richard bent

33
Institute for Canadian Urban Research Studies The Economics of Policing: The Scope and Complexity of Modern Policing in Canada Richard C. Bent, Dr. Paul Brantingham, Dr. Bryan Kinney, Dr. Patricia Brantingham, et al PRIMERA CUMBRE INTERNACIONAL DE ANÁLISIS CRIMINAL CIENTÍFICO

Upload: ceamos

Post on 10-Mar-2016

247 views

Category:

Documents


1 download

DESCRIPTION

Segunda presentación de Richard Bent en el marco de la Primera Cumbre Internacional de Análisis Criminal Científico. 22 de abril de 2014.

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Richard Bent

Institute for Canadian Urban Research Studies

The Economics of Policing:

The Scope and Complexity of

Modern Policing in Canada

Richard C. Bent, Dr. Paul Brantingham, Dr. Bryan Kinney,

Dr. Patricia Brantingham, et al PRIMERA CUMBRE INTERNACIONAL DE ANÁLISIS CRIMINAL CIENTÍFICO

Page 2: Richard Bent

Institute for Canadian Urban Research Studies

Purpose and Scope of Research

• Combining Two Complementary Research Pieces

▫ Complexity of Policing

▫ Economics of Policing: 30 Year Police Costing

• Assertions that policing complexity has increased

• Need to inform decision makers on current nature of police activities and how that has changed, and relative costs of policing

Page 3: Richard Bent

Institute for Canadian Urban Research Studies

Policing Complexity Study –

Purpose and Scope

• To determine whether it is feasible, at present, to describe and define “police work” in a way that points to the complexity of the work in which police forces engage.

Page 4: Richard Bent

Institute for Canadian Urban Research Studies

Policing Complexity Study – Purpose

and Scope - Continued

• If so, to determine whether it is feasible to identify measures of police work complexity that could be used to:

▫ Provide an index number that could be used to better understand the context of police statistics;

▫ Provide a measure that could be used to better forecast policing workloads;

▫ Provide a set of policing complexity measures that could be used as control variables in the use of some reasonable police performance measure, and;

▫ Provide better input to the front end of the British Columbia Criminal Justice System Simulation modeling project.

Page 5: Richard Bent

Institute for Canadian Urban Research Studies

Literature Review Summary Findings

• No examples were found that describe either the development or use of a policing complexity index.

• Very little describes policing complexity as a specific approach to performance measurement.

• The literature, however, suggests that elements of a full model of policing complexity might include: ▫ Context variables ▫ Police organizational and administrative

characteristics ▫ Workload character and volume issues

Page 6: Richard Bent

Institute for Canadian Urban Research Studies

Definition: The policing context

Policing operates in an often fluid or ever changing environment where a variety of forces act on police agencies which serve to influence, direct or otherwise impact on police service delivery

These include: • Government, Community

and internal priorities • Constitutional, statutory,

and case laws touching both substance and procedure

• Resource levels • Geography • Economy • Demographics • Technology

Page 7: Richard Bent

Institute for Canadian Urban Research Studies

Levels of Policing

Complexity

• Category 1: Strategic Policing and Strategic

Police Management

• Category 2: Technically complex or complicated policing and management

• Category 3. Regular policing and routine management

Page 8: Richard Bent

Institute for Canadian Urban Research Studies

Characteristics of

Complexity

• Characteristic A: Impact/Risk

• Characteristic B: Urgency

• Characteristic C: Priority

Page 9: Richard Bent

Institute for Canadian Urban Research Studies

Measures of the Complexity of Police

Work

• REACTIVE: Responses to call for service.

• PROACTIVE: Much contemporary police work is proactive.

• RESOURCES: Police activities are governed by the available resources.

• CONTEXT: All police work is conditioned by context.

Page 10: Richard Bent

Institute for Canadian Urban Research Studies

Potential Measures of

Policing Complexity

• Crime Metrics

• Workload Metrics

• Administrative Metrics

• Capacity Metrics

• Context Metrics

• Community Context Metrics

• Legal Context

Page 11: Richard Bent

Institute for Canadian Urban Research Studies

Findings • We were breaking new

ground! • Data review promising,

need further exploration on other indicators

• Range and variety of police work raises concerns about challenges of limiting the focus to a ‘court funnel’ only

• Range of issues identified with developing single index/single metric

• Stakeholder consultation and engagement needed in relation to:

• Purpose and use of PCI

▫ Is a PCI the best option

• Definition and typology • Appropriateness &

relevance of indicators • Adoption &

implementation issues

Page 12: Richard Bent

Institute for Canadian Urban Research Studies

Potential Areas for Future Study

• A study to assess whether and how the complexity of policing has increased.

• A study to assess whether the cost of policing has increased in real terms and if so, to examine why and how costs have increased.

• Specific examination of workflows in policing.

• A study developing appropriate performance measures for policing at the Provincial level

• Develop an index of context variables to aid understanding of performance variation.

Page 13: Richard Bent

Institute for Canadian Urban Research Studies

Potential Areas for Future Study

• A study examining the capacity and capability impact on different police occupational groups (managerial, specialist, general duty) of increased complexity in police work.

• A number of data studies are recommended to support further work on performance measures and resource analysis. Work will be needed to develop appropriate metrics and their data sources to support complexity analysis.

Page 14: Richard Bent

Institute for Canadian Urban Research Studies

Updated Economics of Policing (30

Year Costing) Study

• Why are the courts still at capacity if the crime rate is going down?

▫ Premier of British Columbia.

• Why are the costs of policing skyrocketing while reported crime has declined?

▫ Mayors and Councils, Federation of Canadian Municipalities, and the public.

Page 15: Richard Bent

Institute for Canadian Urban Research Studies

Findings: 30yr Study (2007) • Increases in demand for police

services that exceeded increases in police;

• A series of court decisions substantially increased the required number of steps and the amount of paperwork generated in handling cases;

• Increases in time required to prepare and handle cases administratively as new computer systems were introduced

• Time from initial call to referral of a case to Crown increased dramatically

▫ Break & Enter cases required 58% more time in 2003 than in 1983;

▫ Driving Under the Influence cases required 250% more time;

▫ Domestic assault cases required 964% more time.

15

Page 16: Richard Bent

Institute for Canadian Urban Research Studies

Page 17: Richard Bent

Institute for Canadian Urban Research Studies

Page 18: Richard Bent

Institute for Canadian Urban Research Studies

Other Examples

• Domestic Violence Investigations

▫ Public Policy Decision

▫ 1000% increase in time required to investigate

• Impaired Driving

▫ Inclusion of Administrative Sanctions

Increase of 250% investigative time

Court Days from 1 ¼ days to over 2 days

Page 19: Richard Bent

Institute for Canadian Urban Research Studies

Methodology – 2013/2014 Update

• Guided Focus Groups

▫ Operational Personnel

▫ Support Staff

• Direct Field Observation

• Mapping of Investigations/Police Activities

• Crime Trends

• Analyses of Policing Costs

Page 20: Richard Bent

Institute for Canadian Urban Research Studies

Context: Crime Rates; Police

Personnel, and; Costs - Updated

1. Reported Crime Rates in Canada have declined since mid 1990s.

2. Police personnel numbers – put into context

3. Expenditures on policing

Page 21: Richard Bent

Institute for Canadian Urban Research Studies

2776

10736

5608

221

1122

839

1891

6395

2516

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Cri

me

s kn

ow

n t

o P

olic

e p

er

10

0,0

0 p

op

ula

tio

n

Canadian Crime Rate Trends 1962-2012

UCR1 Aggregate Categories

Total Criminal Code Violent Offences Property Offences

Since their respective peaks in the early 1990's: Violent crime rates have declined 26% Property crimes rates have declined 61% Total Criminal Code rates have declined 48%

21

Page 22: Richard Bent

Institute for Canadian Urban Research Studies

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007

Polic

e O

ffic

ers

Popula

tion in 1

,000s

Canadian Population and Police 1962-2011

Population Officers

22

Page 23: Richard Bent

Institute for Canadian Urban Research Studies

6770

11298

$-

$200.000.000

$400.000.000

$600.000.000

$800.000.000

$1.000.000.000

$1.200.000.000

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

Po

lic

ing

Ex

pe

nd

itu

re

s i

n C

on

sta

nt

Do

lla

rs

To

tal

Po

lic

e P

er

so

nn

el

- S

tati

sti

cs

Ca

na

da

Co

un

ts

Policing Expenditures (Constant Dollars) and Total Personnel

British Columbia 1986-2011

Total number of all personnel British Columbia Constant Dollars

Page 24: Richard Bent

Institute for Canadian Urban Research Studies

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

196

219

63

196

419

65

196

619

67

196

819

69

197

019

71

197

219

73

197

419

75

197

619

77

197

819

79

198

019

81

198

219

83

198

419

85

198

619

87

198

819

89

199

019

91

199

219

93

199

419

95

199

619

97

199

819

99

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

Trends in Canadian Crime and Police Personnel and Crime Count

1962=100

Recorded Crimes

Police Personnel

Page 25: Richard Bent

Institute for Canadian Urban Research Studies

20.000

30.000

40.000

50.000

60.000

70.000

80.000

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

BC

PR

IME

Ca

lls

fo

r S

er

vic

e

Large-Sized RCMP Detachments 2008-2012

Burnaby RCMP

Richmond RCMP

Coquitlam RCMP

Kelowna RCMP

North Vancouver RCMP

Langley RCMP

Upper Fraser Valley Regional RCMP

Nanaimo RCMP

Ridge Meadows RCMP

Page 26: Richard Bent

Institute for Canadian Urban Research Studies

2,5

2,7

2,9

3,1

3,3

3,5

3,7

3,9

4,1

4,3

4,5

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Ra

tio

of

Ca

lls

fo

r S

er

vic

e t

o U

CR

To

tal

Vio

lati

on

Co

un

ts

Ratio of Calls for Service to Total Violations Large Detachment Group

2008-2012

Surrey CFS/UCR Ratio

Burnaby CFS/UCR Ratio

Richmond CFS/UCR Ratio

Coquitlam CFS/UCR Ratio

Kelowna CFS/UCR Ratio

North Vancouver CFS/UCR Ratio

Langley CFS/UCR Ratio

Nanaimo CFS/UCR Ratio

Ridge Meadows CFS/UCR Ratio

Page 27: Richard Bent

Institute for Canadian Urban Research Studies

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%

18%

20%

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

Va

lue

Data Point

3 Year Moving Averages Proportion of All Municipal Expenditures for Policing

British Columbia 1983-2011

Actual

Forecast

Polinómica (Forecast)

Page 28: Richard Bent

Institute for Canadian Urban Research Studies

$746

$2.193

$149

$371

$768

$1.522

$0

$500

$1.000

$1.500

$2.000

$2.500

Health, Police and School Board Expenditures Per Capita Canada 1986-2010

Health Expenditures per Capita Police Expenditures per capita School Board expenditures per capita

28

Page 29: Richard Bent

Institute for Canadian Urban Research Studies

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Pe

rc

en

tag

e o

f M

un

icip

ali

ty O

pe

ra

tin

g E

xp

en

se

s

Municipality Police Cost Trends Greater Vancouver Regional District

Anmore

Bowen Island

Burnaby

Coquitlam

Delta

Langley City

Langley Township

Lions Bay

Maple Ridge

New Westminster

North Vancouver City

North Vancouver District

Pitt Meadows

Port Coquitlam

Port Moody

Richmond

Surrey

Vancouver

West Vancouver

White Rock

Page 30: Richard Bent

Institute for Canadian Urban Research Studies

New Preliminary Findings

• Reinforced the findings of the 2007 study

• Changing public expectations

• Calls for Service – not just crime is key

• Increase in number and complexity of certain calls for service, e.g: Mental Health/Comorbid issues, missing persons, etc.

Page 31: Richard Bent

Institute for Canadian Urban Research Studies

New Preliminary Findings

• Increased need for support staff, e.g.: transcription, reduce paper work for sworn officers, increased data entry

• Training requirements increasing

• Increased computerisation and technology has benefits though increases inputs and investigative challenges. Legislation slow to respond to changing technology.

Page 32: Richard Bent

Institute for Canadian Urban Research Studies

Value of these studies

• Informs decision makers and policy makers with evidence based research

• Highlights that policing influenced to a great extent by external factors and context.

Page 33: Richard Bent

Institute for Canadian Urban Research Studies

Gracias

¿Preguntas?

Richard Bent

[email protected]