Rita Padawangi Asia Research Institute

National University of Singapore ritapd@nus.edu.sg

Urban-rural divide? Contemporary Urban Challenges

• “Planetary urbanization” (Brenner and Schmid, 2011)

• Separation between urban and rural in imagination and policy

• Segregation of the interconnected system

– Socially

– Economically

– Culturally

– Environmentally

• Contradictions: Domination-subordination practices of city-biased economic processes

– Work and status

– Land as property

– Technological development

http://www.globalindonesianvoices.com/25947/president-supports-mega-land-reclamation-project-citing-flood-protection-for-jakarta/

http://www.rumahinfo.net/alasan-penolakan-reklamasi-bali-di-teluk-benoa/

https://constructingcambodia.wordpress.com/2012/08/04/new-buildings-more-land-reclamation/

Jakarta

Bali

Phnom Penh

Domination of city-based actors in the subordination of food producers and food-producing landscapes

Energy Explorations, Food Security and Social Inequality

Domination of property market in converting food-producing landscapes: Housing trumps over farms and rice fields

Domination of property market in converting food-producing landscapes: Development trumps over farms, rice fields, plantations, watersheds Brand fetishism and the domination of national and global business moguls Example: A theme park joint project by Indonesian businessman Hari Tanoe and US-based Donald Trump in the highlands of Bogor/Sukabumi (Jakarta urban region)

Nikken (JICA), 1997

Source: Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai Ciliwung Cisadane Ministry of Public Works, Government of Indonesia, 2014

Urbanization and Watershed Management in Southeast Asia

7

River Management in Jakarta

Source: Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai Ciliwung Cisadane Ministry of Public Works, Government of Indonesia, 2014

25.00%

30.00%

35.00%

40.00%

45.00%

50.00%

55.00%

60.00%

65.00%

70.00%

1970 1980 1990 2000

Tahun

Developed area Green and penetrable area

Source: Future Cities Laboratory, 2015

Ciliwung Fishing Community

Ciliwung Puncak Community

Ciliwung Community Bogor

Ciliwung Community Bojonggede

Ciliwung Community Cilebut

Ciliwung Community Depok

Ciliwung Community Tanjung Barat

Ciliwung Community Condet

Mat Peci / Community Gardening

Source: Yu Sing/Akanoma and Ciliwung Merdeka, September 2015

Water-Food-Energy Security Potentials in Cities of Southeast Asia

• Human agency: Community initiatives

• Survival efforts

• Currently mixed achievements, but most are outside official policies

Community-based housing design proposal with integrated urban agriculture, Kampung Pulo, Jakarta

Ciliwung Riverbank People’s Celebration Preserve Local Wisdom and Cultural Assets as Unifying Elements in Achieving Sustainable Clean and Green Ciliwung towards Ciliwung Biodiversity Park Let’s join in the celebration! Art, Culture and Betawi Culinary Appreciation: Gatekeeper Tradition, Moral Message and Solidarity Poem Traditional Betawi Music and Dance, Betawi Culinary Bazaar, Ciliwung Photography Exhibition, Rice Mountain Parade, Ciliwung Workshop and Discussion, River Explorer & Ciliwung Communal Work 8,9,10-11 November 2014 3rd CILIWUNG DAY, 11.11.2014

City Farm Training Program and Green Markets in Bangkok (Source: Piyapong Boossabong, 2016)

Collaboration among local governments, NGOs, CBOs, social and green enterprises, green customers, and urban famers on the scales of community and city (Boossabong, forthcoming)

http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/issues/hunger/68611-urban-farming-quezon-city

http://vietnamtoday.com.au/2015/02/26/urban-farming-hanoi/

Community-based Energy Production: Biogas

Processing biogas from public toilets • Reduce pollution in waterways

while producing energy • However, the energy produced is

insufficient for the neighborhood

Urban-rural linkages

Main challenge: To align government policies with community potentials

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1,600,000

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 n.a.

Bu

ildin

g C

ove

rage

Are

a o

f P

rop

ose

d

Ne

w S

up

erb

lock

s (i

n s

qu

are

me

ter)

Year

Jakarta’s new superblocks 2000-2010 +4.7 million sq m building coverage area

(Herlambang, 2010)

5,100

607.5 130.22

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

Jakarta Surabaya Solo

Local Budgets (million USD, 2016)

Community-based water-food-energy security and urban development • Community-based initiatives are

potentials in urban Southeast Asia to construct water-food-energy security

• Contradictory urban and regional development – Environmental degradation

– Technocratic intervention

– Cosmetic urban development

• The predatory nature of capitalist development as contexts of urban environmental movements

• The need to realize the inseparability of the urban and the rural:

Urban-rural reintegration

• The need for governments to collaborate with local communities