RISE OF MAO RISE OF MAO ZEDONG ZEDONG

CHINESE COMMUNISMCHINESE COMMUNISM

CHINESE EMPIRE CHINESE EMPIRE COLLAPSED IN 1911COLLAPSED IN 1911 WARLORDS DIVIDED THE WARLORDS DIVIDED THE

COUNTRYCOUNTRY ORGANIZED ARMIESORGANIZED ARMIES EXTRACTED TAXESEXTRACTED TAXES

SUN-YET-SEN CREATED A SUN-YET-SEN CREATED A REPUBLIC IN 1911REPUBLIC IN 1911 IN NAME ONLYIN NAME ONLY ENVISIONED A NEW CHINAENVISIONED A NEW CHINA

THREE PRINCIPLES OF THREE PRINCIPLES OF SUN-YET SENSUN-YET SEN NATIONAL STATENATIONAL STATE

CONSTITUTIONAL CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACYDEMOCRACY

SOCIALISM (NOT SOCIALISM (NOT NECESSARILY EXTREME)NECESSARILY EXTREME) WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE?WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE?

KUOMINTANGKUOMINTANGNATIONALIST PARTYNATIONALIST PARTY FORCED JAPAN TO CEDE FORCED JAPAN TO CEDE

TERRITORIAL RIGHTS IN TERRITORIAL RIGHTS IN NORTHERN CHINANORTHERN CHINA RIGHTS GRANTED TO JAPAN RIGHTS GRANTED TO JAPAN

AT VERSAILLES (WHY?)AT VERSAILLES (WHY?) SUPPORTED BY SOVIET SUPPORTED BY SOVIET

UNIONUNION CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY

CREATED IN 1921CREATED IN 1921

NATIONALIST NATIONALIST EXPECTATIONSEXPECTATIONS Soviet Union would provide Soviet Union would provide

military trainingmilitary training

Soviet Union would provide Soviet Union would provide model of centralized model of centralized organizationorganization

Dictatorship of the Proletariat Dictatorship of the Proletariat was was shelvedshelved

WARLORDS DEFEATED WARLORDS DEFEATED

CHIANG KAI-SHEK BECAME CHIANG KAI-SHEK BECAME LEADER OF THE LEADER OF THE NATIONALISTS (1925)NATIONALISTS (1925)

HIS POWER RESTED ON THE HIS POWER RESTED ON THE ARMY AND POLITICAL ARMY AND POLITICAL CONTROLCONTROL

MOVED TO ELIMINATE THE MOVED TO ELIMINATE THE COMMUNIST PARTY-HIS COMMUNIST PARTY-HIS RIVAL FOR POWERRIVAL FOR POWER

MAO TOOK CONTROL OF MAO TOOK CONTROL OF COMMUNIST PARTYCOMMUNIST PARTY BACKGROUNDBACKGROUND

MIDDLE-CLASS PEASANT MIDDLE-CLASS PEASANT FAMILYFAMILY

EDUCATED AS AN EDUCATED AS AN INTELLECTUALINTELLECTUAL

STUDIED MARXISM IN BEIJINGSTUDIED MARXISM IN BEIJING EARLY COLLABORATION WITH EARLY COLLABORATION WITH

THE NATIONALISTSTHE NATIONALISTS

MAO IDENTIFIED FOUR MAO IDENTIFIED FOUR EVILS OF EMPIREEVILS OF EMPIRE RELIGIONRELIGION

CAPITALISMCAPITALISM

AUTOCRACYAUTOCRACY

THREE MALE BONDS OF THREE MALE BONDS OF CONFUCIANISM CONFUCIANISM

MAO IDEALIZED THE PEASANT MAO IDEALIZED THE PEASANT AS A REVOLUTIONARYAS A REVOLUTIONARY TRADITION OF REBELLION TRADITION OF REBELLION

AGAINST LANDLORDSAGAINST LANDLORDS

TRADITION OF MILITARY TRADITION OF MILITARY SERVICE IN TIMES OF CRISISSERVICE IN TIMES OF CRISIS

TRADITION OF ACCEPTING TRADITION OF ACCEPTING INSPIRED LEADERSHIPINSPIRED LEADERSHIP

MAO MODIFIED MARXISMMAO MODIFIED MARXISM

MARX NEVER CONSIDERED MARX NEVER CONSIDERED PEASANTS AN IMPORTANT PEASANTS AN IMPORTANT FORCE TO BRING ABOUT FORCE TO BRING ABOUT COMMUNISM COMMUNISM

LENIN RELIED ON RUSSIAN LENIN RELIED ON RUSSIAN WORKERSWORKERS

TROTSKY BELIEVED THE TROTSKY BELIEVED THE PEASANTS WOULD NEVER PEASANTS WOULD NEVER ACCEPT COMMUNISMACCEPT COMMUNISM

MAO SURVIVED CHIANG’S MAO SURVIVED CHIANG’S EFFORT TO ELIMINATE EFFORT TO ELIMINATE COMPETITIONCOMPETITION BUILT PEASANT ARMY IN A BUILT PEASANT ARMY IN A

SOUTHERN CHINESE SOUTHERN CHINESE PROVINCEPROVINCE

1931-PROCLAIMED THE 1931-PROCLAIMED THE CHINESE SOVIET REPUBLICCHINESE SOVIET REPUBLIC

DIRECT CHALLENGE TO DIRECT CHALLENGE TO CHIANGCHIANG

PEASANTS BOND WITH PEASANTS BOND WITH MAO MAO PEASANTS GIVEN THEIR PEASANTS GIVEN THEIR

OWN LANDOWN LAND

THEY OWNED THEIR THEY OWNED THEIR PRODUCTIONPRODUCTION

LANDLORDS AND RICH LANDLORDS AND RICH PEASANTS LOST PEASANTS LOST MOSTMOST OF OF THEIR LANDTHEIR LAND

MAO DEVISED/ADAPTED MAO DEVISED/ADAPTED GUERRILLA STRATEGYGUERRILLA STRATEGY ““THE ENEMY ADVANCES, WE THE ENEMY ADVANCES, WE

RETREAT; THE ENEMY RETREAT; THE ENEMY CAMPS, WE HARASS; THE CAMPS, WE HARASS; THE ENEMY TIRES, WE ATTACK; ENEMY TIRES, WE ATTACK; THE ENEMY RETREATS, WE THE ENEMY RETREATS, WE PURSUE.”PURSUE.”

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

cosmetic CHANGEcosmetic CHANGE

CHIANG-TOOK CONTROL OF CHIANG-TOOK CONTROL OF GOVERNMENT SERVICESGOVERNMENT SERVICES

MADE PEACE WITH THE MADE PEACE WITH THE IMPERIAL POWERSIMPERIAL POWERS

DECLARED AN END TO DECLARED AN END TO FOOTBINDINGFOOTBINDING

INSTITUTED “GUIDED INSTITUTED “GUIDED DEMOCRACY”DEMOCRACY”

REAL CHANGE (MAO)REAL CHANGE (MAO)

PEASANTS MADE PEASANTS MADE INDEPENDENT FARMERSINDEPENDENT FARMERS

PEASANT ROLE EXPANDED PEASANT ROLE EXPANDED AND RESPECTEDAND RESPECTED

PEASANTS ACTIVELY PEASANTS ACTIVELY RESISTED FOREIGN RESISTED FOREIGN OCCUPATION AND CONTROLOCCUPATION AND CONTROL

JAPAN INVADED JAPAN INVADED MANCHURIAMANCHURIA CHIANG SIGNED AN CHIANG SIGNED AN

ARMISTICE WITH JAPANARMISTICE WITH JAPAN

TARGETED MAO AND THE TARGETED MAO AND THE CHINESE SOVIET REPUBLICCHINESE SOVIET REPUBLIC

THE LONG MARCH (1934)THE LONG MARCH (1934) MAO RETREATED MAO RETREATED THE PEASANT ARMY THE PEASANT ARMY

MARCHED 6000 MILES FROM MARCHED 6000 MILES FROM SOUTHERN TO NORTHERN SOUTHERN TO NORTHERN CHINA OVER HOSTILE AND CHINA OVER HOSTILE AND TOUGH TERRAIN.TOUGH TERRAIN.

PAID FOR FOOD AS THEY PAID FOR FOOD AS THEY RETREATED-REPUTATION RETREATED-REPUTATION FOR HONESTYFOR HONESTY

FEW [BUT ENOUGH] FEW [BUT ENOUGH] SURVIVED SURVIVED

SOVIET UNION OFFERED SOVIET UNION OFFERED ADVICE BUT NO AIDADVICE BUT NO AID ORGANIZE A COALITION ORGANIZE A COALITION

WITH THE NATIONALISTS WITH THE NATIONALISTS AND FIGHT THE JAPANESEAND FIGHT THE JAPANESE

SU SENT AID TO THE SU SENT AID TO THE NATIONALISTS AS THE NATIONALISTS AS THE STRONGER FORCESTRONGER FORCE

MAO FOUGHT THE MAO FOUGHT THE JAPANESE JAPANESE AND EXPANDED AND EXPANDED HIS BASEHIS BASE

CHIANG RETREATED FROM CHIANG RETREATED FROM COASTAL AREASCOASTAL AREAS JAPAN INVADED CHINA JAPAN INVADED CHINA

DIRECTLY IN 1937DIRECTLY IN 1937 DEFENSIVE FIGHTINGDEFENSIVE FIGHTING LOST SOVIET AID AFTER LOST SOVIET AID AFTER

GERMANY ATTACKED SUGERMANY ATTACKED SU US ALLOWED PURCHASES US ALLOWED PURCHASES

BUT WERE STILL TRADING BUT WERE STILL TRADING WITH JAPANWITH JAPAN

CHINESE CIVIL WAR (1945-CHINESE CIVIL WAR (1945-1949)1949) MAO AND THE COMMUNISTS MAO AND THE COMMUNISTS

WON: AGAINST ALL ODDS?WON: AGAINST ALL ODDS?

SOVIET UNION OCCUPIED SOVIET UNION OCCUPIED MANCHURIAMANCHURIA

KOREA DIVIDED: NORTH TO KOREA DIVIDED: NORTH TO SOVIET UNION, SOUTH TO SOVIET UNION, SOUTH TO USA USA

CHIANG AND THE CHIANG AND THE NATIONALISTS CLAIMED NATIONALISTS CLAIMED RIGHT TO RULERIGHT TO RULE

HEIR TO SUN-YET-SENHEIR TO SUN-YET-SEN BACKED BY THE USBACKED BY THE US

MILITARY AIDMILITARY AID ECONOMIC AIDECONOMIC AID EXPECTED CHINA TO LEAD A EXPECTED CHINA TO LEAD A

NEW WORLD ORDERNEW WORLD ORDER 50,000 US TROOPS SENT TO 50,000 US TROOPS SENT TO

NORTHERN COASTNORTHERN COAST

UNDERLYING WEAKNESSES UNDERLYING WEAKNESSES OF NATIONALISTSOF NATIONALISTS

CHIANG GOVERNMENT WAS CHIANG GOVERNMENT WAS INEFFICIENTINEFFICIENT

EXPENSIVE TO MAINTAIN EXPENSIVE TO MAINTAIN MILITARYMILITARY

EXORBITANT SPENDING EXORBITANT SPENDING FUELED INFLATIONFUELED INFLATION

CORRUPTION AND ABUSE CORRUPTION AND ABUSE OF POWEROF POWER

NO LAND REFORM NO LAND REFORM

US URGED MAO AND US URGED MAO AND CHIANG TO FORM CHIANG TO FORM COALITION GOVERNMENT COALITION GOVERNMENT

STALIN INFORMED MAO: NO STALIN INFORMED MAO: NO CHANCE OF SEIZING POWERCHANCE OF SEIZING POWER ACCEPT A COALITION ACCEPT A COALITION

GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT SIGNED TEN-YEAR SIGNED TEN-YEAR

FRIENDSHIP TREATY WITH THE FRIENDSHIP TREATY WITH THE NATIONALISTSNATIONALISTS

MAO AND CHIANG SIGNED MAO AND CHIANG SIGNED TEMPORARY CEASE-FIRETEMPORARY CEASE-FIRE QUICKLY COLLAPSESQUICKLY COLLAPSES

SOVIETS WITHDRAW FROM SOVIETS WITHDRAW FROM MANCHURIA MANCHURIA CHIANG AND MAO FOUGHT CHIANG AND MAO FOUGHT

FOR CONTROL OF THE ONCE FOR CONTROL OF THE ONCE PROSPEROUS AREAPROSPEROUS AREA

NUMBER OF TROOPS DOES NUMBER OF TROOPS DOES NOT ALWAYS TELL THE NOT ALWAYS TELL THE STORY STORY NATIONALISTS HAD 3 NATIONALISTS HAD 3

MILLIONS TROOPS-WELL MILLIONS TROOPS-WELL EQUIPPED BY THE USEQUIPPED BY THE US

POORLY LEDPOORLY LED

NOT WELCOMED BY THE NOT WELCOMED BY THE PEOPLE PEOPLE

MAO PULLED IT TOGETHER MAO PULLED IT TOGETHER

LAND REFORMS WERE LAND REFORMS WERE POPULARPOPULAR

PEASANT ARMY FIERCELY PEASANT ARMY FIERCELY FOUGHT THE JAPANESEFOUGHT THE JAPANESE

SUPERIOR MILITARY AND SUPERIOR MILITARY AND POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONPOLITICAL ORGANIZATION

POLITELY IGNORED STALIN’S POLITELY IGNORED STALIN’S ADVICEADVICE

COMMUNISTS BELIEVED COMMUNISTS BELIEVED THEY COULD WINTHEY COULD WIN LEARNED TACTICS OF LEARNED TACTICS OF

REGULAR WAR AFTER REGULAR WAR AFTER YEARS AS GUERRILLASYEARS AS GUERRILLAS

WELCOMED NATIONALIST WELCOMED NATIONALIST DESERTERSDESERTERS

CONVINCED THEIR CAUSE CONVINCED THEIR CAUSE WAS JUSTWAS JUST

COMMUNISTS TOOK COMMUNISTS TOOK MANCHURIAMANCHURIA NATIONALISTS NATIONALISTS

DEMORALIZEDDEMORALIZED TRUMAN REFUSED TO SEND TRUMAN REFUSED TO SEND

US TROOPSUS TROOPS COMMUNISTS USED COMMUNISTS USED

WEAPONS SEIZED FROM WEAPONS SEIZED FROM THE NATIONALISTSTHE NATIONALISTS

CONSOLIDATED AND CONSOLIDATED AND EXPANDED THEIR EXPANDED THEIR CONQUESTSCONQUESTS

COMMUNISTS CLAIMED COMMUNISTS CLAIMED VICTORY IN BEIJING-1949VICTORY IN BEIJING-1949 CHIANG AND NATIONALISTS CHIANG AND NATIONALISTS

FLED TO TAIWAN (FORMOSA)FLED TO TAIWAN (FORMOSA) COMMUNISTS PREPARED TO COMMUNISTS PREPARED TO

INVADE TAIWANINVADE TAIWAN US OPENED TALKS WITH US OPENED TALKS WITH

COMMUNIST LEADERSHIP COMMUNIST LEADERSHIP AND THE INVASION WAS AND THE INVASION WAS POSTPONEDPOSTPONED

MAO TRAVELLED TO THE MAO TRAVELLED TO THE SOVIET UNION (1949-1950)SOVIET UNION (1949-1950)

REQUESTED A MILITARY REQUESTED A MILITARY ALLIANCEALLIANCE

SOUGHT ECONOMIC SOUGHT ECONOMIC ASSISTANCEASSISTANCE

SOUGHT AN END TO SOVIET SOUGHT AN END TO SOVIET OCCUPATION OF CHINESE OCCUPATION OF CHINESE TERRITORYTERRITORY

DIPLOMATIC RECOGNITIONDIPLOMATIC RECOGNITION

STALIN NOT PLEASED STALIN NOT PLEASED WITH THIS TURN OF WITH THIS TURN OF EVENTSEVENTS DISTRUSTED THE CHINESE DISTRUSTED THE CHINESE

COMMUNISTSCOMMUNISTS REMINDED HIM OF REMINDED HIM OF

YUGOSLAVIA AND TITOYUGOSLAVIA AND TITO MIGHT WEAKEN SOVIET MIGHT WEAKEN SOVIET

INFLUENCE IN EAST ASIAINFLUENCE IN EAST ASIA RELATIONS REMAINED RELATIONS REMAINED

“FRATERNAL” IN PUBLIC“FRATERNAL” IN PUBLIC