river restoration: ecological, engineering and social dimentions
TRANSCRIPT
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River restorations: the ecological,engineering, & social dimensions
Peter Levi, Research scientist, UW-MadisonDave Fowler, Senior project manager, Milwaukee Metro. Sewerage District
Nadia Bogue, Environmental projects coordinator, 16 th St. Comm. Health Center
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Ecological restoration is the process of assisting the recovery of
an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed.Society for Ecological Restoration International
Prevalence• Number of projects
increasingexponentially
• $14-15 billion spenton stream/riverrestoration from 1990-2005
Monitoring rare•
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How can we best evaluate the recovery of a river ecosystem?
Traditional metrics• Measure ecosystem structure and
compare to a standard (e.g., IBI)
• “Snapshot” approach
Functional metrics• Measure ecosystem processes that
integrate stream & watershed features
• “Video” or real-time approach
N e
t e c o s y s t e m
p r o
d u c
t i o n
( m g
O 2
m - 2
m i n - 1 )
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
6:00 12:00 18:00 24:00 6:0024:00
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Research Questions(1) Do restorations in urban streams improve ecosystem function?
(2) Does stream size influence the response to the restoration?
Experimental Design• Quantified ecosystem structure & function in restored & concrete reaches
• Physical ~ water residence time & transient storage• Chemical ~ nutrient spiraling length• Biological ~ whole-stream metabolism
• Calculated log response ratio (L) to determine the effect of the restoration:
L = log (X treatment / Xcontrol )
• If L > 0, restoration increased metric• If L < 0, restoration decreased metric
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Study streams span range of discharge
20 L s-1
19 L s-1
57 L s -1 95 L s -1
147 L s-1
195 L s-1
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Do restorations alter hydrology?
(A) AS / (A+A S)
VLM SBH HNY WLP UWD KKR
R e l a t
i v e s i z e o f s
t o r a g e z o n e
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5ConcreteRestoration
(B) T STO
VLM SBH HNY WLP UWD KKR
W a t e r r e s i
d e n c e
t i m e
( h r )
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
L o g r e s p o n s e
r a t i o ( L )
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0HeadwatersMid-order Large streams
L o g r e s p o n s e r a
t i o ( L )
-2
-1
0
1
2
Concrete: 5.1 ± 1.2 minRestored: 27.1 ± 10.6 min
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Do restorations improve urban stream ecosystems?
Physically? Restored reaches much more natural
Chemically?
Biologically?
+
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Do restorations enhance nutrient processing rates?
Nutrients in stream ecosystems spiral rather than cycle
Conducted short-term nutrient additions of:NH4+NO3-
PO 43-
Uptake length (S w): distance nutrient travels downstream
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Do restorations enhance nutrient processing rates?
NH4+
VLM SBH HNY WLP UWD KKR
S p i r a
l i n g
l e n g t
h ( S
W ; m
)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600ConcreteRestoration
NO 3-
VLM SBH HNY WLP UWD KKR
S p i r a
l i n g l e n g
t h ( S
W ; m
)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
SRP
VLM SBH HNY WLP UWD KKR
S p i r a
l i n g
l e n g
t h ( S
W ; m
)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600Log response ratio
NH4+ NO 3
- SRP
L o g r e s p o n s e r a
t i o ( L )
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8HeadwatersMid-order Large streams
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Do restorations improve urban stream ecosystems?
Physically? Restored reaches much more natural
Chemically? Nutrients travel less in restored reaches
Biologically?
++
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Methods: Whole stream metabolism modeling
N e
t e c o s y s
t e m
p r o
d u c
t i o n
( m g
O 2
m - 2
m i n - 1 )
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
6:00 12:00 18:00 24:00 6:0024:00
GPP ER
O 2
GPP = autotrophic production
ER = assimilation by heterotrophsReaeration = gas exchange
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ER (gO 2 m-2 d -1)
0 5 10 15 20 25
G P P ( g O
2 m
- 2 d
- 1 )
0
5
10
15
20
25
HeadwatersMid-order Large streams
Productivity high in urban streams, esp. restorations(1) Restored reaches have higher metabolism than concrete channels
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ER (gO 2 m-2 d -1)
0 5 10 15 20 25
G P P ( g O
2 m
- 2 d
- 1 )
0
5
10
15
20
25
HeadwatersMid-order Large streams
Productivity high in urban streams, esp. restorations(1) Restored reaches have higher metabolism than concrete channels
(2) Distinct patterns by stream size; larger streams = more productivity
(3) Headwaters have natural metabolism
ER (gO 2 m-2 d -1)
0.1 1 10 100
G P P ( g O
2 m
- 2 d
- 1 )
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
Data from Marcarelli et al. (2011)Data from Levi et al. (2013)
G P P = E
R
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Do restorations improve urban stream ecosystems?
Ecologically, the stream restorations in Milwaukee effectivelyalter channel hydrology, which has cascading impacts on some *ecosystem functions, especially in small headwater streams.
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Thank you. Questions?
plevi @ wisc.edu
AcknowledgmentsEvan Childress, Matt Diebel, Etienne Fluet-Chouinard, Dave Fowler, Ellen Hamann,Dave Harring, Adam Hinterthuer, Lauren Holtz, Carol Jenkins-Espinosa, ThomasJohengen, Melanie Kohls, Aaron Koning, Marilyn Larsen, Tom Levi, Luke Loken, Alyssa
Luckey-Winters, Chris Magruder, Matt Magruder, Ryan McGuire, Tom Neeson, KellyO’Ferrell, Liz Runde, Larissa Sano, Beth Sauer, Tom Slawski, & Emily Stanley
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• Less water (base flow) and sedimenttransport alterations• Loss of channel bed diversity (habitat)• Increased incision and widening
(erosion)
• Loss of aquatic species and diversity• Disconnection from Floodplain
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Restoring lost functions
ORRestoring to a pre-disturbed condition
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Source: Michael Baker Corporation
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“Restoration means the manipulation of thephysical, chemical, or biologicalcharacteristics of a site with the goal ofreturning natural/historic functions to aformer or degraded aquatic resource.” (33C.F.R. § 332/40)
• Re-establishment• Restoration• Rehabilitation (Urban Areas)
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• Reduce Flood Risk
• Improve Public Safety (Drowning)
• Stream Rehabilitation (In-Stream
Habitat)
•Community Objectives (Create aCommunity Asset)
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• Offset the loss of significant habitat
• Improve Linear Connectivity (Fish Passage)• Restore degraded ecosystem (physical and chemical)• Improve natural stream functions
• Improve richness and abundance of native plants, fishand wildlife• Improve water quality through habitat and riparian
floodplain rehabilitation• Resilience and Sustainability
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Before AfterLincoln Cr eek
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KinnickinnicRiver
Year 1836
Vs Year 2009(Increased StreamChanel Miles)
Slide Courtesy of Tom Slawski
Lost Wetlands
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32
KK River Historic
Channel BeforeConcrete Channel(channelizationalready evident)
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• Has a century of work in floodcontrol resulted in an outcome thatwe would wish to continue into thefuture in its current form?
• Should we be concerned about theextent and condition of ourfloodplain and coastal resources?
• How do we adapt to a changingworld (climate, population,economies…)?
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Rethinking the Kinnickinnic River:
A Community PerspectiveNadia Bogue
Sixteenth Street Community Health CentersApril 30, 2015
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Restoration: A Community Perspective
• Changing from an underused and undesirable space to a place that CONNECTS the community
• Creating a common bond through a shared resource
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Sixteenth Street Community Health Centers
To improve the health and well ‐being of Milwaukee and surrounding communities, by providing quality, patient ‐centered, family ‐based health care, health education and social services, free from linguistic, cultural and economic barriers.
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Department of Environmental Health• Understand and address the root causes of poor health that are tied to the environmental and physical conditions of the neighborhoods
served by SSCHC
• Network of
public,
private,
and
nonprofit
sector
organizations
• Work to bring about improvements in the built and natural environments of Milwaukee’s south side
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Rivers and Lakes as Investment Drivers
Hart Park
Menomonee Valley Downtown River Walk
Milwaukee River Greenway
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Unique Opportunity• Achieve ecological goals
• Achieve MMSD goals• Going further by incorporating and embracing those drivers in order to identify and capitalize on other objectives that will improve the community in the short and long term.
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Creating Community Assets:Green Infrastructure
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Creating Community Assets:Environmental Education
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Creating Community Assets:Improving Green Space
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Creating Community Assets:Kinnickinnic River Trail
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Creating Community Assets:Culture of Stewardship
Photo Credit: Eddee Daniel
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River restorations: the ecological
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River restorations: the ecological,
engineering, & social dimensions
Peter Levi, Research scientist, UW-MadisonDave Fowler, Senior project manager, Milwaukee Metro. Sewerage District
Nadia Bogue,Environmental projects coordinator, 16 th St. Comm. Health Center