh o`f) gqbZA blh yksx t~;knkrj vkoklksa ds fuekZ.k esa LFkkuh; lkexzh dk çdkj v/;kflr edkuksa dh la[;k 2001 esa 2]01]834 Fkh mi;ksx djrs gSa | vkSj uohu rduhd tSls - lhesaV] iDdh tks 2011 esa c<+dj 2]51]113 gks xbZA bl çdkj ls blesa bZaVksa ,oa yksgs dh NM+ksa dk de ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA vr% Hkh yxHkx 24-42 çfr'kr dh o`f) gqbZ | bUgha vlekurk;ksa dk v/;;u djus ds fy, çeq[k :i ls

çns'k esa tuinokj xzkeh.k edkuksa dh fLFkfr çn's k ea s ifjR;ä vkoklka s dh l[a ;k 2001 ea s15]932 Fkh]tks c<d+ j 2011 ea s 19]433 gks xbZ vFkkrZ blea s 21- çns'k esa 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj 16 98 çfr'kr dh c<k+ Ùs kjh ntZ dh xbAZ blh Øe e]as 2001 dh tuin gSa] ftlesa lcls vf/kd ifjR;ä edkuksa dh la[;k tux.kuk ds vulq kj xkz eh.k tul[a ;k 8]70]087 Fkh tks dyq rokax tuin esa gSa vkSj bldk çfr'kr 15-25 gSA blds vkoknh dk yxHkx 79-25 çfr'kr Fkk og ?kVdj 2011 ea s i'pkr~ fnckax oSyh o if'peh dkesax esa Øe'k% 15-08 77-06 çfr'kr gh jg x;k vFkkrZ blea s 2-19 çfr'kr dh ºkz l çfr'kr ,oa 13-94 çfr'kr gSA lcls de yksfgr tuin n[s kus dks feyrh gAS vr% LiLV gS fd ykxs ka s ea s xkz E;kpa y ea s esa ifjR;ä edkuksa dh la[;k 5-63 çfr'kr gSA ifjR;ä jgus dh bPNk ea s deh n[s kus dks feyrh gAS ¼ rkfydk 01½ edkuksa dh fLFkfr ;g çnf'kZr djrh gS fd yksx 'kgj dh

vksj çokl djus esa vf/kd #fp ysus yxs gSa D;ksafd ogk¡ ij

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mPp f'k{kk] vPNs jkstxkj ,oa csgrj thou;kiu ds ,d gksrs gq, budk mi;ksx jgus ds vykok vU; dk;ksaZ ds volj rFkk mPp LokLF; laca/kh lqfo/kk,a ikbZ tkrh gSaA fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk gS] tks euq"; ds fy, vR;ko';d gSA

ftlds fcuk euq"; dk thou lqpk# :i ls O;rhr ugha v/;kokflr edku]tks ekuo ds fy, lcls gks ldrk gSA çns'k esa lcls vf/kd edkuksa dk mi;ksx T;knk egRoiw.kZ gS rFkk ftl ij mudh fnup;kZ fuHkZj xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa 75 çfr'kr ls vf/kd jgus ds mís'; ls djrh gS] ds tuinokj forj.k esa Hkh vf/kd fofHkUurk fd;k tkrk gSA nwljs LFkku ij xSj - jgus ;ksX; edku gSa] ik;h tkrh gSA çns'k esa v/;kokflr edku lcls vf/kd tks 19-64 çfr'kr gSaA 1 çfr'kr ls de edkuksa dk Øe'k% yksfgr esa 94-37 çfr'kr] pkaxykax esa 94-26 mi;ksx gksVy] vfrfFk x`g] dkj[kkuk ,oa nqdkuksa] bR;kfn çfr'kr ,oa dq#axdqes esa 94-15 çfr'kr gSaA blds vykok esa gSA tuin Lrj ij vkoklksa dk mi;ksx jgus ds mís'; 7 vU; tuinksa esa Hkh 90 çfr'kr ls vf/kd v/;kokflr ls lcls vf/kd Øe'k% rokax esa 81-63 çfr'kr] if'peh edku ik;s tkrs gSaA lcls de çfr'kr rokax tuin esa dkesax esa 75-04 çfr'kr] Åijh lqcufljh esa 82-58 88-75 çfr'kr gSA ¼ rkfydk 02 ½çfr'kr] frji esa 83-58 çfr'kr] iwohZ dkesax esa 78-18

çknsf'kd ,oa tuinh; Lrj ij xzkeh.k v/;kokflr çfr'kr vkSj dq#axdqes esa 83-17 çfr'kr gS | lcls de edkuksa dk mi;ksx yksfgr esa 66-90 çfr'kr gSA vkokl lg vU; mi;ksx esa

xzkeh.k vkoklksa dk vf/kdre mi;ksx rokax esa 3-08 edku ekuo dh ewyHkwr vko';drkvksa esa ls

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çknsf'kd ,oa tuinh; Lrj ij vPNs Lrj ds çfr'kr o if'peh dkesax esa 3-37 çfr'kr gS rFkk lcls xzkeh.k vkoklksa dh fLFkfr de çfr'kr fnokax oSyh o dq#axdqes esa gSA nqdkuksa o

dk;kZy; dk;ksaZ ds mís'; ls lcls vf/kd vkoklksa dk euq"; viuk thou O;rhr djus ds fy, viuh mi;ksx ikiqeikjs tuin esa gSA blh çdkj ls vU; xSj - vkfFkZd {kerk ds vuqlkj edkuksa ds fuekZ.k ij /ku O;; vkoklh; bekjrksa dk vf/kdre mi;ksx yksfgr tuin esa djrk gS] ftlls mUgs mlesa fuokl djus esa larks"k çkIr 21-13 çfr'kr gS blds i'pkr vatko esa 19-26 çfr'kr] gksA ekuo dh vkRe& larqf"V gh thou dk lcls lq[kn iwohZ fl;kax esa 18-97 çfr'kr rFkk fnokax oSyh esa 17-79 igyw gSA bl çdkj ls çns'k esa 2011 dh edku tux.kuk çfr'kr ik;k tkrk gSA blds vfrfjä ekuo edkuksa dk ds vuqlkj dqy 1]93]941 edkuksa esa ls vPNs Lrj ds mi;ksx vU; dk;ksaZ ds fy, djrsa gSaA ¼rkfydk 03½ edkuksa dh la[;k 96]295 gSa] tks fd 49-65 çfr'kr gS vkSj

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;g 2001 dh vis{kk 40-85 çfr'kr dh o`f) gSA Lrj ds edku iwohZ fl;kax o Åijh fl;kax esa 65 çfr'kr ls T;knk gSa rFkk budh la[;k 13]068 gSA vU; tuin tuinh; Lrj ij vPNs Lrj ds edkuksa dh tSls iwohZ dkesax] dq#axdqes] fnokaxoSyh] fupyh fLFkfr vleku ik;h tkrh gSA Åijh lqcufljh tuin esa fnokaxoSyh] yksfgr ,oa vatko gSa] tgk¡ ij de Lrj ds 35 çfr'kr ls Hkh de vPNs Lrj ds edku gSa ] tks dqy vPNs edkuksa dh la[;k 25]676 gS vkSj bldk çfr'kr 37-edkuksa dk dsoy 6-25 çfr'kr gh gSA lcls vf/kd vPNs

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50 gSA blds vfrfjä e/;e Lrj ds edku if'peh Hkh bl rjg ds vkoklksa dh fLFkfr fo"ke ik;h tkrh gSA fl;kax] frji] o fupyh lqcufljh esa 25 çfr'kr gSaA vkSj jgus ;ksX; xzkeh.k edku lcls vf/kd 7 tuinksa& rokax] budh la[;k 21]828 gSA ¼rkfydk 03 o 04 ½ if'peh dkesax] pkaxykax] fnokaxoSyh] fupyh fnokax

oSyh] yksfgr vkSj vatko esa ik;s tkrs gSa rFkk budk çknsf'kd ,oa tuinh; Lrj ij jgus ;ksX; xzkeh.k çfr'kr 43-75 gSA rRi'pkr~ 35&45 çfr'kr ds varxZr 5 vkoklksa dh fLFkfr tuin&ikiqeikjs] if'peh fl;kax]frji] fupyh

çns'k esa jgus ;ksX; vkoklksa dh fLFkfr vPNh lqcufljh ,oa dq#axdqes gSa vkSj budk çfr'kr 31-25 gSA gkyr ds vkoklksa dh vis{kk T;knk larks"k tud ugha gSA bl rjg ds jgus ;ksX; edku 2001 dh rqyuk esa 2011 esa edku tux.kuk 2011 ds vuqlkj bl rjg ds vkoklksa 6-80 çfr'kr dh o`f) gqbZ gSA ysfdu 65 çfr'kr ls vf/kd dh la[;k 90]915 gS]tks dqy edkuksa dk 46-88 çfr'kr jgus ;ksX; edkuksa dh la[;k ux.; gSA blds vfrfjä gSA ijarq 2001 esa budh la[;k 85]120 Fkh vkSj blesa 7-11 35 çfr'kr vkSj 55 ls 65 çfr'kr jgus ;ksX; edku çfr'kr dk ºzkl ns[kus dks feyrk gS]ftldk eq[; dkj.k Øe'k% iwohZ fl;kax] o Åijh fl;kax rFkk iwohZ dkesax o vkfFkZd fLFkfr esa lq/kkj gksuk n'kkZrk gSA tuin Lrj ij Åijh lqcufljh esa gSaA ¼rkfydk] 03 o 05½

[[129


çknsf'kd ,oa tuinh; Lrj ij th.kZ&'kh.kZ edkuksa gqbZ rFkk 2001 dh vis{kk 1-04 çfr'kr vf/kd gSA 12 dh fLFkfr çfr'kr ls vf/kd th.kZ&'kh.kZvkoklksa dh la[;k 1918 gSa

vkSj budk dqy çfr'kr 6-25 gSA blds foijhr bl rjg euq"; ds vkfRed o 'kkjhfjd lq[k esa vkfFkZd ds lcls de vkoklksa dh la[;k 2]010 gS vkSj budk lcls dkjd dh ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk ik;h tkrh gSA og viuh T;knk çfr'kr gSA 9&12 çfr'kr ds e/; ds vkoklksa dh {kerk ds vuqlkj mls lqlfTtr djuk pkgrk gS ftlds la[;k ux.; gSA tuin Lrj ij dq#axdqes esa lcls fy, /ku dh vko';drk gksrh gS] ijarq ,slk ugha dj ikrk vf/kd bl çdkj ds vkoklksa dh la[;k gS vkSj 1 çfr'kr gS vkSj vius thou dks HkkX;k/khu le> dj O;rhr djrk ls Hkh de Åijh fl;kax o if'peh fl;kax esa gSaA rFkk gSA og viuh th.kZ&'kh.kZ dqfV;k dks gh ,d egy le> e/;e&Lrj ij th.kZ&'kh.kZ vkokl vatko o fnokaxoSyh esa dj thrk gSA edku tux.kuk 2001 esa th.kZ&'kh.kZ gSaA ¼rkfydk& 03 o 06½ edkuksa dh la[;k 4]168 Fkh tks 2011 esa c<+dj 6]731 gks

x;h blesa ,d n'kd esa yxHkx 61-49 çfr'kr dh o`f)

fu"d"kZ gS fd yksxksa dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr esa de lq/kkj gqvk gSA

1- xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa rduhdh ,oa jkstxkj ij[k f'k{kk] 3- lqnwj igkM+ksa ij fLFkr xzkeksa esa vPNs Lrj ds vkoklksa LokLF; laca/kh lqfo/kkvksa rFkk jkstxkj tSlh cqfu;knh dh la[;k eSnkuh {ks=ksa dh vis{kk de ik;h tkrh gS|lqfo/kkvksa dk vHkko ik;k tkrk gs]ftlds dkj.k lq>kofiNys ,d n'kd esa yksxksa dk uxjh; çokl ds

1- l;qä jk"Vª ds ,d QSlys ds vuqlkj o"kZ 1987 dkj.k ifjR;ä vkoklksa esa o`f) ntZ gqbZ gSAvkokl ghukas dks vkokl miyC/k djkus ds mí's ; ls

2- çns'k esa vPNs Lrj ds vkoklksa esa n'kdh; o`f) cgqr ml o"kZ dks vra jkZ"Vªh; o"kZ ds :i eas euk;k x;k] gh de gqbZ gS]ijarq th.kZ&'kh.kZ vkoklksa dh la[;k esa blh dks /;ku eas j[k dj xzkeh.k {k=s kas eas lHkh ds fy, 61-49 çfr'kr yh vHkwriwoZ o`f) gqbZ gSA blls Li"V

[[130


vkokl^ tSlh uhfr dks viukus dh vko';drk gSA 7- ljdkjh vkokl uhfr ds rgr ykHkqdksa ds çfr vkokl vkoaVu esa fu"i{k ikjnf'kZrk viuk;h tk;A2- tula[;k fu;a=.k laca/kh fofHkUu dk;Z & Øeksa ,oa

;kstukvksa dks mfpr <ax ls ykxw fd;k tk;A 8- xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa yksxksa dk uxjh; çokl dks de djus ds fy, f'k{kk]LokLF; ,oa jkstxkj ds mfpr volj 3- la;qä ifjokj dks tgk¡ rd laHko gks lds] c<+kok fodflr fd, tk,Afn;k tk; vkSj blds ckjs esa yksxksa dks tkx:d

lanHkZ&lwphfd;k tk;A

1- Hkkjr dh tux.kuk iqfLrdk 2001 ,oa 2011] 4- ^ç/kkuea=h vkokl ;kstuk* dks xk¡oksa esa ,d jk"Vªh; v#.kkpy çns'kAdk;Z&Øe ds rgr mfpr <ax ls fØ;kfUor fd;k

tk;]lkFk gh ykHkqdksa dh lgHkkfxrk dks Hkh 2- Hkkjr dh tux.kuk edku iqfLrdk 2001 ,oa 2011] lqfuf'pr fd;k tk;A v#.kkpy çns'kA

5- i;kZoj.k dh lqj{kk ds fy, ou lja{k.k dks 3- Þdj.k ,e- ih-] ;kno th- ih- ,oa jke lqjs'kß] çkFkfedrk nh tk;A vf/kokl Hkwxksy] 1983 ist 177] 219 rFkk 223A

6- ^xzkeh.k vkokl uhfr* esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr dh tk;A

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