rna & protein synthesis essential question: how do our cells determine who we are?
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RNA & Protein Synthesis
Essential Question:How do our cells determine who we are?
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Why are proteins important to living things?
• Control rate of chemical reactions as _e__________• Building materials for skin, bone, and _m_________• Help fight infections as _a__________________• Help control what goes in and out of cell through cell
_m____________________
nzymesuscles
ntibodies
embranes
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1. What is a gene?
• Small section of DNA that holds code for making a particular protein, or for particular trait.
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2. What is RNA? How is it different from DNA?
• Ribonucleic acid.• DNA has two strands, RNA only has one.• RNA has U (uracil) instead of T (thymine). The
other bases are the same (A, G, C).
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3. What happens to DNA in the process of transcription?• DNA in nucleus is “unzipped.” A copy of one
strand is made in the form of messenger RNA (mRNA)
Adenine (DNA and RNA)Cystosine (DNA and RNA)Guanine(DNA and RNA)Thymine (DNA only)Uracil (RNA only)
mRNA
DNA
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4. Proteins are made by joining ___________________ into long chains called polypeptides.
amino acids
Protein molecule
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5. Each polypeptide contains a combination of how many different amino acids? __________20
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6. “Words” in the genetic code of DNA and RNA are made up of how many bases? __________3
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7. How are codons translated into different amino acids?
• Codon made up of 3 nucleotide bases, e.g. AAG, CUA, etc.
• Each set of 3 bases translates into different amino acid, e.g. AAG = lysine,
• CUA = _________leucine
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8. What do “start” and “stop” codons do?
• Start = beginning of polypeptide
• Stop = end of polypeptide.• If protein = paragraph,
polypeptide = sentence, amino acids = words.
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Quick Lab: How does a cell interpret DNA?
1. A certain gene has the following sequence of nucleotides:
GACAAGTCCACAATC Write this sequence on your sheet of paper.
2. From left to right, write the sequence of the mRNA molecule transcribed from this gene:
CUGUUC AGGUGUUAG
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Quick Lab: How does a cell interpret DNA?
3. Look at Figure 12-17. Reading the mRNA codons from left to right, write the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide translated from the mRNA.
CUGUUCAGGUGUUAG• CUG = ______________• UUC = ______________• AGG = ______________• UGU = ______________• UAG = ______________
LeucinePhenyl-alanine
ArginineCysteineStop
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Quick Lab: How does a cell interpret DNA?
4. Repeat step 3, reading the codons from right to left.
CUGUUCAGGUGUUAG• GAU = ______________• UGU = ______________• GGA = ______________• CUU = ______________• GUC = ______________
Aspartic acidCysteineGlycineLeucineValine
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Analyze and Conclude
1. Why did steps 3 and 4 produce different polypeptides?
Reading bases from left to right produces different codons from reading right to left.
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Analyze and Conclude
2. Do cells usually decode nucleotides in one direction only or in either direction?
Usually one direction only
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9. What happens to messenger RNA (mRNA) in the process of translation?• mRNA is translated into chains of amino acids that
form proteins.
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9. What happens to messenger RNA (mRNA) in the process of translation?• mRNA is translated into chains of amino acids that
form proteins.
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10. Explain the role of the following in protein synthesis: a. gene
Contains code for making a protein
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10. Explain the role of the following in protein synthesis: b. mRNA
Copy of gene that can be taken out of nucleus into cytoplasm.
Adenine (DNA and RNA)Cystosine (DNA and RNA)Guanine(DNA and RNA)Thymine (DNA only)Uracil (RNA only)
mRNA
DNA
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10. Explain the role of the following in protein synthesis: c. tRNA
Transfers amino acids over to mRNA, where they can be joined together to form protein.
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10. Explain the role of the following in protein synthesis: d. codon
3-letters/bases on mRNA that holds code for 1 amino acid
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10. Explain the role of the following in protein synthesis: e. anticodon
3 letters/bases on tRNA that match with codon on mRNA
anticodon
codon
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10. Explain the role of the following in protein synthesis: f. ribosome
Helps join amino acids together to form protein/polypeptide
ribosome
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10. Explain the role of the following in protein synthesis: g. amino acid
Molecules that join together to form protein
Protein molecule
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Video: Protein Synthesis
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3fOXt4MrOM
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Pop Quiz: Copy the codons below and identify the corresponding amino acids. p. 303
1. GCU = __________2. CAA = __________3. UGG = __________4. AUG = __________5. CAU = __________
alanineglutaminetryptophanmethioninehistidine
Your name at bottom