rksasit §i - documentation center of cambodia
TRANSCRIPT
vvaaKKµµiinneellxxeennHH³³ caya: ra:mCI/ edvÍt eqndl½r/ sÞIv ehD½r/ hinrI XIssuIgCWr/ yimsu‘t ra:NaCít/ y:n va:n; RKInFIn/ eRkk eGceqsan;/ eGlIhSa
Eb‘t va:n; sáak;/ PIteFI m:aeXVór GGññkknniiBBnn§§nniiggRRssaavvRRCCaavv³³ san; klüaN/ lI supl/ CYg suPariT§ CC¿¿nnYYyykkaarrnniiBBnn§§nnaayykk³³ EGm suxXIm nniiBBnn§§nnaayykkrrggTTII11³³
pat kusl nniiBBnn§§nnaayykkrrggTTII22³³ swm suriy:a GGññkkbbkkEERRbb³³ sY bu‘nsU‘ nniiBBnn§§nnaayykkTTUUeeTTAA³³ qaMg yu RRkkaahhVViikkkkuuMMBBüüÚÚTT½½rr³³ suwm suP½®kþ/ RRKKbb;;RRKKggkkaarrEEcckkppSSaayy³³ RTI suPkþ i
TsSnavdþIénmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa
matika-sMbuRt³ m:uk>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 1
EpñkÉksar
-Twm esn nigskm~PaBenAtMbn;25>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>2
-TMnas;vNѳ nigkartsU‘vNѳ>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>5
-´cg;)anEtkarBit>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>6
-reNþAsaksBRbl½yBUCsasn_>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>10
-GMBIlkçnþik³bkSkum~úynisþkm<úCa>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 13
-bBa¢IeQ~aHm®nþI nigbuKÁliksßanTUtkm<úCaenAbreTs>>>>>>>>>>> 16
-RbvtþirUbbdivtþn_smmitþ Kg;>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>18
EpñkRbvtþisa®sþ
-esaknadkm~enAPUmiekaHpl>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 22
-semøgBImnÞIrs-21>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 26
Epñkc,ab;
-KMrUmYyénP½sþútagÉksar>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 32
-víFIbYnya:gkñúgkarvínicä½yGMeBITaruNkm~>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>36
-erOgkþIrvagGuIRsaEGl nigeGcäk~an;>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 38
evTikaBiPakSaCasaFarN³
-karC¿nuMCRmHkþIEx~rRkhm>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 41
-ekrd¿ENl>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 42
-etIkarelIkElgeTasKWCatémøénsnþiPaB?>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 46
-sñaédtam:uk>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>48
-karTamTarRbvtþisa®sþkm<úCamkvíj>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 51
TMB½rRsavRCavrkRKÜsar
-karsmøab;rgÁalenAbwgTenøsab>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 56
-minGacbMePøc)an>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>60
sil,³ExµrRkhm
-kMNaBüEx~rRkhm³ TidæPaBf~ÍénCnbTkm<úCa>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>RkbeRkA
EsVgrkkarBitelx8 ExsIha qñaM2000
rrkkSSaassiiTT§§ii
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa
GnuBaØat[e)aHBum<pSayeday
RksYgBt’manénraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa
RbkaseTsrdæm®nþI nigrdæm®nþIRksYgBt’man
elx 0291Bm/99
cuHéf¶TI2 ExsIha qñaM1999
rUbftÉksar³ mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa
nigsarmnIÞr]RkidækmµRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøgGtItpÞHtam:ukenATIrYmextþtaEkv
kgT½BEx~rRkhm
EsVgrkkarBit-sMbuRt
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa 1
elx8 ExsIha qñaM2000
enAéf¶TI6 ExmIna qñaM1999 kgkmøaMgRbdab;GavuF
rbs;raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa)ancab;xøÜn tam:uk ehIydak;Kukmk
Tl;sBVéf¶enH. \LÚvenH tam:uk kMBugrg;caMtulakarÉkraCü
mYyedIm,IeFVIkarvínicä½yeTas nigdak;TNÐkmµeTAtamc,ab;Ca
FrmanBIbT]RkidæEdlxøÜn)anRbRBwtþeLIgenAkñúgrbbkm<úCa
RbCaFibetyürvagqñaM1975-1979.
muneBlcab;xø Ün tam:ukFøab;)an
niyayfa enABIelI m:uk KWmanEtmYkeday
min)anKitdl;fac,ab;GacenABIelImYk
rbs;Kat;. tam:uk k¾)anePøceQ¶akmux
cuHeRkamehIysBa¢wgKitfa enAeRkam
)ateCÍgxø ÜnKWmansuT§EtreNþAsaksB
mnusSrab;Esnnak;Edl)ansøab;eRkam
sñaédnigxYrk,alrbs;xøÜn. sac;Qam
jatimitþénsaksBTaMgenaHkMBugrs;enA
ehIyrg;caMemIlfaetIc,ab;nwgedaHRsay
GMeBIrbs; tam:uk enH tamrebobNa?
yayBUn EdlRtÚvCab¥ÚnRsIbegáItrbs;
tam:uk ehIyEdl)anmksYrsuxTukç tam:uk
¬edayQremIlBIcm¶ay¦ CamYynwgk~Üy
Rbsa kalBIéf¶TI26 Exkkáda qñaM2000
knøgmkenH k¾kMBugrg;caMemIlBIkarBitEdr.
yayBUn Bu M)aneCOfa tam: uk EdlCa
mnusSmñak;Føab;bYseronenAvtþ GacelIk
édsmøab;mnusS)aneT. b:uEnþya:gehac
Nas;manÉksarcMnYn3EdlGñkRsavRCav
Epñkc,ab;yl;fa mankarBak;B½n§dl;GMeBI
]RkidæEdl tam:uk )anRbRBwtþ. RbsinebI
rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgcemøIysakSI nigvtßútag
Cak;EsþgCaeRcIneTot RbEhlCaGac
bgðaj[eXIjBIkarBitputBIPaBmnÞ il
sgS½y)anfa tam:uk CaCnéddl;Edl\tRbEkk)an.
eTaHbICaya:genHk¾eday kardak;Kuk tam:uk EdlGUs
bnøayeBlevlad¾yUrGEgVgEbbenH)aneFVI[mankarecaTCa
sMNYrfaetInrNaCaGñkTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHsuxmalPaBnig
GayuCÍvítrbs;tam:uk?
tam:uk CasmaCíkKN³kmµaFikarGcié®nþy_énbkS
kumµúynisþkm<úCakñúgqñaM1971 ehIyFøab;CaelxaPUmiPaKnirtI
enAqñaM1968. enAExvícä ika qñaM1978 tam:uk RtÚv)an
cat;taMgCaGnuelxabkSkumµ úynisþkm< úCa. qaMgyu
tam:uk
sMbuRt³
m:u k
© rUbftÉksar Peter H. Maguire
elx8 ExsIha qñaM2000
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa2
EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkÉksar
tMbn;25 EdlrYmmanRsukelIkEdk Rsuks¥ag nig
RsukekaHFM extþkNþal sßitenAkñúgPUmiPaKnirtI ehIysßit
eRkamkarTTYlxusRtÚvrbs;tamu:k. xageRkamenHCa
esckIþsegçbdkRsg;Éksarelx 440bbKx mancMnYn
12snøwk CacemøIysarPaBrbs;GñkeTasKukTYlEsøgmñak;
eQµaH Twm esn ehA siut GtItelxaRsukekaHFM tMbn;
25 PUmiPaKnirtI.
Twm esn )ansarPaBfaxøÜneQ~aH Twm esn ehA siut
Gayu44qñaM¬1977¦ ekItenAPUmiRtBaMgelI XMuBamraMg
Rsuk14 tMbn;25 Føab;)ancUlbkSBlkrevotNamenA
qñaM1965 CamYyskmµPaBeXasnaRbCaCn[]btßmÖKaMRT
evotNamksagkmøaMg[cUlT½BevotNam. qñaM1972
Twm esn )anbMpusRbCaCn[eFVI)atukmµRbqaMgGñkdwknaM
bdivtþn_ ehIycab;)atukrsmøab;ecalGs;CaeRcInnak;.
eRkayrMedaHqñaM1975 Twm esn eLIgCaelxaRsuk18
tMbn;25 ehIy)anbgáPaBRcbUkRcbl;kñúgshkrN_bMpøaj
smÖar bgçMmnusS[eFVIkarhYskmøaMgrhUtdl;QWCabnþbnÞab;
eFVIskmµPaBRbqaMgnwgEpnkarbdivtþn_Edldak;cuHrhUtdl;
éf¶TI1 ExmIna qñaM1977 RtÚvGgÁkarcab;xøÜn.
skmµPaBBisþarbs; Twm esn ehA siut enAkñúgcemøIy
sarPaBenHmandUcteTA÷
kalBIkumarPaB Twm esn eronenAsalaBamraMg
RsukelIkEdk extþkNþal. qñaM1955-57 Kat;mk
eFIVCakmµkrlI)avsIum:g;t×enAkMBg;EpmuxvtþPMñ ¬PMñeBj¦.
qñaM1957 RtLb;eTAeFVIERscmáarCamYy«BukmþayenAÉ
RsukkMeNItvij.
qñaM1968 Twm esn RtÚv)anbgéføeQµaH T Yn pn
ENnaMKat;[CYyeXasnaRbCaCn [RbCaCnCYy]btßmÖ
kgT½BevotNamCaes,ógnigCasmÖar eday TYn pn bgðaj
[eXIjfa evotNammkCYyvayxµaMgenAkm<úCa. Twm esn
)aneFVItamkarENnaMenHCabnþbnÞab;. eRkaymk TYn pn k¾
bBa©Úl Twm esn CasmaCikbkSBlkrevotNamedayman
eQµaH Qun RKI ehA exov sMGat KN³Rsúk18 tMbn;25
CaGñk]eTÞsnamcUl. Parkic©rbs; Twm esn eRkayeBl
køayCasmaCikbkSBlkrevotNamKW ³
1¦eXasna[RbCaCneCOnig]btßmÖevotNam nig
2¦ksagkmøaMgRbCaCn[cUlbeRmIkgT½BevotNam.
enAEx3 qñaM1970 eQµaH siun saDI KN³Rsuk
elIkEdk tMbn;25 )ancat;ta Mg Twm esn CasmaCik
XMuBamraMg cMENk TYn pn RtÚv)ancat;taMgCaelxaXMu.
RbEhl2ExeRkay TYn pn RtÚvBYkFIvKIcab;ykeTAsmøab;
)at;eTA. eBlenaH Twm esn k¾RtÚv)ancat;taMgCaRbFan
sniþsuxRsukelIkEdkedayman vwug Pn CaGnuRbFan
Twm esn nigskmµPaBenAtMbn; 25
EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkÉksar
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa 3
elx8 ExsIha qñaM2000
Cam eGg nig Gu‘y KIm CasmaCik. tamry³karcat;taMg
enH siun saDI ENnaM[GñkTaMgbYneFVIskmµPaBbMpus[RbCaCn
lk;eKa lk;RCÚk eTARsukyYn[Gs;edayykelsfaebI
TukxµaMgvacuHmk vacab; vaekorykeTAGs;ehIy.
cugqñaM1970 siun saDI )anehA Twm esn CMu saer:t
nig Gu‘k nYn mkRbCMuR)ab;fa RsukelIkEdk RtÚvRbKl;
GavuF nigkmøaMgeyaFaTaMgGs;[xagtMbn;25. TnÞwmnwgenH
dak;Epnkar[ CMu saer:t RtÚverobcMkgQøbcaMkemÞckmµaPi)al
tMbn;25enAeBlEdlbkçBYk Twm esn cUlmkTTYlGavuF
nigkmøaMgeyaFa bu:EnþEpnkarenHmin)anseRmceTeRBaH
kaleNaHkmµaPi)alxagtMbn;25min)aneTATTYlykGavuF
nigkmøaMgeyaFaBIxagRsukelIkEdkeLIy.
qñaM1971edayB¤famanGgÁkarExµrenAxagRsuk18
tMbn;25 Twm esn nigbkçBYkmYycMnYneTotmaneQµaH
em:A Duk smaCiksniþsuxRsukelIkEdk Cam eGg nig
Lay sarwm )annaMKñacUleTATak;TgsuM sux bu‘tcMerIn
KN³tMbn;25 edIm,ImkeFVIkarenAxagtMbn; 25vij. knøH
ExeRkaymk sux bu ‘tcMerIn )ancat;taMg Twm esn Ca
RbFansniþsuxRsukelIkEdkdEdl nig[ em:A D uk eFV ICa
GnuRbFan. mYyry³xøIeRkaymkeTot sux bu‘tcMerIn
)anebIkGgÁRbCMumYyEdlmanKña7nak;man sux bu‘tcMerIn
CaRbFanGgÁRbCMu suk bBa¢akartMbn;25 hYt es RbFan
sniþsuxtMbn;25 Lay sarwm KN³XMukMBg;PMñRsukelIkEdk
em:A Duk Cam eGg nig Twm esn. xøwmsarRbCMuKWbMpus
RbCaCnkuM[eCOGgÁkarnigksagkmøaMgbEnßmeTot.
qñaM1972 taC½y elxatMbn;25 )ancat;taMg
Twm esn mkkan;xagkgT½B mannaTICaelxavresnatUc
elx12 rbs;tMbn;25. Ex4 qñaM1972 taC½ynig
hYt es )anbBa©Úl Twm esn nig lat ¬GnubBa¢akarvresna
tUcelx12¦ eTAkñúgbkSkumµúynisþkm<úCa. RBmCamYyenH
taC½y )anENnaMGñkTaMgBIr[xMksagkmøaMg nigbMpøaj
bdivtþn_enAelIsmrPUmi. bnÞab;mkmanEpnkarvayxµaMgenA
)aEr:n Twm esn nigbkçBYk)aneFVIkarbMpøajkmøaMgbdivtþn_
edayCMruj[yuT§CnvayxµaMgTaMgyb;TaMgéf¶bNþal[søab;
10nak; nigrbYs 25nak;.
ry³kalCabnþbnÞab; Twm esn ksag)ankmøaMg
CaeRcInnak;edayviFIbbYleTAhUb)ayTwk nMcMNInig[smÖar
eRbIR)as;Cajwkjab;.
kñúgqñaM1972 dEdlenH suk KN³bBa¢akarkgT½B
tMbn;25 )ancat;taMg Twm esn nigmñak;eToteQµaH lat
[edIrbMpusRbCaCnenAXMueRtIysøa nigXMutaln; )ancMnYn
50nak;eFVI)atukmµRbqaMgnwgGñkdwknaMtamPUmiXMukñúgRsuks¥ag
tMbn;25. k,Ün)atukmµenHEhBIpSarERBkeXøakeTAcUlmnIÞr
tMbn;25 enAPUmietñatjI XMux<b Rsuk20 tMbn;25 eday
maneQ~aH lat CaGñkdwknaM. cMENk Twm esn TTYl
bBa¢a[eFVICaGñkcaMTb;Tl;clna)atukmµenH ehIycab;BYk
)atukrykeTAsmøab;ecal. eBlenaHkmøaMgmUldæancab;BYk
)atukr)anTaMgGs; ehIyykeTAsmøab;ecalGs;10nak;
enAsl;40nak;eTotedaHElgeTAvij. kñúgÉksarcemøIy
elx8 ExsIha qñaM2000
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa4
EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkÉksar
sarPaB Twm esn )ansresrfa «.>>´k¾)aneFVItamEpnkar
enH kalenaHk¾)anbBa¢a[kgT½Bcab;BYk)atukrenaH)an
TaMgGs; ¬50nak;¦ ehIy)anykeTAsmøab;ecalGs;
10nak;. 40nak;eTotk¾edaHElgeTAvij».
cugqñaM1973 taC½y cat;taMg Twm esn [eFVICa
CasmaCikRsuk18 tMbn;25 ehIy[Tak;Tgkargark,t;
CabnþCamYyeQµaH kat bBa¢akarkgQøbRsuk18 tMbn;
25 eQµaH esog lI bBa¢akarvresnatUc260 tMbn;25
nigeQµaH erol lij KN³Tak;TgExµr-evotNam.
qñaM1974 vayxµaMgenAbnÞayéRCFM CitRBMEdn
evotNamxagt,Úg Twm esn )ansarPaBfa xøÜnKat;nig
bkçBYkTaMgBIrnak;)aneFVI[b:HBal;dl;kmøaMgbdivtþn_CaeRcIn.
eBlvayxµaMg)ak;sµartIehIy Twm esn k¾bBa¢a[Tahan
Qb;)aj;. xµaMgkþab;)ansPaBkarN_enHk¾)aj;sgát;mk
vijy:agxøaMg eXIjdUecñH Twm esn bBa¢a[TahandkT½Brt;
bNþal[RtÚvRKab;søab; 15nak; nigrbYs 20nak;. bnÞab;
mkGñkTaMgbI)anbMpus nigebIkpøÚv[RbCaCnenAXMusMeBABUn
nigXMueQIexµArt;eTAtMbn;xµaMg Gs;RbEhl100RKÜsar.
eRkaymkeTot edayminTb;Tl;nigminvayRbyuT§ bkçBYk
Twm esn )anbeNþay[xµaMgcUlmkekorykRbCaCnenA
XMusMeBABUneTAGs;rab;ryRKÜsareTot.
Ex2 qñaM1975 Twm esn RtÚv)an taC½y cat;taMg
[eFVICaelxaRsuk18 tMbn;25.
qñaM1975 eRkayExµrRkhmrMedaH)anehIyGgÁkar
manEpnkar[erobcMshkrN_[)ans¥atedayeRCIserIs
vNÑPaB. Twm esn sarPaBeTotfa «EtpÞúyeTAvij ´
¬suit¦ )aneFVI[RcbUkRcbl;kñúgshkrN_ edaycat;taMg
smasPaBcRmúHenAkñúgshkrN_ eFVI[manTMnas;KñaCabnþ
bnÞab;BIerOgkmµsiT§BIerOgeFVIkargarBlkmµ».
RbEhlEx5 b¤Ex6 qñaM1976 Twm esn )anmk
Tak;Tg taC½y enAXøaMgR)ak;eRkayvtþPMñedIm,IesñIrksmÖar
ykeTAeRbIR)as;kñúgRsuk. taC½y k¾ENnaM[Gnuvtþtam
TisedAdUcteTA÷
1¦RtÚverobcMvNÑPaBcRmúHenAkñúgshkrN_edIm,I[
mankarRcbUkRcbl;nigmanTMnas;sµúKsµaj.
2¦bMpøajesdækic©nigRTBüsm,tiþrbs;smUhPaB.
3¦bMpøajkmøaMgbdivtþn_RKb;Epñk.
Ex7 nigEx8 qñaM1976 Twm esn )ancat;taMgkmøaMg
enAkñúgshkrN_[Tb;ERBkenAXMuERBksþI Rsuk18 tMbn;25
edIm,IykpleBatenAkñúgXMuERBksþI nigXMuERBkfIµ rYmRbEhl
60hikta. pÞúyeTAvij TMnb;k¾RtÚvFøayTwkk¾eTAliceBat
Gs; ¬eBatTaMgenaHeTIbnwgTMu)anRbEhl50%¦ ehIyEfm
TaMglicRsÚvBeRgaHkEnøgenaHGs;100hiktaeTot.
skmµPaBmYyeTot Twm esn )anGnuvtþbMéPømaK’a
rbs;GgÁkaredayCMruj[yuvCn-yuvnarIeFVIkargarxøaMgmin
[sRmakrhUtdl;)ak;kmøaMgQWCabnþbnÞab;. minEtbu:eNÑaH
Twm esn enA)ancat;taMgeQµaH eb [eFVIskmµPaBbMpus
yuvCnkñúgkgplitkmµRsuk18 tMbn;25 [rt;eTApÞHCa
bnþbnÞab;edIm,IeFVI[manbBaðasµúKsµajBi)akedaHRsay.
enAEx3 qña M1977 Twm esn ehA si ut RtÚv
GgÁkarcab;xøÜnbBa¢ÚnmkKukTYlEsøg.
enAkñúgKukTYlEsøgeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs; Duc/
Twm esn RtÚv)ansYrcemøIyenAéf¶TI20 Extula qñaM1977
edayGñksYreQµaH fn. ÉksarcemøIysarPaBenHRtÚv
)anbBa¢ÚneTA tamu:k CaelxaPUmiPaKnirtI. cMNarCaGkSr
édEdlsresrFM²enAelIEpñkxagmuxénÉksardak;fa «nirtI
CUntamu:kehIy 12-11-77».
enAEpñkbBa©b;énÉksarcemøIyeXIjmantarageQµaH
kmøaMgk,t;EdldkRsg;ecjBIcemøIysarPaBrbs; Twm esn
cMnYn23nak;kñúgenaH10nak;manbBa¢ak;fa «GgÁkarcab;
ehIy» EdlmanmnusSsMxan;²mYycMnYnkñúgtMbn;25dUcCa
siun saDI sux bu‘tcMerIn hYt es C½y>>>. edayELk
siun saDI RtÚv)anGgÁkarcab;xøÜntaMgBIqñaM1976emø:H.
san; klüaN
EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkÉksar
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa 5
elx8 ExsIha qñaM2000
I. TTMMnnaass;;vvNNÑѳ³
11¦¦ GGMMBBIIvvNNÑѳ³
enAkñúgsgÁmkm<úCa «km<úCaRbCaFibetyü» manvNѳ5
KWvNѳskiþPUmi vNѳnayTun vNѳGnuFn vNѳksikr nig
vNѳkmµkr. edIm,Ivinicä½yGMBIvNѳ)aneyIgRtÚvemIlGMBI
meFüa)ayplitkmµ. vNѳskiþPUmiKWvaKµanBlikmµb¤KitKUr
GVITaMgGs; KWvacaMEtedIrTarBn§RKb;Ebby:ag. rIÉvNѳ
nayTun vaKitEtTijefaklk;éføbu:eNÑaH. pÞúyeTAvij man
EtvNѳksikr-kmµkreTEdlxitxMbMeBjkargar. kmµkr
EckCa2RbePTKW kmµkrcas; nigkmµkrfµI. kmµkrcas;KW
eFVIkar[nayTun cMENkkmµkrfµIKWeFVIkar[eragcRkEdl
bkSeyIgeRCIsykeRkayéf¶17 emsa mkeFIVkarCUn
smUhPaB. ksikrman2RbePTEdrKW ksikrcas; nig
ksikrfµI. ksikrcas;KWkab;Kas;dIERsedaHRsayCIvPaB
edayxøÜnÉg. ksikrfµIKWBYknayTunnigGnuFnEdlbkS
eyIgCemøósecjBIRkúgykmk[eFVIkargarBlkmµ mankar
dwknaM nigeFIVkarCUnsmUhPaB.
22¦¦ TTMMnnaass;;vvNNÑѳ³
TMnas;vNѳmanBIrKW TMnas;vNѳépÞkñúg nigTMnas;vNѳ
mkBIeRkA.
kk¦¦ TTMMnnaass;;vvNNÑѳ³ééppÞÞkkññúúgg
KWCaTMnas;rvagksikr-kmµkreyIgnwgBYkskiþPUmi
nayTun. ral;meFüa)ayplitkmµTaMgGs;dUcCaeragcRk
suT§EtFøak;kñúgkNþab;édksikr-kmµkreyIg dUecñHBYkva
minsb,aycitþnwgeyIgeTrhUtdl;manTMnas;Cabdibkçsøab;
rs;nwgeyIg. eBleyIgcat;taMgBYkva[emIleKa vakab;
eCIgeKab¤cgeKabg¥t;esµA bu:Enþk¾mansmasPaBxøHBMuEmn
TMnas;bdibkçnwgeyIgEdreRBaHvak¾eBjcitþnwgbdivtþn_eyIg
Edr. BYkenHBUEkEtxagsresrkt;Rta EtebIxagkab;
Kas;BYkvaminRbsb;dUceyIgeT. BYknayTunGnuFnxøHesñha
CatiBitR)akd CYyedaHRsayCIvPaBCUnRbCaCn bu:EnþebI
minesñhaCatiBitR)akdeTKWk,t;CatiBitR)akd.
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eRkamenH ÷1. http://welcome.to/dccam
2. http://www.yale.edu/cgp
3. http://www-cgp.sistm.unsw.edu.au
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kñúgcMNucExSbeNþay 103º 10' 4502" nigExSRsb
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1 Kwm Er:n Rbus elxaTI2TUtenAGara:b; TSL 15-6-77 ¬\tman¦
2 g:U taMgTIKa Rbus elxaTI2TUtenAr:Uma:nI TSL 1-6-77 27-11-77
3 can; m: un Rbus elxaTI2TUtenA)araMg TSL 1-6-77 31-3-78
4 Ca san Rbus TUtenArusSúI TSL 3-3-78 27-5-78
5 tan; qayehg Rbus elxaTUtyUehÁasøavI TSL 16-5-77 ¬\tman¦
6 fac; sYg Rbus elxaFikarTI2TUtenAyUehÁasøavI TSL I08436 19-12-76 18-2-77
7 eTB sMGan Rbus TUtenAGal;ehSrICaelxaFikarTI3 T83 TSL I08504 23-10-76 ¬\tman¦
8 maX TUc Rbus TUtRbcaMenARbeTsLav TSL 20-11-77 31-3-78
9 mas ekon ehA saert Rbus TUtenAeGhSúIb TSL 28-10-76 12-5-77
10 yuK cnßa ehA fa Rbus elxaTI1TUtenAtg;hSanI Y143, TSL 26-2-78 18-7-78
11 yYs ful ehA Dan RsI elxaTI2TUtenALav TSL 20-11-77 31-3-78
12 elOg hugsY Rbus yamsßanTUtenAtg;hSanI TSL 15-6-77 ¬\tman¦
13 s‘an Gan Rbus TUtenAhaNUy S163, TSL 12-12-76 18-10-77
14 suk suxum Rbus daM)ay[TUtEx~renA)araMg TSL 26-2-78 ¬\tman¦
15 hY suemF Rbus elxaTI2TUtenA)araMg TSL 1-6-77 ¬\tman¦
16 hYt sm,tþ i Rbus TUtRbcaMRbeTsyUehÁasøavI H89, TSL 9-9-76 17-11-76
17 ehg sukXag Rbus eFVIkarenATUtRbcaMhaNUy TSL 25-2-78 31-12-78
18 éh KIrIva:t; RsI buKÁlikTUtenAKuy)a TSL 8-12-76 ¬\tman¦
19 éh Kwmsag Rbus elxaFikarTUtenAKuy)a H156, TSL 8-12-76 18-3-77
20 eLg fac ehA vun Rbus daM)ay[TUtGara:b;eGhSIb kUer: TSL 27-2-78 ¬\tman¦
21 Gu I su ‘bKn§ I Rbus TUtRbcaMRbeTssu‘yEGd Y149, TSL I08433 9-9-76 6-12-76
22 GuI esnara:k; Rbus GnuBn§sßanTUtenArusSúI I1, TSL 16-5-77 20-7-77
23 GuIn supn Rbus elxaTI2TUtenAGal;)anI TSL 28-5-77 9-12-77
24 Gu‘k ePt Rbus elxaTI3TUtenAeGhSIúb TSL 15-6-77 9-12-77
25 Gu‘y Ln ehA Ca Rbus ebIkLanenAsßanTUtm:UsÁÚ TSL 2-4-77 13-3-78
26 Cwg kukhY Rbus Par³sþITIsßanTUt)araMg TSL 23-10-76 29-10-76
bBa¢IeQ~aHm®nþInigbuKÁliksßanTUtkm<úCaenAbreTs
EdlCab;XuMXaMgenAmnÞIrs21
EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkÉksar
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa 17
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Tahanmñak;EdlGHGagfaxøÜnCaCnrgeRKaH ehIy)anrYcputBIKuks-21enAeRkayéf¶rMedaHqñaM1979» nigTMB½rTI55 kUeLanTI2
CYrTI2 Edl)ansresrfa «cab;)ankñúgqñaM1976» sUmEkmkCa «cab;)ankñúgqñaM1978» v í j . epg BgSra:suI
rUbPaBÉksar³
kardæansMNg;bUCnIydæaneCIgÉk
kñúgTsvtSr_qñaM80
reNþAvalBiXat
eCIgÉk
elx8 ExsIha qñaM2000
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa18
EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkÉksar
¬¬ttBBIIeellxxmmuunn¦¦ edaycgP¢ab;
xøÜneTAclnacMerIn clnasgÁm
niym ehIycg;eronsURtRTwsIþ
m:akS-eLnIn )anCaenABak;
kNþalqñaM1956 ´sMumitþ
xñ úl cUlkñúgRkúmm:akSniym
Exµr. elIkTImYymitþxñ úlfa
mindwgeT ehIyelIkTIBIrk¾Kat;eqøIydEdl. b:uEnþb:unµanéf¶
eRkaymkbg eGog sarI )anmkelgnwg´ sYrsuxTukç
ehIy)anesñI[´sresrGtßbT «naTIGnþrCati» sRmab;
kaEst «ÉkPaB» Edlman Bwg sy CacaghVagmYyry³
mk bg eGog sarI )anR)ab;´[eTARbCMuenA pÞHbg v:g;
eBlyb;kñúgzan³Ca «CnbegÁal». eBleTAdl;pÞHbg v:g;
´eXIjmaneQµaH nut ):aNar:a tak ehg h‘U yn; nig
m©as;pÞH. RkúmeyIgTaMg5nak;k¾)ancUlrYmRbCMuCamYyKña
ral;GaTitüedaymaneQµaH h‘U yn; CaRbFan ehIyeBl
xøHk¾manbg eGog sarI cUlrYm. bnÞab;mkRkúmenHk¾EbkKña
ehIy´cUlmkRbCMuenAsalacMerInviC¢avij. RkúmfIµrbs;´
man nut ):aNar:a s‘at Eq Ga Em:n san edaymanbg
eGog sarI CaRbFanRbCMu. eBlenaH´TTYlParkic©Tak;Tg
ykkarN_BIGak,t; KaM ert ehIyraykarN_CUnbg
eGog sarI ral;GaTitü.
´bnþbeRgónenAsalacMerInviC¢a nigbnþrYmskmµPaB
bdivtþn_rhUtdl;´eTAeronenARbeTs)araMgenAéf¶17 Ex
tula qñaM1957.
Casrubkñúgry³kal1947-1952 ´cUlrYm
skmµPaBkñúgKNbkSRbCaFibetyü edaymü:agyl;fa
bkSenHCaGñkesñhaCatinigGñks¥ats¥M ¬´eKarBRsLaj;
yutiþvgS nig GIuv ekIs¦ mü:ageTotedayyl;fabkSenH
RbqaMgnwgraCaFibetyüEdl´s¥b;exI<m eRBaHTTYl\Ti§Bl
énkarGb;rMGaNaniKmniym)araMg BIbdivtþn_nayTun)araMg
qñaM1789 ¬´eKarBRsLaj; ehIyyk eraEbsBIy:a
CaKMrU¦. mUlehtuTaMgBIrxagelIenHnaM[´mansmancitþ
nigrYmskmµPaBCamYyGa sWg g:ukfaj; BIqñaM1952
dl;qñaM1955. mUlehtumYyeTotKW´yl;RcLMfaRkúm
enHCaRkúmm:akSniym EtCatiniymcg;[RbeTseyIgeTA
sgÁmniymEdr EtÉkraCüBIyYn. Etdl;R)aRs½yTak;Tg
CamYyBYkGaenH ´eXIjvavaybMEbképÞkñúgCatiÉg
vayRbharBYkbBaØaCncMerIn nigRkúmRbCaCn ehIymin
vaycRkBtiþGaemrikedayykelsfa ebIvayGaemrik
xøacEbreTACYysgÁmra®sþniymvij. müa:geToteday
eXIjfaGñkdwknaMRkúmenHKµansmtßPaB ¬Ga hg; Funhak;
nig Ga KaM ert¦ nigBalaGava:Es.
\\TTii§§BBlléénnRRkkúúmmGGaakk,,tt;;eennHHmmkkeellIIxxøøÜÜnn´́ KKWWbbBBaaððaabbuuKKÁÁll
smmitþKg; b¤sYgsuIeKOn¬kt;RtatamsMeNAedImTaMgRsug¦
suIeKOn
eGog sarI eGog FIriT§
EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkÉksar
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa 19
elx8 ExsIha qñaM2000
kñúgkarGb;rMvaelIkbuKÁlGñkdwknaM BiessGa
sWg g:ukfaj; bnÞab;mkGa G‘a sIucUv dUcCaRBH[eXIjsñaéd
buKÁlBYkvaminEdlniyayBImhaCn BIvIrPaBrbs;mhaCn
RbCaCneLIyva eXIjEtbuKÁlb¤RkúmtUc²EdlGaceFIVkar
manRbsiT§PaB. enHCaTsSn³rebobhVasIuusemIlgay
mhaCn RbCaCn.
mmUUlleehhttuuuuEEddll[[´́EEbbrrmmkkrrkkBBYYkkccMMeerrIInnvviijj³³
KWeXIjfaGñkcMerInmanTsSn³TUlay viPaKsPaBkarN_
c,as;las;minfamþgGeB©aH mþgGB©úaH dUcGaBYk sWg gu:kfaj;
eT. ehIycMeBaHbBaðasamKIÁPaBkñúgRbCaCatik¾rkeXIj
GñkcMerInmanTsSn³TUlay minceg¥ótcg¥l; manmaKa’Ca
yuT§viFIRbmUlkmøaMg[)aneRcInCaGtibrma EbgEckkmøaMg
xµaMg ehIyvayxµaMgminRtÚv):atNa):atNI TaMgkñúgRbeTs
TaMgeRkARbeTs. GñkcMerIn)aneXIjeRKaHGasnñéncRkBtiþ
GaemrikEdlRtÚvEtRbmUlRbCaCatiTaMgmUledIm,ITb;Tl;.
ÉBYkGaRbCaclnavij vaminEdlfashrdæGaemrikCa
eRKaHfñak;dl;RbCaCatieyIgeT. vaykbBaðarbbRKb;RKg
RbeTsraCaNacRk b¤saFarNrdæ mkeFIVCakmµvtßúeXasna
rbs;va. mYyvijeTot vaRbmafemIlgayRbCaCneyIg
BiessksikrRkIRk famingayPJak;rlwkeT [ sIhnu GUs
Taj)an. eRkABIenHBYkvahVasIusNas; GñkNamanmti
mindUcva vadak;pøakfaCa´kBa¢HyYnPøam.
rryy³³kkaallssññaakk;;GGaaRRss½½yyeennAARRbbeeTTss))aarraaMMgg
¬¬ééff¶¶1177 EExx1100 qqññaaMM11995577--ééff¶¶1155 EExx55 qqññaaMM11997700¦¦
enAéf¶17 Extula qñaM1957 ´)anTTYl
GaharUbkrN_eTAeronviC¢abec©keTsTUrKmnaKmn_xag
ynþehaHenATIRkúg):arIs edaykareRCamERCgrbs;«Buk
ma´mñak;eQµaH G‘ul cun EdleBlenaHrs;enATIsñak;kar
smaKmsisScas;CamYy´.
eKalbMNg´eTAenHKWedIm,Icg;eronsURtBIRTwsIþm:akS-
eLnIn nigsÁal;clnabdivtþnigkumuµúynisþenAGWr:ub Biess
enARbeTs)araMg. ´k¾cg;sÁal;nigcUlrYmskmµPaBCamYy
nisiStnigbBaØaCnm:akSniymkm<úCaenARbeTs)araMgEdr.
eQµaH Gu‘l cun )anecjmuxrkluykak;Tijexa
Gav[´eTARbeTs)araMg)an. munnwgecjdMeNIr bg
eGog sarI )anehAnisiStEdlRtÚveTAeronenARbeTs
)araMgeTAelgpÞHKat;edIm,IKat;ENnaMnigpþaMepJIBIbBaðars;enA
bBaðaTisedAEdleyIg´eTAbnþviC¢aenH RBmTaMgbBaðarYm
kmøaMgnisiStesñhaCatiTaMgGs;RbqaMgnwgcRkBtiþGaemrik
nigbrivarva. bnÞab;mkk¾manerobcMCb;elogsiñT§sñal
edaymanbg sun esn cUlrYmpg. eQµaH h‘ U yn;
)an[luy´ 500erolEdr.
éf¶ecjeTA bg eGog sarI )anRbKl;Éksar
sm¶at;mYy ehIy)anpþaM´[ykRbKl;pÞal;éddl;bg
exov sMpn enA):arIs. sMbuRtenH´)anykRbKl;eTA
[bg exov sMpn pÞal;édenAmnIÞreBTübUrIGnþrCatiRkúg
):arIs EdlKat;eTAsRmakmYyéf¶eRkay´eTAdl;RbeTs
)araMg. BIr-bIéf¶eRkaymkbg exov sMpn )anR)ab;
´fa tamsMNUmBrrbs;´ ´RtÚv)anTTYlCasmaCik «vgS
m:akS-eLnIn niym» enARbeTs)araMg. eBlenaHvgSenH
man «tur» mYydwknaM EdlmansmasPaBdUcteTA÷
exov sMpn CYn mum µ G i un sMbuk Gi un sUkan
¬enAeFIVkarRkúgLWhav¦. CamYyenH´k¾)ancUlCasmaCik
skmµénsmaKm «shPaBnisSitExµr». Parkic©rbs;´
KWeXasnaekogKrnisiStnigkmµsikSakarIkm<úCa[eXIj
eRKaHGasnñéncRkBtþiGaemriknigBYkRbtikiriyakñúgRbeTs
CaédeCIgvaman Ga sm sar I emA : say ln; ; Nul
jwk CULúg RBmCamYyenHeFIVy:agNa[eKTaMgLaycUl
rYmskmµPaB b¤cUlCasmaCik «shPaBnisiStExµr».
enAqñaM1958 ´)ancUlCasmaCik «RkúmPasa»
énbkSkumµúynisþ)araMg. kñúgqñaMdEdlenH ´)anRbLg
Cab;)asUTI2 enA):arIs. kñúg»kasenaHvgSm:akS-eLnIn
)anelIkTwkcitþ´y:agxøaMg.
cugqñaM1958 bg exov sMpn k¾GeB¢aIjRtLb;mk
RbeTsvij ehIy CYn mumµ )aneLIgCaGñkTTYlxusRtÚvTUeTA
én «vgSm:akS-eLnIn» enARbeTs)araMg.
kñúgqñaM1957 nig qñaM1958 ´TTYl\Ti§BlBIkar
Gb;rMrbs;bg exov sMpn eRcIneRBaHKat;ykcitþTukdak;Gb;rM
´pÞal;. ´)aneronsURtBIKat;nUvsµartIlHbg;RTaMRTkarlM)ak
QWfáat; edIm,IbMeBjParkic©nUvmaKa’mhaCnRsLaj;rab;Gan
nigdak;xøÜnkñúgmhaCn.
kñúgry³eBldEdlenH ´k¾)anrYmcMENksresr
nige)aHBum<pSayTsSnavdIþsm¶at; «rsµI».
enAqñaM1959 eRkayBI Giun sUkan RtLb;mk
RbeTsvij´)anRtÚv «vgSm:akS-eLnIn eRCIserIsCa
smaCiktur CamYy CYn mumµ/ T un eCatisIurin nigGa tUc
xaMeDOn.
enAeBlenaH\Ti§BlesIerI)ancab;epI þmmanmkelI
«vgSma:kS eLnIn» edaybkS)araMg)anpSBVpSayÉksar
sIþBImhasnñ i)atelIkTI20énbkSkumµ úynisþsUevot.
vgSTaMgmUlTTYlyl;RBmtamesckIþsniñdæanénmhasnñi)at
enHTaMgRsug. ehIyCabeNIþr² sµartIGnþrCatiniiym
\tRBMEdnEdltmál;shPaBsUevotCaemdwknaMbdivtþn_
sklelak)ancUlRCabnigBRgwgkñúgxøÜn´pÞal;k¾dUckñúgvgS
TaMgmUl. dUcbkSesIerIÉeTot ´yl;tamrUbmnþrbs;
hSak;DuykøÚ Edlfa³ebIRbqMagsUevotKWRbqaMgkumµúynisþ».
qñaM1959dEdlenH ´)aneTAcUlrYm «mha
mehaRsB saklrbs;yuvCnnignisiSt» enATIRkúgvIEyn
RbeTsGURTIs edayman Giun sUkan CaGñkdwknaM.
eBlenaHk¾manRbtiPUyuvCnsgÁmra®sþniymdwknaMeday
ywm Dit eTAcUlrYmEdr. RbtiPU «shPaBnisSitExµr»
nigRbtiPU«yuvCnsgÁmra®sþniym)ancUlKñaCaKN³RbtiPU
km<úCaEtmYydwknaMeday ywm Dit edayman Gi un sUkan
CaTIRbwkSa.
eRkayBImehaRsBenH Giun sUkan nig´k¾)aneTA
cUlrYmmhasnñi)atén «shPaBGnþrCati» enATIRkúgR)ak
RbeTseqkUsøÚv:aKI. enA»kasenaHTMnas;rvagcinnigBYkesIerI
cab;epIþmxøH²ehIy. ]TahrN_RbtiPUcinRbqaMgmin[eRbI
Bakü «pøÚvtamsniþviFI» CaedImÉksar. eBlenaHeyIg´k¾
)anCYbKN³RbtiPUcinEdr niyayeRcInGMBImitþPaBnigsamKIÁ
PaBrvagRbCaCnTaMgBIr. RbtiPUcineRcInRbharefáaleTas
cRkBtiþGaemrik nigBYkesIerIyUehÁasøavI. b:uEnþninñakar
esIerIEdle)aHTItaMgenAkñúg «vgSm:akS-eLnIn» c,as;las;
KWenAqñaM1960 eRkayBIsniñsITsklelakénbkSkumµúynisþ
nigbkSBlkrcMnYn81enAm:UsÁÚ. «vgS» )anebIvKÁeronsURt
ÉksarCaesckIþEføgkarN_énsniñsITenHehIy)anÉkPaB
TaMgRsugCamYyxøwmsarénesckIþEføgkarN_enHBiesselI
bBaða «RbCaFibetyüCati» enARbeTsttiyelak.
cab;BIeBlenaHmk TsSn³nigeKalCMhresIerI)an
cUlRCabehIyERbkøayeTACaskmµPaBCak;Esþgrbs;´kñúg
ry³eBlenaH. TsSn³nigeKalCMhrRbqaMgbdivtþn_enHKW÷
TI1³ bdivtþn_vNѳGFnGacQñHedaymincaM)ac;eRbI
higSaGavuF. ]TahrN_enAeqkUsøÚv:aKInaqñaM1958 bkS
kumµúynisþrwbykGMNactamkare)aHeqñat)anedayman
kmøaMgsgÁmniymsklelaknanakMu[cRkBtiþniymGnþrCati
eFIVGnþraKmn_ eBlenaHkgT½BsUevotenAe)aHkñúgRbeTs
eqkUsøÚv:aKI.
TI2³ kñúgry³kalqøgkat; BiessenARbeTsttiy-
elak bkSvNѳGFnGacTuk[nayTunCatidwknaMbdivtþn_
RbCaCatiRbCaFibetyü b¤mYybkSvNѳGFnGacrMElk
kardwknaMCamYynayTunCati. ehIypøÚvedIm,IseRmcC½y
C¿nHbdivtþn_sgÁmniymGaceFIVeTAtamsPaedaysniþviFI.
TI3³ RTwsIþGFibetyüPaBmankRmitclnakumµúynisþ
niymGnþrCati CaclnaÉkPaBCaFøúgmYyEdlmanshPaB
sUevotCaemdwknaM. bdivtþn_kñúgRbeTsnImYy²RtÚvRbRBwtþ
eLIg[smRsbtamplRbeyaCn_TUeTAénclnakumµúynisþ
GnþrCati. ]TahrN_ enAsniñsIThSWENvqñaM1954
sPaBkarN_GnþrCati nigplRbeyaCn_clnakumµúynisþ
elx8 ExsIha qñaM2000
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa20
EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkÉksar
GnþrCatitRmÚv[Qb;c,aMg. dUecñaH bkSenARbeTsnImYy²
EdldwknaMkarts‘U RtÚvsþab;tambkSkumµúynisþsUevot.
CaskmµPaBCak;Esþg ´)anecjmuxeXasnaKaMRT
TsSn³nigeKalCMhresIerIniymsUevot BiesskarrYmrs;
edaysniþPaB karRbkYtRbECgxagesdækic©CamYyelak
nayTun s®gÁamsklelakmþgeTotKWvinasGnþraydl;
mnusSCatiTaMgGs;minEmnGnþrayEtcMeBaHRbeTsnayTun
b:ueNÑaHeT. RBmCamYyKñaenH´k¾)anecjmuxeXasna
RbqaMgnwgcinkñúgbBaðaCemøaHCamYyesIerIsUevot. müa:g
eTotkñ úgry³kaldEdlenaHs®gÁamenAevotNam)an
cab;epþIm ehIyma:sIuneXasnarbs;sm<½n§esIerIGnþrCati
)anelIkkarts‘URbCaCnevotNameLIgx<s;RtEdtTukCaKMrU
sRmab;RbCaCnsklelak. «vgSm:akS-eLnIn» nigxøÜn
´k¾lg;eTAtamcrnþeXasnaenH ykkarts‘URbCaCn
evotNamCaemeronsRmab;xø ÜnpÞal;. kñúgTMnas;cin-
sUevot «vgS» nigxøÜn´pÞal;EtgEtfa Gakb,kiriyanig
eKalCMhr «GBüaRkwt» rbs;bkSevotNamKWRtwmRtÚv.
eRkayBI «vibtiþkaMRCÜc» enA)aKUkñúgqñaM1962 TMnas;
cin-sUevot )anpÞúHeLIgCasaFarN³ ehIyeBlenaH «vgS
m:akS-eLnIn» ykGakb,kiriyakan;eCIgesIerIsUevot.
enAqñaMdEdl ´RtÚv «ma:kS-eLnIn» RbKl;Parkic©
TTYlxusRtÚvKN³RbtiPU «shPaBnisiStExµr» Edl)aneTA
cUlrYm «mhamehaRsBsklelakényuvCnnignisiSt»
enARkúgEhlsIunKI RbeTshVaMgLg;. eRkayBImhamehaRsB
´)aneTAcUlrYmmhasnñi)atén «shB½n§sklelakén
yuvCnRbCaFibetyü» enAkñúgv:asUvI RbeTsb:ULÚj. kñúg
»kasenaH kñúgsunÞrkfarbs;KN³RbtiPUnisiStkm<úCaman
dak;XøamYyEdlbBa©aMgnUvTsSn³esIerIEdlTak;TinnwgbBaða
km<úCa «BiesaFn_enAkm<úCabgðajfa karrYmrs;edaysniþPaB
GnueRKaHdl;karts‘Urbs;RbCaCnRbqaMgGMeBIeRCótERCk
viT§gSna nigQøanBanrbs;cRkBtiþGaemriknigbrivar edIm,I
ÉkraCü sniþPaB GBüaRkwt nigedIm,IEkERbCIvPaBRbCaCn».
enAqñaM1963-1964 nigenAqñaMbnÞab;²mk xøÜn´
lg;lickñúgPk;RCaMesIerIrhUtdl;esñI[ «vgSma:kS-eLnIn»
epJIsMbuRteTAbkSkumµúynisþsUevotKaMRTCMhrsUevotRbqaMg
nwgcin. EtesckIþesñIRtÚvsmaCik «vgS» PaKeRcInmin
yl;tam. TsSn³nigeKalCMhresIerI ´rkSaCamUldæan
rhUtdl;Ex9 qñaM1971 eBlEdl´)anCYbbg eGog sarI
tMNagbkSkumµúynisþkm<úCaenAeb:kaMg.
enAqñaM1966 edaymanTMnas;CabuKÁlpg Ca
maKa’dMeNIrkarkñúg «vgSma:kS-eLnIn» ´)ansMulaecjBI
smaCik «tur». dUecñHsmaCikturmanEt CYn mumµ TuneCati
sIurin nigGa tUc xaMeDOn. TMnas;enHminEmnTMnas;CaTsSn³
b¤TMnas;CaeKalCMhreT eRBaHCarYm «vgSm:akS-eLnIn»
enARbeTs)araMgFøak;eTAesIerImYyryPaKryeTAehIy.
TMnas;xøaMgKWRtg;´minÉkPaBelIGakb,kiriyasRmúHsRmÜl
rbs; CYn mumµ EdlminmanykviFankarGIVbniþcbnþÜcesaH
cMeBaHGMeBIRbRBwtþrMelakelIlkçkarN_cat;taMgrbs;«vgS».
]TahrN_ TuneCati sIurin edayKµan)anR)ab; tur cUleFIVkar
kñúg «viTüasßanRsavRCav» rbs;)araMgeBlEdlxøÜnenA
sRmakeBTüenAtMbn;xagt,ÚgRbeTs)araMgenAqñaM1965.
Ga tUc xaMeDOn edayyknaTIvaCaRbFan «shPaBnisiSt
Exµr» )anbB©ÚalsmaKmenHCasmaCik «shPaBGnþrCati
nisSit» eBlmhasnñi)atGgÁkarenHenAm:UsÁÚkñúgqñaM1962
edayKµankarseRmcCasmUhPaB.
kñúgry³kalenaH etITsSn³eKalCMhrnigGakb,kiriya
´cMeBaHkarts‘Urbs;RbCaCneyIgeRkamkardwknaMrbs;bkS
kumµúynisþkm<úCaya:gNa?
´sUmEckCabIry³kal BIqñaM1958 mkdl;qñaM
1970. ´sUmbBa¢ak;fataMgBIcUlCasmaCik «GgÁkar
begÁal» enAqñaM1956mk ´dak;xøÜnbeRmIclnats‘Urbs;
RbCaCnkm<úCaeRkamkardwknaMrbs;bkS eBlenaH´minTan;
dwgfamanbkSeT ´RKan;EtdwgfamansñÚldwknaM.
¬¬eennAAmmaanntt¦¦
EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkÉksar
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa 21
elx8 ExsIha qñaM2000
elx8 ExsIha qñaM2000
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa22
EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtiþsa®sþ
eellaakk eessnn ssuuHH GGaayyuu6699qqññaaMM rrss;;eennAAPPUUmmiieekkaaHHppll
´manedImkMeNItenAkñúgPUmiekaHpl. eRkaymk´
k¾eTArs;enACamYyRbBn§´enAPUmiRTa. RbEhlenAExkkáda
qñaM1975 ´k¾dUckmµkrcmáarekAsU‘déTeTotEdr RtÚv)an
CemøósecjBIPUmiRTa. kalenaH´)aneTAdl;PUmita):av.
BIr-bIqñaMeRkaymk´)anB¤sMeLgRKab;epøagBIPUmiekaHpl.
eBlenaH´RtÚv)anBYkkmµaPi)alExµrRkhmcat;taMg[eTArk
RtIenAbwgmYykñúgPUmita):av. RtIenAkñúgbwgenaHecHEtxSt;
eTA² dUecñHBYkvak¾[´eTAcab;RtIenAPUmiekaHplnaedImqñaM
1976. RkúmrkRtIrbs;´manKña6nak; CnCaticam3nak;
nigExµr3nak;. ´enAcaMEteQµaHmñak;bu:eNÑaHEdlCaRbFan
rbs;´KWKat;eQµaH nut. \LÚvenHeQµaH nut enHrs;enA
pSarebuIs.
BYkTahanExµrRkhmmYyRkúmEdl´mincaMeQµaHnig
muxmat; )anbBa¢a[RkúmrkRtIrbs;´enARtwmEtmat;bwgEt
bu:eNÑaH ebIGñkNah‘anEtQanEtBIr-bIEm:RtBIekaHenaHnwg
RtÚvva)aj;smøab;ecal. eBlrkRtI)anehIymanRkúm
RbmUlRtImkykBIeyIgeTot. eyIgePøceQµaHGñkTaMgenaH
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GgárxSaynigGgárdMeNIbsRmab;eFVIbEg¥m nigsac; CaBiess
eyIgmanRtIFM²hUb eRBaHeyIg
CaGñkrkRtIRsab;.
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rvagem:agRbEhl2b¤3 EtgEt
mank):al;FMmYydwkmnusSeBj
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ekaHpl. ´enAcm¶ayRbEhlCa
150Em:Rt BIk):al;enaHbu:eNÑaH.
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begVcmktamxøÜnpg rYmmancRmúH
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cam TaMgCnCatiExµr cink¾manEdr.
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édEvg. enAem:agRbEhlCa8RBwk ´B¤GñkxøHyM GñkxøH
ERsk ehIymansERmkTaMgekµgTaMgcas;. semøgERsk
enH´B¤ecjBIkEnøgEdlmanreNþAsaksBcMnYn49. )an
Ca´dwgeRBaHeRkayqñaM1979 ´)aneTAkan;TIenaHehIy
)anemIleXIjnwgEPñkeTotpg.
kalenaH´enAekaHplenaH)an3Ex rYcmkeK)an
bBa¢ Únmkkan;PUmita):avEdlenAkñ úgPUmienaH´eFV ICaCag
CYsCulkg;. enAkñúgPUmienaH´)andwgfa GñkEdlERskQW
cab;enaHKWc,as;Casøab;ehIyrYmTaMgta hak; pg. Kat;RtÚv
)aneKecaTRbkan;fa)anlYcBgTa ehIyvayeKaeBlNa
Kat;xwgnwgGgÁkar. ta hak; k¾Cacammñak;EdrEdlRtÚv
)ansmøab;enAkñúgqñaM1976 ehIyTmøak;cUleTAkñúgGNÚþg
enAkñúgPUmita):avEtmþg. )anCa´dwgerOgBIeRBaH´)an
eXIjsarugnigEs,keCIgrbs;Kat;enATIenaH. ´sÁal;
sarugnigEs,keCIgenaHKWCarbs;ta hak ;.
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rYceRsc)ac;enAeLIyeT. XøaMgnImYy²manTTwgRbEhl
10Em:RtnigbeNþayRbmaN20Em:Rt. ´dwgBIeRBaH´
)aneXIjBYkkmµaPi)alExµrRkhmdwkRKab;nigkaMePIøgmkkan;
esaknadkmµenAPUmiekaHpl
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mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa 23
elx8 ExsIha qñaM2000
ekaHplenaH. enAkñúgqñaM1979 eBlEdl´cUlmkkan;
ekaHpl´eXIjEtXøaMgTeTbu:eNÑaH. pñÚrTaMg49vaminTan;
kb;eLIy. ´eXIjq¥wgllad_k,alnigq¥wgédq¥wgeCIgCaeRcIn.
eRkaymkpñÚrTaMgenaHk¾rlubCabeNþIr².
eellaakk hhSSIIbb eemmXXMM uu11 PPUUmmiieekkaaHHppllenAkñ úgPUmiekaHplmanreNþAsaksBCnrgeRKaH
søab;edaysarBYkExµrRkhmcMnYn49. mkdl;\LÚvminTan;
manGñkNaCIkreNþAenaHenAeLIyeT. reNþAnImYy²man
TTwgRbEhl2Em:RtnigbeNþayRbEhlCa5Em:Rt ehIy
manCeRmABI2/5eTA3Em:Rt.
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eBalKWman220nak;søab;kñúgPUmipáadUg 44nak;kñúgPUmi
RkbIeRkók 66nak;kñúgPUmiRcvak;Edk nig67nak;kñúgPUmi
)arayN_. RbCaCnTaMgenaHRtÚv)ancat;CaeRcInBYkEdl
BYkvayl;faCaxµaMgrbs;xøÜn. RkúmTI1rYmmanGñkmanCageK
ehIyecHdwgxagEpñksasnaeRcIn. RkúmenHRtÚv)anbBa©Úl
eTAkñúgPUmipáadUgEdlCatMbn;gayTTYlrgnUvCMgWRKúncaj;.
RkúmTI2bBa©ÚlkñúgPUmiRkbIeRkók RkúmTI3bBa©ÚlkñúgPUmi
Rcvak;Edk nigRkúmTI4bBa©ÚlkñúgPUmi)arayN_. RkúmTI2
suT§EtCaGñkEdlminsUvecHGkSr ehIyRkúmTI3CaGñk
ensaTRtIehIyRkIRk.
RbCaCnenAPUmiTaMgbIenHeRkaymkk¾RtÚvbBa¢ÚneTAkan;
TIkEnøgepSg²CaeRcIndUcCaPUmirMkil PUmibu:n nigPUmimYy
eTotEdlGñkPUmiehAfa PUmiviharx<s; b¤viharTab Edlsßit
enAkñúgXuMsYg Rsukt,ÚgX~úM extþkMBg;cam. ´)aneTAenAXuM
sYg. RbCaCnenAkñúgPUmi)arayN_nigrMevjKµanmanGñkNa
rs;mñak;eT. RbCaCnkñúgPUmienHsøab;TaMgGs;kñúgsm½y
Cemøós. enAeBleFVIdMeNIrRtLb;mkvijeyIg)anCYb
RbCaCnCaeRcIn xøHmkBIPUmienH xøHmkBIPUmienaH elIkElg
EtPUmiTaMgBIrxagelIenHEdlmin)aneXIjmknwgeK. Gñk
RsukPUmiEdlCaCnCatiExµr)anR)ab;eyIgfa mankarerobcM
BiFICb;elogmYyy:agFMedaymankarkab;eKapgeFVIeLIg
sRmab;CnCaticam eRkaymkcamTaMgenaHRtÚv)aneK
RbmUldak;Lan ehIyRbCaCnTaMgGs;enaH)an)at;xøÜntaMg
BIeBlenaHmkdl;\LÚv.
kñúgcMeNamGñkTaMgenaH´sÁal;mYycMnYnEdr eRBaH
kaleNaHeK[´eFVIkargarCamYyBYkExµrRkhm ehIyeKk¾
R)ab;erOgTaMgenHeTA. ´TTYlxusRtÚvxagEckGgár. enA
RbEhlCaqñaM1980 ´)andwgfamanreNþAexµaccMnYn49
tamry³TahanmYyRkúm. manTahancMnYnRbEhl10nak;
)anCIkreNþATaMgenaH. TahanTaMgenaHCaTahanrbs;
rdæaPi)alminEmnExµrRkhmeT. munnwgCIkTahanTaMgenaH
)ansuMkarGnuBaØatBIRsukrYcehIy. eBlenaHeK[GñkPUmi
ecjBIpÞHcMnYnmYyGaTitü. TahanTaMgenaHmin)anykq¥wg
eTACamYyeLIy RbEhlCaCIkedIm,Irkmaspgk¾mindwg.
eBlEdleyIgecj)anbIéf¶ ta y:an EdlCaKN³Rsuk
RkÚcqµar k¾[BYkeyIgcUlmkrs;enAdUcedImvij. sBVéf¶enH
ta y:an rs;enAPUmica RsukdMEb extþkMBg;cam. GPi)alrg
KWeQµaH ta samin EdlsBVéf¶enHeFVICabU:lisenATIrYmextþ
kMBg;cam. eRkaymkGaCJaFrRsukk¾)anmkCIkykq¥wgGs;
BIrreTHeKaeTAkan;TIsñak;karRsukedIm,ITuk[RbCaCnemIl.
eettHH eeGGll GGaayyuu6666qqññaaMM eennAAPPUUmmiieekkaaHHppll
BIqñaM1975 dl;qñaM1979 ´)anrs;enACaeRcIn
kEnøgNas;. kñúgcMeNamkEnøgTaMgGs;́ enAcaMfa)anrs;enA
PUmirkaxñúrcMnYn6Ex RkbIeRkók1qñaM nigPUmicugGUrCaeRcInEx.
eBlenaHKWKN³PUmieQµaH mil Edl)anCemøós´ «Gñk
TaMgGs;cakecj\LÚvenH». ´mincg;cakecjeT bu:Enþ
´minh‘anniyayeLIy. ebIeyIgh‘anniyayBYkvanwgcab;
cgeyIgminxan. eRkayBIkarCemøósmkeK[´P¢ÜrERs
eFIVERs daMeBatnigfñaMCk;. GñkEdlbBa¢a[´eFVIkarenHKW
RbFanPUmieQµaH nut \LÚvenHsøab;ehIy. ´minEdl
eXIjeKsmøab;mnusSedaypÞal;EPñkeLIy.
eettHH eeGGll GGaayyuu6677qqññaaMM eennAAPPUUmmiieekkaaHHppll
elx8 ExsIha qñaM2000
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa24
EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtiþsa®sþ
´ekItenAPUmiekaHplnigrs;enAPUmienHrhUtdl;éf¶
CemøósqñaM1975. enAqñaM1979´RtLb;mkrs;enA
kñúgPUmienHvij. ExµrRkhm)ankan;kab;ekaHplenHenAkñúg
qñaM1973. enAqñaM1975manRbCaCncamrs;enAcMnYn
1700nak;. enAkñúgqñaM1979enAsl;Et300nak;
bu:eNÑaHrYmTaMgekµg²pg. enAcugqñaM1975RbCaCnrs;enA
PUmiekaHplRtÚv)anCemøósecjBIeRBaHxøÜn)anRbqaMgnwg
ExµrRkhm. RbCaCnmYycMnYntUcRtÚv)anCemøóseTAkan;
extþsÞwgERtg bu:EnþPaKeRcIneTAkan;PUmipáadUg RkbIeRkók
Rcvak;Edk )arayN_ nigPUmirMevj. RbCaCncMnYn10
RKÜsar eRkaymkRtÚv)anCemøóseTAkan;tMbn;RksaMgnig
snÞúk énextþkMBg;FM nigeTAXMusYg Rsukt,ÚgX~úM kñúgextþ
kMBg;cam. enAPUmiTaMgR)aMenHCatMbn;RKúncaj;manéRBRkas;
ehIyminsUvmanRbCaCnrs;enAeLIy. RbCaCncam)an
sg;xÞmtUc² ehIyrs;enAlayLMCamYyRbCaCnExµr.
enATIenaHk¾manRbCaCncamxøHEdrEdlmkBIPUmiCMnIk.
RbCaCnenATIenaHTTYlrgnUvkareFIVkarhYskmøaMg nigkgVH
Gahar. mYyry³eRkaymk RbCaCnenAkñúgPUmiRkbIeRkók
nigpáadUgRtÚveKCemøóseTAkan;kEnøgepSgeTot ehIy
manGñkxøHk¾rs; ehIyk¾RtLb;eTAkan;ekaHplvijenAqñaM
1979. bu:EnþkñúgcMeNamPUmiTaMgbIenaH KµaneXIjRbCaCn
Namñak;RtLb;mkvijeLIy. GñkRsukPUmiCnCatiExµrEdl
mkemIlTIenH)anR)ab;fa KµancamNamñak;enArs;ranman
CIviteLIyBYkeKsøab;TaMgGs;.
eKCemøós´BIPUmiekaHpleTAkan;PUmipáadUgenAkñúgqñaM
1975. ´GacenAcaMerOgr:avkalenaH. eyIgeFVIdMeNIr
eTAkan;PUmirkaxñúr. ehIyk¾eLIgCiHTUkkat;tamPUmiCMnIkmk
kan;PUmipáadUg. ´rs;enAkñúgPUmienaHedaysg;kUnxÞmtUc
mYy. enAPUmipáadUgmanRbCaCnrs;enAeRcInCagenAPUmi
RkbIeRkóknigPUmidéTeTot. CnCaticammkBIPUmiRTaEdleK
«RbsinebIGñkdak;TNÐkmµ ¬sgswksRtÚvrbs;Gñk¦RtÚv
dak;[esµInwgTaruNkmµEdlGñk)anTTYlrg. b:uEnþebIGñk
Gt;Fµt;enaHCaRbkarl¥RbesIr.» bkERbeday³ swm suriya:
naykrgTI2mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa/ haCI suHkMrI RbFan
KN³dwknaMCan;x<s;sasnaGuIsøamkm<úCanigÉk]tþm hSak;RKIya:
Gadam GnurdæelxaFikarRksYgFmµkarnigsasna.
mmttiibbkkRRssaayy³³ dUcenHsasna\søamBuM)anEcghamXat;min[sasnikeFVITNÐkmµb¤ sgswkGñkEdl
RbRBwtþbTelµIsenaHeLIy. Baküfa «esµIKñanwg» mann½yfa [smRsbnwgTegVIEdl)anRbRBwtþnig)anTTYl
rg. ]TahrN_fargrbYsmYykabit søab;mYynak; RtÚvdal;mYyéd. kaMbitGactUc-FM b¤cak;cMkEnøg
xusKñamnusSRtÚvsmøab;sgswk GacmanGayub¤sßitkñúgRbkarsMxan;xusBImnusSEdlrgeRKaHenaH rIÉkmøaMg
éddal;sgGacF¶n; b¤RsalCagmun. kñúgkrNIGacesµI)ankarsgswkb¤kardak;TNÐkmµGaceFVI)anehIyman
yutþiFm’. ebIminesµIeTbNþal[mankarsgswkeTAmkminecHcb;. kñúgsgÁmbc©úb,nñKWmanEttulakaryutþiFm’
eTeTIbGacedaHRsaybBaðaenH)an. kñúgkrNIEdlCnrgeRKaHGt;Fµt;mintbtenaHnwg)anTTYlkuslplbuNü
mYyfµÍya:geBjelj mann½yfa CnrgeRKaHnwgRtÚvTUTat;kuslplbuNürbs;xøÜneTAnwgTNÐkmµEdlxøÜnRbRBwtþ
tCnéddl;víj. TNÐkmµnigTaruNkmµsuT§EtCaGMeBI)abdUcKña EtebITNÐkmµsgeTAvíj esµITaruNkmµenaHvaCa
d¿eNaHRsaymYymantulüPaB mann½yfa CnrgeRKaH)ansgswkehIyBuM)anxatbg;plkuslBImunmk
eLIy. sswwmm ssuurr iiyyaa ::
dkRsg;BIKm<IrKUrGan sU‘r:s;16 cMNuc126
EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtiþsa®sþ
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa 25
elx8 ExsIha qñaM2000
Cemøósmkkan;RsukdMEb k¾eKykmkkan;PUmipáadUgenHEdr
kñúgqñaM1977. kñúgry³eBlmYyqñaMenaH´TTYlParkic©emIl
eKanigelIkTMnb;. ´ErkdIesÞIrEt)ak;q¥wgEq¥gGs;ehIy.
´esÞIrEtsøab;eTAehIykalenaH. GñkPUmiRsukenATIenaHCa
eRcInsøab;edayCMgWRKúncaj;. RbCaCnsøab;ral;éf ¶KWRbEhl
3nak;kñúgmYyéf¶. RbCaCnPaKticNas;EdlGacrs;.
eRkaymkeKCemøóseyIgeTAkan;XuMsYg. kalenaH´
k¾ecHEteFIVdMeNIrtameKÉg bu:Enþ)anmkQb;enARtg;k,alGUr
BIeRBaHenATIenaH´)anCYbnwgRkúmRKÜsarrbs;́ . GñkepSg²
eTotecHEteFVIdMeNIreTAmuxeToteq<aHeTAkan;XuMsYg Rsuk
t,ÚgX~úM.
EEGGllmm::aatt;; GGaayyuu4466qqññaaMM rrss;;eennAAPPUUmmiieekkaaHHppll
´RtÚv)anCemøóseTAkan;PUmipáadUg XMuQUk Rsuk
RkÚcqµar extþkMBg;cam. enATIenaH´eFVIERsnighUbbbr
bu:EnþKµankareFVITaruNkmµGVIeT. ´rs;enAPUmipáadUgGs;ry³
eBlCit3Ex. eBlEdlBYknirtIvayBYkbUB’anaqñaM1977
´pøas;TIkEnøgeTAkan;eBaFieCIgxal ehIyrs;enATIenaHGs;
ry³eBl8Ex. BYkkmµaPi)alnirtI)ansmøab;RbCaCncam
TaMgGs;Edlrs;enAPUmi)arayN_ nigPUmiRcvak;Edk bu:EnþExµr
eKminsmøab;eT. TaMgPUmipáadUg nigPUmiRkbIeRkókTaMgmUl
KµanRbCaCnrs;mñak;eLIy. ´min
dwgehtuGVIeT. ´minEdleXIjeK
smøab;mnusSeT. manEtBIrnak;
bu:eNÑaHKW´nigb¥ÚnRsIEdlenArs;.
RKÜsarrbs;́ søab;Gs;rYmTaMgbg²
rbs; EGl esn enAPUmipáadUg
EGl Tt enAPUmi)arayN_ nig
EGl TIeyIu enAPUmi)arayN_.
eRkayBI´RtLb;mkrs;enA
PUmiekaHpl)anBIrqñaM ´B¤fabgb¥Ún
CIdUnmYyRsIrbs;́ eQµaH GamINas;
enArs;enAeLIy. eBlenaH´k¾eTA
kan;PUmiRcvak;EdkrkemIlKat;. ´edIrcUlpÞHeKsuMTwkpwk.
´sÁal;pÞHenaH eRBaH´Føab;enATIenaHBImunmk. ´k¾sYr®sþI
mñak;fa «maneXIj GamINas; EdlCakUnrbs;G‘¿RsI em:s
eT». eBlenaHKat;k¾ERskyMhU‘ ehIyfa «søab;Gs;ehIy
søab;TaMgGs;mYyRKÜsarKµansl;mñak;eLIy». Kat;RtÚv
eKsmøab;enAmþúMXMuQUk. RbCaCnenAPUmi)arayN_ nigPUmi
Rcvak;EdkRtÚv)anExµrRkhmsmøab;eRcInCagPUmidéTeTot.
smaCikRKÜsarenAPUmiekaHplRtÚv)anykmkTukenA
PUmirkaxñúrGs;10éf¶ ehIyeRkaymkRtÚvcat;[eTAenAPUmi
epSg²CaeRcIneTot. RbCaCnTaMgenaHGac)anmkCYbKña
bu:EnþminGacenACamYyKña)aneLIy. eyIgGacmkemIl
sac;jatirbs;eyIgEdlmanCMgWEtry³eBlxøIbu:eNÑaH KWmin
)anenAemIlEfTaMeLIy. BYkvaniyayfamanGñkemIlxus
RtÚvehIy min)ac;[eyIgenAemIleT. enAcugqñaM1978
enAPUmipáadUg eBl´kMBugXValRkbI´eXIjeKe)aHRtak;
Et´minecHGaneT mindwgCaeKdak;fay:agem:c.
sBVéf¶enAPUmiekaHplmanRbCaCnrs;enAcMnYn63
RKÜsar RbkbmuxrbrciBa©wmCIvitedayeFVIERsnigensaT.
swm suriya:
cb;
GñkRsuk nig ek~g²enAPUmicam extþkMBg;cam
elx8 ExsIha qñaM2000
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa26
EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtiþsa®sþ
¬¬ttBBIIeellxxmmuunn¦¦ hu‘y TIBIrenAmnIÞrs-21KW nun hu‘y ehA
«hu‘yx<s;» b ¤ «hu‘yERs». hu‘y TIBIrenHemIlkar
xusRtÚvmnIÞr24 CakardæanKukenAéRBsEdlCasaxaénmnIÞr
s-21. enAkñúgkardwknaMmnIÞrs-21 hu‘yx<s; KWCa
mnusSd¾sMxan;mñak;. Ca]TahrN_ kñúgqñaM1976 hu‘y
x<s;emIlkarxusRtÚvvKÁsikSamYycMnYnsRmab;smaCikRkúm
yuvCnkumµúynisþkm<úCaeFVIkarenAmnIÞr24enH. RbBn§rbs;
hu‘yx<s; eQµaH Rbúk exOn EdlCa «smaCikeBjsiT§i»
énbkSkumµúynisþkm<úCa eFVIkarBak;
kNþalem:agCaGñksYrcemøIyenA
KukmnÞIrs-21. TaMgBIrnak;bþI
RbBn§ enHRtÚv)ancab;xøÜnenAkñúg
Exvicäika qñaM1978. Ej:m eGn
GHGagfa hu‘yx<s;RtÚv)ancab;
xøÜnBIbTelµIspøÚvePT ¬xussIlFm’¦
bu:EnþcemøIysarPaBrbs; hu‘y
x<s; BMu)anniyayGMBIbTelµIs
enaHeLIy.
GGññkkssYYrrcceemmøøIIyy
enAkñúgExvicäika qñaM1976
RkúmGñksYrcemøIymany:agtic
11Rk úmEdlmYyRk úm²man
smaCikcMnYn6nak;. mkdl;Bak;
kNþalqñaM1977 RkúmsYrcemøIybRgÜjmkRtwm10Rkúm
EdlkñúgmYyRkúmmansmaCik6nak;. ehIyeRkaymkk¾
bMEbkCaRkúmtUc²Edlman3nak; EdlmanGñkemIlxus
RtÚvEtmñak;. RkúmnImYy²manRbFanmñak; GnuRbFanmñak;
CaGñkviPaKÉksar nigsmaCikmñak;eTot ehIyRbB½n§enH
RtÚv)aneRbIR)as;CaTUeTATaMgkñúgsaxabkSnigGgÁkarepSg²
eTotenAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. mnusSTIbIEdlCYn
kalRtÚv)ancat;TukCaqµaMenaH GacCamnusSEdlTTYlkar
cat;taMg[mkeFVITaruNkmµ. enARtwmqñaM1978 GñksYr
cemøIyPaKeRcIneFVIkarenAkñúgRkúmekþAEdlcat;taMgedayGñk
sYrcemøIyCan;x<s;eQµaH BU EdlminTan;mannrNamñak;dwg
RbvtiþrUbenAeLIy. enAkñúgqñaM1976 nigqñaM1977
k¾manRkúmsYrcemøIymYyRkúmeTotehAfa «Rkúmrg» ¬Rkúm
sYrsøÚt¦ EdlsmaCikrbs;RkúmenHminRtÚv)anGnuBaØat[
eFVITaruNkmµGñkeTaseLIy. RkúmekþAenAkñúgcemøIysarPaB
RtÚv)anehAfa «Rkúmkac». RkúmenHmansiT§ieFIVTaruNkmµ
GñkeTas)an. enAqñaM1978 tamcemøIysarPaBnana
KµanniyayBI «RkúmsøÚt» eLIy
bu:EnþRbEhlCaeKdUrmkCaRkúm
«RtCak;»k¾mindwg. «RkúmGegáóm»
EdlmansmaCik8nak;eRkamkar
cat;taMgrbs;eQµaH R)ak; Nn
EdlCaG ñksYrcem ø IymanbT
BiesaFn_ cat;karkargarNaEdl
manlkçN³twgruwgnigsMxan;.
enAkñúgqñaM1977nigqñaM
1978 hak;dUcCamany:ag
ehacNas;GñksYrcemø Iymñak;
ePTRsI eBalKWeQµaH Rbúk exOn
EdlCaRbBn§rbs; hu‘y. Rbúk
exOn mkBIRkúm25 ehIycat;Tuk
xøÜnKat;faCa «ksikrfñak;kNþal
eRkam». eXOn )ansresrfaKat;cUlbdivtþn_enAqñaM1972
edaysarEtxøÜnmankMhwgcMeBaH «BYkvNѳkan;GMNacEdl
CiHCan;nigemIlgayksikrRk». eRkayBIRtÚv)anepÞrmk
kan;mnIÞrs-21 nigeRkayBIerobkarCamYynwg«hu‘yERs»
eXOn )ansarPaBfa xøÜn)aneFVITaruNkmµGñkeTasCaeRcIn
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sresrfa GñkeTasmYycMnYn)anekItCMgWRKúncaj; raKrUs
sÁmrIgér nigTTYlkareFVITukçbukemñj. enAkñúgÉksarmYy
EdlmanrayeQµaHcMnYn21nak;søab;enAkñúgry³eBld¾xøI
enaH )ansresrfa man5nak;søab;eday «rbYs» nigmñak;
eTotsøab;edayGMeBI«TaruNkmµ»edayfb;degðImnwgfg;ekA
sU‘. manGñkeTascMnYn52nak;RtÚv)anniyayfasøab;eday
«CMgW» kñúgrvagExemsanigExkBaØa qñaM1976 CaeBl
EdlKukenHdak;mnusScMnYnCit300nak;kñúgmYyelIk².
ehIyesovePArbs;kmµaPi)almYyk,alsresrenAqñaM
1977 )ansresrfa manmnusSsøab;cMnYn39nak;
enAkñúgExkkáda 88nak;enAExsIha 49nak;enAExtula
nig67nak;enAExvicäika. CasrubmanGñksøab;cMnYn234nak;
kñúgry³eBlCag4Ex. PaKeRcInénGñkEdl)ansøab;TaMgGs;
KWTTYlrgnUvkarrgrbYs karxVHCIvCati nigkareFVITaruNkmµ.
rUbftsaksBCaeRcInenAkñúgbNÑsardæan)anbgðaj[eXIj
fa GñkTaMgenaHsøab;edaykgVHcMNIGahard¾F¶n;F¶rbMput.
¬¬eennAAmmaanntt¦¦
eNn Nat sut Pan;ePOn épgUc PaBeBA
elx8 ExsIha qñaM2000
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa32
EsVgrkkarBit-Epñkc,ab;
¬¬ttBBIIeellxx77¦¦ cemøIysarPaBeFVI
eLIgenAExkumÖ³ qñaM1978 rbs;
maX TUc ehA Ekm EdlenA
eBlcab;xøÜnCaÉkGKÁrdæTUtRbcaM
enARbeTsLav bgðaj[eXIj
BIkMhusrbs; eGog sarI Edl
)andwgB¤BIkarkab;smøab;RbCaCn
enAtamCnbT nigBIkarcab;xø Ün
nana. cemøIysarPaBenaHman
cMNarepSg²edIm,IepJIeTAsmmitþ
«v:an;» CamYynwgcMNarepSgmYy
eTotenAkñúgédrbs; Duc CRmab
dl; «bgCaTIeKarB» f a «Ekm
Cab ;Bak ;B ½n §n wgskmµPaBB Ir³
1¦ CamYyEpñkcRkBtþi vaTak;Tg
GgÁkar has; es G‘a. 2¦ Ca
mYyyYnvaeFVIkargarCab;CamYy
TUtyYn». D uc )anCYybEnßmfa
Ekm erobrab;GMeBIk,t;rbs;xøÜn
enARbeTsLav elITMB½rTI37.
enAkñúgcemøIysarPaBrbs;
Kat; Ekm )anniyayfaxøÜn)an
eFVIkareXasnaGNikCnExµrrs;
enARkúgevogc½nÞ EdlCaraCFanI
rbs;RbeTsLav dUcCa[RbCaCn
«emIleXIjkarlM)akevTnanigkarQWcab;rbs;RbCaCn»
enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCadUcCakarTTYlrgnUv «karekobsgát;
bMbiTsiT§iesrIPaB nigkareRbIGMNacpþac;karrbs;rbbkan;
GMNacEdlkab;smøab;RbCaCn».
tarageQ~aHcugeRkay
rbs; Ekm Edldak;fa «eQµaH
mnusSEdlBak;B½n§CamYyskmµ
PaBrbs;´» rYmmaneQµaHmnusS
10nak;EdlRtÚv)ancarBIelIfa
RtÚv)an «cab;xø ÜnehIy» nig
eQµaH50nak;epSgeTotEdl
)anecaTfa «k,t;» b¤RbRBwtþGMeBI
]RkidækmµepSg²eTot b:u uEnþmin
Tan;cab;xøÜnenAeLIy.
c,ab;TIBIréncemøIysarPaB
EdlsmÁal;GMBIkarykcitþT uk
dak;rbs; eGog sarI KWCa
cemøIysarPaBrbs; san; b: U
CayuT§CnenAPñMeBj «pSarrdæ»
EdlsßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKg
rbs;RksYgkarbreTs. eTaHCa
cemøIysarPaBminmanniyayGMBI
karsmøab;mnusSk¾edayb:uEnþkar
bBa¢ak;cugeRkayEdlsrresrfa
«enAéf¶TI28 Exkkáda qñaM1978
GgÁkar)ancab;xøÜn´ ehIybBa¢Ún
mkkan;kEnøgEtmþg» eBalKWmnÞIr
«s-21» RtÚv)anP¢ab;CamYy
bBa¢ImYyEdlmancMNgeCIgfa «GMBIkmøaMgk,t;dkRsg;BI
RbvtþiskmµPaBk,t;rbs; san; b:U yuT§CnpSarrdæ». tarag
enHmaneQµaH34nak;EdlRtÚv)ancarfa RtÚv)ancab;xøÜn
KMrUmYyénP½sþútagÉksarEdlP¢ab;emdwknaMCan;x<s;énbkSkumµúynisþkm<úCa
EdlenArs; eTAnwg]RkidækmµRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati ¬PaK2¦
EsVgrkkarBit-Epñkc,ab;
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa 33
elx8 ExsIha qñaM2000
rYcehIy.
rr))aayykkaarrNN__ssrreessrrmmkkBBIIffññaakk;;eeRRkkaammnniiggBBIIkkEEnnøøggeeppSSgg²²eeTToott
RbePTÉksarepSg²eTotenAÉmCÄmNÐlÉksar
km<úCaEdlBak;B½n§nwgemdwknaMCan;x<s;nigkmµaPi)albkS
kumµúynisþkm<úCaBIGMeBI]Rkidækm~ manniyayGMBIr)aykarN_
sPaBkarN_épÞkñúgEdlRtÚv)ancmøgeTA[emdwknaMCan;x<s;
TaMgenaH. ÉksarBak;B½n§TaMgGs;enHrYmman TUrelxnigsar
TUrelxepSg²EdlepJImkBIPUmiPaKepSg²énbkSkumµúynisþ
km<úCaEpñkepSg² nigBIfñak;eRkamepSg²eTot b:uEnþk¾man
r)aykarN_mkBIGgÁPaBeyaFaEdlFmµtasßitenAeRkam
KN³kmµaFikarmCÄímbkS nigmkBIÉkGKÁrdæTUtnanaRbcaMenA
breTs. ÉksarEdlerobrab;xagelIenH)anbEnßmTm¶n;eTA
elIP½sþútagénkarBak;B½n§pÞal;rbs;kmµaPi)alenAeRkARkúg
PñMeBjBIbTelµIsepSg²EdlGaccUleTAkñúgEpñkxøHénbTdæan
]RkidækmµGnþrCati ehIyy:agehacNas;k¾cUlkñúg «eTas
sþIBIbTdwgB¤ehIymin)ancat;viFankarTb;sáat;» rbs;
emdwknaMCan;x<s;enAkñúgRkúgPñMeBj. Tak;TgnwgkrNIeRkay
enH tamTsSn³rbs;elak TIt etm½r )aneFVIkarsnñidæanfa
«ÉksarTaMgenHGaceFVICaP½sþútagbBa¢ak;BIkardwgB¤BIGMeBI
eXareXA EdlCakarTTYlxusRtÚvmYyEpñkrbs;m®nþImYy
cMnYndUcCa nYn Ca nig eGog sarI. GMeBIeXareXAniyay
enAeBlenHKWrYmmankarsmøab;RbCaCnkm<úCanigGñkeTas
RBmTaMgCnCatievotNamedayehtuplneya)ay ehIy
CemøaHRbdab;GavuFrvagkm<úCaRbCaFibetyünigRbeTs
evotNamGacnaMeTAdl;bT]Rkidækmµs®gÁam. Ek Bk Gac
køayCamnusSEdlmankarBak;B½n§pÞal;CageKkñúgkrNIenH.
dUcCacemø IysarPaBnigÉksarkñ úgrbbkm< úCa
RbCaFibetyüdUecñHEdr karTak;TgTaMgGs;enaHEtgEtman
eRbIBakübeBäaógepSg²dUcCa «kemÞc» nig «sm¥at» edIm,I
CMnYsBakü «smøab;». b:uEnþmaneBlxøHk¾maneRbIXøamYy
EdlmanEcgkñúgrdæFmµnuBaØCMnYsvij«kardak;TNÐkmµBIfñak;
elI». maneBlxøH b: ul Bt RtÚv)aneRbI «GkSrkat;b¤
eQµaHERb 009». b:uEnþCajwkjy eKeRbIelxkUdsmÁal;
870 b¤mnÞIr870 edIm,IsmÁal; «bg» b¤ «GgÁkar» b¤k¾
«KN³kmµaFikarmCÄímbkS». RKb;krNITaMgGs;enAkñúgkar
Tak;TgKña EtgEtmankMNt;smÁal;fa)ancmøgCUneTAmnusS
mYycMnYn b¤smaCikénKN³kmµkarGcié®nþy_Edlrs;enAkñúg
rdæFanIPñMeBj³ b:ul Bt xøÜnÉgpÞal; «RtÚv)anehAfa G‘¿»
nYn Ca ehAfa «G‘¿ nYn» eGog sarI ehAfa «bgva:n;» vn
ev:t ehAfa «bgvn» ehIy sun esn ehAfa «bgexov».
enAkñúgkarTak;TgTaMgenaHGñkTaMg5nak;mindwgCamYyNaman
GMNaceFVIkarseRmccitþeTAelIbBaaðepSg² b¤seRmccitþenA
kñúgevTikaNaeLIy b:uEnþvahak;dUcCabgðajc,as;fa TaMg
nYn Ca nig eGog sarI suT§EtmancMENkenAkñúgRkúmP¢ab;
Bt’manEdlrYmmanTaMg b:ul Bt/ vn ev:t nig sun esn
pg. kñúgkrNIepSg²eTot ÉksarTaMgenHmanniyayGMBI
GMNacbBa¢a[mankarkab;smøab;mnusS.
]TahrN_mundMbUgeKenHKW TUrelxcuHéf¶TI21 Ex
mIna qñaM1976 BIkmµaPi)alEdlcuHhtßelxaxøÜnÉgdak;
eQµaHfa qun «RbEhlCaeQµaHERbrbs;GtItelxatMbn;
Eg:t BUn hn TUcfg can;yat sukpk sMGat
bUBa’ esaPwm» CUncMeBaH «b:ul» . enAkñúgTUrelxenaHman
cMNarmYyfa cmøgCUn nYn/ exov nig va:n; ehIyraykarN_
GMBIkarcab;xøÜnCnCatievotNamnigkm<úCaenAkñúgtMbn;24
EdlmanRBMRbTl;Cab;nwgRbeTsevotNam. TUrelx)an
sresrfa enAéf¶TI13 ExmIna kgRsuk)an «cab;xøÜnCnCati
evotNam5nak;Edl)anlak;xø ÜnenAkñúgéRB» ehIykñúg
cMeNamGñkTaMg5nak;enaHman2nak;RtÚv)an «)aj;smøab;»
nig3nak;eTotRtÚv «)ancab;xøÜnTaMgrs;» ehIy\LÚvRtÚv)an
«XMuXaMgenAÉsnþisux». manCnCatievotNam5nak;eTot
RtÚv)ancab;xøÜnkñúgrvagéf¶TI14 dl; 16 ExmIna. rIÉtMbn;
k¾cab;)anCnCatiExµrmñak;EdlRtÚv)anecaTRbkan;fa )an
Kb;RKab;EbkenAéf¶TI7 mIna bNþalyuT§Cnmñak;søab;nigeFVI
[rbYsF¶n;cMnYn4nak;. r)aykarN_bgðajfa qun «Ca
Pñak;garsnþiPaBniym» ehIyBnül;fa «eyIgév:vaeBl
sYrcemøIyGMBIExSry³GgÁkar» ehIytamcemøIyenH)an
rkeXIj «ExSry³cMnYnCag20nak;enAtammUldæanRsuk
RBHesþc EdlGñkTaMgenaHenAmanExSry³GgÁkareRcIneTot
mkBIRbeTsevotNam».
enAéf¶TI18 Exkkáda qñaM1976 elxarbs;tMbn;sVy½t
103 eQµaH b‘ U pat ehA hg;
EdleRkaymkRtÚv)ansm¥at )anepJI
TUrelxmYyc,ab;eTA «bgCaTIRslaj;
nigeKarB» EdlR)akdCa b:ul Bt.
TUrelxRbhak;RbEhlKñaenHEdrRtÚv
)ancmøgCUn nYn Ca sun esn nig
eGog sarI. TUrelxenH)anraykarN_
GMBI]bTÞvehtumYynaéf¶12 Exkkáda
eBlEdlmanbBa¢aBIeyaFatMbn;[
bBa¢ÚnyuT§Cn3nak;[ykr)aykarN_
mYyeTAEckcay. eBlenaHman
yuT§Cnmñak;k¾bkeRkay ehIy)aj;
tRmg;eTAelIyuT§CnBIrnak;eTot ehIy
k¾rt;)at;eTA. r)aykarN_enaH)ansegçbfa yuT§Cnmñak;
enaHKWsßitenAkñúgRkúmmYymanKañ11nak;epSgeTotEdlRtÚv
)anTTYlkarTak;TgBIRkúm «snþiPaBniymes>GIu>Ga» sßitenA
kñúgRbeTséf. RkúmenH)anbMBak;bMb:nyuT§CnTaMgenH[
«kemÞckmµaPi)al nigkuM[rs;enACamYyBYkkumµúynisþeday
KµanesrIPaBnigR)ak;ExRKb;RKan;». P½sþútagsRmab;bBa¢ak;
kñúgkrNIenHKWfa RkúmbdibkçenH)anniyayfa «eTaHCaxøÜnxM
eFVIkarKµanQb;y:agNakþIk¾GgÁkarenAEtfaxøÜneFVIxusdEdl».
r)aykarN_)ankt;smÁal;fa yuT§Cn10nak;énRkúmenH
RtÚv)an «kemÞc» TaMgExS²tamkarsnñidæandMbUgrbs;tMbn;
b:uEnþsnüafa nwgman «karesIubGegátCalm¥itbnþeTot».
ÉksarepSg²eTotminmanlkçN³c,as;las;dUcenH
eLIy b:uEnþraykarN_GMBIkarcab;xøÜnnigkareFVIvisuT§kmµ b¤
bgðajBIkarerIseGIg CaBiesseTAelIshKmn_CnCaticam.
enAéf¶TI30 Exvicäika qñaM1975 kmµaPi)aleQµaH
qun )anepJITUrelxmYyc,ab;EdlcmøgCUn nYn Ca rYcehIy
eTA[ b:ul Bt raykarN_GMBIkarepÞrRbCaCneTAPUmiPaK]tþr.
TUrelxmanraykarN_GMBIbBaðaepSg²EdlRtÚv)anelIkeLIg
Tak;TineTAnwg «bBaðadkRbCaCnBIbUB’aeTA[]tþr» BIeRBaH
elx8 ExsIha qñaM2000
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa34
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kkaarrddææaanneellIIkkTTMMnnbb;;EExx~~rrRRkkhhmm
EsVgrkkarBit-Epñkc,ab;
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa 35
elx8 ExsIha qñaM2000
«manbBaðaxøHminÉkPaBKña ehIymineKarBtammtiENnaM
rbs;GgÁkar». edayELkeTaHbICa «cMnYnTaMgGs;» én
RbCaCnEdlRtÚvEtpøas;bþÚrTIkEnøgnigdwkCBa¢ÚnmkBIPUmiPaK
bUB’a tMbn;21 eTAkan;PUmiPaK]tþr RtÚv)anRbKl;enAÉcMNuc
TTYlk¾eday b:uEnþPUmiPaK]tþr)an «bdiesFy:agdac;
xat» minTTYlykRbCaCn\søameT ykEtExµrsuT§. bBaða
enHmankarpÞúyRsLHBIKñaCamYynwgesckþIseRmccitþeFVI
eLIgenAkñúgkic©RbCuMEdl «Ecgfa>>> cMENkBay½Bü nig]tþr
RtÚvTTYledIm,IbMEbkRbCaCn\søamecjBIdgTenøemKgÁ».
TUrelxepJIeTAkan; b:ul sgát;F¶n;fa «dkenHCaeKalkarN_
bMEbkdUcmtibg)anBiPakSaCamYyeyIg´rYceRscehIy».
xøwmsarrbs;TUrelxenHKWkaregOgq¶l;faetI «bBaðaenH
RbEhlCasmmitþ Bk min)andwgEdreTemIleTA». qun
)anBnül;fa xøÜn)anbg¥ak;dMeNIrrbs;CnCaticamedIm,Irg;caM
KMnitrbs; b:ul nigKMnitepSg²eTotmkBIPUmiPaK]tþr ehIy
suM[Kat; «seRmcfaetIRtÚvedaHRsayerOgenHrebobNa».
KµanÉksarNamYybBa¢ak;GMBIfaetIbBaaðenHRtÚv)an
edaHRsayecjedayrebobNaeLIy. b:uEnþenAéf¶TI2
Exemsa qñaM1976 Bk )anepJITUrelxmYyeTAkan; b:ul
ehIycmøgCUn nYn nig sun esn. TUrelxenHbgðajBIkar
RBÜy)armÖrbs;xø ÜncMeBaHkarBak;Bn½§CamYyRbCaCncam
GtItTahansaFarNrdæ kmµaPi)alEdlRtÚv)anedjecj
nigEdl)aneFVIskmµPaBRbqaMg. TUrelxenHmanplb:HBal;
dl;cMNat;viFankarEdl Bk kMBugBiPakSaKñarkmeFüa)ay
edaHRsay. Bk )anRbkasfa eTaHCa «sPaBkarN_x~aMg
enAPUmiPaK]tþrTaMgmUlCamUldæanx~aMgBuMTan;eFVIskm~PaBGVI
xøaMgkøaEdlb:HBal;RbCaCn k¾dUcCaclnabgábegáInpleT
CarYmsPaBkarN_nwgn EtTnÞwmnwgenHvak¾maneFVIskm~PaB
xøH²Edr dUcCavaeXasnafabdivtþmankartwgEtg vaeXasna
Tb;Tl;shkrN_ eXasnaTb;Tl;nwgkarelIkPøWERsf~I k¾dUc
CakareXasnaGMBIkarGt;Xøan» bu:Enþvak¾manbBaðaEdr.
dUecñHehIy)anCamankarGnuvtþskmµPaBepSg²dUcCakar
eXasnafa bdivtþn_KWmuWgm:at;dac;xatNas;. mankar
eXasnabMpuskMu[manshkrN_ kuM[mankarelIkPøWERs
nigkareXasnaGMBIeRKaHTurÖ ikS nigkarGt;Xøan. Bk
mankarRBÜy)armÖGMBIKMnitneya)aypÞúyKña ehIy)an
seRmccat;viFankarb®gáaberOgenH. Bk )anBnül;fa
edayELkenARsukcmáarelItMbn;42 «BYkGax~aMgCaTahan
cas;rYmpSMCamYycamnigBYkGtItRbFanRkúmshkrN_
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eTAbiTnwgedImeQI». Bk )anCRmab b:ul f a «eyIg)an
cab;BYkGasmasPaBCaGtItRbFanRkúmshkrN_cas;»
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cMeBaHerOgenH». Bk )anBnül;fa xagPUmiPaKmankar
eCOCak;fa «manExSbgáb;enAkñúgépÞkñúg». Bk )ansnüafa
«eyIg)antamdanBinitüteTAeTot eXIjskmµPaBya:gNa
eyIgnwgmanviFankartamkarCak;EsþgeTot».
krNIRbhak;RbEhlenHEdrTak;TgnwgeyaFPUmiPaK
eTaHbICamankare)assm¥atehIye)assm¥ateTot ksag
ehIyksageTot nigeXasnaehIyeXasnaeTot TaMgxag
neya)ay stiGarmµN_ nigkarcat;taMgy:agNak¾eday
k¾yuT§CnmYycMnYntUcEdlCabNþajxµaMgbgáb;BImunmkenAEt
bgábBaðadEdl. manmñak;eTIbEt)anrt;ecalCYreTARbeTs
éf ehIyeRkaymkPUmiPaK)an «dksmasPaBminl¥nig
BYkesrIBIkgT½B>>>mk[bgábegáInplenAsmrPUmieRkayvij».
elIsBIenHeTot «cMeBaHbBaðaenH» PUmiPaK «)ankMBugEt
eFVIkarksagnige)assm¥atsmasPaBCabnþbnÞab;».
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kareFVITaruNkmµKWCaskmµPaBmYykñúgcMeNamskmµPaB
epSg²eToteFVIeLIgenAkñúgKuksm¶at;rbs; b:ul Bt.
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rYcrs;CÍvítnigRbPBepSg²eTot )anbgðajR)ab;eyIgfa
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km<úCaeBlcuHRsavRCavnigEpnTIreNþAsaksBRbl½y
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edaysnþisuxExµrRkhm. r)aykarN_rbs;mCÄmNÐl
Éksarkm<úCakñúgqñaMknøgmkbgðajfa «mankarrkeXIj
dUc²Kña÷ sakSIeFVICaksiNcMeBaHkareFVITaruNkmµ nig
Xatkmµd¾eRcInhYsnisS½y ehIysMNl;P½sþútagCareNþA
saksBrYmnigGtItKukExµrRkhmpþl;nUvksiNsakSIRsab;
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GMeBI]Rkidækmµ. GMeBIenHekIteLIgRKb;kEnøgehIymanlkçN³
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lkçN³vínicä½ymYykñúgniymn½ysþIGMBIbT]RkidækmµRbqaMgnwg
mnusSCati».
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Ep¥keTAelImUldæanCaeRcInya:g. enAkñúgGtßbTenH ´nwg
erobrab;BImUldæanc,ab;TaMgenH RBmTaMgbBaðacm,g²éntRmÚv
karrkP½sþútagkñúgkarvínicä½ykþI. karBiPakSad¾lm¥itnUvcMNuc
TaMgenHminGaceFVIeTA)antamry³GtßbTxøIenHeT. GVIEdl
sresrenATIenHminelIsBIeRKagc,ab;FMCaeKal²mYyEdl
GacykmkGnuvtþ)ancMeBaHsPaBkarN_enARbeTskm<úCa.
´P¢ab;GtßbTenHeTAnwgEdnsmtßkic©rbs;kariyal½yecARkm
vísamBaØenAkñúgtulakar dUcEdl)anEcgenAkñúgBRgag
c,ab;sþIBIkarbegáItkariyal½yvísamBaØenAkñúgtulakarén
RbeTskm<úCa edIm,Ivínicä½yerOgkþIbT]RkidækmµRbRBwtþeLIg
enAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü ¬BRgageFVIenAkñúgExmkra
qñaM2000¦.
ccMMNNuuccxxaaggeeRRkkaammeennHHKKWWCCaallTT§§PPaaBBkkññúúggkkaarrvvíínniiccää½½yykkþþIIGGMMeeBBII
viFIbYnya:gkñúgkarvinicä½yGMeBITaruNkmµRbRBwtþeLIg
enAkñúgsm½yExµrRkhm
TTaarruuNNkkmmµµ ÷
1¦TaruNkmµCaFatupSMmYyén]Rkidækmµs®gÁameRkam
GnusBaØaRkúghSWENv
2¦TaruNkmµCaFatupSMmYyén]RkidækmµRbqaMgnwg
mnusSCati
3¦TaruNkmµCa]RkidækmµsarFatumYyeRkamc,ab;
GnþrCati
4¦TaruNkmµCa]RkidækmµsarFatumYyeRkamBRgag
c,ab;kñúgRsukrbs;RbeTskm<úCa
lT§PaBnImYy²suT§EtmanKuNsm,tþi nigKuNvíbtþi
epSg²KñaEdlTak;TgCaBiesseTAnwgbBaðaP½sþútag BIeRBaH
víFanc,ab;P½sþútagsMxan;manEdnGnuvtþc,as;las; b¤GVI
EdlehAfa ExSbnÞat;énTMhMEdlGacykc,ab;TaMgenHmk
Gnuvtþ)an.
11¦¦TTaarruuNNkkmmµµCCaaFFaattuuppSSMMmmYYyyéénn]]RRkkiiddæækkmmµµss®®ggÁÁaammeeRRkkaamm
GGnnuussBBaaØØaaRRkkúúgghhSSWWEENNvv
RbeTskm<úCaKWCaPaKImYyenAkñúgGnusBaØaRkúghSWENv
qñaM1949. GnusBaØaTaMgenHGnuvtþcMeBaH «krNITaMgGs;
éns®gÁamRbkas b¤k¾CemøaHRbdab;GavuFEdlGacekItman
eLIgrvagPaKIBIr b¤k¾eRcIn énPaKIcuHkic©snüakñúgGnusBaØa
eTaHCafardæEdlmans®gÁamekIteLIgminRtÚv)anTTYlsÁal;
edayGnusBaØaNamYyk¾eday». dUecñHEdnsmtßkic©én
GnusBaØaKWkMNt;cMeBaHCemøaHRbdab;GavuF ¬GnþrCati¦ eTaH
bICamaRta3 Tak;TgnwgCemøaHGnþrCatik¾eday b:uEnþKµan
ynþkarGnuvtþc,ab;cMeBaHbTelµIsenAkñúgkrNIenHeLIy.
GnusBaØaenHKWGnuvtþkRmitcMeBaH «RTBüsm,tþi b¤k¾buKÁl
karBaredayc,ab;» eRkamGnusBaØaepSg²KñaEdlrYmman
smaCíkénkgkmøaMgRbdab;GavuFrbYs b¤QW/ eQøIys®gÁam
nigCnsuIvílEdlFøak;eTAkñúgédrbs;PaKIbgáCemøaH b¤RbeTs
Edlkan;kab;EdlCnrgeRKaHBuMEmnCaBlrdærbs;RbeTsenaH.
«x» sMxan;mYyénGnusBaØaEcgfa PaKIrdæmanParkic©
kat;eTasbuKÁlEdlsgS½yfa)an«RbRBwtþbTelµIsF¶n;F¶r»
EdlmanEcgenAkñúgGnusBaØaedayminKitBIsBa¢atieLIy.
karhamR)ammYyeTotEdlEcgenAkñúgGnusBaØaKW «GMeBI
eXareXAb:HBal;dl;CÍvítb¤buKÁl CaBiessGMeBIXatkmµ
RKb;RbePT karbMpøajRTBüsm,tþisaFarN³ kareFVITukç
bukemñj nigGMeBITaruNkmµ enARKb;eBlevla nigRKb;TIkEnøg
TaMgGs;». karRbRBwtþnUvGMeBINamYykñúgcMeNamGMeBITaMg
enHKWRtÚv)ancat;Tukfa)anRbRBwtþbTelµIsF¶n;F¶r ehIyGñk
éddl;RtÚvEtTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHmuxc,ab;. sMNYrmYyEdl
RtÚveqøIyKWfa etI «x» epSg²enAkñúgGnusBaØaGacGnuvtþ
)ancMeBaHsPaBkarN_Cak;EsþgenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCakñúg
rbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüEdrb¤eT? etImanGMeBITaruNkmµ
RtÚv)aneFVIeLIgenAkñúgCemøaHRbdab;GavuFCamYyrdædéTeTot
b¤eT? r)aykarN_rbs;RkúmC¿najkarEdlRtÚv)ansresr
edaymankarGnuelamtamesckþIseRmccitþrbs;mhasnñi)at
GgÁkarshRbCaCatielx52/135 )aneqøIynwgsMNYr
enHkñúglkçN³víC¢mandUcteTAenH ÷
«ÉksarRbvtþisa®sþ)anbgðajfa CemøaHRbdab;
GavuFrvagRbeTsevotNamnigRbeTskm<úCa)ancab;epþÍm
enAExkBaØa qñaM1977 nigRbEhlCamunenHeTotpg.
karb:HTgÁicenAtamRBMEdnkñúgEx]sPa qñaM1975 nigkar
bnþekIteLIgnUv]bTÞvehtuepSg²\tQb; Caehtupld¾maM
kñ úgkarykGnuvtþGnusBaØaRkúghSWENvqñaM1949 kñúg
TMnak;TMngrvagRbeTskm<úCanigRbeTsevotNamkñúgGMLúg
eBlCíteBjmYyrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. CaBiess
kgT½Bkm<úCa)anRbRBwtþkarkab;smøab; TaruNkmµ b¤GMeBI
GmnusSFm’ edayectna karbgákarQWcab; exøacpSa cab;
edayectna karnireTsb¤XuMXaMgedayxusc,ab; nigkar
bMpøajRTBüsm,tþi». CnEdlTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHGMeBI
TaruNkm~RbqaMgnwgRkúmEdlkarBaredayc,ab;enAeRkam
GnusBaØaenAkñúgCemøaHRbdab;GavuFrvagkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü
nigRbeTsevotNam Gacykmkkat;eTaskñúgnamCaCnéd
dl; «RbRBwtþbTel~IsF¶n;F¶r». ¬¬eennAAmmaanntt¦¦ y:n va:n; RKInFIn
EsVgrkkarBit-Epñkc,ab;
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa 37
elx8 ExsIha qñaM2000
elx8 ExsIha qñaM2000
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa38
EsVgrkkarBit-Epñkc,ab;
enAedÍmTsvtSr_qñaM60 karC¿nuMCRmHkþId¾l,Il,ajelI
BiPBelakmYybnÞab;BIkarkat;eTasBYkhVasuIsNahSúIenA
TIRkúgnUrimb‘Wk KWCakarkat;kþIelIrUbelak GaDul eGcäkµan; kñúg
RbeTsGuIRsaEGl kñúgrvagqñaM1961dl;1962. elak
eGcäkµan; EdlCaGtItRbFanGgÁPaBb:Ulissm¶at;kñúgTIRkúg
Eb‘rLaMg EdlTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHEpnkar «d¿eNaHRsay
cugeRkay» «karsmøab;rgÁalnUvRbCaCnCÍVhVkñúgRbeTs
GaløWm:g; nigTwkdÍeRkamkarkan;kab;edayGaløWm:g;TaMgLay»
)anrt;eKcBIkarcab;xøÜnenAeBlcb;s®gÁam ehIy)anlak;
bMBYnrs;enAkñúgRbeTsGahSg;TIn cab;taMgBIqñaM1950
edaydUreQµaHfµÍ. enAEx]sPa qñaM1960 eGcäkµan; RtÚv
)ancab;BRgt;edayPñak;garsnþisuxRbeTsGuIRsaEGl
ehIyRtÚv)annaMmkRbeTsGuIRsaEGl. RbeTsGuIRsaEGl
)anRbkasR)ab;BiPBelakfaxøÜnnwgyk eGcäkµan; eTAC¿nuM
CRmHkþIcMeBaHtYnaTIrbs;Kat;kñúgkarGnuvtþEpnkar «d¿eNaH
RsaycugeRkay». eGcäkµan; RtÚv)ankat;kþIeRkamc,ab;
dak;TNÐkmµelIBYkNahSúInigbkSBYkNahSúIrbs;RbeTs
GuIRsaEGl. c,ab;enHkMNt;kardak;TNÐkmµcMeBaHbT]Rkidæ
RbqaMgnwgRbCaCnCVIhV ]RkidækmµRbqaMgmnusSCatinig
]Rkidækmµs®gÁam. Epñk 1¬x¦ énc,ab;enH)ankMNt;niymn½y
bTelµIsTaMgLaydUcteTAenH÷
«]RkidækmµRbqaMgCnCatiCVÍhV» mann½yfa ral;GMeBI
]RkidæNamYyEdlRtÚv)anRbRBwtþedaymanectnabMpøicbMpøaj
CnCatiCVIhVTaMgRsug b¤edayEpñk³ 1¦ karsmøab;rgÁalnUv
CnCatiCVIhV/ 2¦bgákarQWcab; nigkarxUcxatCad¿NMEpñk
ragkaynigstibBaØacMeBaHCnCatiCVÍhV/ 3¦ dak;[rs;enA
kñúgsßanPaBrs;enAminsmRsbsMedAbgáPaBmhnþraydl;
sgÁmrs;enArbs;CnCatiCVÍhV/ 4¦ dak;bgçMnUvvíFankarnana
Edlbgáarmin[CnCatiCVÍhVpþl;kMeNItTarkkñúgsgÁm.
«]RkidækmµRbqaMgmnusSCati» mann½yfaCaGMeBINa
mYykñúgcMeNamGMeBIdUcteTAenH÷GMeBImnusSXat karsmøab;
bMputBUC GMeBITasPaB karbg¥t;Gahar b¤karnireTs nigkar
RbRBwtþGmnusSFm’déTeTotEdlRtÚv)anRbRBwtþmkelI
RbCaCnsuIvíl nigkareFVITukçbukemñjnanaedaysarmUlehtu
neya)ay sBa¢ati BUCsasn_ b¤sasna.
c,ab;enH)anpSarP¢ab;CasMxan;nUvbTelµIsén]Rkidækmµ
s®gÁam nig]RkidækmµRbqaMgmnusSCatienAtulakarnUrimb‘Wk
CamYynwgbT]Rkidæc,as;las;CagenHKW]RkidækmµRbqaMgnwg
RbCaCnCVÍhV. ]RkidækmµRbqaMgnwgRbCaCnCVÍhV )anx©IcMNuc
xøHénniymn½yGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_BIGnusBaØasþIBIGMeBI
Rbl½yBUCsasn_. ehtudUecñHehIyc,ab;enHGnuBaØat[
RbeTsGuIRsaEGlykbuKÁlEdl)anRbRBwtþbTelµIsén
GMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_TaMgLaymkelIRbCaCnCVÍhV mkeFVI
karkat;eTasedaytulakarkñúgRsukrbs;xøÜn.
minEtb:ueNÑaH c,ab;dak;TNÐkmµ)anEcgGMBIkardak;
TNÐkmµcMeBaHGñkTaMgLayEdl)anpþl;esvakm~kñúg «GgÁkar
rbs;sRtÚv» dUcEdl)anRbkasedaytulakareyaFa
GnþrCatienAnUrimb‘Wk ¬Epñk3 «k» nig «x»¦ ehIy)anbdiesF
ya:gc,as;las;nUvkaryk «bBa¢afñak;elI» mkeFVICar)aMg
karBarkMhusEdl)anRbRBwtþ ¬EpñkTI19¦. eGcäkµan; RtÚv
)antulakarGuIRsaEGlecjdÍkaecaTRbkan;elI4krNIén
]RkidækmµRbqaMgRbCaCnCVIhV BIbTmanmuxnaTIkñúgkic©kar
RKb;RKgelIEpnkar «d¿eNaHRsaycugeRkay» dak;[
RbCaCnCVIhVrs;enAkñúgsPaBEdlGacbgá[manmhnþray
dl;sgÁmCÍvPaBrs;enA bgáeRKaHfñak;F¶n;F¶rcMeBaHRbCaCn
CVIhVedaykarbgçM[eFVITaskr karbg¥t;Gahar kareFVITukç
bukemñj karnireTsxøÜn nigkarcab;XuMXaMg nigBIbTcat;
víFankarnanabgç Mmin[RbCaCnCV IhVpþl;kMeNItTarkkñ úg
erOgkþ IrvagGu IRsaEGlnig eGcäk~an;
EsVgrkkarBit-Epñkc,ab;
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa 39
elx8 ExsIha qñaM2000
sgÁm. krNIbT]Rkidæ3 EdltulakarenaH)anecaTRbkan;
mkelI eGcäkµan; fa)anRbRBwtþ]RkidækmµRbqaMg mnusSCati
KWGMeBImnusSXat karsmøab;bMputBUC nigkarbgçM[eFVI
Taskr karnireTsRbCaCnCVIhV kareFVITukçbukemñj RbCaCn
CVIhV nigkarbøn;RTBüsm,tþirbs;RbCaCnCVIhV. karecaT
Rbkan;mYyeTotKW]Rkidækmµs®gÁam. eGcäkµan; RtÚv)an
ecaTRbkan;edayKµanP½sþútagfa elak)anRbRBwtþGMeBI
sahaveXareXA nireTs nigkarsmøab;RbCaCnCVÍhV Edl
Cam©as;TwkdÍénrdæEdlGaløWm:g;kan;kab; ehIyfaGMeBI
TaMgenHCa]Rkidækmµs®gÁam. krNIbTelµIs4eTotén
]RkidækmµRbqaMgmnusSCati)anepþateTAelIkarRKb;RKgrbs;
eGcäkµan; EdlKat;bBa¢a[ «Cemøós» nigsmøab;rgÁalRkúm
CnsuIvílRbePTdéTeTotrYmman³ b:ULÚj søÚva:k eGhSúIb
nigkUnecArbs;RbCaCneqkUsøÚva:KI enAkñúgPUmilIDIk. krNI
bT]Rkidæ3cugeRkayecaTmkelI eGcäk~an; faCasmaCíkkñúg
GgÁPaBb:Ulissm¶at;rbs;rbbNahSúIGaløWm:g;nigehÁstab:U
EdlCaGgÁPaBRBhµTNÐTaMgGs;EdlRtÚv)anRbkaseday
FmµnuBaØéntulakareyaFaGnþrCati.
karecaTRbkan;TaMgenH RtÚv)ankt;RtaTukCaÉksar
TaMgRsug. enAkñúgkarkarBarxøÜn eGcäkµan; )anelIkeLIg
nUvkarC¿Tas;CaeRcIncMeBaH÷
1¦ Ednsmtßkic©rbs;tulakarGuIRsaEGledayEp¥k
elIeKalkarN_TaMgLayénc,ab;GnþrCati rYmmankarham
Xat;sþIGMBIkareFVIc,ab;C¿nuMCRmHeRkayGgÁehtu (ex post facto)
GFibetyüPaBEdndÍ nigskmµPaBrbs;rdæ.
2¦ karcab;BRgt;rUbKat;BIRbeTsGahSg;TIneday
Kat;BuMmankarsµ½RKcitþ.
3¦ karBitfary³eBlénEdnGCJayukalénRbeTs
GahSn;TIn)anputkMNt;cMeBaHGMeBIEdlKat;)anRbRBwtþ.
Kat;)aneFVIkarGHGagkarBarxøÜnbEnßmdUcteTAenH÷
1¦ Kat;RKan;EtGnuvtþtambBa¢afñak;elI
2¦ RkúmRbwkSaecARkmdUcCaRbCaCnCIhVenH ebItam
citþsa®sþminGaceFV IkarC¿nu MCRmHkþ ImkelIrUbKat;eday
yutþiFm’)aneT.
karC¿Tas;nwgkarGHGagkarBarxø ÜnTaMgLayrbs;
eGcäkµan; RtÚv)anRcanecaledaytulakarRsukénTIRkúg
eyrUsaLwm énRbeTsGuIRsaEGl kñúgkarecjsalRkm
rbs;xøÜnEdlrkeXIjfaCncugecaTmankMhuselI15krNI
énbTelµIs ehIy eGcäk~an; RtÚv)ankat;eTasRbharCÍvít.
eGcäkµan; )anbþwg]T§rN_eTAtulakarkMBUlrbs;RbeTs
GuIRsaEGl edayecaTRbkan;BIPaBxVHEdnsmtßkic© kgVH
smtßPaBEpñkcitþsa®sþrbs;tulakarkñúgkarpþl;[Kat;nUv
karC¿nuMCRmHkþImYyyutþiFm’RtwmRtÚv nigkMhusrbs;tulakar
fñak;eRkamkñúgkarEdlrkeXIjfa Kat;mantYnaTIFMkñúgbT
]RkidæEdl)anecaTRbkan;mkelIrUbKat;. tulakarkMBUlbnþ
Tat;ecalral;karGHGagTaMgenH. tulakarkMBUlcab;epþÍm
edaybdiesFkarGHGagTUlMTUlayrbs;CncugecaTEdlfa
enAeBlEdlc,ab;GnþrCatinigc,ab;kñ úgRsukb:HTgÁ icKña
c,ab;GnþrCatiRtÚvEtQñH. tulakar)anGHGagfa c,ab;
TaMgLayRtÚv)anedaHRsaybMPøWedIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgc,ab;
GnþrCati b:uEnþenAkñúgRBwtþikarN_énCemøaHEdlminGacecos
putlkçnþik³éntulakarkñúgRsukQñH.
bnÞab;mktulakarkMBUlk¾)aneqøIyya:gc,as;cMeBaH
karGHGagRbqaMgcMeBaHbBaðaEdnsmtßkic©. kñúgkareqøIy
tbcMeBaHTTð,IkrN_rbs;CncugecaTEdlfac,ab;dak;TNÐkmµ
BYkNahSúI nigbkSBYkNahSúI vayrMelaPeTAelIeKalkarN_
c,ab;EdlhamXat;min[begáItc,ab;nitiRbtikmµ ¬c,ab;
eRkayGgÁehtu ex post facto¦ tulakarGHGagfa eTaHbICa
eKalkarN_enHenAmansuBlPaBCaeKalkarN_c,ab;TUeTAk¾
eday k¾vaBuMcgkatBVkic©c,ab;tulakarGnþrCatiekIteday
TMenomTmøab; ehIyk¾CatRmÚvkarrbs;rdæFmµnuBaØEdr. Cag
enHeTAeTotcMeBaHbBaðacriyaFm’víj c,ab;enHmindak;TNÐkmµ
elIbTelµIsTaMgLayEdl)anTTYlsÁal;BImunenaHeT.
b:uEnþpÞúyeTAvíjc,ab;enHGnuvtþEtCamYy «]Rkidækmµsahav
elx8 ExsIha qñaM2000
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa40
EsVgrkkarBit-Epñkc,ab;
eXareXAKYr[s¥b;ex<Im» EdlCncugecaTRtÚvEt)andwgrYc
CaeRscehIyfavaCaGMeBIrMelaPelItémøsIlFm’Caskl
Edl)ancak;b£sKl;eRCAkñúgRsTab;mnusSelak. minEt
b:ueNÑaHtulakar)anGHGagfa BuMmanc,ab;GnþrCatiekIt
edayTmøab;hamXat;kartak;Etgbegá Itc,ab;RBhµTNÐ
EdlGacGnuvtþ)ancMeBaHbTelµIsmYy EdlRbRBwtþeday
CnbreTsmñak;enAkñúgRbeTsmYyeTotEdlminEmnCaRbeTs
rbs;xøÜn edayQrelImUldæanGFibetyüEdndÍenaHeT.
kñúgkarBiPakSad¾TUlMTUlayGMBIPaBRsbKñaénc,ab;
dak;TNÐkmµeTAnwgeKalkarN_c,ab;GnþrCati tulakarkMBUl
rbs;RbeTsGuIRsaEGl)ansgát;bBa¢ak;fa bT]RkidæEdl
eGcäkµan; )anRbRBwtþ «RtÚvcat;Tukfa>>>>mansNæanCa]Rkidæ
kmµGnþrCatiEdlRtÚv)anhamXat;edayc,ab;CatiTaMgLay
ehIyEdlnaM[mankarTTYlxusRtÚvRBhµTNÐCabuKÁl»
ehIy)anbBa¢ak;eTotfa «ebIBinitüelIlkçN³sPaBTUeTA
CaBiessénbT]RkidæTaMgenH rdænImYy²Gacmansmtßkic©
eFVIkarC¿nuMCRmHkþInigdak;TNÐkmµelICnNaEdlcUlrYmkñúgkar
RbRBwtþTaMgenH».
cMeBaHkarcab;BRgt; eGcäkµan; BIRbeTsGahSg;TIn
tulakarkMBUl)anKaMRTcMeBaHesckþIseRmcrbs;tulakar
RsukEdlfa edaysarkarcab;BRgt;enHRKan;EtrMelaP
bMBaneTAelIsiT§irbs;RbeTsGahSg;TIn kñúgnamCardæman
GFibetyüPaBb:ueNÑaH karedaHRsayrvagRbeTsGahSg;TIn
nigGuIRsaEGl)anbBa©b;nUvvívaTenH ehIyBuMmanmUlehtuEdl
RtÚvC¿Tas;Ednsmtßkic©rbs;GuIRsaEGleLIy. tulakar
kMBUlk¾)anbdiesFnUvTegV ÍkarBaredayQrelImUldæan
«TegVIrbs;rdæ» rbs;xøÜn «mann½yfa skmµPaBrbs; eGcäkµan;
KWCaskmµPaBCapøÚvkarrbs;rdæ ehIyehtudUcenHGMeBI
TaMgLayEdl eGcäkµan; )anRbRBwtþminGacykmkedaHRsay
tamc,ab;GnþrCati)aneLIy». CaTMenomTmøab;c,ab;GnþrCati
GnuvtþEtcMeBaHTMnak;TMngnanarvagrdænigrdæ ehIyminEmn
GnuvtþcMeBaHGMeBIrbs;buKÁlenaHeLIy ehIyehtudUecñHehIy
buKÁlTaMgLayBuMRtÚv)andak;[TTYlxusRtÚveRkamc,ab;
GnþrCatiEdlfaeKalkarN_c,ab;mYyEdlminTTYlsÁal;enA
eRkamFmµnuBaØnUrimb‘Wk.
kñúgeBlC¿nuMCRmHkþI eGcäkµan; )anb:unb:gedaHsar
ykrYcxøÜnedayGHGagfa Kat;)anRbRBwtþEttambTbBa¢a
rbs;fñak;elIb:ueNÑaH b:uEnþtulakark¾)anTat;ecalkarGHGag
karBarenHEdr edayTajehtuplfa eGcäkµan; )anRbRBwtþ
edayÉkraCüBuMmanGñkNabBa¢aeLIykñúgkarGnuvtþEpnkar
«d¿eNaHRsaycugeRkay» ehIyfac,ab;GnþrCati)an
GnuBaØat[dkecjnUvkarGHGagkarBarénbTbBa¢afñak;elI.
CaTIbBa©b; tulakarkMBUl)anbBa¢ak;ya:gxøIBIkarKaMRTrbs;xøÜn
cMeBaHkarbdíesFrbs;tulakard¿bUgrbs;GuIRsaEGl cMeBaH
karGHGagedaHsarrbs;elak eGcäkµan; EdlfaecARkm
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kt;RtacgRkgCaÉksar
kBaØa esI sayüaNa
A magazine of the Documentation Center of Cambodia: Searching for the Truth! Number 8, August 2000
Funded by the Royal Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Oslo, Norway, Section for the Human Rights and Humanitarian Assistance;
and the Canada Funds, Canadian Embassy, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCaGMBavnavdl;rdæaPi)al mUlniFinana nigsaFarNCnRKb;rUb sUmCYy]btßmÖkare)aHBum<pSayTsSnavdþIenHeTAtamlT§PaBEdlGaceFVI)an. Bt’man
bEnßmcMeBaHkare)aHBum<pSayTsSnavdþIEsVgrkkarBit sUmemtþaTak;Tgmkkan;naykmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCatamTUrs½BÞelx ¬855¦ 23 211 875. sUmGrKuN¡
The Documentation Center of Cambodia would like to appeal to governments, foundations and individuals for support of the publication of
Searching for the Truth!. For contribution, please contact (855) 23 211 875 or By Email: [email protected]. Thank you.
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