C iCountry report on rice cultivation practice: Indonesiacultivation practice: Indonesia

Iman RusmanaIman RusmanaBogor Agricultural University

Expert Meeting2‐3 June 2011

Bangkok, Thailand g ,

1

INDONESIAPopulation : 230 mill, 4th in the world17 300 islandsINDONESIA 17.300 islands

SumateraKalimantan Papua

Sumatera Sulawesi

JavaBali

Java

Java : 60 % of population,60 % f f d d ti

2

60 % of food production13 % of land

General InformationGeneral InformationGeneral InformationGeneral InformationFigure of Indonesia Population : 230 million Pop growth rate : 1 35%/year Pop growth rate : 1.35%/year Total land area : 190 million ha Agriculture sector in Indonesia

Provides job opportunities to 20 million jhouseholdsContributes 66% to GDPContributes 66% to GDPRice productivity : 5.01 ton/haRice consumption : 137 kg/cap/yearRice consumption : 137 kg/cap/year

250,000,000

200,000,000n

100 000 000

150,000,000

pulatio

50 000 000

100,000,000

Pop

0

50,000,000

01971 1980 1990 1995 2000 2010

YYear

Area of Rice Cultivation and Production in 2005-2010

7013.5

6013 to

n)

tion 

40

50

12.5

million t

cultivat

n ha

)

3012

ction (m

of Rice c

(million

10

2011.5 Pr

oduc

Area

 o (

Area (ha)Production (ton)

0

10

11

Production (ton)

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Year

Rice VarietyRice VarietyRice VarietyRice VarietyForm 1943 up to 2007:Form 1943 up to 2007: 190 rice varieties of wetland were released 30 rice varieties of dryland were released 30 rice varieties of dryland were released

Mostly cultivated:IR-64 Ciherang CiliwungIR-64 Ciherang Ciliwung Way Apo Buru IR 42 Widas Memberamo Cisadane IR 66Memberamo Cisadane IR 66 Cisokan Cibogo

3500000

4000000Rice Variety mostly cultivated in Indonesia

3000000

3500000

n (ha)

2000000

2500000

ultiv

ation

1000000

1500000

rea of Cu

0

500000

1000000

Ar

0

Rice Variety

1 61.6 1.1 1.1 1.1

2.4 1.8

1.6 1.1 1.1IR‐64Ciherang

3.3 CiliwungWay Apo Buru

31.48

IR 42WidasMemberamoCisadane

21.8IR 66Cisokan

Percentage of Rice Variety Cultivated in Indonesia

CisokanCibogo

in Indonesia

Methane emission and rice productivity of p yseveral rice varieties

Rice Cultivation PracticesRice Cultivation Practices

Map of Soil Distribution in IndonesiaMap of Soil Distribution in IndonesiaD lk li t t i lW t id t t i l Dry, alkaline parent material Wet, acid parent material

1010

Distribution of rice soils in IndonesiaDistribution of rice soils in Indonesia

Wetland Distribution by Island

11.61%

12.62% 5.44% 0.80%

41.13%11.61%

JavaSumatera

28.39%SulawesiKalimantanBali &Nusa tenggaraBali &Nusa tenggara

Total area of wetland in Indonesia in 2008 was 8.01 million hectare

Wetland Area (ha) by Type of Irrigation

3005016

Irrigation

Irrigated 

5008720 wetlandNon irrigated wetland

Percentage of Wetland Area by Type of Irrigation

62.50%

37.50% Irrigated wetlandNon irrigated gwetland

64.4 66.4 67.370.0

80.0 Rice Production

50.0

60.0

on

2009

2010

2011 ( di ti )

34.929.5

36.430.0

36.430.9

30.0

40.0

Million to 2011 (prediction)

10 0

20.0

30.0

0.0

10.0

Java Out of Java IndonesiaJava Out of Java Indonesia

Berita Resmi Statistik No. 18/03/Th. XIV, 1 Maret 2011

12 000 000

10,000,000

12,000,000

on) Rice production in 2009

6,000,000

8,000,000

ction (to

2 000 000

4,000,000

Prod

uc

0

2,000,000

h D.

tara

arat a u

m b i

tan

kulu

ung

ung

uan

arta

arat

gah

arta

mur ten

a l i

arat

mur

arat

gah

tan

mur

tara

gah

tan

gara

talo

arat

uku

tara

arat

pua

Nanggroe Aceh

2. Sum

atera Ut

3. Sum

atera Ba

4. R i 

5. J a m

Sumatera Sela

7. Ben

g k8. Lam

pu. B

angka Be

litu

0. Riau Kepu

lau

11. D

.K.I. Ja

ka12. Jaw

a Ba

13. Jaw

a Teng

4. D.I. Yogyaka

15. Jaw

a Tim

16. B

an17. B

 asa Te

nggara Ba

a Tenggara Tim

Kalim

antan Ba

alim

antan Teng

alim

antan Sela

Kalim

antan Tim

4. Sulaw

esi U

t. Sulaw

esi Ten

g Sulaw

esi Sela

Sulawesi Ten

gg28. G

oron

t29. Sulaw

esi Ba

30. M

alu

31. M

aluku Ut

32. Papua

 Ba

33. Pap

1. N 2 3

6. S 9 1 0 1

18. N

us19. N

us 20. 

21. Ka

22. Ka

23. K 2 25.

26.

27. S 2 3

ProvinceProvince

14000000

Rice production in 2010 (by Province)

10000000

12000000

ton)

6000000

8000000

oductio

n (t

2000000

4000000

Rice pro

0

2000000

ceh

ara

arat iau

mbi tan

ulu

ung

ung

iau

arta

arat

gah

arta

mur ten

Bali

arat

mur

arat

gah

tan

mur ara

gah

tan

ara

talo

arat

uku

ara

arat

pua

AcSumatera Ut

Sumatera ba R Jam

matera Selat

Bengk

Lampu

Bangka Belitu

Kepu

lauan R

DKI Jaka

Jawa Ba

Jawa Teng

DI Yogyaka

Jawa Tim

Bant B

Tenggara Ba

Tenggara Tim

alim

antan Ba

mantan Teng

mantan Selat

limantan Tim

Sulawesi U

tulaw

esi Ten

gulaw

esi Selat

awesi Ten

ggGoron

tSulawesi Ba

Malu

Maluku Ut

Papu

a Ba Pap

S S

Su B K

Nusa 

Nusa T

KaKalim

Kalim Kal S Su

Sula

2500000

Area of Rice Cultivation in 2010 (by Province)

2000000

2500000

a)

1500000

Cultivatio

n (ha

500000

1000000

Area

 of R

ice 

0

500000

t g g t r t r t r o t t

Aceh

umatera Utara

umatera barat

Riau

Jambi

matera Selatan

Bengkulu

Lampu

ngangka Be

litun

gep

ulauan

 Riau

DKI Jakarta

Jawa Ba

rat

Jawa Tengah

DI Yogyakarta

Jawa Timur

Banten Bali

Tenggara Barat

enggara Timur

imantan Ba

rat

mantan Tengah

mantan Selatan

mantan Timur

Sulawesi U

tara

lawesi Ten

gah

lawesi Selatan

wesi Ten

ggara

Goron

tal o

Sulawesi Barat

Maluku

Maluku Utara

Papu

a Ba

rat

Papu

a

Su Su

Sum Ba Ke

Nusa T

Nusa Te

Kal

Kalim

Kalim Kali S Su Su

Sula S

P fil f h t i 2008 2010Profile of harvest in 2008-2010

Rice Cultivation PracticesRice Cultivation PracticesRice Cultivation PracticesRice Cultivation Practices

Wetland:Flooded wetland is still the dominant of rice production in Indonesia

SRI (System of Rice Intensification):The Agriculture ministry of Indonesia plans to increase the use of the SRI:

- 2011 : 100.000 ha- 2012 : 200.000 ha- 2015 : 1,5 million ha

Study of SRI in Indonesia

LOCATION CONVEN‐ S.R.I ReferenceYIELD INCREASES

NATIONAL AVE. 4.8 T/HA

TIONAL(TONS/HA)

CENTRAL LOMBOK ‐ 11.2 Sato (2007)O O Sa o ( 00 )SUMBAWA  ‐ 14.3 Sato (2007)GARUT ‐ 13.5 Sato (2007)SUKABUMI 12 6 Sato (2007)SUKABUMI ‐ 12.6 Sato (2007)SUKABUMI, NOSC 5.38 6.85 Ardi and Iswandi 

(2008)S.E.T.C. PANDAANEAST JAVA

5.5 10.5 Herodian et al, (2008)

BOGOR,  5.0 7.5 Sugiyanta (2008),WEST JAVA

g y ( )

PADANG, W. SUMATRA ‐ 9.67‐11 0

Musliar (2007‐2008)11.0 2008)

S.R.I  RICE CULTIVATION AT THREE  LOCATIONS IN WEST JAVA

RICE CULTIVATION

TANJUNG SARI SUKABUMI DEPOK

NO. OF TILLERS/HILL

CONVENTIONAL 30.30 a 30.30a 17.3aINORGANIC S.R.I 41.15b 41.15b 26.45c

YIELD COMPON

ORGANIC S.R.I 29.60a 29.60a 20.95bMIXED 39.40b 39.40b 18.7ab

ENTS39.40b

YIELD (TON/HA)

RICE CULTIVATION TANJUNG SARI SUKABUMI DEPOK

CONVENTIONAL3.59 4.58

INORGANIC S R IINORGANIC S.R.I4.35 5.32

ORGANIC S.R.I3.55 4.72

MIXED3. 96 4.97

Correlation between SRI and Methane emission

METHANE EMISSION FROM SUKARAJA (SUKABUMI) (Iswandi et al. 2009)

TREATMENTS2 WAT 4 WAT 6 WAT 8 WAT 10 WAT AVERAGE

TREATMENTSmg C‐CH4 m‐2 h‐1

T0 =CONVENTIONAL  2021.2 9939.3 ‐1.95 ‐5.48 2.492021.2 9939.3 1.95 5.48 2.492391.1

T1=IN‐ORGANIC S.RI.I 0.00 0.00 1.00 ‐3.77 ‐1.05‐0.76

T2=IN‐ORGANIC S.RI.I 0.00 ‐279.4 5.07 ‐1.98 0.43‐55.2

T3= MIXED 0.00 1517.3 3.50 1.25 5.82305.6

S.R.I. REDUCED CH4 EMISSION FROM RICE FIELD SIGNIFICANTLY

N2O  EMISSION  SUKABUMI

TREATMENTS6 WAT 8 WAT 10 WAT

µg N‐N20/m2/h

T0= CONVENTIONAL ‐173.35 158.78 36.06

T1= IN‐ORGANIC S.R.I. 4128.40 489.75 42.32

T2 = ORGANIC S.R.I. ‐359.20 35.74 ‐100.84

T3= MIXED 230.13 165.11 10.24

6 WAT 8 WAT

N20 EMISSION AT TANJUNGSARI

TREATMENTSµg N‐N20/m2/h

T0=CONVENTIONAL 63.88 423.91

ORGANIC FERTILIZER

T1=IN‐ORGANIC S.R.I. 97.14 1247.84

T2=ORGANIC S.R.I ‐509.96 ‐769.28

REDUCED N20 EMISSION

T3=MIXED 64.59 359.11

Total microbes and number of beneficial soil microbes under conventional and S R I rice cultivation methodsunder conventional and S.R.I. rice cultivation methods at Tanjung Sari and Bogor (Iswandi et al. 2009)

Treatments Total Microbes*

(x105)

Azotobacter*(x103)

Azospirillum*(x103)

PSM*(x104)

(x105)

Conventional (T0) 2.3a 1.9a 0.9a 3.3a

Inorganic S.R.I (T1) 2.7a 2.2a 1.7ab 4.0a

Organic S.R.I (T2) 3.8b 3.7b 2.8bc 5.9b

Inorganic S.R.I + BF (T3) 4 8c 4 4b 3 3c 6 4bInorganic S.R.I + BF (T3) 4.8c 4..4b 3.3c 6.4b

*CFU/g soil PSM = Phosphate Solubilizing Microbes

N2 fixation and CH4 oxidation activities of methanotrophic bacteria isolated from rice field in West Java

NoIsolate

N2fixation activity(nM/hour/ml

CH4 oxidation activityIsolate (nM/hour/ml

culture)activity

(uM/day/ml culture)

1 BGM1 10,90 39,53

2 BGM3 7 10 56 622 BGM3 7,10 56,62

3 BGM5 10,80 75,853 BGM5 10,80 75,85

4 BGM9 15,30 59,60

Research in progress: Application of methanotrophic bacteria as biofertilizer in rice cultivation (Conventional, SRI and organic farming)

Management of Rice ResiduesManagement of Rice ResiduesManagement of Rice ResiduesManagement of Rice ResiduesEstimation of biomass production on land use inEstimation of biomass production on land use in Indonesia

i f i d iNutrient content of rice straw and grain

Total area of rice cultivation with and 

4,000,000without rotation crops in Indonesia

3,000,0003,500,0004,000,000

irrigation

2,000,0002,500,000, ,

ea (h

a)

irrigation

1,000,0001,500,000Ar

e

0500,000

rice cultivation with crop Rotation

rice cultivation without crop Rotation

Total area of rice cultivation with and

2500000

Total area of rice cultivation with and without rotation crops 

2000000

2500000

irrigation (Java)

1500000

2000000

(ha)

Non Irrigation (Java)

1000000Area

 (

Irigation (outside Java)

500000non irrigation (outside Java)

0

rice cultivation with crop Rotation

rice cultivation without crop Rotationcrop Rotation without crop Rotation

Soil organic carbon f i t ifi d l l d iof intensified lowland rice areas

in Indonesia1200

s

•• 73% low soil organic 73% low soil organic matter content (<2%),matter content (<2%),23% di i23% di i

800

1000

Sam

ple •• 23% medium organic 23% medium organic

matter content (2matter content (2--3%)3%)•• 4% have more than 3% of4% have more than 3% of

400

600

of S

oil S •• 4% have more than 3% of 4% have more than 3% of

soil organic matter soil organic matter

due to the intensivedue to the intensive

0

200No.

o due to the intensive due to the intensive weathering process, high weathering process, high rainfall and temperature, rainfall and temperature, land use change andland use change and0

< 2.0 2.0 - 3.0 > 3.0

Soil Organic Carbon

land use change, and land use change, and inappropriate management inappropriate management practices without returning practices without returning organic matterorganic matter to the fieldto the field(%) organic matter organic matter to the field to the field

Soil Organic CarbonSoil Organic CarbonSoil Organic CarbonSoil Organic CarbonCase study in West JavaComparison of soil carbon sequestration between organic and conventional rice fields in the top 10 cm soil depth p p(Komatsuzaki and Syuaib,2010)

Comparison of soil carbon content profile between organic and conventional rice fields in the top 30 cm soil depth. p p(Komatsuzaki and Syuaib,2010)

34

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