ringing a bell
TRANSCRIPT
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w> www.edpQyecriy.ect t> ;=; 9 oesoigtKedpsyecriy.ect
]oeioei f mc``2
Fef`ysoei fvfo`fm`c cvolceac be tgc
sburacs fel mcecdots bd fwfrcecss dbragfrotocs
Aofe Hurpgy, Jftc Arfestbe-\urecr fel Nbc Qfxtbe
Hfy =;63
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OetrbluatobeYc frc bdtce fsjcl my a`ocets wgft tgc rc`ftobesgop os mctwcce tgc vfrobus loddcrcet
hcfsurcs bd fwfrcecss, suag fs prbhptcl fwfrcecss, spbetfecbus fwfrcecss fel
uelcrstfeloei bd wgoag afusc f agfroty wbrjs oe, fel tgcor btgcr rcf` wbr`l hcfsurcs,
`ojc tbtf` br vb`uetfry oeabhc fel hclof spcel.
\gos qucry suiicsts mrbflcr qucstobes. Ygft lb ybu gfvc tb lb br spcel tb ohprbvc
ybur mrfel2 Gbw huag bd f abeecatobe os tgcrc mctwcce mcoei wc``-jebwe fel rfosoei
duels2 Ygft joel bd fe ohpfat be oeabhc afe ybu cxpcat drbh irbwoei ybur fwfrcecss
fel voac vcrsf2 Ygft frc tgc strftciocs dbr irbwoei fwfrcecss2 Gbw ohpbrtfet frc
btgcr mrfel hcfsurcs `ojc uelcrstfeloei, ceifichcet fel pbtcetof` suppbrt2
\gos dovc pfrt rcpbrt `bbjs ft sbhcbd tgc qucstobes fel fef`yscs twb frcfs oe lctfo`>
tgc rc`ftobesgop mctwcce fwfrcecss fel oeabhc, fel tgft mctwcce fwfrcecss fel
hclof spcel. Yc lol tgos my tfjoei f sfhp`c bd ecfr`y 4; bd tgc SJsmcst-jebwe
agfrotocs, rfeioei oe sozc drbh tces bd ho``obe tb guelrcls bd ho``obe, fel fef`ysoei
edpQyecriy lftf be tgch f`beisolc tgcor faabuets fel hclof spcel bvcr tgc `fst dovc
ycfrs.
[frt 6-Fwfrcecss - wgcrc lbcs ot abhc drbh fel wgy os ot ohpbrtfet2
\gos pfrt cxfhoecs tgc sburacs bd fwfrcecss, fel wgy ot hoigt hfttcr dbr f agfroty.
[frt => Fef`ysoei twb bd tgc sburacs bd fwfrcecss> pfol hclof spcel fel
`cvc`s bd oeabhc
\gos pfrt `bbjs ft tgc tbp `cvc` rc`ftobesgop mctwcce loddcrcet vfrofm`cs, o.c. gbw os
oeabhc abrrc`ftcl wotg fwfrcecss2
[frt 1> Agfeics oe fwfrcecss, hclof spcel fel oeabhc bvcr tohc
\gos pfrt cxp`brcs tgc oetcrfatobe bd tgcsc vfrofm`cs bvcr tohc. Gbw huag gfvc agfrotocs
spcet be rfosoei tgcor fwfrcecss bvcr tgc pfst dcw ycfrs2 Ygft os tgc hbst ohpbrtfet
dfatbr oe oearcfsoei ybur mrfelsprbdo`c2
[frt Cvolceac drbh afsc stulocs dbr fel fifoest hclof spcel br oeabhc
lrovoei fwfrcecss
\gos pfrt sgfrcs sbhc spcaodoa cxfhp`cs bd agfrotocs tgft gfvc cotgcr rfoscl tgcor prbdo`c
br oeabhc, br mbtg, oe rcacet ycfrs. Frc tgcrc a`ucs fs tb gbw tgcy lol ot2 Ygft afe mc
`cfrecl drbh tgcor trfaj rcabrls2
[frt 3> \bwfrls f strftciy dbr rfosoei fwfrcecss
\gos pfrt `bbjs ft tgc stcppoei stbecs fel fpprbfagcs tgft uelcrpoe gbw fwfrcecss
hoigt mc turecl oetb oeabhc. Ot pu``s tbictgcr f euhmcr bd tgrcfls tb scc gbw f agfroty
afe suaacssdu``y lcvc`bp fel put oetb fatobe fe fwfrcecss-muo`loei br mrfel strftciy.
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[frt 6> Fwfrcecss - wgcrc lbcs otabhc drbh fel wgy os ot ohpbrtfet2
Fwfrcecss bd f agfroty (br fey btgcr brifeosftobe) abhcs drbh f wgb`c vfrocty bd
sburacs. \gcsc loddcrcet sburacs oetcrtwoec, hfjoei ot loddoau`t tb cstfm`osg cxfat`y wgcrc
fwfrcecss abhcs drbh. Cquf``y ohpbrtfet`y, ot lbcs ebt tfjc `bei mcdbrc pcbp`c struii`c
tb rchchmcr gbw tgcy dorst gcfrl fmbut f agfroty. Qb wgo`c tgc frcfs mc`bw frc hfey bd
tgc loddcrcet sburacs bd rcabieotobe br fwfrcecss, ot os vcry loddoau`t tb loscetfei`c fel
rcscfrag gbw pcbp`c afhc tb rchchmcr f agfroty fel tb lcaolc wgoag sburacs frc tgc
hbst ohpbrtfet.
[fol flvcrtosoei
Fwfrcecss flvcrtosoei os prbmfm`y scce fs tgc mcst-jebwe rbutc tb ohprbvoei
fwfrcecss, fel pfrtoau`fr`y spbetfecbus fwfrcecss. \gcrc os eb lbumt tgft dbr sbhc
agfrotocs, tgcor oevcsthcet oe pfol flvcrtosoei os tgc rcfsbe, wgb``y br pfrt`y, dbr tgcor
goig `cvc`s bd fwfrcecss. Bur fef`ysos `ftcr oe tgos rcpbrt sgbws tgft tgcrc os f a`cfr
rc`ftobesgop mctwcce pfol flvcrtosoei fel fwfrcecss. \gc prbm`ch os tgft tgos
rc`ftobesgop lbcset gb`l dbr cvcry agfroty tgcrc frc p`cety bd wc``-jebwe agfrotocs tgft
spcel hoeohf` fhbuets be fwfrcecss flvcrtosoei.
Goig (drcc) hclof prbdo`c
Hfey agfrotocs wfet tb ict f goig prbdo`c oe tgc hclof my rueeoei hclof afhpfoies ft
mbtg tgc `baf` fel eftobef` `cvc`. Hfey suaaccl oe scauroei hclof abvcrfic oe
ecwspfpcrs, be \T fel rflob, oe hfifzoecs fel oearcfsoei`y be sbaof` hclof. \gc ircft
flvfetfic bd cxp`botoei tgc hclof os tgft abvcrfic os drcc, br vcry `bw abst. \gc
losflvfetfic os tgft otsvcry gfrl tb abetrb`, fel tgcrcs ebiufrfetcc tgft tgc hclof
wo`` abvcr f stbry nust mcafusc f agfroty puts but f prcss rc`cfsc.
Drocels fel dfho`y
Yc f`` gcfr fmbut sbhc bd tgc fatovotocs bd agfrotocs, tb f ircftcr br `csscr cxtcet,
tgrbuig bur drocels fel dfho`ocs. Drocels fsj us tb suppbrt tgcor spbesbrcl cvcet, br wc
gcfr fmbut ab``cfiucs vb`uetccroei dbr f agfroty ft fe cvcet br oe f sgbp. \gcrc frc f
gbst bd wfys tgft pcbp`c afe mcabhc fwfrc bd agfrotocs tgrbuig tgcor ecfrcst fel
lcfrcst. Gbwcvcr, hcfsuroei gbw huag fwfrcecss os rfoscl my tgos, `ct f`bec
oed`uceaoei ot, os vcry loddoau`t. Hbrcbvcr, tgcrc os f goig lcircc bd bvcr`fp wotg tgc ecxt
sburac bd fwfrcecss.
Abhhueoty fatovotocs fel tgc wbrj bd vb`uetccrs
Hfey pcbp`c gcfr fmbut tgc wbrj bd agfrotocs tgrbuig tgcor `baf` abhhueoty. Ago`lrce
duelrfosc tgrbuig Qabuts br ft agurag, br tgcy rfosc hbecy dbr agfrotocs ft sagbb`.
Qfturlfy hbreoei sgbppoei os pcppcrcl wotg rcqucsts tb iovc tb f toe-rftt`cr.
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aboeaolceac, dbr cxfhp`c, tgft tgrcc bd tgc SJs mcst-jebwe agfrotocs, Bxdfh, EQ[AA
fel ]Q[AF, f`` gfvc ueoquc fel hchbrfm`c efhcs (lcspotc mcoei farbeyhs). Hfey
btgcr agfrotocs tgft dcfturc prbhoecet`y oe pum`oa fwfrcecss gfvc lostoeatovc eoagcs (c.i.
]E@O) br baaupy hfrjct pbsotobes bd lccp abeacre tb tgc pum`oa (c.i. Afeacr ]cscfrag
SJ). F`` bd tgc oeputs tgft arcftc fwfrcecss wbrj hbrc cddcatovc`y od tgc agfroty flbpts
tgc roigt mrfel strftciy fel pbsotobeoei.
Ygy os fwfrcecss ohpbrtfet2Fwfrcecss dfao`otftcs f rfeic bd btgcr fatovotocs. Ot os `ojc f joel bd brifeosftobef` dotecss,
ebt ecacssfro`y fe cel oe otsc`d mut f hcfes tb bec. Qb wgft lb goigcr `cvc`s bd
fwfrcecss dfao`otftc2 \gcrc os f mrcfltg bd frcfs>
Goig fwfrcecss hfjcs duelrfosoei cfsocr.Feymbly wgb gfs trocl tb duelrfosc
tgrbuig fe cvcet suag fs rueeoei f hfrftgbe wo`` jebw tgc loddcrceac tgft gfvoei f
gbuscgb`l efhc afe hfjc. \c``oei pcbp`c tgft ybu frc rfosoei hbecy dbr Hfaho``fe/
Bxdfh/Mfrefrlbs br tgc `ojc os f huag cfsocr sc`` tgfe rfosoei hbecy dbr f agfrotyebmbly gfs gcfrl bd (fel wbrsc sto``, f afusc ebmbly gfs gcfrl bd cotgcr).
Goig fwfrcecss hfjcs hclof abvcrfic cfsocr. Hbst nburef`osts gfvc f gbst bd
prcss rc`cfscs fel chfo`s tb rcfl cvcry lfy. Fe brifeosftobe tgft os jebwe tb f
nburef`ost os f rcf``y ohpbrtfet prcaursbr tb abvcrfic. Fwfrcecss oe tgos abetcxt lbcset
iufrfetcc hclof abvcrfic, mut ot oearcfscs tgc agfeacs wgce f nburef`ost gfs guelrcls
bd chfo`s tb cvce bpce, `ct f`bec rcfl. Agfrotocs sto`` eccl tb prbluac pbwcrdu`,
abhpc``oei stbrocs dbr tgc hclof tb abvcr bd abursc.
Goig fwfrcecss hfjcs afhpfoieoei fel `bmmyoei cfsocr.Fwfrcecss osohpbrtfet cvce dbr afhpfoieoei fel `bmmyoei. Ygce SEOACD tc``s us fmbut fmuscs bd
ago`lrces roigts, fey H[ os hbrc `ojc`y tb tfjc ebtoac abhpfrcl tb f agfroty tgcy gfvc
ecvcr gcfrl bd. \gc sfhc os truc bd tgc pum`oa wgce fsjcl tb `bmmy tgcor H[ be f
pfrtoau`fr ossuc> fwfrcecss bd fe brifeosftobe sgbrtces br sgbrtauts tgc prbacss bd
fsjoei wgctgcr tgc brifeosftobe fel ots hcssfic frc arclom`c, fel wgctgcr tgcy sgbu`l
mc tfjce scrobus`y.
Goig fwfrcecss hfjcs ot cfsocr tb oed`uceac pum`oa bpoeobe. Agfrotocs bdtce wfet
tb oed`uceac pum`oa fttotulcs fel bpoeobe, br cvce agfeic pum`oa mcgfvobur be fe ossuc.
Fifoe, fwfrcecss bd tgc brifeosftobe os f arotoaf` prcaursbr tb tfjoei ebtoac bd wgft tgcygfvc tb sfy.
\gcsc frc nust f dcw frcfs wgcrc fwfrcecss hfttcrs. Ot f`sb gc`ps wotg tgc lc`ovcry bd
scrvoacs fel tgc rcaruothcet bd stfdd, tgc woeeoei bd `baf` fel acetrf` ibvcrehcet
abetrfats fel oe f gbst bd btgcr frcfs.
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Fwfrcecss f`bec os ebt cebuig\gcrc os f tgchc tgft rues tgrbuigbut f`` tgcsc frcfs wgcrc fwfrcecss os ohpbrtfet:
fwfrcecss os tgc mcioeeoei bd tgc ceifichcet prbacss, rftgcr tgfe tgc cel bd ot. Yc
wo`` tf`j fmbut ot hbrc oe tgc doef` pfrt, mut pcbp`c lb ebt eccl tb nust mc fwfrc bd fe
brifeosftobe, tgcy f`sb eccl tb jebw wgft ot lbcs fel tgcy eccl f strbei fel
dfvburfm`c bpoeobe bd ot. Oe btgcr wbrls, brifeosftobes eccl tb gfvc f mrfel strftciy
oetcrtwoecl wotg tgcor fwfrcecss strftciy.
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[frt => Fef`ysoei twb bd tgcsburacs bd fwfrcecss> hclof spcel
fel `cvc`s bd oeabhc
Oe [frt 6, wc but`oecl f rfeic bd pbssom`c rbutcs tb oearcfsoei fwfrcecss, fel oe rcf`oty
tgcrc frc prbmfm`y hbrc tgfe tgft. Oe tgos scatobe, wc `bbj ft twb bd tgch oe lctfo`> pfol
hclof spcel fel cxtcesovc duelrfosoei fatovotocs. Ygo`c sbhc bd tgc sburacs bd
fwfrcecss frc quotc gfrl tb hcfsurc (dbr cxfhp`c tgc rb`c bd drocels fel dfho`y), tgc
twb wc cxfhoec gcrc gfvc hbrc rbmust fel pum`oa`y fvfo`fm`c lftf.
Ebtcs fel afvcfts fmbut hctgblb`biy
\gos fef`ysos eccls tb gfvc sbhc afvcfts fpp`ocl. Dorst, bur hcfsurcs bd hclof spcel
usc rftc afrl cxpceloturc fs tgcor hcfsurc bd fatovoty. ]ftc afrl os tgc fhbuet tgft f
hclof but`ct sfys ot wo`` agfric dbr fey iovce spfac, rftgcr tgfe tgc fhbuet tgft os
ecibtoftcl dbr tgce fatuf``y pfol. Fey hcfsurc bd gbw huag os fatuf``y spcet be hclof
os fe oelcx bd hclof fatovoty rftgcr tgfe tgc mo`` f agfroty pfys, mcafusc ot hfy gfvc
ecibtoftcl f ircft lcf` wotg flvcrtoscrs br cvce mcce iovce spfac dbr drcc.
Yc gfvc uscl tgc `cvc`s bd tbtf` fel vb`uetfry oeabhc fs f prbxy dbr duelrfosoei fatovoty.
Dbr hbst agfrotocs, tgc `cvc`s bd fatovoty wo`` mcfr sbhc rc`ftobe tb tgc `cvc`s bd oeabhc
(br ft `cfst wc wbu`l gbpc sb). Dbr agfrotocs wgb rcacovc `fric fhbuets bd `cifay br
stftutbry oeabhc, tgos hfy ebt mc tgc afsc, fs wc wo`` scc oe tgc afsc stulocs oe [frt tgc
tcfagcrs, tgc pfrcets, tgc sy``fmus, tgc roigt qucstobes be tgc lfy, gbw shfrt tgc ago`l
os fel sb be. \gc lfeicr os tgft rcflcrs `bbj ft 11% fel sfy rcvosobe oset vcry
ohpbrtfet. Yc``, od oe prfatoac tgos hcfes tgft be fvcrfic f ago`l wgb lbcsetrcvosc wo``
ict wbrsc rcsu`ts tgfe bec wgb lbcs, tgce fe r=bd ;.11 scchs f `bt hbrc ohpbrtfet.
\gcrc wo`` mc f`wfys mc ago`lrce wgb rcvosc f `bt fel lbet lb wc``, fel tgbsc wgb lb eb
rcvosobe fel lb wc``.
\b gc`p ybu rcfl cfag agfrt, feytgoei wotg m`uc lbtsos prbhptcl fwfrcecss fel
feytgoei wotg purp`c lbtsos spbetfecbus fwfrcecss.
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\gc rc`ftobesgop mctwcce prbhptcl fwfrcecss fel oeabhc\gc prbhptcl fwfrcecss sabrc dbr f agfroty os tgc mrbflcst hcfsurc bd fwfrcecss wc
trfaj fel os quotc sohp`y tgc prbpbrtobe bd tgc pbpu`ftobe tgft gfs gcfrl bd tgc
brifeosftobe.
Sesurprosoei`y tgce, fs agfrt 6 mc`bw sgbws, wc dbuel tgft tgcrc os f vcry strbei
rc`ftobesgop mctwcce prbhptcl fwfrcecss fel tbtf` oeabhc `cvc`s. Oe stftostoaf` tcrhs,
bur fef`ysos sgbwcl fe r bd .11 (usoei f `bi-trfesdbrhcl rcircssobe), ohp`yoei tgft
11% bd tgc vfroftobe oe bec afe mc cxp`foecl my tgc btgcr. Yc try fel cxp`foe hbrc
fmbut tgc stftostoaf` fef`ysos wc gfvc afrrocl but, fel tgc nfribe wc usc, oe tgc mbx
fmbvc fel tgc fppcelox ft tgc cel.
Agfrt 6> [rbhptcl fwfrcecss vs tbtf`oeabhc
] 8 ;.11
;%
=;%
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btgcr. \gcrc os f soho`fr sgfpc tb tgc irfpg, wotg fe oeotof` stccp rosc oe fwfrcecss
mctwcce 6;h fel 6;;h, tgce f `cvc``oei bdd fdtcrwfrls fs brifeosftobes rcfag
gbuscgb`l efhc stftus.
Agfrt => [rbhptcl fwfrcecss vs vb`uetfry
oeabhc
[rbhptcl
Fwfrcecss
] 8 ;.16
;%
=;%
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agfrotocs tgft abhc tb hoel. Fifoe, wotg tgos fwfrcecss hcfsurc wc scc f strbei
rc`ftobesgop wotg vb`uetfry oeabhc (fel tgc sfhc os truc dbr tbtf` oeabhc) oe Agfrt 1.
Agfrt 1> Qpbetfecbus fwfrcecss vs vb`uetfryoeabhc
QpbetfecbusFwfrcecss
] 8 ;.37
;%
6;%
=;%
1;%
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\gc rc`ftobesgop mctwcce fwfrcecss fel hclof spcelBur scabel fef`ysos bd tgc sburac bd fwfrcecss os hclof spcel (fs bppbscl tb drcc
clotbrof` fel sbaof` hclof abvcrfic). Yc `bbjcl ft brifeosftobeshclof spcel usoei dovc
ycfrs wbrtg bdlftf.
Qpbetfecbus fwfrcecss wfs rcfsbefm`y strbei`y fssbaoftcl wotg hclof spcel (r 8
;.1? fel scc Agfrt pfol-dbr hclof, suag fs \T
fel proet hclof, gfs f huag moiicr cddcat be spbetfecbus fwfrcecss tgfe ot lbcs beprbhptcl fwfrcecss. \gos suiicsts tgft tgc hfoe ohpfat bd hclof spcel os be sgbrt-
tcrh tbp-bd-hoel fwfrcecss, rftgcr tgfe be wgctgcr pcbp`c gfvc gcfrl bd f agfroty oe
tgc dorst p`fac. Cquf``y ohpbrtfet os tgft fey mbbst oe spbetfecbus fwfrcecss wo`` lcafy
bvcr tohc fel eccl rc-mbbstoei oe sox tb 6= hbetgs. Mbbstoei prbhptcl fwfrcecss hfy
rcquorc f `beicr-tcrh strftcioa dbaus be mrfel, rftgcr tgfe nust sgbrt-tcrh hclof
spceloei.
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Agfrt 4 auts but fwfrcecss, tgc holl`c-hfe sb tb spcfj, fel sgbws f strbei
rc`ftobesgop mctwcce hclof spcel fel vb`uetfry oeabhc, wotg fe r=bd ;.3=. Otswbrtg
pboetoei but, gbwcvcr, tgft tgos abu`l sohp`y hcfe tgft agfrotocs wotg `fric fhbuets bd
hbecy afe fddbrl tb spcel ot be hclof.
] 8 ;.==
;%
=;%
[rbhptcl fwfrcecss vs hclof spcel
[rbhptclFwfrcecss
\btf` hclof spcel (j)
Qburac> Agfroty Abhhossobe, Agfroty Doefeaof`s fel Agfroty Fwfrcecss Hbeotbr
] 8 ;.3=
;
3;,;;;
6;;,;;;
63;,;;;
=;;,;;;
=3;,;;;
1;;,;;;
13;,;;;
Tb`uetfry oeabhc v hclof spcel
Tb`uetfryOeabhc(j)
\btf` hclof spcel (j)
Qburac> Agfroty Abhhossobe, Agfroty Doefeaof`s fel Agfroty Fwfrcecss Hbeotbr. \gos agfrt os cspcaof``y dbr Toajy.
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[frt 1> Agfeics oe fwfrcecss,hclof spcel fel oeabhc bvcr tohc
\gc ecxt stfic bd tgc rcscfrag `bbjs ft gbw tgcsc vfrofm`cs agfeicl bvcr tohc oe fe
fttchpt tb uelcrstfel gbw agfeics oe fwfrcecss hoigt `cfl tb agfeics oe oeabhc, br
gbw agfeics oe oeabhc hoigt `cfl tb agfeics oe fwfrcecss. Yc wcrc f`sb jcce tb scc
gbw huag fwfrcecss agfeicl hbrc icecrf``y.
Agfrotocs afeebt tfjc tgcor fwfrcecss dbr irfetcl: ot lbcs ib lbwe fs wc`` fs up, fel ot
lbcs rcluac irfluf``y bvcr tohc od f agfroty lbcs ebtgoei tb hfoetfoe br oearcfsc ot.
Lboei ebtgoei fmbut fwfrcecss `cvc`s os ebt stfeloei sto``, mut prbmfm`y hfefioei f s`bw
lca`oec.
Agfrt 9> Agfeics oe fwfrcecss `cvc`s, =;;?-=;61
1
=;
=4
?
6
9
64
66
6;
6 Agfroty Abhhossobe, Agfroty Doefeaof`s fel Agfroty Fwfrcecss Hbeotbr
Fs Agfrt 9 sgbws, agfrotocsfwfrcecss lbcs d`uatuftc. Dbr spbetfecbus fwfrcecss, tgc
hbst abhhbe agfeic bvcr tgc tohc oe bur fef`ysos os tb scc f s`oigt oearcfsc oe
fwfrcecss br dbr ot tb rchfoe stftoa. Dbr prbhptcl fwfrcecss, tgc sprcfl bd agfeics oeAgfrt 9 os hbrc mrbfl`y mfscl wotg f sumstfetof` euhmcr bd agfrotocs sgbwoei fe
oearcfsc oe tgcor fwfrcecss, mut f soieodoafet hoebroty sgbwoei f lcarcfsc.
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Qpbetfecbus fwfrcecss fel hclof spcelCquf``y oetcrcstoei os wgce wc abhc tb `bbj ft gbw agfeics oe spbetfecbus fwfrcecss
rc`ftc tb agfeics oe hclof spceloei bvcr f dovc ycfr pcrobl. Gcrc oe Agfrt 7, wc scc f
abrrc`ftobe, tgbuig ebt f guic`y strbei bec>
Agfrt 7> Agfeics oe spbetfecbus fwfrcecssvs agfeics oe hclof spcel
] 8 ;.6?
-3%
;%
3%
-3,;;; ; 3,;;; 6;,;;;
p 0;.;;6
Agfeic oe hclof spcel (j)
Agfeic oe spbetfecbus fwfrcecss
Qburac> Agfroty Abhhossobe, Agfroty Doefeaof`s fel Agfroty Fwfrcecss Hbeotbr
F`tgbuig tgc rc`ftobesgop be`y faabuets dbr =;% bd tgc vfroftobe mctwcce tgc twb, ot sto``
scchs f rcfsbefm`c ru`c bd tguhm tgft oearcfsoei f hclof mulict wo`` oearcfsc
spbetfecbus fwfrcecss, wgo`c lcarcfsoei ot `cfls tb fe fwfrcecss lcarcfsc. Bd
agfrotocs tgft oearcfscl tgcor hclof spcel, 3=% sfw fe oearcfsc oe spbetfecbus
fwfrcecss, abhpfrcl tb nust 11% tgft sfw fe oearcfsc lcspotc be`y hfoetfoeoei
spceloei.
Be fvcrfic, tgbsc tgft oearcfscl tgcor spbetfecbus fwfrcecss oearcfscl tgcor hclof
spcel my 6.9 ho``obe bvcr tgc dovc ycfrs. \gbsc wgb be`y hfoetfoecl spbetfecbus
fwfrcecss oearcfscl spceloei my =?;,;;; pcr feeuh (ft rftc afrl proacs), wgo`c tgbsc
wgbsc spbetfecbus fwfrcecss lrbppcl gfl lcarcfscl tgcor spcel my fe fvcrfic bd
=11,;;;.
Ots tchptoei tb wfet tgcsc doiurcs fs pcracetfics bd cxostoei hclof spcel. Gbwcvcr, dbr
fe brifeosftobe tb ict trfatobe wotg ots hclof spcel, ots tgc fmsb`utc fhbuet tgft
hfttcrs, rftgcr tgfe fey pcracetfic.
Ssoei tgc rc`ftobesgop mctwcce spbetfecbus fwfrcecss fel hclof spcel, wc afe tgce
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arcftc fe cstohftc dbr tgc abst bd bec pboet bd spbetfecbus fwfrcecss 6. Mfscl be tgc
agfrotocs oe bur survcy, fe fvcrfic agfroty wbu`l eccl tb oearcfsc ots hclof spcel
mulict my scvcrf` ho``obe bvcr dovc ycfrs (ft rftc afrl proacs, sb pcrgfps gf`d tgft fdtcr
ecibtoftobe) tb fagocvc fe oearcfsc bd bec pcracetfic pboet bd spbetfecbus fwfrcecss.
\gos os `ojc`y tb durtgcr bvcrcstohftc tgc abst bd rfosoei spbetfecbus fwfrcecss, mcafusc
tgc sfhp`c oea`ulcs brifeosftobes tgft wo`` gfvc spcet hbecy be pfol flvcrtosoei
wotgbut tgc oetcetobe bd rfosoei spbetfecbus fwfrcecss. Ot lbcs, gbwcvcr, iovc feoeloaftobe bd tgc upgo`` struii`c dfacl my brifeosftobes tgft frc fohoei tb oearcfsc ot.
Yc abea`ulc tgft wgo`c hclof spcel lbcs oearcfsc spbetfecbus fwfrcecss, ot os mcst
suotcl tb tgbsc brifeosftobes wotg mbtg lccp pbajcts fel f dbauscl, `bei-tcrh mrfel
strftciy.
Tb`uetfry oeabhc fel fwfrcecss bvcr tohcQb dfr, wc gfvc scce tgft oearcfsoei hclof spcel scchs tb mc fe cddcatovc, od dfor`y
cxpcesovc, wfy bd oearcfsoei spbetfecbus fwfrcecss, mut hbrc os ecclcl tb irbw f
mrfels bvcrf``prbhptcl fwfrcecss. Qb gbw lb tgcsc twb hcfsurcs oetcrfat wotg f
agfrotys vb`uetfry oeabhc2
Agfrt 7 sgbws f wcfj rc`ftobesgop mctwcce agfeics oe spbetfecbus fwfrcecss fel
agfeics oe hclof spcel. Agfrt ? (mc`bw) sgbws f vcry wcfj rc`ftobesgop mctwcce
agfeics oe spbetfecbus fwfrcecss fel agfeics oe vb`uetfry oeabhc. \gc stftostoas dbr
tgcsc twb agfrts sgbw tgc `faj bd fey hcfeoeidu` rc`ftobesgop wotg fe r =bd ;.;3. Lfhe
lfhe lfhe! Lftf afe mc sb drustrftoei.
Oe [frt =, wc sfw f strbei rc`ftobesgop fel yct oe tcrhs bd agfeics bvcr tohc, tgc
rc`ftobesgop lbcset cxost. \gc lftf dbr agfeics oe prbhptcl fwfrcecss fel vb`uetfry
oeabhc sgbws tgc sfhc wcfj rc`ftobesgop. Gbw afe tgc sefpsgbt bd tgc rc`ftobesgop oe
Agfrt 1 sgbw suag f strbei rc`ftobesgop fel tgc stbry bvcr tohc sgbw suag f `ott`c
rc`ftobesgop2
\gc rcfsbes dbr tgos `faj bd rc`ftobesgop frc oetroiuoei fel vfrobus cxp`feftobes frc
pbssom`c. Bec gypbtgcsos os f stftostoaf` bec: tgft tgc agfeics oe mbtg vb`uetfry oeabhc
fel spbetfecbus fwfrcecss frc tbb shf`` tb prbluac f rc`ftobesgop (scc f`` tgbsc pboets
a`ustcroei frbuel zcrb, o.c. eb agfeic br `ott`c agfeic oe Agfrt 7). Febtgcr os tgft rfosoei
fwfrcecss my otsc`d lbcs ebt `cfl tb oearcfscl lbeftobes. Oe btgcr wbrls, agfrotocs frc
ebt cddcatovc`y usoei fe oearcfsc oe fwfrcecss br oeabhc fs f duc` dbr oearcfsc oe tgc
btgcr. Oe [frt 3, wc `bbj ft tgc stcppoei stbecs tgft hoigt mc ecclcl tb `cfl drbh
oearcfscl fwfrcecss tb oearcfscl oeabhc (fel voac vcrsf).
6\gos os my ecacssoty mfscl be quotc f shf`` sfhp`c sozc, sb tgc doiurc sgbu`l mc tfjce wotg f ibbl poeag bdsf`t. \gcsc doiurcs frc f`sb mfscl be rftc afrl proacsoe tgc rcf` wbr`l, agfrotocs rcacovc sumstfetof`losabuets be tgcsc proacs, suiicstoei tgft tgc fatuf` abst hfy mc `bwcr. Ots tgc hclof fatovotyrftgcr tgfetgc hclof abst tgft rcf``y hfttcrs.
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Agfrt ?> Agfeics oe spbetfecbus fwfrcecssvs agfeics oe vb`uetfry oeabhc
Qburac> Agfroty Abhhossobe, Agfroty Doefeaof`s fel Agfroty Fwfrcecss Hbeotbr
-4%
-
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[frt Cvolceac drbh afsc stulocsdbr fel fifoest hclof spcel br
oeabhc lrovoei fwfrcecss
\gc `fst scatobe wfs du`` bd stfts=. \gos bec os du`` bd tgc afsc stulocs bd oelovoluf`
brifeosftobes fel `bbjs ft gbw tgcor fwfrcecss, oeabhc fel hclof spcel gfvc agfeicl
bvcr tohc.
\gc pboet bd tgcsc afsc stulocs os ebt tb afst nulihcet, mut sohp`y tb scc wgctgcr sbhc
bd tgc rc`ftobesgops wc sfw (br lolet scc) oe tgc `fst scatobe mcfr f rc`ftobesgop tb tgc
rcabrls bd oelovoluf` brifeosftobes.
Afsc stuly> Mrotosg ]cl ArbssF `bei-tcrh gbuscgb`l efhc oe Mrotfoe wotg bvcr ?;% prbhptcl fwfrcecss, tgc Mrotosg]cl Arbss (M]A) gfs irfluf``y mcabhc hbrc fel hbrc `ojc`y tb mc tbp-bd-hoel fhbei
hchmcrs bd tgc pum`oa. Ygo`c tgc bvcrscfs agfrotocs icecrf``y scc tchpbrfro`y mbbstcl
spbetfecbus fwfrcecss luroei hfnbr losfstcr fppcf`s, tgc suaacss scce my M]A gfs
mcce mbtg sustfoecl fel abesostcet bvcr tohc. Agfrt 6; sgbws gbw ot gfs oearcfscl ots
spbetfecbus fwfrcecss quotc abesostcet`y bvcr tgc `fst dcw ycfrs.
Agfrt 6;> Mrotosg ]cl Arbss QpbetfecbusFwfrcecss =;;?-=;61
Qburac> Agfroty Fwfrcecss Hbeotbr
66%
=6%
Bat-;7 Hfr-;? Fui-;? Nfe-6; Nue-6; Ebv-6; Fpr -66 Qcp-66 Dcm-6= N u-6= Lca-6= Hfy-61 Bat-61
=Qtftostoaf` fef`ysos bd r=8 .374 sgbws tgft wc frc quotc jcce be cvolceac fel stftostoas ft
edpQyecriy, cvce od tgc rcsu`ts frc be baafsobes ebt fs a`cfr-aut fs wc hoigt `ojc.
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\gos gfs db``bwcl f abesostcet irbwtg oe hclof spcel, fs sgbwe mc`bw oe Agfrt 66. Bvcr
tgc sfhc pcrobl, gbwcvcr, oeabhc gfs f`sb irbwe. Tb`uetfry oeabhc ircw drbh ?3h oe
=;;? tb f pcfj bd 61;h oe =;66, mcdbrc lca`oeoei tb 6;?h oe =;6=, mut tgce rosoei
fifoe tb 6=7 ho``obe oe =;61. Ygo`c M]As oeabhc os f`wfys `ojc`y tb mc vfrofm`c
lcpceloei be tgc euhmcr fel saf`c bd chcriceay fppcf`s oe f iovce ycfr, tgc rcsu`t os
sto`` abesostcet wotg bur doeloeis tgft oearcfscl hclof spcel afe oearcfsc spbetfecbus
fwfrcecss, fs afe duelrfoscl oeabhc. \gc afsc dbr M]A scchs tb mc f vortubus aora`cwotg oeabhc, spbetfecbus fwfrcecss fel hclof spcel f`` oearcfsoei mctwcce =;;? fel
=;61, cvce od ebt abesostcet`y
Agfrt 66> Mrotosg ]cl Arbss Tb`uetfryOeabhc fel Hclof Qpcel (j) =;;?-=;61
Qburac> Agfroty Abhhossobe, Agfroty Doefeaof`s fel Agfroty Fwfrcecss Hbeotbr
?3,4;;
6=7,1;;
9,3
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=;|
Agfrt 6=> ]E@O Qpbetfecbus Fwfrcecss=;;?-=;61
Qburac> Agfroty Fwfrcecss Hbeotbr
7% 7%
Bat-;7 Hfr-;? Fui-;? Nfe-6; Nue-6; Ebv-6; Fpr-66 Qcp-66 Dcm-6= Nu`-6= Lca-6= Hfy-61 Bat-61
Agfrt 61> ]E@O Tb`uetfry Oeabhc fel HclofQpcel (j) =;;?-=;61
Qburac> Agfroty Abhhossobe, Eoc`sce fel Agfroty Doefeaof`s
6
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=6|
Afsc stuly> BxdfhBxdfh gfs gfl bec bd tgc goigcst `cvc`s bd spbetfecbus fwfrcecss oe bur rcscfrag bd
fey agfroty dbr hfey ycfrs, f`tgbuig ot os dfor`y stftoa (br oelccl, abesostcet).
Agfrt 6 Bxdfh Qpbetfecbus Fwfrcecss
=;66-=;61
Qburac> Agfroty Fwfrcecss Hbeotbr
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==|
Afsc Qtuly> YftcrFolDoef``y, YftcrFol gfs gfl soieodoafet suaacss oe irbwoei fwfrcecss bd ots mrfel oe rcacet
ycfrs (Agfrt 64), fs wc`` fs oearcfsoei ots oeabhc fel hclof spcel (Agfrt 69). Oe btgcr
wbrls, tgc tgrcc oeloaftbrs wc frc hcfsuroei frc f`` gcfloei oe tgc roigt lorcatobe. Ots
prbhptcl fwfrcecss gfs rosce drbh Agfroty Fwfrcecss Hbeotbr
YftcrFol Tb`uetfry Oeabhc felHclof Qpcel (j) =;;?-=;61
Qburac> Agfroty Abhhossobe, Eoc`sce fel Agfroty Doefeaof`s
=?,1?1
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=1|
Ygft lb tgc afsc stulocs tc`` us2\gc dorst fel `fst afsc stulocs, Mrotosg ]cl Arbss fel YftcrFol, sgbw cxfhp`cs bd wgcrc
fwfrcecss, vb`uetfry oeabhc fel hclof spcel frc f`` rosoei. Yc wbu`l suspcat f
vortubus aora`c os ft wbrj gcrc. \gc hbrc duelrfosoei f agfroty lbcs, tgc mcttcr-jebwe ot
mcabhcs, tgc cfsocr ot wo`` mc tb rfosc hbecy fel sb ots vb`uetfry oeabhc wo`` ib up,
iovoei ot hbrc oeabhc tb spcel be pfol hclof.
\gc afsc stulocs bd ]E@O fel Bxdfh frc hbrc abhp`oaftcl. ]E@O gfs rfoscl `cvc`s bd
vb`uetfry oeabhc (f`mcot wotg oearcfscs oe `cifay oeabhc fs f hfnbr pfrt bd tgft
oearcfsc), mut stftoa `cvc`s bd fwfrcecss. \gos suiicsts tgft tgcrc frc hu`top`c strftciocs
dbr rfosoei oeabhc, fel tgft otspcrdcat`y pbssom`c tb rfosc vb`uetfry oeabhc wotgbut
cotgcr gfvoeibr arcftoeif rosoei `cvc` bd fwfrcecss. \gfts eb rcf` surprosc. Bxdfh
be tgc btgcr gfel f`sb sgbws stftoa fwfrcecss `cvc`s, mut wotg vb`uetfry oeabhc oe
lca`oec. Goig `cvc`s bd spbetfecbus fwfrcecss, tgce, lbet prcvcet f lca`oec oe
vb`uetfry oeabhc.
\gc ]E@O afsc stuly f`sb suiicsts tgft otspbssom`c tb gfvc f lcacet yct stftoa `cvc` bd
fwfrcecss fel tgft tgos hfy ebt, be ots bwe, rfosc vb`uetfry oeabhc. Cfr`ocr wc uscl f
hctfpgbr bd fwfrcecss mcoei `ojc f joel bd brifeosftobef` dotecss. Dotecss hfjcs ot cfsocr
tb rue dfst fel sustfoe cxcraosc dbr prb`beicl pcrobl. Cquf``y, mcoei dot be ots bwe lbcs
ebt woe cvcry joel bd rfac. Ot eccls tb mc tgc roigt joel bd dotecss dbr tgc fatovotocs tgft
frc `ojc`y tb mc uelcrtfjce. Qoho`fr`y, od fwfrcecss os f hcfes tb fe cel, ot gfs tb mc
gfrecsscl abrrcat`y oe brlcr tb mc turecl oetb goig `cvc`s bd vb`uetfry oeabhc. Gbw tgft
hoigt mc fagocvcl os tgc tbpoa bd tgc doef` pfrt bd tgos rcpbrt.
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= \bwfrls f strftciy dbrrfosoei fwfrcecss
@cfreoeis sb dfrFwfrcecss abhcs drbh f mrcfltg bd sburacs, ebt nust oeabhc br hclof spcel.Ygo`c tgos rcpbrt gfs dbauscl be tgc lftf be oeabhc fel hclof spcel, tgcrc frc hfey
sburacs bd fwfrcecss, wotg loddcroei cfsc bd hcfsurchcet fel fef`ysos
Loddcrcet fatovotocs lrovc loddcrcet joels bd fwfrcecss. \gc cvolceac drbh bur
fef`ysos os tgft hclof spcel os ibbl dbr rfosoei spbetfecbus fwfrcecss rftgcr tgfe
prbhptcl fwfrcecss. \gc bppbsotc os prbmfm`y truc bd agfroty sgbps fs tgcor prcsceac os
dfor`y stftoa. \gc jcy hcssfic, gbwcvcr, os tgft f agfroty eccls tb hftag ots fwfrcecss-
rfosoei fatovotocs wotg ots fwfrcecss-rfosoei ibf`s.
Fel loddcrcet joels bd fwfrcecss hfttcr dbr loddcrcet fuloceacs.Dbr duelrfosoei
fuloceacs, otsprbmfm`y prbhptcl fel spbetfecbus fwfrcecss tgft hfttcr tgc hbst,
wgo`c dbr pb`otoaf` fel nburef`ostoa fuloceacs ot os prbmfm`y fwfrcecss bd tgc afusc f
agfroty wbrjs oe tgft hfttcrs hbrc. \gos os be`y rc`ftovc tgbuig, fel pfrt`y loatftcl my
tgc bvcrf`` mrfel (sb od f agfroty os af``clxxx ago`lrces agfroty,ots efhc lbcs f `bt bd
tgc wbrj be oeloaftoei tgc afusc ot wbrjs oe).
Fwfrcecss, oeabhc fel hclof spcel frc f`` strbei`y abrrc`ftcl wotg bec
febtgcr. Sesurprosoei`y, `fricr brifeosftobes tcel tb spcel hbrc be hclof fel f`sb
tcel tb gfvc mrbflcr fel lccpcr pum`oa fwfrcecss.
Ybrjoei but tgc afusc fel cddcatoe agfeics mctwcce fwfrcecss fel
oeabhc os vcry loddoau`t.Ygce wc `bbj ft agfeics bvcr tohc, tgc oetcrp`fy mctwcce
fwfrcecss fel oeabhc mcabhcs hbrc abhp`oaftcl. Hbst agfrotocs tcel tb gfvc stfm`c
fwfrcecss bvcr tohc, wgoag hfjcs hcfsuroei gbw agfeic fatuf``y gfppces quotc
loddoau`t.
Irbwtg oe hclof mulicts lbcs tcel tb `cfl tb fe oearcfsc oe tbp-bd-hoel
fssbaoftobefhbei tgc pum`oa.Yc cstohftc, wotg scvcrf` prbvosbs, tgft fe fvcrfic
agfroty (o.c. wgbsc fwfrcecss lolet abhc drbh btgcr sburacs) abu`l gfvc tb oearcfsc otshclof spcel my guelrcls bd tgbusfels bd pbuels bvcr dovc ycfrs tb fagocvc fe oearcfsc
bd bec pcracetfic pboet bd spbetfecbus fwfrcecss.
\gcrc wfs eb rc`ftobesgop mctwcce agfeics oe hclof mulicts fel prbhptcl
fwfrcecss. \gos suiicsts tgft btgcr sb`utobes frc ecclcl dbr f irbwoei mrcfltg bd
fwfrcecss fel tgft ot gfs mcabhc hbrc loddoau`t tb muy ot bvcr tohc.
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=3|
Hblc`s dbr tgc rc`ftobesgop mctwcce fwfrcecss fel oeabhcYc tgbuigt ot wbrtg tryoei tb sct but tgc rc`ftobesgop mctwcce oeabhc fel fwfrcecss
drbh mbtg tgc lbebr fel tgc agfrotys pboet bd vocw. Agfrt 67sgbws tgc scquceac bd
stcppoei stbecs dbr f lbebr wgb gfs fel gfset gcfrl bd f agfroty, br jebws wgft ot
lbcs.
Agfrt 67> \gc lbebrs vocw> gbw fwfrcecsswbrjs
\gc scquceac bd cvcets os quotc loddcrcet wgcrc f lbebr os fwfrc bd f agfroty fel wgcrc
sgc oset.A`cfr`y oe ecotgcr afsc os tgcrc f iufrfetcc bd fe butabhc tgbuig. F lbebr
hfy mc fwfrc bd f agfroty fel ebt iovc, mc ot mcafusc tgcy gfvc nust iovce, tgcy frc
dcc`oei gfrl-up br dbr f gbst bd btgcr rcfsbes.
Qoho`fr`y, `faj bd fwfrcecss lbcset hfjc f lbeftobe ohpbssom`c. Qbhcmbly hfy iovc
mcafusc bd f drocel tgcy trust, br f strcct duelrfoscr tgcy dfeay fsjcl tgch, br mcafusc
ot os f afusc tgcy frc pfssobeftc fmbut. Oe cotgcr sacefrob, fwfrcecss be`y oearcfscs tgc
`ojc`ogbbl tgft sbhcmbly wo`` ib be tb hfjc f lbeftobe.
Agfrt 6? sgbws tgc sfhc prbacss drbh tgc agfrotys pboet bd vocw. \gc scquceac bd
cvcets os dfor`y soho`fr. Yotg fwfrcecss, tgc euhmcr bd pcbp`c wgb frc `ojc`y tb iovc os
oearcfscl. F`tgbuig iovoei oset iufrfetccl, tgc pcracetfic tgft hbvcs dbrwfrl tb cfag
stcppoei stbec os oearcfscl. Agfrt 6? f`sb sgbws gbw oearcfscl duelrfosoei afe `cfl tb
oearcfscl fwfrcecss.
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=4|
Agfrt 6?> \gc Agfrotys vocw> stcppoeistbecs dbr fwfrcecss tb `cfl tb oeabhc
\gc aruaof` pboet oe mbtg tgcsc agfrts os f agfroty eccls tb mc hfefioei cfag stcppoei
stbec. Qohp`y oearcfsoei fwfrcecss lbcs ebt `cfl tb oeabhc: cfag stcp oe tgc prbacss
eccls tb mc abhp`ctcl my guelrcls br tgbusfels bd lbebrs.
Ygft sgbu`l f agfroty lb tb lrovc ots fwfrcecss up2
6. Gfvc f strftciy dbr gbw ybu muo`l fwfrcecss
Fwfrcecss bd agfrotocs os rfoscl oe f wgb`c gbst bd wfys> my flvcrtosoei, my hclof
abvcrfic, my sgbps, my scrvoacs, my stfdd fel vb`uetccrs, my abhhueoty fatovotocs fel sb
be. \gc moiicst agfrotocs wo`` prbmfm`y rfosc fwfrcecss tgrbuig f`` tgcsc rbutcs.
Gbwcvcr, shf``cr agfrotocs wotg `bwcr fwfrcecss eccl tb poaj twb br tgrcc bd tgcsc
rbutcs fel hfjc tgch gfppce. Ygoag tgcy agbbsc wo`` lcpcel be tgc sotuftobe dbr cfag
agfroty. \gos hoigt lcpcel be wgctgcr tgcrc os f mulict dbr flvcrtosoei, od tgcrc frc `bts
bd scrvoacs br sgbps ft tgc `baf` `cvc`, wgctgcr pcbp`c lb `bts bd abhhueoty cvcets dbr
tgch br od tgcrc f `bt bd duelrfosoei fatovotocs.
=. Lcaolc wgoag fspcats bd mrfel fel fwfrcecss hfttcr tb ybu
Fwfrcecss os ebt bec-lohcesobef`, mut hu`to-lohcesobef`. Frc pcbp`c fwfrc bd tgc
agfroty2 Lb tgcy jebw wgft ot lbcs2 Lbcs ot abhc tb hoel wgce tgcy tgoej bd f agfroty
wbrjoei be tgft afusc2 Br os ot poicbe-gb`cl tb afrry but f acrtfoe typc bd wbrj2 Ybu`l
tgcy tgoej fmbut f agfroty tb ib tb dbr flvoac, mut ebt tb `cfvc f `cifay tb2 \gc
pcrhutftobes frc guic, sb cfag agfroty eccls tb lcaolc wgoag fspcats bd ots fwfrcecss
fel mrfel ot wfets tb rfosc br agfeic. Dbr cxfhp`c, wc wbu`l ebrhf``y sfy tgft beac f
agfrotys prbhptcl fwfrcecss rcfagcs frbuel 9;% br sb, ot hfy mc tohc tb dbaus be
wgft tgc agfroty lbcs, br be btgcr fspcats bd tgc mrfel. Ot ecvcr acfscs tb fhfzc us
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=9|
gbw sbhc agfrotocs frc vcry wc``-jebwe, mut wgce ybu fsj pcbp`c wgft ot lbcs tgcy frc
f`tbictgcr `css a`cfr.
1. Lcaolc wgb frc tgc jcy fuloceacs dbr goig fwfrcecss
Ygo`c sbhc agfrotocs wo`` wfet tgc SJ icecrf` pum`oa tb mc fwfrc bd tgch, oe hfey afscs
tgc fuloceac dbr f agfrotys wbrj os, br sgbu`l mc, hbrc dbauscl. \gcrc os f `fw bd
oevcrsc cddbrt wotg tgc fuloceacs dbr abhhueoaftobes fel duelrfosoei wbrj: tgc moiicrtgc fuloceac, tgc hbrc rcsburacs ecclcl tb oed`uceac tgch, fel tgc `css agfeic oe tgcor
fwfrcecss wo`` mc dbr fey ueot bd rcsburac. Qb, od f agfroty wfets tb oed`uceac dovc ho``obe
hchmcrs bd tgc pum`oa (fmbut 6;% bd tgc tbtf` flu`t pbpu`ftobe), fey cddbrt wo`` ib
durtgcr tgfe od tgc cddbrt os lorcatcl ft f`` bvcr
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sbhctgoei lbcset wbrj).
9. Qcaurc tgc guhfe fel doefeaof` rcsburacs tb mroei tb ybur strftciy tb `odc
Eb hfttcr gbw ibbl tgc strftciy, ot rcquorcs pcbp`c fel hbecy tb mroei ot tb `odc fel
hfjc ot wbrj. \gc pcbp`c rcsburacs hoigt mc f mrfel hfeficr tb bwe fwfrcecss-
rfosoei fel hfjc ot gfppce, br `baf` hclof bddoacrs tb oearcfsc rciobef` br `baf`
abvcrfic. \gc doefeaof` rcsburacs hoigt mc tgc mulict tb scel but hfo`oeis tb f tfrictfuloceac, br tb trfoe stfdd fel vb`uetccrs oe mrfel fel fwfrcecss-rfosoei, rue fwfrcecss
flvcrtosoei br oearcfsc duelrfosoei fatovotocs. Ygo`c tgc rcsburacs wo`` eccl tb mc oe
prbpbrtobe tb mbtg tgc fhmotobe bd tgc brifeosftobe fel ots bvcrf`` sozc, wotgbut fey
pcbp`c br mulict tb lb tgc nbm otsgfrl tb scc gbw f strftciy afe mc lc`ovcrcl. Dbr
sbhc, tgos hfy mc fmbvc tgc `oec flvcrtosoei tb mbbst spbetfecbus fwfrcecss, wgcrcfs
dbr btgcrs ot wo`` mc oearcfscl hclof abvcrfic.
7. Hfjc surc tgc roigt pcbp`c frc be mbfrl oetcref``y fel cxtcref``y
Bec bd tgc abestfet rcdrfoes wc gcfr drbh abhhs fel duelrfosoei lorcatbrs os gbw tgcor
ACBs, fel pfrtoau`fr`y tgcor trustccs, tcel tb gfvc `ohotcl pftoceac br suppbrt dbr tgcohpbrtfeac bd f agfrotys mrfel. Oelccl, tgcrc frc sbhc mbfrls wgcrcmrfelos f lorty
wbrl. Qb bec bd tgc tfsjs dbr feymbly wgb gbpcs tb muo`l fwfrcecss fel dbaus f
agfrotys mrfel os tb ict tgc roigt pcbp`c be mbfrl oetcref``y. \gft lcdoeotc`y oea`ulcs tgc
duelrfosoei lorcatbr, tgc doefeac lorcatbr, tgc ACB fel tgc trustccs. Od jcy pcbp`c lbet
suppbrt tgc mrfel fel fwfrcecss strftciy, ot wo`` vcry cfso`y `bsc ohpfat fel
cddcatovcecss.
?. Jebw wgft ybur fwfrcecss `cvc`s frc
Ot ibcs wotgbut sfyoei tgft mcoei fm`c tb hcfsurc tgc loddcrcet typcs bd fwfrcecss os
guic`y ohpbrtfet fel otsohpbssom`c tb jebw wgctgcr prbircss os mcoei hflc wotgbutsbhc joel bd rcscfrag. \gc ibbl ecws os tgft edpQyecriy rues f vcry abst-cddcatovc
mrfel trfajoei scrvoac af``cl tgc Agfroty Fwfrcecss Hbeotbr.1Qbhc agfrotocs hfy wfet
tb lb tgcor bwe mcspbjc rcscfrag tb hcfsurc vcry spcaodoa fspcats bd tgcor fwfrcecss.
Cquf``y, ot hfy wc`` ebt mc tgc icecrf` pum`oa wgoag os tgc jcy fuloceac, mut ybur bwe
vb`uetccrs, lbebrs, I[s, tcfagcrs, H[s br fey euhmcr bd btgcr fuloceacs. Ygbcvcr ybur
jcy fuloceacs frc, tgc hbeotbroei fel cvf`uftobe wbrj eccls tb lbvctfo` wotg tgch.
6;. [rcpfrc dbr tgc `bei gfu`
]fosoei fwfrcecss bd f agfroty os eb cfsy tfsj, cspcaof``y od tgc fuloceac sozc os `fric fel
tgc mulict shf``. Bec bd tgc jcy oeirclocets bd suaacss os dbr f agfroty tb stoaj ft ot. Burru`c bd tguhm wbu`l mc tgft f agfroty afe rfosc fwfrcecss bd ots wbrj wotg H[s oe 4-6=
hbetgs, mut rfosoei fwfrcecss fhbeist tgc icecrf` pum`oa wo`` tfjc =-3 ycfrs, prbmfm`y
cvce `beicr od tgc rcsburacs fel abesostceay bd strftciy frcet tgcrc. [ut febtgcr wfy, od
f agfroty jccps agfeioei ots mrfel, ots hcssfic fel ots dbaus cvcry ycfr br twb, ot
1Btgcr mrfel trfajoei scrvoacs frc fvfo`fm`c fel wc frc f`wfys gfppy tb lb f prbpbsf` dbr ybu.
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sgbu`let mc surproscl od ebtgoei huag agfeics fmbut ots mrfel fwfrcecss
Abea`usobe
Ycrc sbrry tb tgbsc wgb wfetcl f eoac strfoigt-dbrwfrl stbry fmbut rfosoei fwfrcecss
fel gbw ot lrovcs up duelrfosoei oeabhc lorcat`y, sohp`y fel oeabetrbvcrtom`y. Qfl`y, tgc
lftf lol ebt sgbw suag sohp`c rc`ftobesgops. \b ib mfaj tb bec bd bur cfr`ocr
abhpfrosbes wotg rcvosobe dbr cxfhs, ebt cvcry ago`l wgb rcvoscs gfrl lbcs wc`` oe
cxfhs, fel ebt cvcry ago`l wgb lbcs wc`` oe cxfhs rcvoscs gfrl. Ots ohpbrtfet tb
rchchmcr, tgbuig, tgft tgc hfnbroty lb, fel tgc sfhc os truc dbr fwfrcecss fel
oeabhc. \gcrc frc dcw wc``-jebwe agfrotocs tgft lbet gfvcf sumstfetof` vb`uetfry
oeabhc, fel tgcrc frc vcry dcw agfrotocs wotg f sumstfetof` oeabhc tgft frcet wc``-
jebwe. Gbwcvcr, ecotgcr os f iufrfetcc bd tgc btgcr.
\gc roigt rcspbesc tb tgos os ebt tb lcspfor, br abea`ulc tgft fwfrcecss lbcset hfttcr.
Yc tgoej tgft tgc roigt rcspbesc tb bur lftf fel bur rcpbrt os tb mc hbrc strftcioa, ebt
`css. Mrfel strftciocs eccl tb dbaus be tgc fwfrcecss c`chcet, o.c. tgc qufetotybd
pcbp`c wgb jebw fmbut f agfrotysmrfel, fs huag fs tgcy dbaus be tgc quf`oty bd
pcbp`csmrfel jebw`clic.
Yc gbpc tgft tgos rcpbrt wo`` gc`p mrfeloei fel abhhueoaftobes prbdcssobef`s oe
agfrotocs tb pcrsuflc tgcor ab``cfiucs tb mcabhc hbrc dbauscl, hbrc losaop`oecl fel
hbrc brifeoscl.
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Hctgblb`biyYc sfhp`cl 3? agfrotocs drbh Afrotfs Lftfs tbp 6;; duelrfosoei agfrotocs. \gcsc wcrc
tgc agfrotocs tgft wc gfvc fwfrcecss lftf be drbh bur Agfroty Fwfrcecss Hbeotbr fel
tgcrcdbrc tgc sfhp`c lbcs ebt oea`ulc brifeosftobes tgft frc tcageoaf``y agfrotocs mut
rcacovc hbst bd tgcor dueloei drbh stftutbry sburacs br cfrecl oeabhc. \gc feeuf`
oeabhc bd tgcsc agfrotocs rfeicl drbh 6h tb 3;;h, wotg vb`uetfry oeabhcs bd
mctwcce ;.3h fel 19;h.
Doefeaof` lftf wfs ab``catcl drbh Afrotfs Lftfs Agfroty Doefeaof`s wcmsotc, wgoag uscs
bddoaof` Agfroty Abhhossobe faabuets. \gc lftf abvcrs tgc ycfrs drbh =;;? tb =;61, sb
dbr sbhc agfrts oe tgc tbp`oec scatobe, cfag agfroty wo`` mc rcprcscetcl dovc tohcs - beac
dbr cfag sct bd feeuf` faabuets.
Hclof spcel doiurcs wcrc prbvolcl my Eoc`sce fel rcprcscet rftc afrl proacs. Ygo`c oe
rcf`oty hbst agfrotocs wo`` pfy mc`bw tgos proac dbr tgcor hclof, tgos hctgbl prbvolcs tgc
be`y wfy bd abhpfroei hclof spcel farbss loddcrcet brifeosftobes wotg loddcrcet
faabuetoei prfatoacs. Feeuf` hclof spcel dbr tgc agfrotocs fef`yscl oe tgos rcpbrt rfeicl
drbh ; tb =;h.
\gc lftf wfs ab``catcl my @co`f ]by`c-Lfvocs drbh AgfrotyAbhhs fel Jftc Arfestbe-
\urecr drbh edpQyecriy, wgo`c tgc fef`ysos wfs afrrocl but my Aofe Hurpgy bd
edpQyecriy. \gc bpoeobe fel lolfatoa pb`choa os drbh Nbc Qfxtbe. Yc frc gfppy tb sgfrc
tgc `ost bd agfrotocs oe tgc sfhp`c wotg tgbsc wgb frc oetcrcstcl.
Abetfataofe.hurpgyKedpsyecriy.ectdbr hbrc oedbrhftobe be fey fspcat bd tgos prbncat.
Qtftostoaf` tcrhs
Abrrc`ftobe F abrrc`ftobe os f stftostoaf` rc`ftobesgop mctwcce twb vfrofm`cs br twb sctsbd lftfwgo`c ot afe cstfm`osg tgft twb tgoeis frc rc`ftcl, ot lbcs ebt
futbhftoaf``y db``bw tgft bec afuscs tgc btgcr.
]circssobe ]circssobe os f tcageoquc a`bsc`y rc`ftcl tb abrrc`ftobe wgoag afe hblc`
tgc rc`ftobesgop mctwcce twb vfrofm`cs. Oe tgos rcpbrt, wc gfvc uscl
`oecfr rcircssobe (f strfoigt `oec rc`ftobesgop) fel `bi-trfesdbrhcl
rcircssobe (tb hblc` f `bifrotghoa rc`ftobesgoptgcsc afe mc olcetodocl
my tgc aurvcl `oecs).
r \gos os f doiurc wgoag hcfsurcs tgc strceitg bd tgc rc`ftobesgop mctwccetwb vfrofm`cs. \gc r sabrc oeloaftcs wgft prbpbrtobe bd tgc vfroftobe oe
bec vfrofm`c os fttromutfm`c tb tgc rc`ftobesgop mctwcce tgc twb, wotg tgc
strceitg bd tgc rc`ftobesgop oearcfsoei fs tgc doiurc icts a`bscr tb 6.
p \gos sabrc lctcrhoecs wgctgcr twb vfrofm`cs frc soieodoafet`y abrrc`ftcl
br ebt. Od p os `css tgfe ;.;3, wc afe sfy tgft f rc`ftobesgop os soieodoafet
ft tgc ?3% abedolceac `cvc`.
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Fmbut edpQyecriyedpQyecriy os f rcscfrag abesu`tfeay tgft fohs tb prbvolc tgc olcfs, tgc oesoigts fel tgc
oedbrhftobe tb gc`p ebe-prbdots tgrovc.
Yc gfvc bvcr f lcaflc bd cxpcroceac wbrjoei cxa`usovc`y wotg agfrotocs, gc`poei tgch
lcvc`bp cvolceac-mfscl strftciocs fel ict tgc mcst dbr tgcor mcecdoaofrocs. \gc
brifeosftobes wc wbrj wotg rcprcscet f`` sozcs fel frcfs bd tgc scatbr fel wc gfvc
wbrjcl wotg