richard wilkinson & kate pickett - ourcommunity.com.au · 4 income per head and...
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![Page 1: Richard Wilkinson & Kate Pickett - ourcommunity.com.au · 4 Income per head and life-expectancy: rich & poor countries Source: Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level (2009)](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021822/5b2535e37f8b9aae258b4f70/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Photo by kind permission of Matt Stuart
Inequality: the enemy between us? Richard Wilkinson & Kate Pickett
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Income per head and life-expectancy: rich & poor countries
Source: Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level (2009) www.equalitytrust.org.uk
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‘‘Cross-country data show almost no relation between changes in life expectancy and economic growth over 10, 20, or 40-year time periods between 1960 and 2000. Many countries have shown remarkable improvements in health with little or no economic growth...’’ Cutler D, Deaton A, Lleras-Muney A. The Determinants of Mortality. J Economic Perspectives 2006; 20: 97–120.
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Wilkinson R, Pickett K & De Vogli R. BMJ 2010; 341:1138-1140
CO2 emissions per head (tonnes)
Life
ex
pect
ancy
Life expectancy and CO2 emissions per head
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www.equalitytrust.org.uk Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level
Life expectancy in rich countries is no longer related to National Income per head
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Children 0-14 yrs: ratio of death rates by quintiles of area deprivation. Australia 1998-2000
Advantaged Deprived
Source: Health inequalities in Australia. Queensland University of Technology and Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 2004 Canberra
Rat
io o
f dea
th ra
tes
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Socio-emotional wellbeing of Australian children (4-5yrs) by area deprivation
Edwards B. Growing Up in Australia: The Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. AIFS. Family Matters 2012; 91: 7-17
Mea
n So
cio-
emot
iona
l wel
lbei
ng s
core
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70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
Local Neighbourhoods(in England & Wales)
Life
exp
ecta
ncy
(yea
rs)
Richest Poorest
Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level www.equalitytrust.org.uk
Life expectancy is strongly related to income within rich countries
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3.7 3.9 4.3 4.6 4.8 5.2 5.3 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.7 6.1 6.26.7 6.8 6.8 7.2
8.5
9.7
4.0
8.07.0
3.4
Japa
nFi
nlan
dNo
rway
Swed
enDe
nmar
kBe
lgiu
mAu
stria
Germ
any
Neth
erla
nds
Spai
nFr
ance
Cana
daSw
izte
rland
Irela
ndGr
eece
Italy
Isra
elNe
w Z
eala
ndAu
stra
lia UKPo
rtuga
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ore
Income gaps How many times richer are the richest fifth than the poorest fifth?
Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level www.equalitytrust.org.uk
Inequality... How much richer are the richest 20% in each country than the poorest 20%?
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Health and social problems with social gradients and internationally comparable data
• Life expectancy • Math & Literacy • Infant mortality • Homicides • Imprisonment • Teenage births • Trust • Obesity • Mental illness – incl. drug &
alcohol addiction • Social mobility
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Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level
Index of: • Life expectancy • Math & Literacy • Infant mortality • Homicides • Imprisonment • Teenage births • Trust • Obesity • Mental illness
– incl. drug & alcohol addiction
• Social mobility
www.equalitytrust.org.uk
Health and social problems are worse in more unequal countries
Inde
x of
hea
lth a
nd s
ocia
l pro
blem
s
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www.equalitytrust.org.uk Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level
Neither health nor social problems are related to national income per head
Index of: • Life expectancy • Math & Literacy • Infant mortality • Homicides • Imprisonment • Teenage births • Trust • Obesity • Mental illness
– incl. drug & alcohol addiction
• Social mobility Inde
x of
hea
lth a
nd s
ocia
l pro
blem
s
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www.equalitytrust.org.uk Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level
Child well-being is better in more equal countries
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www.equalitytrust.org.uk Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level
The UNICEF Index of Child Wellbeing is not related to National Income per head
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Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level www.equalitytrust.org.uk
People in more unequal countries trust each other less
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Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level www.equalitytrust.org.uk
People in more unequal states of the USA trust each other less
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www.equalitytrust.org.uk Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level
Mental illness is more common in more unequal societies
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Infant Mortality Rates are Higher in More Unequal Countries
Source: Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level (2009) www.equalitytrust.org.uk
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Teenage Birth Rates are Higher in More Unequal Rich Countries
Source: Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level (2009) www.equalitytrust.org.uk
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0
30
60
90
120
150
180
Income Inequality
Hom
icid
es p
er m
illio
n pe
ople
Low High
Daly M, Wilson M, Vasdev S. Income inequality and homicide rates in Canada and the United States. Can J Crim 2001; 43: 219-36.
Homicide rates are higher in more unequal US states and Canadian provinces
USA states
Canadian provinces
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www.equalitytrust.org.uk Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level
Imprisonment rates are higher in more unequal countries
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www.equalitytrust.org.uk Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level
Social mobility is lower in more unequal countries
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Social Relations • Child conflict • Homicide • Imprisonment • Social capital • Trust
In summary... bigger income gaps lead to deteriorations in:-
Human Capital • Child wellbeing • High school drop outs • Math & literacy scores • Social mobility • Teenage births
Health • Drug abuse • Infant mortality • Life expectancy • Mental illness • Obesity
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Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level
Index of: • Life expectancy • Math & Literacy • Infant mortality • Homicides • Imprisonment • Teenage births • Trust • Obesity • Mental illness
– incl. drug & alcohol addiction
• Social mobility
www.equalitytrust.org.uk
Health and social problems are worse in more unequal countries
Inde
x of
hea
lth a
nd s
ocia
l pro
blem
s
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Zheng H. Social Science & Medicine 2012; 75: 36-45.
Mor
talit
y: O
dds
Rat
io
Lag time - Years
Lag times: marginal impact of a 0.01-unit increase in the Gini on individual mortality risk over time
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0
5
10
15
Singlemothers
Low HighFather's occupational class
Infa
nt d
eath
s pe
r 10
00 England & WalesSweden
Leon, D. A., D. Vagero, et al. (1992). "Social class differences in infant mortality in Sweden: comparison with England and Wales." Brit Med J 305(6855): 687-91.
The benefits of greater equality are not confined to the poor but extend to all social classes
Infant mortality by class: Sweden compared with England & Wales
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Income differences increase social class differentiation
Bigger income differences:-
• Class becomes more important • The social pyramid is higher
and more hierarchical • The quality of social relations
deteriorates
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More inequality
• More superiority and inferiority • More status competition and consumerism
• More status insecurity
• More worry about how we are seen and judged
• More “social evaluation anxiety” (threats to self-esteem & social
status, fear of negative judgements
Valued or Devalued?
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Psychosocial risk factors for ill health
Low social status Weak social connections
Stress in early life (pre- and postnatally)
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0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Other tasks
Tasks with ‘social evaluative threat’ (uncontrollable)
Cor
tisol
resp
onse
(effe
ct s
ize)
Dickerson SS, Kemeny ME. Acute stressors and cortisol responses. Psychological Bulletin 2004; 130(3): 355-91.
What kind of stressful tasks raise stress hormones most?
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Loughnan S, et al. Economic Inequality is linked to biased self-perception. Psychological Science, 2011; 22: 1254
In more unequal countries people abandon modesty and exaggerate their merits
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Rising narcissism among American college students (meta-analysis of 85 samples 1979-2006)
Nar
ciss
istic
Per
sona
lity
Inve
ntor
y
Twenge JM, Konrath S, Foster JD, Campbell WK, Bushman BJ. Egos inflating over time. J Personality 2008; 76(4): 875-901.
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Share of income going to richest 1% in Australia 1912-2010
World Top Incomes Database. http://topincomes.g-mond.parisschoolofeconomics.eu and Atkinson & Leigh (2007)
Ric
hest
1%
sha
re o
f all
inco
me
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Australian Bureau of Statistics, Household income and income distribution 2009-10. Canberra 2011
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What can be done? Taxes & benefits • Stop tax
avoidance • End tax havens
• Make taxation
progressive again
Income differences before tax
• Increase company
democracy - employee ownership etc
• Promote more directors from within companies Sustainability needs
greater equality
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http://www.equalitytrust.org.uk
For more information:
… a book
and a website…