rip - i kolokvijum-sva predavanja
TRANSCRIPT
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.......................................................................................................................................5..................................................................................................................................5
..................................................................................................................................6
(Form factor) .............................................................7
................................................................................................................7
..............................................................................................9
............................................................................................................9
.......................................................................... 10
.......................................................................................................... 11
- . ................................................................. 12
.................................................................................... 12
BIOS ............................................................................................................................ 13
CMOS.......................................................................................................................... 13
-......................................................................................................................................... 14
............................................................................................................................... 15
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(Personal computer - PC)
.
,
.
, : (),
().
- ,
.
,
.
-
(CPU) (RAM).
- . ,
,
.
: , , .
.
:
PDF.
:
1. .2.
(.Adobe Reader).
3. , (RAM). , CPU
.
4. CPU . Adobe Reader.
5. Adobe Reader, PDF RAM. , , CPU ,
.
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,
( 1.1): , , .
1.1
, , ,
.
, CPU( )
RAM
, CD, DVD,...
1.2
1.2
.
,
.
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(
1.2, ).
.
.
1.3
1.3
:
1. .2. . 110V,
220V.
, .
3. / .4. . ,
. .
.5. SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachmnet)
. . SATA
.
6. , TX . 20 24- 3.3V, 5V 12V
. 1 .
7. (Molex) . 5V 12V (PATA , .).
,
, , ,
.
.
.
.
,
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.
, .
.
?
.
,
.
.
,
( 1.2, ). , ,
. ,
.
( 1.4).
1.4 ,
.
(Printed Circuit Board - PCB)
, , ,
. , , ,
.
(slot).
- , , , ,
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.
(Form factor)
. ,
, , ,
.
. (Advanced
Technology) je 1995. , (Advanced Technology eXtended)
.
.
.
1 .
20 24 . 1.5
20 .
1.5 (20 )
24 e, 4
12V
.
1.6 20 24 .
+3.3V, +5V, -5V, +12V, -12V,
+5VSB, PS-ON (Power Switch On) PW-OK ( power good
PG).
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1.6
20 24
12V . +12V
.
,
.
,
. ,
.
1.7 12V
1.8
.
1.8
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(CPU) ( 1.9).
()
() .
.
,
.
.
1.9
, .
.
, (socket)
.
.
1.10
,
, .
(slot) .
,
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. :
, , .
, PCI, AGP, PCIe.
() .
.
, , , , , , ...
.
PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) 20
.
( Windows)
.
(AGP - Accelerated Graphics Port). PCI, AGP
. PCIAGP
.
, PCI
Express, PCIe.
1.11 PCI ExpressAGP () ()
(Random Access Memory - RAM). RAM
, . 1.12
.
, ,
,
.
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1.12 RAM
.
.
DIMM (Dual inline Memory Module ) RIMM (Rambus In-line Memory Module) .
64 128 . DIMM
168, 184 240 RIMM 184.
a , 4
. 6
4 DIMM DDR2, 2 DIMM DDR3 ( 1.13).
1.13
CD, DVD, SSD (Solid State Disk).
(PATA) (SATA).
.
1.14 (SATA)
(PATA)
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PATA , .
. 40
( , CD, DVD, ...).
master,
slave. (jumper) .
1.15 ( )
master
-
. , , ,
. ,
.
1.16
. (Light-Emitting Diode)
.
: , , , ... . PS/2 ,
( ) RS232 USB (Universal Serial
Bus). USB ,
.
USB , ,
.
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(R-45) .
/ .
,
. .
1.17
BIOS
Basic Input/Output System(BIOS)
.
. BIOS
, .
BIOS
flash .
CMOS
CMOS
.
Setup
.
, . ,
BIOS ,
.
BIOS
.
, .
, . ,
. CMOS .
.
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1.18 CMOS
-
. ,
. - (chipset). -
.
1.19 a .
:
1. (North bridge) Memory Controler Hub- MCH 2. (South bridge) Input/OutpuControler Hub - ICH.
:
, , (AGP PCIe)
1.19
( ) .
.
/
. ( ,
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, ...), PCI, PCIe USB
.
,
.
,
, 1.20.
1.20 CPU
,
.
,
,
.
.
Setup
,
.
.
.
.
. / ,
.
. , .
,
. Setup ,
, .
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.
, ,
: , -.
,
.
(memory controller chip - MCC)
(RAM) .
() USB ,
.
.
.
, Input/Output
Controller Hub (ICH) Fusion Controller Hub (FCH) ( ).
.
(byte) B. (binary digit)
b. ,
,
. (KB),
(MB) (GB).
1 = 1 0 (b)
8 = 1 (B)
1 = 210 = 1024 (K)
1 (KB) = 1024 B
1 = 220
= 1,048,576(M)
1 = 1024KB = 1,048,576 B
1 = 230
= 1,073,741,824 (G)
1 = 1024 MB=1,048,576 KB=1,073,741,824 B
1 = 240
= 1,099,511,627,776 (T)
1 = 1024 GB =1,048,576 MB=1,073,741,824 KB=1,099,511,627,776 B
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.
:
1. R(Read Only Memory) ( ) ,
2. RAM (Random Access Memory) .
ROM
ROM , RAM, . ROM , ,
:
1. ROM (nonvolatile storage), ()
.
2. ROM , , . ,
flash ROM .
ROM :
,
ROM.
PROM
PROM (Programmable ROM)
, 2.1. ,
(One Time Programmable). ,
. ,
PROM .
. (IS)
.
2.1 PROM
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EPROM
, . EPROM (rasable PROM. ( 2.2), () .
EPROMa . PROM, .
2.2PROM,
EEPROM
EPROM (Electonically rasable PROM), E2PROM, . , , . ,
. , EPROM,
. . , .
Flash ROM
ROM Flash ROM. Flash ROMje EPROM , . 512 , .
BIOS
,
. , RAM, , , USB .
Basic Input/Output Services (BIOS)
(device driver).
?
,
, ,
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.
, , , .
, RAM , RAM
,
.
( ) , .
flash ROM, ROM
: , ,
, , USB, .
flash ROM BIOS. firmware
ROM, BIOS
. flash ROM 2 MB,
BIOS 64 .
BIOS . ,
,
. RM, ,
, .
CMOS (complementary metal-oxide
semiconductor) . CMOS
, BIOS
( ,
RAM, ...). (Interrupt request line- IRQ).
, , (real time clock),
.
CMOS , CMOS .
CMOS 64 KB,
128
. ,
.CMOS je RAM , , , -
. CMOS (
1) , .
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Power -On Self Test(POST)
Flash ROM BIOS POST (power-on self test).
POST
. , POST
,
. ,
.
, ,
.
,
, PG (power good)
PWR-OK (power OK). -, PG,
system reset .
,
jump address. ,
flashROM
POST .
(POST). , BIOS. BIOS
BIOS .
BIOS ( , CD, ...).
CMOS
.
CMOS
( , CD, ...)
.
BIOS:
flash ROM BIOS
. , ,
. BIOS ,
!
:
()
BIOS.
,
flash ROM.
, flash ROM (dual/quad system)
,
.
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SR , DR
2.3 SRAM
DR
,
DR,
. ,
(DR) SR. .
(Cashe)
- ,
, ,
, DR
SR .
, (SR) ,
, DR . .
,
(DR) . ,
, ,
,
. ,
,
. (
)
.
, ,
,
. .
, L1 ,
.
. (L1 instruction L1 I )
, (L1 data L1 D )
.
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. ,
.
. 30, 72
. SIMM (Single In Line Memory Module).
(), ,
. SIMM 256
KB 16MB ( 30 o), 1 128 B ( 72 ).
DIMM (Dual In Line Memory Module).
,
. 168.
DIMM SDRAM (Syncronous DRAM),
.
64 , .
2.5. SDRAM
+3,3V.
2.5DDRSDRAM
2.5 . SPD
(Serial Presence Detect) , .
,
.
DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM)
. DDR
. DDR
, ( ),
. DDR 184
. +2,5V .
DDR 64 1 GB.
, DDR2,
DDR3.
DDR , 2,5V 184
(), DDR2 1,8V (
) 240 . DDR2
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DDR ,
. DDR DDR2
, DDR2 ,
e , ,
. ,
( ).
DDR2 30%
DDR .
2.6DDR2SDRAM
DDR3
,
30% DDR2. 1,5V. ,
240 , DDR2 DDR3 .
2.7DDR3 SDRAM
2.8 DDR2 DDR3.
2.8 DDR2 DDR3SDRAM
: DDR4 .
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2013.
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...................................................................................................................................................3
......................................................................................................3
.....................................................................................................................4
....................................................................................................................................................6 .............................................................................................................................6
...............................................................................................................................7
......................................................................................................................7
-pipeline........................................................................................................7
( Hyper-Threading) ............................................................8
CISC RISC.............................................................................................................9
64- ..............................................................................................................................9
:x86 x64 .........................................................................................................9
....................................................................................................................... 10
........................................................................................................................ 11
................................................................................................................ 12
........................................................................................ 13
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, ,
(overflow) .
. ,
, , , ...
, , . , , .
, ,
( ),
(general purpose registers) :
A, BX, C DX. .
(register size word size). 64-
64 .
.
(internal data bus). 8086, , 16
16 .
64 128 .
3.1
, - , .
.
. , ,
. ( )
.
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,
( 3.2):
1. (External Data Bus - EDB)2. a a (Address Bus)3. (Control Bus)
3.2
,
.
(. RAM).
()
.
.
RM RAM,
. .
(RAM) / .
,
RAM
(DB). ()
.
RAM ,
(address space) , .
, , 8086 20 ,
220B=1 MB.
(Control Bus)
,
, .
(CLK),
READ/WRITE (r/w),
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(IRQ),
(RESET) .
.
.
(clock signal, CLK)
.
( 3.3).
3.3
,
(clock cycle).
(square wave)
( 3.4)
3.4
(clock chip),
.
,
.
CLK .
,
, .
, .
. , , 200 MHz. 2.4 GHz, 12
.
.
.
, (DIP switches).
CPUID
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(CPU identifier) .
.
, :
1. (Fetch) 2. (Decode) 3. (Execute) (, ...)4. (Write/Store)
.
.
,
. .
.
-pipeline
.
. (pipeline)
.
,
, ,
, ( 3.5 3.6).
3.5
3.6
4 ,
.
, 20
. , .
,
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.
.
, ,
.
RAM,
. (wait states). , ,
( 2). ,
, RAM
. ,
L1 (level 1), .
.
,
, L2 (level 2). L1 ,
. L2
.
, RAM
front side bus L2
backside bus ( 3.7). L3 (level 3),
, .
3.7
( Hyper-Threading)
,
(threads)
.
. ,
, Pentium 4, Hyper-
Threading. Hyper-Threading
.
, -
.
,
.
Pentium 4,
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Core i7, Windows7
.
CISC RISC
.
. :
CISC - Complex Instruction Set Computer. .
RISC - Reduced Instruction Set Computer. , ,
.
.
x86 CISC .
RISC ,
.
. CISC RISC.
64-
. .
16 32 64 .
,
64.
64- , 64-
Windows7 Windows8 64- .
32- , 32-
Windows XP 32- .
64-
4 GB, 32 -
. 64- 264 RAM
, 224
.
.
: x86 x64
x86 .
, , Core 2 Duo,
80386. 64-,
, .
.
x64 , ,
. 32- x86, x32.
64- x64. ,
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, x64 32 -
.
. ,
.
,
. ,
() ,
(socket) .
, : LGA (land grid array) PGA
(pin grid array). LGA ( 3.8) ()
. PGA ( 3.9)
. PGA
, 2004. LGA 775
, LGA
SocketH3 (LGA1150).
PGA (Socket 3 Socket 3+).
LGA PGA ,
.
3.8 LGA
,
.
3.9 GA
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, ,
.
.
,
.
, .
.
()
( 3.10).
,
.
.
, .
,
.
(heat sink compound)
. ,
,
.
.
3.10
+12V, .
() ,
.
.
, .
.
. ,
. NTC
. NTC ,
,
.
3.11
() ().
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3.11
.
( )
.
.
:
3.12 .
3.12
,
.
. ,
.
. ,
.
,
100.
( 4 GHz 2002. )
.
() ,
.
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(core) .
(dual core) , ,
RAM. , ,
.
.
.
,
, .
Core i7 - : L1 64
KB, L2 256 KB L3 8 MB. L1 32 KB: L1 D
L1 I . L1 L2 , L3
.
, oj
RAM.
,
- (multicore processing). - Hyper-Threading,
.
- , , ,
-
.
(integrated
memory controller IMC),
.
. IMC L2 / L3 .
IMC RAM
.
() .
(
).
.
(graphics processing unit - GPU)
. GPU ( 3.13)
,
.
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3.13
,
. HD Graphics Core i3/i5/i7
GPU L2 / L3
. GPU, (ccelerated
rocessing Unit - APU),
. , GPU ,
,
.
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...................................................................................................................................................3
HDD..................................................................................................................................4
HDD..................................................................................................................................4
..........................................................................................................................6 HDD...................................................................................................................7
.............................................................................................................8
......................................................................................................9
...................................................................................................................................9
............................................................................................................................ 11
........................................................................................................... 11
........................................................................................................................................ 12
.............................................................................................................................. 12
-1 ........................................................................................................................................ 12
-2 ........................................................................................................................................ 13
ATA-3 ....................................................................................................................................... 14
ATA-4 ....................................................................................................................................... 14
ATA-5 ....................................................................................................................................... 14
ATA-6 ....................................................................................................................................... 14
Serial ATA.................................................................................................................................. 14
eSATA....................................................................................................................................... 15
SCSI................................................................................................................................. 16
........................................................................................... 18
SAS............................................................................................................................................ 18
RAID................................................................................................................................................. 18
RAID0 (Disk Striping) ............................................................................. 18
RAID 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 19
RAID 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 20
RAID 3 4..................................................................................................................................... 20
RAID5 .......................................................................................................................................... 20
RAID6 .......................................................................................................................................... 21
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(RAM)
.
, ,
, . , RAM
,
.
(Hard Disk Drive - HDD) je e
,
.
. ,
HDD.
, ,
, . , HDD
: RAM, BIOS .
HDD (Flopy disk, CD, DVD,
,...) . : , .
HDD (nonvolatilestorage),
.
.
. ,
.
, ,
.
(backup)
.
, ,
, .
:
HDD ,
- SDD (Solide State Disk).
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HDD
HDD, ,
.
HDD
HDD, :
1. (Platters) - : , ( 4.1).
,
,
. ,
HDD. 3.5 ,
2.5 , 1.8
.
. ,
3500 15000
( rpm - revolutions per minute).
4.1
2. (spindle) . .
3. (Read/Write Heads). .
, , , HDD .
,
.
,
(
). HDD ,
.
.
. :
.
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4.2
4. (Actuator arms) .
,
( 4.2).
4.3 HDD
5. ( 4.3). HDD, :
,
(voice coil motor).
.
.
.
. ,
.
6. HDD .
HDD 4.4.
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4.4 HDD
HDD
( 4.5).
HDD!
4.5
,
.
(track).
,
( 4.6). ,
,
. .
, ,
, ( 4.7).
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.
HDD.
.
.
.
. , ,
512 ( 4.6).
HDD. 512
,
(ECC).
571 . HDD
(sector per track).
.
4.6 HDD
,
CHS (Cilinder, Head, Sector per track).
BIOS HDD.
4.7 :
HDD
HDD
.
, .
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,
HDD.
: ,
. ,
, ,
, , , . HDD,
, :
(ECC rror
corecting code)
HDD HDD , BIOS, RAM
.
HDD (disk buffer)
. RAM
,
HDD.
, , ,
,
. HDD
. HDD
.
. ,
.
, , ,
.
,
, ,
.
, ,
, .
.
, ,
,
. ,
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, ,
, ,
, ,
. .
.
. ,
, BIOS HDD.
, .
HDD.
HDD. ,
HDD .
.
. HDD
. , .
,
.
.
HDD .
HDD
. .
, ,
. :
, . .
:
. (long seeks). , . .
(seek
time).
HDD,
.
, ,
.
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, N S .
, .
,
.
( )
. . .
.
,
.
. ,
, .
HDD . HDD
. ,
.
,
. ,
,
, .
.
,
. ,
.
, ,
. ,
. ,
( 4.8).
,
.
.
4.8 HDD
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.
,
. ,
,
.
, .
.
/ .
,
.
,
, .
, , ,
.
(magnetoresistance) .
,
.
HDD
- , ,
, , . .
:
1. (dvanced echnology ttachment) IDE(Integrated DriveEelectronics).
2. SCSI(Small Computer System Interface).
:
(),
(seri al ATA).
.
-1
80286 , HDD
BIOS. BIOS je HDD
504. ,
.
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.
.
.
SATA SATA (HDD, CD, DVD, ...) SATA host bus adapter (HBA).
SATA
(4.13)
4.13SATA
,
. ( 80 ),
.
1m, .
.
SSD
ini-SATA mSATA.
SATA , master slave.
SATA .
SATA ,
.
SATA .
( ) .
SATA 1.0 1.5Gb/s, SATA 2.0 3 Gb/s, SATA 3.0 6 Gb/s.
SATA , , ,
(Widows Vista ) BIOS
.
eSATA
External SATA (eSATA) SATA
. eSATA
, ( 4.14).
-
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16
4.14SATA
SATA 2
. ,
USB3.0 5 Gb/s. SATA
.
( USB )
SATA (Power eSATA).
Power over eSATA, Power eSATA, eSATA/USB Combo, eSATA USB
Hybrid Port (EUHP), 4.15.
4.15SATA
USB eSATA eSATAp
. eSATA
eSATAp ,
eSATAp .
4.16 SATA SATA
SCSI
small computer systeminterface (SCSI) ( ). SCSI
(chain).
(SCSIID) .
,
.
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17
Kao , SCSI . ,
,
.
SCSI , (host
adapter) SCSI .
, .SCSI . SCSI
, (
) SCSI 50 (
68- ).
( 4.17).
4.17 SCSI
SCSI
SCSI . SCSI 15
, ( 4.18).
4.18 SCSI
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18
SCSI SCSI
SCSI ID. SCSI ID 0
15, ,
SCSI . SCSI
.
()
SCSI .
.
SAS
. SAS - Serial Attached SCSI. SAS
.
65.535 /
.
10 m, 6 Gb/s.
(SAS ID)
.
RAID
,
RAID (Redundant Array
of Independent Disks). .
. RAID
RAID
.
, , RAID .
(UNIX, Linux, Mac OS, Win XP, Vista, Win7, ...)
RAID . ,
.
, .
RAID , HDD,
. HDD
,
.
ATA, SATA, SCSI, SS.
RAID 0 6.
RAID0 (Disk St r ipi ng)
.
.
.
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19
. 4.19
( ).
,
. .
4.19 RAID0
RAID 1
/ (Disk Mirroring/Duplexing).
, .
.
. RAID1
,
100 GB
100 GB. RAID 1 4.20.
4.20 RAID1 , mirroring
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20
,
(duplexing)
( 4.21).
4.21 RAID1 ,
RAID 2
aa
.
SCSI
.
RAID 3 4
(n n-1) .
n- .
.
RAID3 RAID4 .
4.22.
4.22 RAID3
RAID 3 RAID4
RAID5 .
RAID5
(Disk Striping with Distributed Parity). ()
RAID5 ( 4.23).
. RAID5
.
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1
HDD
SSD
2013.
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2
HDD .......................................................................................................................3
(low-level format) .....................................................................3
HDD ............................................................................................................3
Master Boot Record....................................................................................................................4 ........................................................................................................................6
.................................................................................................................7
(high-level format) ......................................................................................7
FAT.............................................................................................................................................8
FAT 32 .........................................................................................................................................9
NTFS......................................................................................................................................... 10
FAT64 ....................................................................................................................................... 11
SSD - Solid-State Drives..................................................................................................................... 11
.............................................................................................................................. 13
CD-ROM........................................................................................................................................ 13
CD-R............................................................................................................................................. 14
CD-RW.......................................................................................................................................... 15
DVD.............................................................................................................................................. 15
Blu-ray.......................................................................................................................................... 16
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3
HDD
HDD ,
.
:
1. (low-level format) HDD!
2. o 3. a(high-level format)
(low-level forma t)
.
. HDD
.
HDD
. , ,
, . ,
, .
.
HDD .
HDD
.
, , .
, HDD ,
(Multiple Zone Recording,
). .
HDD
HDD HDD
. HDD
HDD. HDD
. , HDD
.
HDD , . , HDD 1
, 250 , 750 .
() HDD, .
,
. . Windows
, C:, D: .
,
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5
5.1 MBR (master boot record):
MBR :
(extended partitions).
, boot
(directory management structure) .
MBR.
, MBR : D:
E: F: ( 5.2)
5.2
.
(logical drives). , .
, 5.3. e e, ju Extended
Partition Boot Records EPBR .
EPBR .
.
. , MBR
.
. MBR
. : , ,
, ...
( ) .
.
-
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6
5.3
, ,
(. Grand Unified Bootloader),
.
Windows 2000
.
(volume). ,
MBR , .
RAID.
,
. , , Windows
XP ProfessionalWindows 7 Professional, Ultimate, Enterprise.
HDD Windows 7
Disk Management .
.
HDD, 5.4.
5.4
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7
:
Simple, Spanned, Striped, Mirrored,
RAID 5.
Simple
HDD. ,
. .
Spanned ,
HDD ().
HDD
.
Striped RAID0 .
, HDD.
HDD
.
M irrored RAID1 . HDD,
.
.
RAID5 , , RAID5 .
. .
HDD HDD,
.
Windows
. , (hidden partition).
. BIOS .
.
(high -level format) ()
() .
Windows FDISK
Disk Management.
( ),
(file system)
.
.
-
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8
.
. ,
.
Windows ,
:
FAT
NTFSFAT
HDD (512 ).
512 ,
.
.
512 , .
, .
.
() FAT (file allocat ion table). FAT ,
( 5.5) (
0000 FFFF). 16
216
=64 K= 65,536 .
0000 00
0001 0001
0002 0002
0003 0003
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
FFF FFF
5.5 FAT 16,
FAT16, 16 . FAT
.
0000. , ,
, 0000 (
MBR ).
,
.
FFF7, . (bad sectors)
. FAT,
.
, ,
0000, FFF7.
FAT 16 64 K ,
64 K 512 = 32 . FAT 16
-
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9
HDD 10 MB.
, . ,
FAT 16, HDD,
.
:
.
5.6
( 5.6)
() FAT (
). ,
. ( )
, 16 ,
64 K. .
65536
. .
, FAT16
2 GB. 5.1
.
4 128 MB
8 256 MB
16 512 MB
32 1 GB
64 2 G
5.1 FAT16
, ,
,
.
FAT 32
Windows 95 OEM Service Release 2 , FAT 32,
. FAT 32, 32 ,
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10
. 4 K
32 K. FAT 32 2 B.
FAT 32
4 GB.
4 16 GB8 16 GB
16 32 GB
32 32 GB
64 2 G
5.2 FAT32
NTFS
New Technology File System (NTFS) je Windows
. Windows NT,
. NTFS, , FAT MFT
(master file table) .
:
MFT , . NTFS
, CL (Access Control List)
. ,
, .
,
.
NTFS
.
NTFS , 16 .
16 (260 B).
NTFS , , HDD.
FAT 32, NTFS
.
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11
FAT64
FAT32
: 2TB 4 GB.
FAT64 . FAT 64 64
16 ,
64ZB (260B - zettabytes). FAT64
NTFS , . FAT64
, NTFS
, Windows 7 8
.
SSD - Solid-State Drives
Solid-State Drives (SSD)
solid-state . SSD HDD,
, (
5.7). HDD, SSD , , ,
.
5.7 HDD SSD
SSD NAND
. , SSD R ,
,
.
SSD .
SSD ( 5.8)
SSD .
:
()- SSD. . . .
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12
5.8 SSD
SSD DRAM ,
HDD. SSD
.
.
SSD ( 1.8, 2.5 3.5 ),
.SSD
: PATA, SATA, eSATA, SCSI, USB.
SSD mini-PCI Express
. SSD HDD, .
SSD , .
SSD!
, , HDD,
. ,
SSD . , , SSD.
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13
CD, DVD Blu-ray .
CD 700 MB :
CD-ROM (read onlymemory), CD-R (recordable) CD-RW (rewritable).
CD-ROM
CD-ROM 12 cm,
.
- (pit) ( 5.9).
5.9 CD-ROM:
CD-ROM
( 5.10) .
0.5m 1.6m.
5.10 CD-ROM:
300.000 ,
. CD
( 500 200 rpm)
(constant linear velocity - CLV).
.
150 KB/s.
,
. CD : 2x, 3x, 4x, ..., 64,
.
12x, (constant angular velocity - CAV)
CLV.
-
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14
5.11. CD
- , 780 nm
.
. , ,
.
, .
. ,
. , ,
.
5.11 CD:
CD-R
CD-R (compact disk recordable)
. CD-ROM. ,
- ,
.
: .
.
,
. 30
nm ( 5.12).
,
, . ,
, CD-ROM .
-
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2013.
-
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2
...................................................................................................................................................3
........................................................................................5
PCI..................................................................................................................................................5
GP................................................................................................................................................6
PCIe................................................................................................................................................6
...........................................................................................................7
GPU................................................................................................................................................8
...........................................................................................................................8
BIOS................................................................................................................................................9
............................................................................................................... 10
. .............................................................................................. 10
VGA.............................................................................................................................................. 11
DVI............................................................................................................................................... 11
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3
(CPU) .
, , .
:
, , ,
- .
, ,
.
( 6.1). ,
.
6.1 : (), ()
,
:
, RAM , ,
, .
.
(CRT)
CRT .
.
ASCII . 256 ASCII
(pixel), BIOS.
() BIOS ,
. .
.
24 , 80 .
256 ,
, .
RAM ( RAM).
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4
ASCII ( ),
24 80 :
80 24 8 = 15,360 b= 1920
( ,
, .) 8 . ,
RAM ( 4 KB).
, (graphics video card).
,
256
.
(),
.
320 200, 320 200
, .
(320 ) (200
).
(320200=64.000 ).
640 480, 800 600, 1024 768, 1280 960, 1280 1024, 1600 1200.
( 1280 1024)
( aspect rat io) 4:3,
(CRT) . (wide-
screen) 16:9 16:10.
1366 768 1920 1080.
( ) ,
, 320 200, :
320 200 = 64,000 b8000
.
, .
()
. ,
( 6.1).
( ) (color depth) 2.
:4, 16, 32, ... RAM
.
,
24 (224
= 16.700.000).
Windows , 32
(true color), .
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5
24 , 8 (
) , .
2 1
4 2
16 4
256 8
65.536 16
16.700.000 24
6.1
.
.
VGA (video graphics array) ,
16 640 480 .
, ,
VGA .
, o
(SVGA, XGA, WXGA, HDTV 1080p, WQXGA, ...)
RAM
.
:
( ) ( ) ( [b])
1024 768 16 1.5
RAM , 24
2.25 RAM . ,
.
,
,
(). , ,
. PCI . , AGP
, PCIe.
PCI
PCI 32 ,
33 MHz () 132 MB/s.
,
. , PCI
. , 800 600, 75
( CRT ) 24 (3 ),
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6
: 800 600 3 75/ = 103 MB/s.
(132 MB/s), PCI
.
GP
AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port)
- (point to point). AGP . AGP
( 6.2).
6.2AGP ( )
AGP 64 , 66 MHz. AGP
. , AGP
, .
,
, .
RAM , AGP
RAM (system memory access).
AGP
AGP 1, 2, 4, 8.
AGP8 2133 MB/s ( 6.1).
(MH ) (MB/ s)
AG 1 66 266
AG 2 133 533
AG 4 266 1.066
AG 8 533 2.133
6.2AGP:
PCIe
AGP ,
PCIe (PCI
Express) . PCIe
AGP.PCIe
PCIe1.0 2.5 Gb/s, PCIe2.0 5 Gb/s
PCIe3.0 8Gb/s (lane).
, PCIe 16, 16 .
PCIe PCIe16 ( 6.3).
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8
GPU
GPU (graphics processing unit)
(CPU)
.
.GPU ,
. ,
CPU.
, NVIDIA, AMD, Intel
. NVIDIA AMD
, Intel .
GPU PU ,
GPU .
,
+12 V. GPU,
.
. PU, GPU , ,
.
.
.
.
.
.
CRT , ,
RAMDAC (RAM Digital to Analog Convertor), 6.5.
RAMDAC ,
, . RAMDAC
,
(refresh rates), .
.
CRT 75 Hz .
RAMDAC GPU . LCD, LED
RAMDAC. LCD, LED ,
RAMDAC ,
.
.
, ,
: ,
().
-
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9
6.5 :
RAM GPU,
, 32- 64, 128, 256, 384 512
. 32 64 ,
GPU.
(PU) GPU.
,
.
RAM,
(VRAM, SGRAM, DDR SDRAM, DDR2 SDRAM, DDR3
SDRAM, DDR4 SDRAM, DDR5 SDRAM).
,
,
. , ( DDR) !
.
256 512 MB GB. GPU
(3D), .
.
GPU
(CPU) GPU.
, GPU
.
,
.
BIOS
, BIOS
. BIOS
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10
.
, HDD
() .
, .
, BIOS .
(BIOS ),
.
,
(driver) .
.
. ,
.
.
()
( 6.6):
VGA
DVI DisplayPort
, , :
RCA BNC Mini-DIN HDMI
6.4 .
6.6
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