riba and six hadiths

8/6/2019 Riba and Six Hadiths

1/37Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1528770

Riba, Iere ad six Hadih:

Do We Have a Defiiio ora coudrum?

Mohammad Omar Farooq

Abra: The Qua ategiay phibit rib

a, but de t deie it. It iy agued that riba i deied by hadith. At the tie the eeati

abut riba, the y type riba k a riba al-jahiliyyah. I y that type iideed, uuy uuiu/expitatie taati ud be phibited. late,the pe the deiiti riba a badeed baed hadith a textua p,eadig t the taditia piti that a iteet ae phibited. I thipape it i exped hethe the y-ited hadith t deie riba hd up aaied. Baed the aayi peeted hee, hie the Quai phibiti a beeaiy udetd i the ae riba al-jahiliyyah, ad the atiae it i biu,a the eade ud id, it i ideed a dautig tak t ue hadith t deie riba

ad jutiy the badeed pe i te the riba-iteet equati.

JEL Classification: 040, C23, O53, P49.

Ib Qayyi: Thee i thig phibited exept that hih Gdphibit ...T deae ethig peitted phibited i ike deaigethig phibited peitted. (ited i Tha, 2006:63)

I. Iroduio

The Qua ategiay phibit riba. Hee, ie thee i uaiityabut the deiiti pe thi phibiti (faq, 2007a), e i ue

the igia te riba thughut thi eay. I the Qua it i peiied:

Mohammad Omar Farooq, Aiate Pe Buie ad fiae, rya Uieity

we, Bahai.

2009, international association for islamic economics

Review of Islamic Economics, v. 13, n. 1, 2009, pp. 105142.


2/37Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1528770

106 Review of Islamic Economics, v. 13, n. 1,2009

The h deu riba i t tad exept a tad e h theEi oe by hi tuh ha die t ade. That i beaue they ay:

Tade (bay[) i ike riba, but Gd ha peitted tade ad bidderiba. The h ate eeiig dieti thei ld deit ha bepaded the pat; thei ae i Gd (t judge); but the hepeat (the ee) ae pai the ie: they i abide theei.(Qua, 2: 275)

o ye h beiee! Deu t riba, doubled and multiplied; but eaGd; that yu ay (eay) ppe. (Qua, 3: 130)

I ye d it t, take tie a Gd ad Hi meege: But iye tu bak, ye ha hae yu apita u: Deal not unjustly, and youshall not be dealt with unjustly. (Qua, 2: 279)

Ag the ee that dea ith riba ae: 2:276 ad 2:278; 4:160-

61. Thee ee d t eay deie hat i riba. Baed the hitia

patie duig the peid eeati, hat i deiitey phibited i the

Qua i k a riba al-jahiliyyah.

The ay i hih iba a dubed ad edubed i the pe-Iai peid i expeed by the Zayd b. Aa (d.136/754)a : riba i the pe-Iai peid ited the dubig

ad edubig [ ey ditie], ad i the age [ theatte]. At atuity, the edit ud ay t the debt, wi yu paye, ieae [the debt]? I the debt had aythig, he ud pay.otheie, the age the atte [t be epaid] ud be ieaed ... Ithe debt a ey a dity, the debt ud be dubed t bepaid i e yea, ad ee the, i the debt ud t pay, it ud bedubed agai; e huded i e yea ud bee t huded.I that a t paid, the debt ud ieae t u huded. Eah

yea the debt ud be dubed. (saeed, 1996: 22)

The expitati ad ijutie uh riba-baed taati ae

biu ad hady equie uthe expaati atiaizati. Thi type riba i k a riba al-jahiliyyah; adig t e eiet Iai

ha, uh a Ia Ahad Ib Haba, y uh riba i uau

ithut dubt the Iai iepit.

The Qua eheety de riba, but pide itte expaati hat that te ea, beyd tatig riba ad haity adetiig exbitat dubig. cetat deibe a pe-Iai patie extedig deay t debt i etu a ieaei the piipa (riba al-jahiliyyah). sie thi patie i eded aexitig at the tie the eeati, it i e etai itae hat


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107Review of Islamic Economics, v. 13, n. 1,2009

the Qua phibit. Hee Ib Haba, ude the Habai h,deaed that thi patie - pay ieae - i the y riba the

phibiti hih i beyd ay dubt. (Ib Qayyi a-Jaziyyah,1973, 2: 153-154, ited by vge ad Haye, 1998: 72-73)

Hee, gaduay, baed hadith, the pe riba a ideed

ad t type ee idetiied: riba al-fadl (piaiy eated t ae

taati), ad riba al-nasi'ah (ae debt iig deeet), hee

the atte epded t riba al-jahiliyyah. Ib [Abba, e the aj

pai the Pphet ad eaiet the Iai juit, ad a e

the pai (Uaah ib Zayd, [Abduah ib ma[ud, [Uah ib

Zubay, Zayd ib Aqa) ideed that the y uau riba i riba

al-jahiliyyah (saeh, 1986: 27).

It i iptat t te hee that baed (a) riba al-jahiliyyah ad (b)

ijutie/expitati a the hikmah (id), uuy ud be phibited,

but iteet i allit a it exit i de ey ad iae at

be necessarilyategized a phibited. Hee, hat i t deied

by the Qua, deiiti ae geeay ught the suah/hadith.

Appaety, the ae i aied i thi ae riba.

sie thi ti i idey hed, iudig at the -peiait ee, e

i ue a a exape IBf-net, a ie u ued Iai Bakig

ad fiae ith 4,000+ ebe h ae ha, expet, eeahe,

patitie tudet a h hae iteet i thi peiaized ied.

o that u, Tha patiipated i a diui1 abut the deiiti

riba ad h the Qua ad hadith pay a e i deiig it. He te:

... thee i dieee betee the Qua ad the hadith, but thee ae ix

authetiated hadith that a u t deie thi bidde thig.

Atuay, that aeti i baed Tha edited bk (2006), ad

the eueated hadith ae take a hapte tited what i iba? Hi

ie ad k ae t be ted, beaue adig t athe shai[

ahexpet ad ebe shai[ah Bad eea Iai fiaia

Itituti, sh. Yuu Taa Delez: Abdukade Tha ha begu i a

det but eetie ay t eege a e Iai fiae' t eetie

ie (Delez, 2006: 8). Thu, he a ai that e authetiated

hadith a u t deie thi bidde thig e uh a expet,

it i thhie expig it, patiuay a ie it a epeet the

typia ie that riba i deied byhadith.

It i bady ageed that the Qua de t deie riba. The Qua

de t expiity deie riba a e type taati athe. ... The


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et thefuqaha judiia ha ike sh. Zuhayi ad the exape

the hadith a u t deteie a ea idea hat i riba (Tha,

2006: 127).Iteetigy, ee ed caiph [Ua, e the et cpai

the Pphet, egetted abut the iuiiet guidae thi atte

the Pphet.

Hadith-1:[Ua b. a-Khattab aid, Thee ae thee thig. I Gdmeege had expaied the eay, it ud hae bee deae te tha the d ad hat it tai: (Thee ae) kalalah, riba, adkhilafah. (Sunan Ibn Majah, Bk Iheitae, v. 4, #2727; IbnMajah add: Adig t a-Zaa'id, the authitie it isnadae

eiabe, but it ha munqati[ hai taii, p. 113; munqati[ea a iteupted, bke ditiuu hai).

At the tie the eeati the ee abut riba, the y type

riba k a riba al-jahiliyyah. I y that type i ideed,

uuy (expitatie, exbitat ate iteet) uuiu taati

ud be phibited. Hee, ate, the pe the deiiti riba

a badeed baed hadith. Abdukade Tha eeed t hadith

(ad thee ae e hadith i a ube aiati) that ae y

peeted by the thdxy a textua p the deiiti riba. Uigthe badeed deiiti, the thdx ide de iteet i a

it t be phibited. I thi pape, e exaie the ix hadith t

udetad bette the ai that they deie riba. I hud aiy that thee

ae deiitey ay e hadith abut riba ad u exaiati ge

beyd the e etied by Tha. The y igiiae the ix i

the tite thi eay i the ai a expet i Iai iae that thee

ix hadith ( thee hadith, idetiied a Thee) deie hat riba

i. I hud a te that the peetati be i t aeted byhadith

the tha the ix.

II. some Perie Poi abou Hadih

Tha (2006) eueated ix peii hadith.2 Hee, bee e diu

the, a e thig abut hadith eed t be udetd, a thee ae eea

yth ipeepti, uh a the ig:

I a1. hadith qute the Pphet, e k that' exaty hat the Pphet

aid.

The2. Sahih eti tai hadith that ae idiputabe.


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Thee i taditi ag3. hadiths the ae tpi, ag

aati the ae hadith.

H4. adith pide kedge iati that i etai deiitie.

I thi pape, yth 1 ad 4 ae patiuay eeat. It i iptat t

te that a hadith beig sahih (autheti) de t eeaiy ea that it

pide deiitie ( etai) kedge. oymutawatirtype hadith -

a hadith hih i epted by ay pepe ay pepe that they

at be expeted t agee up a ie, a the tgethe - yied etai

kedge abut a patiua atte. Ee the, y mutawatir bil-lafz

(mutawatirhadith that tai exat d i eah hai) beg t thiategy hadith that yied etaity kedge. Mutawatir bil-ma[na

(mutawatirhadith that tai y iia but t exat d i eah

hai), d t bea the ae eight. Thee ae ey e hadith that beg

t the it type, mutawatir bil-lafz. Ideed, ha hae idetiied ee

tha a dze hadith i thi ategy. n-mutawatirhadith ae k

a ahad(itay). sie mutawatirhadith ae ee tha a dze (ut

huded thuad hadith iudig the aiati hai), it a

be aid that ituay a hadith, iudig sahihhadith, ae ahadad yied

yprobabilistickedge.They a ti be eaaby eiabe guidae. mui hud

utiize the guidae ad uti, i ppey authetiated i te

bth hai ad tet, a g a e (a) akedge the pbabiiti

atue the ue ad d t ai etaity i egad t the iue i

queti, (b) d t uate a, de dga that ae t igid

hah, epeiay petaiig t pepe ie, hu ad ppety, ad () d

t ai iaity i te authitatiee ay a, de dga

that ae aied at uig uh pbabiiti ue.3

let e te e the pit a a iutati bee e dee ita detaied diui abut the hadith. like ay the uh k, a

itia eake Tha bk i that adequate ae i deaig ith a

the hadith i t eaiy tabe. let e iutate by eeig t e ha,

sh. wahbah a-Zuhayi, a tibut t the bk. A itdued theei, sh.

Zuhayi i the Dea the cege shai[ah at Daau Uieity ad a

ebe ueu shai[ah upeiy bad geig Iai bak.

Hi k Fiqh al-Sunnah wa-Adilatuha i e the eadig ad t idey

eied up aua de Iai juipudee (Tha, 2006: 8).


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I the hapte The juidia eaig Riba sh. Zuhayi ite a hadith

a : Haki eate the authity Ib ma[ud that the Pphet

aid, Riba i eety thee kid, the ightet i eiue hih i abad a e' ayig hi the; the mui h patie riba

ge ad (Tha, 2006: 27). Edte #6 add: reated by Ib majah i a

hteed ei, ad byHaki i it pete , deeig it rigorously

authenticated. Thee ae ay the hadith the ae eaig, e

hih iude the phae, Riba it eety ategie, ad i the,

Riba it eety t ategie (Tha, 2006: 49). Iteetigy,

Ib Haja a-[Aqaai, e the et hadith ha (852 AH),

ha ted abut Haki (ad a k Ib Jazi): A Great Collection of

Fabricated Traditionsby Ib Jazi i a ueiabe i it deaig the gade ged a Mustadrak al-Hakim i ueiabe i it deaig the gade

ud (sahih).4

we a begi ith the eatiey i iue the diepay,

eetyvs. eety-t. Atuay, the dieee i uh ide. Taditiay,

uh diepaie hae beaig the aeptabiity t uh

hadithsee thugh it i quite ea that ethig i g hee beaue

e ept ted eety, e eety-t, e eety-thee ad

the ugget the ube. Hee, it i uie mui t take

uh ha d at ae aue. let u expe uthe. sh. Zuhayi ite

the hadith epted by Ib ma jah a e a Haki, ad thi i hat Ib

ma jah ha t add a etay t that hadith. Adig t a-Zaa'id,

it isnadtai i it najh b. [Abd a-raha A ma[ha. The ha

ae uaiu deaig hi da[if(i.e. eak) (Sunan Ibn Majah, v. 3,

#2274, p. 351).

s, h i thi hadith iguy authetiated?5 o, i sh. Zuhayi

aiig thi abut the ge ei the hadith that Haki epted?

I he i the hy ee t Ib majah, but t aiy that it i aiied da[ifby Ib ma jah hie? But the pbe ith thi hadith i ee deepe.

may the hadith ha hae a diputed it authetiity (Eea,

.d.).

Tha bk deee peia atteti beaue the auth eeate

the tey abut iteet t the ee beie ad dibeie. Riba i

pat a bade pbe beie ad behai. reuig t bat riba i

aki t dibeie. cedig the aguet that ey ha a itii aue

i ptetiay a geate at dibeie (Tha, 2006: 133).


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raiig ay iue t the ee beie ad dibeie i a eiu atte.

raiig a iue uh a hethe ey ha a itii aue t the ee

ptetiay a geate at dibeie i t jut uaated, but aeiuy peuptuu ad judgeta. A it i geeay ageed that the

Qua det deie riba but (it i aied) that hadith de, eade eed

t ath the hadith etied i uh k ie they eithe hae t

aue that the quted hadith ae autheti (ue etied theie)

they ud be ied that the hadith ae authetiated (ee

iguy authetiated). Hee, ietiu eade hud ee

dee thei due diigee t the.

I the ig eget, the petiet hadith i be diued

i aeig the aeti that riba i deied by etai authetiatedhadith. It i iptat t keep i id that ee thugh Iai ha

utiize ad appy hadith athe bady i uatig Iai a, the

ha a geeay agee ad akedge that ee autheti (sahih)

hadith yied y pbabiiti kedge (faq, 2008b).

It hud a be ted that i exaiig petiet hadith the ix

peii hadith that Tha ited ad eeeed i hi bk, ae idetiied.

o ue, the hadith beyd the ix ae a exaied geate

peheiee. Tha itati i ipete hih i quite

ith ay ite. I ae Tha the did t e the, apppiateitati hae bee added t the exaiati the eeat hadith. sie

eea hadith ae exaied thughut thi eay, I hae ued the ig

ubeig pt: (a) The ix ited by Tha ee gaized ude

ix dieet thee (e.g. Thee I, II, ) ad peii hadith ae ited

a, exape, I.a, I.b, II.a, II.b, II.., ...; (b) A the hadith ae peeted

equetiay (e.g. H-1, H-2, H-3,); () A, exept the that iude

et atati itati hadith ae iediate, athe tha

deeig the t edte.

III. the six (theme of) Hadih

3.1. Hadih I: theme no riba i po raaio or no riba exep i

deferme/redi

Hadith-2 I.a.: f Uaah ib Zayd: The Pphet aid: Thee i riba exept i nasi'ah [aitig]. (Sahih Bukhari, Kitab a-Buyu[, BabBay[ a-dia bi-dia aaa, v. 3, #386)


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Hadith-3 I.b.: Thee i riba i had-t-had [pt] taati.(Sahih Muslim, v. III, #3878, Kitab a-muaqat, Bab bay[ a-ta[a

itha bi-ith).

Thi hadith ha eea aiati. ne i mutawatir. ntaby, thi

hadith i a it aiati i quite ategia that thee i riba i had-

t-had pt taati. Thu, ay theie-peiibe taati

pt taati a t ie riba. Ee the thdxy aept thee

hadith a autheti (sahih) ee thugh they etabih etaity

kedge ie they ae t mutawatir. Hee, i take iteay, a Iqba

Ahad Kha suhai pie i hi bk: thee aati deih the e-

ieted ate riba al-fadl (suhai,1999

:8).The hadith aated by Uaah - Thee i riba exept i ai'ah

deeet - ugget that deeet edit ie riba. Hee, it i

e-k ad uppted by ayhadith that the Pphet had eteed it

edit-puhae taati (nasi'ah) ad a that he paid e tha the

igia aut. A, Sahabah hae paid e tha the igia aut at

the tie epayet ad the Pphet apped it (suhai, 1999: 84).

Hadith-4: Sahih al-Bukhari, v. 3, #282, naated [A'ihah: ThePphet puhaed d gai a Je edit ad tgaged hii au t hi. (ishtarata[aman min yahudiila ajalin wa rahnahudir[an min hadid; i a-Bukhai, v. 3, #309 the hadith i aated ithnasiah, itead ajal)

Hadith-5:Sahih al-Bukhari, v. 3, #579, naated Jabi bi [Abduah:I et t the Pphet hie he a i the mque. (mi[a thikthat Jabi et i the e.) Ate the Pphet td e t payt ak[ah, he epaid e the debt he ed e ad gae e a exta

aut.

Hadith-4 i tated ithut ay quaiiati: thee i riba exepti nasiah. o ue, thee ae the hadith, a sahih, hih add uthe

quaiiati. Hee, i deeet edit-baed taati (nasiah)

de ie riba, hee the atte i ategiay phibited i the Qua,

the h did the Pphet egage i puhae ith pii deeed

payet (Hadith-4, ajal)? o ue, thi type tgagig uig

pabke eie i egized a Iaiay aid ad aeptabe, a

iutated thugh thi hadith. A h did he pay exta (athe eaig

riba, hih ea exe) a i Hadith-5 abe? Ae e t aue that


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the Je h eed d t the Pphet edit did t beeit

the taati? Ad i ae he did, at that riba? It hud be ted

that hie deeed/edit puhae uh a i Hadith-4 i peiibe,buyig d edit (eithe a eued ueued a) ipie a

uh geate ueabiity the buye/tgage tha it i i a pit-

ieted, eia taati. A ie thi a a aid ad

patie, hy the ephai i thee hadith that they ee paid exta i debt

epayet?

se ight ague that utay exta payet i ae a a

ithut ay tipuati exe i peiibe baed hadith, uh

a Hadith-5. Hee, it i tadited by the hadith: Every a

that attat a beeit/adatage i riba.6 withut gettig it the iue authetiity ay uh aati, thdx adate Iai

iae ad bakig y ue uh hadith. (raha, 2005, Guidae

fiaia, .d., ide 23; Uai, 1999: eti n. 101).7 I that i auate,

the thee i pii t dieetiate betee a ith tipuated

exe ad utaiy paid exta. H a a a hih aue a beeit

t the ede be riba, but t gatuitu a? It ee ike haig e ake

ad eatig it t. T ite the hadith A a ith a beeit t the ede i

riba i de t jutiy phibiti ay a ith a exta, but the t

iit the phibiti y t the a ith tipuated exe, t eiethe hadith that a utay exta payet i a deiite a attept t

eie the ieiabe. Ideed, it i athe udaeta pbe that

due t ay tadityhadith, ay juit etat hae a

pehat eetie ue hadith a textua eidee.

o ue, it ud a be agued that bth the abe-etied

hadith ae a peid bee riba a phibited. Hee, e ud

the iduge i daig a ieee ie thee i deiitie kedge

iati, t uppt uh a aguet.

3.2.Hadih II-III: theme - I ae of loa, o exe i o be aeped by

he leder

Hadith-6II.: f Aa ib maik: The Pphet aid: I a a exteda a t ee he hud t aept a git. (Mishkat, p. it., theauthity Bukhai' Taikh ad Ib Tayiyyah al-Muntaqa)

Hadith-7 III.a.: f Abu Budah ib Abi mua: I ae t madiahad et [Abduah ib saa h aid, Yu ie i a uty hee

riba i apat; hee i aye e yu ethig ad peet yu


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ith a ad hay, a ad baey, a pe ta, d t aeptit it i riba. (Sahih al-Bukhari, v. 5, #159).

Hadith-8 III.b.: naated Abu Uaah: The Pphet aid: I ayeiteede hi bthe ad he peet a git t hi it ad heaept it, he appahe a geat d the d riba. (Sunan AbuDawud, v. 2, #3534)

A thee ept abe eate t the ae thee. A ede hud t

aept ay exe (ee i the git) a pat , ith the epayet

the piipa. Hadith-6 i t ay piay hadith eti.

Mishkati a eday ue. A, the t the ue, Bukhai' Tarikh

(hity) ad Ib Tayiyyah al-Muntaqa

, a eeed t i Tha, ae thadith ue eithe. Hadith-7 i Sahih al-Bukhari, but it i atuay a

athar(tateet ept the cpai theee), ad a

eithe the peedig t ept i mutawatir.

The ipiati thee ept i quite ea. They ephaize the e

the ede. nthig i exe the piipa hud be aepted by the

ede. It ay thig abut the be t payig aythig exta. Yet,

ept that dia ede t aept ay exta aut ae at dd ith the

Ppheti patie ia a he hie eed exta ad the ede aepted

it [ee Hadith-5]. why ud the Pphet bid ede t aept ay exta,hie he paid exta? I thi titute riba ad it i phibited - hethe i the

Qua ad/ hadith, h ut e eie the at that, i athe hadith,

bth the eeie ad paye the riba ae ideed equay guity?

Hadith-9: Sahih Muslim, v. III, n. 3854: Abu sa[id a-Khudi ()epted Gd meege (p) a ayig: Gd i t be paid by gd,ie by ie, heat by heat, baey by baey, date by date, at byat, ike by ike, payet beig ade had t had. He h ade aadditi t it, aked a additi, i at deat i riba. The receiver

and the giver are equally guilty.

A, the t hadith i thee II-III ae tadited by the hadith

hee the Pphet apped exta payet i etteet debt. Thee

ae a ae hee ettig i-kid big ied bette quaity

tha the igia.

Hadith-10:naated Abu Huayah that the Pphet bed a t-yea-d ae ad etued a iia ae, ad i additi he gaeathe ae, ad aid: Bet yu ae the bet i etuig yu


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debt. (suhai, p. 106, qutig Jai[ a-Tiidhi, Kitab a-Buyu[, .6,n. 56)

Hadith-11: Sahih Muslim, v. III, n. 3899: Abu Huayah () epted:Gd meege (p) tk a ae a, ad the etued hi (theede) the ae a e atue age ad aid: Gd ag yu aethe h ae gd i eaig the debt.

Hadith-12:Muwatta', Kitab a-Buyu[, n.1368 mujahid epted that[Abduah ib [Ua tk e diha a a a ad paid bakbette diha. The a aid, Abu[Abd a-raha. Thee ae bettetha the diha hih I et yu. [Abduah ib [Ua aid, I kthat. But I a happy ith ye abut that."

Had

ith-

13:Sunan Abu Dawud, v. 3, n. 3341: naated Jabi ib[Abduah: The Pphet (p) ed e a debt ad gae e ethig

exta he he paid it.

Thee ud be a aguet that hadith diaig the ede

t aept aythig exta ee a peid bee riba a iiay

phibited. I ideed et, the the hadith ay t be ited

phibiti riba. futhee, i the aguet that the hadith ee

pe-phibiti peid a aid, the e agai, e ud ae the

eaity that deiitie iati bati t that eet exit.

I thee?

Athe pauibe expaati i that hadith that dia ede ay

exee petai t qardhasan,(Qua, 2: 245), a -pit gatuitu

a ut beeee. I , the the hadith ipy eie the ee

abut qardhasan. Hee, by the ae tke, ay pitabe taati,

hethe iteet-baed t, udt be eed by the hadith.8

se ague that uh utay exta payet i a ight, but t i

uh exta i tipuated by the ede. Hee, the ea uh aguet

i iaid i beaue riba al-jahiliyyah, the type idiated i the Qua, a

t baed tipuated exe.

Ideed, riba eated hadith d t ue the te a (qard) debt

(dayn). Abduah saeed diue the ig baed muhaad rahid

rida (d. 1935), a eiet ha ad the diipe shaykh muhaad

[Abduh:

... [n]e the autheti hadith attibuted t the Pphet i eatit riba appea t eti the te, a (qard) debt (dayn).Thi abee ay eeee t a debt i riba-eated hadith


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ed a iity juit t ted that hat i atuay phibiteda riba i etai ae, hih ae eeed t i the hadith

iteatue.9

3.3. Hadih IV-V: theme - Barer/trade exep po raaio or like

(i qualiy or quaiy) of erai ommodiie i prohibied

Hadith-14 Iv.a.: f Abu sa[id a-Khudi: The Pphet (p), aid: Dt e gd gd exept he it i ike ike, ad d t ieaee e the the; d t e ie ie exept he it i ike ike, ad d t ieae e e the the; ad d t e hati aay [ ag thee] hat i eady. (Sahih Bukhari, Kitab

a-Buyu[, Bab bay[ a-iddah bi-iddah, v. 3, #385; a Muslim, v.III, n. 3845, Tiidhi, naai ad muad Ahad)

Hadith-15 Iv.b.: f [Ubadah ib a-Sait: The Pphet (p), aid:Gd gd, ie ie, heat heat, baey baey date date, ad at at - ike ike, equa equa, ad had-t-had; i the ditie die, theyou may sell as you wish, providedthat the exchange is hand-to-hand. (Muslim, Kitab a-muaqat, Baba-sa a-bay[ a-dhahab bi-aaq aqda, v. III, n. 3853; a iTiidhi)

Thee hadith, etied by Tha, aat epaate expaatibeaue, a aeady detated abe, had-t-had pt taati

(bateig tade) ae peiibe i Ia ad uh taati d t

ie riba. But et u t da a haty ui. reade hud patiety

peue the aguet be.

may hadith, iudig the petaiig t riba, ight ake a

aazig etie aze.

Hadith-16: Sahih al-Bukhari, v. 3, n. 344: naated [Ua ib

a-Khattab: Gd Apte aid, The bateig gd ie i Riba(uuy), exept i it i had t had ad equa i aut, adheat gai heat gai i uuyexcept if it is from hand to handand equal in amount, ad date date i uuy exept i it i had t had ad equa i aut, ad baey baey i uuyexept i it i had t had ad equa i aut.

Adig t the abe hadith, a exhage gd ie i riba

exept had t had ( pt) taati andequa i aut. n et u

eie the ig hadith a-Bukhai:


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Hadith-17: Sahih al-Bukhari, v. 3, n. 388: naated [Abd a-rahaib Abi Bakah: that hi athe aid, The Pphet bade the eig

gd gd ad ie ie except if they are equivalent in weight,ad aed u t e gd ie ad vice versaa e ihed.

Adig t the abe hadith, a exhage gd ie i riba

exept i they ae equa i aut. Thee i eti pt/had-t-

had etiti. n et u eie the ig hadith al-Bukhari:

Hadith-18: Yahya eated t e maik Ib shihab maik ib A ib a-Hadatha a-nai that e tie he aked texhage 100 dia. He aid, Tahah ib [Ubayduah aed e e

ad e ade a utua ageeet that he ud ake a exhage e. He tk the gd ad tued it abut i hi had, ad theaid, I at d it uti y teaue big the ey t e a-Ghabah. [Ua ib a-Khattab a iteig ad [Ua aid, ByGd! D t eae hi uti yu hae take it hi! The he aid,The meege Gd, ..., aid, Gold for silver is usury except hand tohand. wheat heat i uuy exept had t had. Date datei uuy exept had t had. Baey baey i uuy exept hadt had. (Kitab a-Buyu[, v. 3, n. 382; a, Muwatta Imam Malik,Kitab a-Buyu[, n. 1321)

Adig t the abe hadith, a exhage gd ie i riba exept

had t had ( pt) taati. n eti equiaee i eight a a

etiti. next et u hek the ig hadith a-Bukhai:

Hadith-19: Sahih al-Bukhari, v. 3, n. 383: naated Abu Bakah:Gd Apte aid, Dt e gd gd ue equa i eight, ie ie ue equa i eight, butyou could sell gold for silveror silver for gold as you like.

Adig t the abe hadith, a exhage gd ie viceversai ude etiti. regade, et u ide the ig hadith

Sahih mui.

Hadith-15: (itig e e) Sahih Muslim, v. III, n. 3853: [Ubadahb. a-Sait (Gd be peaed ith hi) epted Gd meege(pbuh) a ayig: Gd i t be paid by gd, ie by ie, heatby heat, baey by baey, date by date, ad at by at, ike ikead equa equa, payet beig ade had t had. If these classesdiffer, then sell as you wish if payment is made hand to hand.


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Adig t abe hadith, ee he the ae die - gd ie

ie gd, e at d a e ih. It ti ha t be pt/had-t-had

taati. s, hih e i it? Iteetigy, tedig he ha a betteexpiati the phibiti riba (iudig bak iteet) baed the

k aia juit nyazee (2000), a tepay ha Iai

iqh, abitiuy aet:

... the taditi petaiig t riba ae e the t pextaditi i the etie Iai ega iteatue. studyig the iitutie t y dieig the eaig riba, but a udetadig the ethd itepetati epyed by the juit.Thee taditi hep u i pehedig the geea piipe Iai a. They big ut the uique atue thi ega yte adake ut a tg ae the eiu tudy the k the juit.

Hpeuy, the petiet hadith (Hadith-15 - Hadith-19) hep the

eade egize ad appeiate the haege the juit hae aed i de

t etabih a ea, itetibe deiiti riba i ight hadith. Did

nyazee d a bette jb tha hi pedee, jut a he bdy aied? we,

eade hud ead hi k ad deide theee.

ntaby, e the hadith peiiay eti riba heea the

d t ee thugh a petai t the ae iue. But d thee hadith eatet riba at a? we, t dea ith that queti e eed t e t the ext

thee, hih e iia hadith, but peiiay eti the riba

eti.

Hadith-20 v.a.: f Abu sa[id a-Khudi: The Pphet (p) aid:Gd gd, ie ie, heat heat, baey baey, date date, ad at at - ike ike, ad had-t-had. Whoever paysmore or takes more has indulged in riba. The take ad the gie ae aike

[i guit]. (Sahih Muslim, v. III, n. 3854; ad muad Ahad)

Beyd the Hadith-16- Hadith-18, hee the d riba i peiiay

etied i the peedig hadith, a additia tateet ith peii

eeee t riba i peet: whee pay e take e ha iduged

i riba. Thi i iptat beaue i uh hadith a peii eeee t riba

i ade, the bai hih riba al-fadl(riba iig exee i bate/

tade) ha bee idetiied ad deaed phibited by ay Iai ha

ad juipudet.


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fit, thi i t a mutawatirhadith eithe, ad thu de t yied

etaity kedge. Hee, thee ae e pbe ith the hadith

that petai t the additia tateet: whee pay e takee ha iduged i iba. The take ad the gie ae aike (i guit). The

aati thi hadith ight ugget that the additia (itaiized) pat

i a the Pphet. Hee, a suhai (1999: 63-69) ha iigy

h i hi bk What is Riba?the additi i t the Pphet.

Thee ae hadith i Sahih Muslim that dipute thi ae hadith

(epted by[Ubadah ib a-Sait):

Hadith-21: Sahih Muslim, v. III, n. 3852: Abi Qiiba epted: I

a i syia (haig) a ie ( ied). i hih a mui b.Yai. Thee ae Abu-Ah[ath. He (the aat) aid that they (theied) aed hi: Abu-Ah[ath, Abu-Ah[ath, ad he at d. Iaid t hi: naate t u bthe the hadith [Ubadah b. a-Sait.He aid: Ye. we et ut a expediti, mu[aiyah beig theeade the pepe, ad e gaied a t pi a. Ad theea e ie utei i hat e tk a pi. mu[aiyah deed ape t e it payet t the pepe (die). The pepe adehate i gettig that. The e (thi tate aai) eahed [Ubadahb. a-Sait, ad he td up ad aid: I heard GodsMessenger (may

peace be upon him) forbidding the sale of gold by gold, and silver by silver,and wheat by wheat, and barley by barley, and dates by dates, and salt bysalt, except like for like and equal for equal. So he who made an additionor who accepted an addition (committed the sin of taking) interest. s thepepe etued hat they had gt. Thi eahed mu[aiyah. Ad hetd up t deie a adde. He aid: What is the matter with peoplethat they narrate from the Messenger (may peace be upon him) suchtradition which we did not hear though we saw him (the Prophet) andlived in his company? Theeup, [Ubaydah b. a-Sait td up adepeated that aati, ad the aid: we i deiitey aate hate head Gd meege (ay peae be up hi) thugh it

ay be upeaat t mu[aiyah ( he aid: Ee i it i agait hii). I d t id i I d t eai i hi tp i the dak ight.Haad aid thi ethig ike thi.

Ideed, thee ae the aati the ae thee ad tated

the authity the ae pai [Ubadah ib a-Sait, ithut uh

additi.

Hadith-22: [Ubadah aid: the Pphet Aah (p) phibited thate e gd gd, ie ie, heat heat, baey


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baey, ad date date. (suhai, p. 66, qutig Sunan al-Nasa'i,Kitab a-Buyu[, 275)

The ig aati ake it eae that the additi a t

the Pphet:

Hadith-23: mui ib Yaa ad [Abduah ib [Ubayd, h aaed Ib Huuz, aated t e that [Ubadah ib a-Sait admu[aiyah et e. [Ubadah aated t the: The Pphet (pbuh)bade u t e gd gd, ie ie, date date, heat heat, baey baey -- e the [the t aat] aid:ad at at' hie the the did t ay it -- exept quatity

quatity ad kid kid. oe the aid: hee ieaed ught a ieae itted riba - the the [aat] did t ayit. (suhai, p. 66, qutig al-Nasa'i, Kitab a-Buyu[, 275)

Thu, it i t a mutawatirhadith; i additi, the hadith aati haigiiat diepay ad a tateet a pai the Pphet

a peued t be a tateet the Pphet.

Thee i e the pbe, ad it i a atia e. A pe thee hadiththe Pphet phibited bate taati, peiyig ie/ix ditie,

ue uh taati ee the pt ad aike i quaity ad/ quatity.

Hee, h i the d did de exhage a ue gd exat

quatity ad ae quaity? what ud be the atiae exhagig

a pud ki baey athe pud ki the ae quaity? I

the thdx piti udetadig a ideed aid, hee it ud

ee that the Pphet peitted that taati hih pepe ud hae

ea t dut. A peii uuay ie ethig that pepe

d eed. I thi ae, uh pibiity appie. oy pepe id ay

ee ud exhage a equa aut the ae quaity gd. H i

the d the Pphet ud g t uh extet t peit uh a exhage

that eibe pepe ud t be expeted t dut? It i a tiiaizati the Pphet' guidae, epeiay i the Quai ijuti abut ribai deiked the atiae/id (hikmah) - that i, zulm ijutie/

expitati - peiiay etied i the Qua.

That take u t hadith abut e aegedy-phibited taati

i Khayba.

Hadith-24 v.b.: f Abu sa[id ad Abu Huayah: A a epyedby the Pphet, peae be hi, i Khayba bught hi jaib

[date ey ie quaity]. Up the Pphet akig hi hethe


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a the date Khayba ee uh, the a epied that thi a tthe ae ad added that they exhaged a sa[ (a eaue) thi

kid t thee ( the the kid). The Pphet, peae be hi, epied, D t d . se [the e quaity date] dihaad the ue the diha t buy jaib. [whe date ae exhagedagait date] they hud be equa i eight. (Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitaba-Buyu[, Bab idha aada bay[a tai bi tai khayu ihu, v.3, n. 499; a Sahih Muslim, v. III, n. 3869; Muwatta', n. 1305-1306 ad naa'i)

Hadith-25 v..: f Abu sa[id: Bia bught t the Pphet, peae be hi, e bai [gd quaity] date heeup the Pphet akedhi hee thee ee . Bia epied, I had e iei date

hih I exhaged thee - t sa[ a sa[. The Pphet aid,oh , thi i exatyriba. D t d , but he yu ih t buy,e the iei date agait ethig [ah] ad the buy the bettedate ith the pie yu eeie. (Sahih Muslim, Kitab a-muaqat, Baba-ta[a itha bi-ith, v. III, n. 3871; a muad Ahad)

fit, te the diepay betee the t hadith. The it e ake

eeee t riba at a, hie the ed da a peii eti t

riba. A, the dig i quite dieet. The it e ay: D t d .

Sell[the e quaity date] for dirhams and then use the dirhams to buy

janib. [whe date ae exhaged] they should be equal in weight. I theed e, it ay: he yu ih t buy, e the iei date agait

ethig [ah] ad the buy the bette date ith the pie yu eeie.

obiuy, he qutig the Pphet, they ee atuay deibig

a iidet in their own words. othe ept the ae iidet d

t ake ay eti ith riba. Ideed, thee hadith ae t abut

phibiti. n deiitie ui, epeiay ega, a be deied

thee hadith. mhaed fade (fauty la, Uieity Tt) ha

apty idetiied it a pudetia eguati (fade, 2008).10

A bate -quaity ad bette-quaity date ay ipy ik that

the pe eekig bette date ud t eth the tue ai aket aue

hi -quaity pdue. Ideed, he puhaig a buye ae te

eeded t e it epaatey i they hae a ued ehie e aue. A

aj iaia ite expai: seig yu d a take e tie ad k-

h, but yu a ptetiay get e ey tha he tadig it i.11

fit te i that eithe tadig eig guaatee a highe

aue; it i y ptetia. That i hy the ee/tade hud d hi

hek t deteie a eaabe aket aue. It i yprudent.


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ied a ey ipe ad uga ie, ee the u hi bead a t ieed.

The h ud he teate that jut the ake gatiiati the

paate, t sa[ date be exhaged ith e sa[ bette quaity date.shah waiuah muhaddith Dihai, t, ha etied the ae ea

-peiibiity [thi type taati, aey] muratalah (suhai,

1999: 55).

sie eithe hadith iuded ay expiit atiae the Pphet,

the expaati by suhai ad shah waiuah Dihai i peuatie.

Hee, it a piby appy y t Hadith-27, hee the Pphet aked

t big bak the date. That expaati i iadequate hadith that

ugget eig the date it, the buyig a pe e' eed. sae tade-

i a ehie (diued abe) hud be a hepu aagy t udetadthe pbe i thi text.

regade, athe aj pbe exit ith riba-eated hadith

aaiabe i the text Khayba. Ay eeee t riba iig

phibited taati i Khayba ut hae bee a ate aeti

ieti beaue, adig t autheti hadith, the at eeati i the

Qua a abut riba.

Hadith-28:Sahih al-Bukhari, v. 6, n. 67: naated Ib [Abba: The

at vee (i the Qua) eeaed t the Pphet a the vee deaigith uuy (i.e.riba).

Hadith-29: Sahih al-Bukhari, v. 6, n. 64: naated [A'ihah: whethe vee suah a-Baqaah egadig uuy (i.e.riba) ee eeaed,Gd Apte eited the bee the pepe ad the he phibitedthe tade ahi iqu.

Hadith-30: Sahih al-Bukhari, v. 6, n. 66: naated [A'ihah: whethe at vee suah a-Baqaah ee eeaed, the Pphet eadthe i the mque ad phibited the tade ahi iqu.I the debt i i diiuty, gat hi tie ti it i eay hi t

epay... (2.280).

ctaditi peai a t hih ee ee the at e t be

eeaed. Adig t athehadith Sahih al-Bukhari(v.6, n. 129),

the at ee a abut a dieet ubjet. But e i ige that

diepay i thi text, uig itead the diui abut riba

ad Khayba.

The batte ad quet Khayba ued i 627 AD. I the at ee

ee ee abut riba, a etied i Hadith-28, the the eeati

ut hae bee a e yea ate the batte/quet Khayba. Thu,


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riba-eated phibitie ijuti ud be eted t the iidet i

Khayba.

Hadith-29 ad Hadith-30, a Sahih al-Bukhari, idiate aatgethe dieet aay. Adig t Hadith-29, he the ee

eated t riba ee eeaed, the Pphet eited the ad the he

phibited the tade ahi iqu. sethig ee i g hee. what

d the ee abut riba hae t d ith the phibiti iqu? The

phibiti i i suah a-ma'idah (5:90), eeaed uh eaie tha ee

the at eeati. wa the ee phibitig iqu eeaed eea yea

eaie tha he tadig a phibited?

A, Hadith-30 epeated that the at ee eeaed ee abut riba

ad ee t ad qute (2:280), but e agai, textua eti ttade phibiti ahi iqu.

It i e k that idepead piig ie duig the ia

phibiti itxiat igaed pubi piae. I the Tafhim

al-Quran, sayyid Abu A[a madudi etay 5:90, the ee

ia phibiti, expai:

[whe] 5:90 a et d he [the Pphet] deaed, n theh pe ie, can neither drink it nor sell it. They hud, theee,

th it aay. Adigy, it a pit i the teet a-madiah tu ateuy. se pepe, hee, aked the Hy Pphet, maye gie it a a peet t the Je? He epied, The oe h haade it uau ha a bidde t gie it a a peet (madudi,udated: 75).

I a uabe t idepedety eiy idetiy the ue

hih madudi tk the iati. Hee, the ae iati a

epted a hadith abeit ithut ue eeee, i the etay

the ae tpi i Sahih Muslim. (Muslim, 1982: 1097, n. 2400) Theee,

the phibiti ie hae the ai ith the phibiti ahiiqu tade. Thi i bated by a hadith i Muwatta Imam Malik.

Hadith-31:Yahya eated t e maik Zayd ib Aa thatIb waa a-misi aked [Abduah ib [Abba abut hat i queezed the gape. Ib [Abba epied, A a gae the meege Gd (pbuh) a a ate-ki ie. The meege Gd (pbuh)aid t hi, Dt yu k that Aah ha ade it haa? He aid,n. The a a at hi ide hipeed t hi. The meege Gd(pbuh) aked hat he had hipeed, ad the a epied, I td


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hi t e it. The meege Gd (pbuh) aid, The One who madedrinking itharam has made selling itharam. The a the peed the

ate-ki ad pued ut hat a i the . [n. 1568; a SahihMuslim, v. III, n. 3836]

The Pphet tateet i the abe hadith i uh epaate

phibiti tadig i ahi iqu. I thee ee e (ad pubi

pueet it), pepe that ee ith the Pphet ud hae

k. Thu, the hadith Khayba phibiti riba egede

pbe. reade a ae theee hethe thee hadith

pide u ith eiabe ad heet iati t ee the deiitia

uaity riba, a e pepe ight be quik t ude.

3.4. Hadih VI: theme traaio ivolvig produ (or ommodiy

moey) of ompoie bu eparable ompoe

Hadith-32 vI.: f fudaah ib [Ubayd a-Asai: o the day Khayba he bught a ekae gd ad pea tee dia.o epaatig the t, he ud that the gd ite a t etha tee dia. s he etied thi t the Pphet, peae be hi, h epied, It [jeeey] ut t be d uti the tet

hae bee aued epaatey. (Muslim, Kitab a-muaqat, Bab bay[a-qiadah iha khazu a dhahab, v. III, n. 3864; a i Tiidhiad naa'i)

we hae expaied the diiutie appyig the riba-eated

hadith t the text Khayba. suhai ha apaby detated i

egad t the abe hadith that hadith abut thi patiua iidet

taati i taeabe t riba. Bth the atiae ad ituti thi

hadith ae quite ipe. The iitiatig paty i a bate tade ight t

eaize the u aket aue the pdut he he ihe t exhage.seig the ite ah ad the uig the ah t puhae the the

ite iteet ud geeay appxiate ppe aket aue. Thi ha

thig t d ith riba. suhai expai (1999: 57-58):

Khayba a a ete Je h happeed t be ey ih. s heKhayba a queed mui gt a t bty hih iudedie ad gd ae. mui ujahid ee ued t a ipe ay ie, they did t k h t ue the ie ad gd ae, theyated t e the ae a tie ad get ah. may pepe i atd at a pie uh e tha the atua aue, that i, ie ae


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ad aet eighig e uqiyah ee d by the t Je t thee peie, heea the eight e uqiyah i eea tie

e tha t thee dia.whe the Pphet ae t k that the ujahid ee aeeyeig the bty, ad that t t the queed ad deeitu Je, hedeed that the Gd-gie eath hud t be quadeed ike that,that at eat they hud t e a pie e tha that it eight.

I uh text, epaatig ekae (ith gete) ad gd i

expeted t eth bette aue the mui ee. By the ay, theehadith

ae t mutawatireithe ad thu d t guaatee etaity kedge.

IV. Defiiio or coudrum? the Iue of[illah

neay itee etuie ate the Pphet, mui ae ti aguig hethe

the Taaih paye raada i tety uit eight uit, hethe

amin hud be pke aud i gegatia paye. seh t ake

a bd ai that hie the Qua de t deie hat i the phibited

riba, but hadith d deie riba, epeiay t be appied t u tepay

text, beie the hitia egay u hahip. De itati

eeat hadith hep deie the pe the phibiti i de tie,

de it athe add t a idabe udu?I de t pehed the atue ad the extet the pbe, it

i iptat t ee t qiyas(aagia eaig/deduti), the uth

ue Iai juipudee. Epeiay i ae dy atte qiyas

geeay yied etaity kedge a it eut i peuatie (zanni),

due t aibe hua itepetati.

The ue a etabihed byqiyasi pbabe (zanni), geeay theaue the ue a deteied the bai qiyasad peed

byijtihadhae bee ud pbabe (maznunah) ate a geea uey uh eaig. Hee qiyas does not entail certainty(qat[).14

sie i thi text eade hud be aiia ith qiyas, ad I hae

deted e hapte15 t a bad, itduty eie qiyas, ith

detaied aayi e pbeati iue, thee i pe i thi eay

t dee it the ae. let u hee dea ith [illah, a e apet qiyas.

Tehiay, qiyas i the extei shai[ah aue a igiaae, asl, t a e ae, beaue the atte ha the ae eetie


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aue a the e. ... The ai phee the peati hua judget i qiya i the idetiiati a [iah betee

the igia ad the e ae. oe the [iah i idetiied, the ue aagy the eeitate that the uig the gie text be edithut ay iteeee hage. (Kaai, 2003: 264-265)

It i iptat t keep i id that qiyasi eetiayspeculative.

The juit h et t qiya take it gated that the ue shai[ah etai bjetie (aqasid) that ae i hay ithea. A atia appah t the diey ad idetiiati the bjetie ad iteti the lagie eeitate eue thua iteet ad judgeet i the eauati ahka. ... siea equiy it the aue ad bjetie diie ijuti teie a eaue juiti peuati, the ppet qiya haequetied it eetia aidity. Thei aguet i that the a ut bebaed etaity, heea qiya i agey peuatie ad upeuu.... It i e agai i egiti thi eeet uetaity iqiya that the[ulama of all the juristic schools have ranked qiyas as aspeculative evidence. (Kaai, 2003: 267)

f a epitegia pit ie, the t iptat eatue the judgeet uded thugh aagy by[iah i thei beigdiputabe. Thi eut t y the at that the [iah, by ea hih thee judget ae aied at, a ee be uy etabihed h t be tue, theee giig ie t dieet epti a that titute a ppe aeptabe [iah. (shehaby, 1982: 42)

The aia ha Ia hae deat ith the pbe appyig

the hadith abut hat they idetiy a riba al-fadl, riba appied t a ube

ae/bate taati. whe tuig t qiyas, they had t pe ut

a appied udetadig the [illah (eetie eiiet aue; ratio

decidendi) the phibiti i de t aetai hethe the phibiti

pe a age tha hat the hadith utied. Aye h tedthat hadith atuay pe ut the phibiti ut a pae the haege

i pepetie, ie ee the aia ha a e a the epetie

madhahib h juipudee hae bee uabe t ee it. (Ai,

udated)

The hadith i queti idetiy ix ditie: baey, date, heat,

at, gd ad ie. The it iue i hethe the phibited riba hud be

iited t thee ditie. TheZahii, a iteait h, d t egize

qiyasa a aid ethdgy Iai juipudee. Thei ui i


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ipe. The phibiti riba appie y t the ix ditie peiied

by the Pphet. n e ha the authity t add t the it.

o the bai the ix ditie eueated by the Pphet theeaie athe queti: hy y thee ix ditie ee aed?Thee ee the thig a that ee bateed i Aabia bth i kidad edit, uh a, ae, d, au, the etc. The Pphetud hae aed the thig a e. Fuqaha hae gie dieetae t thi queti:

Daud a-Zahii ad the Zahiite pie that thee i riba y ithee ix thig, i.e., baey, heat, date, at, gd ad ie, ad theei riba i the eaiig thig.

The y atia bjeti t thi pii i that ie, pue, ugahae the ae quaitie that ae ud i baey ad heat etc., thehy i thee riba i the? Thi i the ea hy the uqaha hae

ked the ea. (suhai, 1999: 88)

Zahii ake a iptat pit hee. I the Pphet eat thee ix

thig t be y exape hih t dedue a udeyig ue, hee

i ayhadith that eate t the ix ditie i that idiated? wud it

t hae bee bette i jut e t, pehap a idiatie expei -

uh a, exape, like- ee ued?16

The u thdx h akedge qiyasa a aid ethdgia

t Iai juipudee. cequety, they tie t id eetie aue

[illah t idetiy additia e ituati, t hih the phibiti ay

appy. Iteetigy, u h eah thee ( u) dieet ui.

Adig t Ia shai[i, edibility i the aue riba i the itu the etied atie, ad valuability[beaig a aue] i theea i the eaiig t.

Thee ae t bjeti t thi deiiti: thee ae ay the thighih hae edibiity uh a eat, egetabe, uit, ik. The hydid the Pphet t eti the?sedy, ea thee ix thig ha bee etied.otheie eeythig ha e the dititie quaity. (suhai,1999: 88)

Itead edibility ad valuability, Haai h ha a atgethe-

dieet [Illah.


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I de t eiiate thee bjeti [t shai[i piti], Haaiuqaha taed a eatue i the ix ditie, that i,

measurabilityad weighbility, ad hed thi t be the ea riba.But the aay thi appah i biu that it de t equieuh aguet. we adit that the ix ditie ee dby eight by eaue, but thi eatue hud haeethig ith riba. The gi hee i thi: a aebidde ad a ae bak, the bak u i the ea phibiti! (suhai, 1999: 88)

H uh diegee ag thee h juipudee hud

exit i idetiyig the [lllah the phibiti riba? The maiki sh

die bth shai[i ad Haai; it ide ethig ee a the[Illah.

I the pii Ia maik, thee i riba i storable [non-perishable]ediblesy ad thee i riba i ay the dity. A gdad ie etied i the hadith, it i eday, that i, i ite iti t a aue riba but a they ae ued a a ea t buy tabe[-peihabe] edibe they hae bee etied i the hadith aa ea t buy -peihabe edibe. (suhai, 1999: 88-89)

A the Habai sh, it piti i iia t the shai[i (Ai, u.d.).mhaad obaiduah, a Iai eit ad a pte

Iai iae, attept t peet the dieity pii i e

de te. Hee, the dieity i ti biu. reade hud da

thei ui hethe thi diiget eah [illah (eetie eiiet

aue) ead t a guet deiiti t, jut a Tha (2006) bdy

aied.

The shai[i h iqh ide the eiiet aue ([iah) i ae

gd ad ie t be thei ppety beig uey (thaaiyya) the ediu exhage, uit aut ad te aue.Hee, the eiiet aue ([iah) beig uey (thaaiyya) ipeii t gd ad ie, ad at be geeaized. That i, ay thebjet, i ued a a ediu exhage, at be iuded i theiategy. Hee, adig t thi ei, the shai[ah ijuti iba phibiti ae t appiabe t pape ueie. The maikiie a ide the eiiet aue ([iah) i ae gd ad iet be thei ppety beig uey (thaaiyya) the ediu exhage, uit aut ad te aue. Hee, adig tthi ie, ee i pape eathe i ade the ediu exhage ad


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i gie the tatu uey, the a the ue petaiig t aqday, gd ad ie appy t the. Thu, adig t thi ie, exhage

iig ueie dieet utie at a ate dieet uityi peiibe, but ut be etted a pt bai. A a a the Habaiie i eed, dieet ei attibuted t Ahad Ib Habahae bee eded a dueted i a-mughi by b Qudaah. Theit ei i iia t the Haai ei hie the ed ei ie t the shai[i ad maiki ei. (obaiduah, 1999: 7)

A, eeat i thi text i The Text of the Historic Judgement on

Interest by the supee cut Pakita, a eeat pat hih a

authed by Jutie/muti muhaad Taqi Uai. Uai i e

the eadig eigiu expet Iai iae ad uh ught ateby Iai iaia itituti thei shai[ah Bad. I the Historic

Judgement, he idetiie exe e piipe a the [illah.

... [T]he appiati a a deped the Iat ad t the Hikat.

... The Iat (the bai eatue) hih the phibiti i baed i theexe aied e ad abe the piipa i a taati a,ad a a thi Iat i peet, the phibiti i egade hethe the phiphy the a i i t iibe i a patiuataati.17

seea pit t be ted. fit,[illah hee i ategiay deiked

hikmah udeyig id/atiae. It i athe a dageu

ppiti, eetig a puey egaiti appah. A, quite typia

ay eigiu ha, muti Uai diue the dieee betee

[illah ad hikmah ithut etiig that hi aayi eet y the

Haai ad shai[i piti, but t maiki ad Habai piti.

The ajity ie aitai that the ue shai[ah ae uded

thei aue ([ilal), t i thei bjetie (hikam). f thi, it ud that a hukm shar[i i peet ee i it [illah i t, ad hukmshar[ii abet i the abee it [illah ee i it hikmah i peet.The juit ad the judge ut theee ee the a heee itiah i k t exit egade it hikmah...

The maiki ad the Habai, the the had, d t da aydititi betee the [illah ad the hikmah. I thei ie, thehikah ai t attat a eidet beeit peetig a eidetha, ad thi i the utiate bjetie the a. whe, exape,the a a the ik t t bee the at, the hikah i the


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peeti hadhip t the. likeie the hikmah etaiati(qiyas) i deibeate hiide, the hadd peaty i thet, i t

ptet the ie ad ppetie the pepe. sie the eaiati beeit (maslahah) ad peeti ha (mafsadah) i the baipupe a the ue shai[ah, it ud be ppe t bae aaagy the hikmah...

The Haai ad the shai[i, hee, aitai that [illah ut bebth eidet ad tat. I thei ie the [illah eue the hikmaht the tie but t aay. (Kaai, 2003: 276-277)

Thu, the piti that muti Uai atiuate i eetiayHaai

ad shai[i athugh he did t die it i the Historic Judgement. The

tedey t deik the ijuti thei hikmah te a eigiu-

dgati idet. Ideed, e ha hae h aei t eeah

the id atiae behid ay ijuti. A-shatibi, a piet

Iai ha the 14th etuy AD, ideed uh eah epugat

i the text e' ieity t bey Gd.

A-shatibi ugget that e hud t k t the tie adbjetie the ijuti. A beiee hud uede hie tthe i Gd. The diie ijuti, ae, i at, the aietati

the diie i. He peued that kig t the tie adpupe ijuti i epugat t ieity i the bediee tGd. Thi i beaue he abide by a ue a the ake it tiead t the ake Gd.18

sedy, the [illah i deied a exe aied e ad abe the

piipa i a taati a. Hee, e hadith tadit

the deiiti ie the Pphet hie paid a u i additi t the

piipa. we ited eaie, Every a that attat a beeit/adatage i

riba (ee Hadith 6-Hadith 8 abe).

A thid ad quite iuiatig apet i a iutati muti

Uai, hih i that ha aguet a be ued ee by

eadig et authitie. Uai expai hy zulm (ijutie

ppei) at be aepted a [illah.

The piipe i that the appiati a a deped the [Iat adt the Hikat. I the d, i the [Iat (the bai eatue thetaati) i peet i a patiua ituati hie the Hikat (theid) i t iuaized, the a i ti be appiabe. Thi piipe

i egized i the eua a a. let u take a ipe exape.


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The a ha ade it puy the ehie uig the adt tp he the ed teet ight i . The [Iat thi a i the ed

ight, hie the Hikat i t aid the hae aidet. n, thea i be appiabe heee the ed ight i ; it appiati it deped hethe t thee i a appehei a aidet.Theee, if the red light is on, every vehicle must stop, even though theroads of both sides have no other traffic at all. (Uai, eti 119)

let u eauate the exape ed ight a [illah. Ye, the a equie a

ehie t tp ed ight, ee he the ide hae tai. Hee,

he thi ue (ad it i a iptat, geeay ie-aig ue) i deiked

hikmah (id) the ie-aig ue a a bee ie-aiig.

suppe a ehie ha tpped at ed ight ad thee i the tai.Hee, a tad i ight behid the tpped ehie. [Illah (deiked

id), a uditiay tated by muti Uai, ud idiate

that the ehie ti ut ait. Peid. Hee, [illah (ti eted ith

the id) ud ditate that the ehie ige the ed ight (ee at the

t a tai itati). I the ed ight a take eiuy, the ude

etai iutae the ie-aig ed-ight ud a be ie-aiig.

I uh a [illah ud be idetiied ehaia appiati (ithut

ay hua judgeet id adig exibiity) it ud be t

ee. Hee, thi i peiey hee egai ai u by iitig uh ehaia, peie, iaiabe [illah.

futhy, uig thi [illah ad hikmah dititi he ake athe

aguet that udeie the ey Quai ept jutie ([adalah).

... ate phibitig the taati riba, the Hy Qua haetied the Zulm a a Hikmat a phiphy the phibiti,but it de t ea that phibiti i t be appiabe i theeeet Zulm appea t be iig i a patiua ae. The [Illat

(the bai eatue) hih the phibiti i baed i the exeaied e ad abe the piipa i a taati a, ad a a thi [Illat i peet, the phibiti i egade hethe the phiphy the a i i t iibe i a patiuataati. (Uai, seti 120)

Ay eatie te hih i abiguu i atue at be hed t bethe [Iat a patiua a beaue it exitee beig ueptibet dubt ad dipute, it ud deeat the ey pupe the a.TheZulm (Injustice) is a relative and rather ambiguous term the exactdefinition of which is very difficult to ascertain. Every person may have his

own view about what is or what is notZulm. (Uai, seti121

)


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I thi aeet the ti jutie/aie ([adalah) i et,

the the pitie Iai ept jutie a etied i the Qua

ud e utia eeae. The Qua ategiay a jutie ae it haak piipe ad aue.

o ye h beiee! Stand out firmly for justice, a itee t Gd,ee a agait yuee, yu paet, yu ki, ad hetheit be (agait) ih p: Gd a bet ptet bth. f tthe ut ( yu heat), et ye ee, ad i ye ditt (jutie) deie t d jutie, eiy Gd i e-aquaited ith a that ye d.(Qua, 4; 135)

o ye h beiee! Stand out firmly for God, as witnesses to fair dealing,ad et t the hated the t yu ake yu ee t g addepat jutie. Be jut: that i ext t piety: ad ea Gd. f Gdi e-aquaited ith a that ye d. (Qua, 5: 8)

The Quai a jutie peupped pepe udetadig

the d. I jutie ( ijutie) hud be euie, abiguu relative,

the ai a bee auu. muti Uai ight t hae ideed

uh aiiati he itig the Historic Judgement.

fith, ith qiyasa a ethdgy hua eaig, the eah

[illah a it pat i iheety peuatie. Hee, Uai piti i

typiay-thdx: the deteiati [illah i abitay. I the Qua,

the piipe i expiated: wa in tubtum fa-lakum ruusu amwalikum

la tazlimuna wa-la tuzlamun; hih ea: (a) i ye tu bak, ye ha

hae yu apita u: (b) Deal not unjustly, and ye shall not be dealt with

unjustly.(Qua, 2: 279). Hee, pat (a) i egized a [illah, deikig

it ith (b). Thi appah i uaeptabe.

Juit ... geeay d t diu hy e pe ud at t ea eaue heat a equa eaue heat, patiuay a-the-pt bai. It ee that the iteded eaig the haditha t ey ea ee t ay juit. f itae, e juitthught that the phibiti riba i hat ae t k a ibaa-ad (riba iig a exe i e the uteaue etiedi the hadith) a t be beed ad pied ith ... without probinginto the reasons for the prohibition. f thee juit, a epted by rida,the pupe the phibiti iba a-ad a t peheibebut ti had t be pied ith.


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Thi ui ag juit appea t hae bee due t thei ttadiegad the atiae (hikah) the phibiti riba. (saeed,

1996: 32)

ntaby, the ea hy the ha hae egaded hikmah a i

ad uiptat appea t be that the [illah ud be ued bjetiey ad

eaiy ... a deii aied at the bai [iah ud eai iutabe'

(saeed, 1996: 32). Hee, the ute the deikig [illah (eiiet

aue) ad hikmah (atiae/id) ed t izeabe diageeet a t

h t appyqiyast riba, epeiay i riba al-fadl. Ideed, ui

aiu h ae te eakaby dieget/tadity.

The iadequay the [illa appah i gaigy biu i thediui riba i bth the eay ad the de peid. I theae riba a phibited i the ua itae, eah h aaied at a [illa hih had thig t d ith the iutae the taati, the patie theet, the iptae thedity t the uia iety. Thee a ephai thea apet. Thi appah, hih ud be deibed a upeiiaad deid a ad huaitaia ideati, ed t eaazig ui by eea juit. ci ike i (te: a uit uey ade a eta hih i t gd ie ad a ued ie pat the mui d), itae, did t ie riba,adig t shai[i. Thu, e huded i ud be exhaged t huded eithe the pt a deeed deiey bai. I thii aitaied, the biuy tday iat [i.e. pape] ey uda be put i thi ategy, ie it i eithe gd ie uey.cditie hih ee utabe, ike appe egg, did t ieriba, ad hee ud be exhaged e e, adig t e

juit. A piee th ud be exhaged t piee the aequaity ad eaue ie it a eithe uey eauabe eighabe', a dtu '. A dity t hih the [illadid

t appy ud t be ueptibe t riba (a ibai) hatee theiptae that dity t the e-beig the uity. ...

The ak a ephai i the juiti itepetati riba haa ed t e the utuate deepet a i the ae riba-eated hiya. f the ediea peid t the peet day, it ha beepibe t adae a at exbitat ate iteet uig ititiutaati. siiay, the ix ditie ad the gd ikey tie riba ud be exhaged. may juit ud t egad uhat a epeheibe ie they ae peety i ie ith thei egaitithikig. Thee juit ad geate iptae t the ega


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the taati tha t the a equee. A g a thetaati iteay de t a it the deiiti riba, a pided

by eah h a, the taati ud t be egaded a uh.(saeed, 1996: 37-38)

ceay, the h egad edibiity a [illah d t ide a piee

th a ubjet t riba. f the, egg, appe, hii peppe, i ud be

eed byriba due t thei edibiity. Hee, the maiki, thee iteud t be ubjet t riba beaue thee ae nottabe (-peihabe)

edibe.

Thee pbe ae beaue mui juit i geea ee t

iteeted abut the ea the igia [illah.

It hud be ade ea at the utet that the he, muiega theit ee t baiay iteeted i aayzig the ay dieig the ea hy a etai judiia judget a tated.rathe they ee kig e ethdgia ue that udhep the i deidig hethe t aept ejet a gie [illa.(shehaby, 1982: 37)

Ae e, thu, bette uig [illah ithut eeee t hikmah(atiae/id), a atiuated by muti Uai i the Historic Judgement?

Ae e e t a deiiti, a aied by Tha? fazu raha, a

eiet ha the tetieth etuy, apty uaized the idig

hi thugh aayi the hadith abut riba: I ht, attept tdeie riba i the ight Hadith ha bee a ueu (raha, 1964:20). o ue, e hae t yet added the hadith that y add t thediiuty deiig ay iteia [illah. f exape:

naated sa[id ib Zayd: The Pphet aid: The t peaet kid uuy (riba) i gig t egth i takig ujuty agait a mui'

hu. (Sunan Abu Dawud, v. 3, n. 4858)19

Thi hadith aat e beati. oe the u yth abut

the hadith ited eaie a Thee i taditi i ayhadith. I the

ae eti Abu Daud, the ey ext hadith aate exaty the

ae iue, but ithut ay eeee t riba.

Abu Huayah epted the Apte Gd a ayig: Ag thegaet i (akbar al-kabirah) i gig t egth i takig ujutyagait a mui hu (Sunan Abu Dawud, v. 3, n. 4859)


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ntaby, the t hadith #4858 ad #4859 die the eti riba

the ak thee. suh dieee ede quite diiut the tak t da

deiitie ega ui abut a atte a iptat a riba, ie itiude depyet itepetie, peuatie t uh a qiyas.

The eaity qiyasa appied t riba i eah the [illah (eiiet

aue) expe the udaeta pita ith the taditia appah that

ha badeed the pe riba thughut hity. Zaki a-Di Badai

et u it up. A ted Egyptia ha i tetieth etuy, Zaki

a the it t hd a ie iia t sahui, i the -thdx

taditi muhaad [Abduh, rahid rida et al. He etated hi

piti ate ad etued t the thdx piti ith bad pe

phibiti riba hih iuded iteet a i de tie.neethee, ate eauatig the itig piti aiu h

[illah riba, Badai adit:

... [T]he udeyig aue deteied by the juit, h uphd [theaidity ] aagy, collapsed uig the teigy Ib ruhd,the phiphe at i thei etiety. The ea i that ty did the juit eah h ae bak ay eegy i itiizigad demolishingthe aue deteied by the the, but the Zahiieuted the aguet t. (Badai, 2008:189)

Ideed, aiue t etabih a uique [illah beae a tet ae qiyas

a a ethdgia t, a it i eay a pbabiiti t. [Illah a a t

ipy did t k i ae riba.

se the ade a et t expai the ea thi aiatiith epet t the [illah riba. Thu, a-muqbai ay i a-Bah,The phibiti ha aiu ea. The uay hi tateeti: It exit eithe a eaig ud i the ae bjet hih thehuk ha bee aid d, ad thee i bai a diageeet i

thi, but the queti hee i hethe thi eaig i idiated by aeidee that iprobable? They did t e up ith a eidee thi, but agued the bai the pe eiiati (sabr). Thii ike ayig that the [illah i thi a e a thi, ad the deaig aa iaid, exept e, hih i deteied t be the [illah. It i ek that hi ethd yied eey a pbabe [illah. The igiaue peatig i that thee i [illah ad it i beieed that theshai[ah de ay d a [illah a a he, but a g a thee i eidee pitig t a [illah it i aut t itua [t-atia]bediee, beaue thi i the eaig thee beig a [illah ad t

that it ha [illah at a. (Badai, 2008: 189-190)


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The ai that iteet i phibited a pe the Quai phibiti

exe e the piipa ithut ideati Dea t ujuty,

ad ye ha t be deat ith ujuty - bth i the ae ee - iutatea ehaia ad egaiti appah; it aet that the juit ae t appy

[illah ithut egad t atiae id. Thu, hie the thdx

expet Iai iae ad bakig, aed ith the ijutie ad

expitati aguet, utiey e piu tateet abut Ia

phibiti riba (ad iteet, a pat the riba-iteet edutii),

t the bth iue ijutie ad expitati - bee iateia

ieeat t the i te appiati (faq, 2007).

V. coluio

The iited pupe thi eay i t expe hethe the y ited

hadith t deie riba hd up a aied. whie the Quai phibiti

a be eaiy udetd i the ae riba al-jahiliyyah, ad the atiae

it i biu, it i ideed a dautig tak t utiize a the ited hadith t

deie riba ad t bade it pe, i patiua, t ted that a

iteet (iudig iteet i a petitie, eguated eiet) i

a de ey ae phibited. let it i iudetd, the pupe

thi eay i t t ague that iteet i de bakig i peiibe

i a baket ae; athe, it i t iuiate the haege i deiig riba

based on hadith and the anomalous outcomes that traditional scholarship has

produced.

reade ight eebe that Tha, a expet i Iai iae,

aeted that thee ix hadith deie hat i phibited a riba. o ue,

t jut Tha, but a the thdx ue thee hadith t deie riba. But

i ie thi aayi, et the eade deide hethe thee hadith hud

pe ut the phibiti tepaiy. A thi eay detate,

ideig a the y ited, eeath

adithin defining riba

, theeee t be e a udu tha a deiiti.

Notes

1. IBfet meage #5047, Aaiabe at: , Ae date: 3d Jue, 2008.

2. IBfe meage #5078, Aaiabe at: , Ae date: 3d Jue, 2008.

3. f a detaied diui abut thee yth a e a mutawatir/ahadaiiatihadith ad t appeiate bette the tet hee, ee the hapte Iai la adthe Ue ad Abue Hadith i faq (2008b, thig).


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4. Haddad, qutig Ib Haja hi al-Qawl al-Musaddad fil-Dhabb [an Musnadal-Imam Ahmad(pubihed by shaykh Ahad shaki i hi editi the Musnad).

5. Taatig iguy authetiated sahih i athe a eet patie. reputabe

ha ad aadei i thei k hae aey ued uh e peuptuuytaated te. Thee ae ee e additia pbe ith the uage uhtaati that appea ty i -hay k. The h hae beguuig it d t pide ay atiae uig e taati, itead the tey ued by the ha. f e, ee mhaad oa faq, Sahih ariguy authetiated ad Haa a Authetiated': Uaated taatiad eatig ipeepti [Upubihed eay, IBfet, eage #5722, nebe21, 2006, aeed Jue 3, 2008 at http://iae.gup.yah./gup/ibet/eage/5722]

6. A-[Aqaai, a-Haiz Ahad Ib Haja, Bulugh al-Maram min Adillat al Ahkam,(utiithed ateia, I 25), quted i Ead H. Khai, A oeie the sha i[ahphibiti riba, i Tha, p. 67, 38. A iiay epted aati i Ib[Abidi, Radd al-Muhtar, sharh tanwir al-absar, Kitab a-buyu[, Bab a-uabahaha-taiyah (Beiut: Da a-Kutub a-[iiyyah, 1994, . 7, pp. 294 (ed.), quted isuhai, p. 83. f e detai, ee faq, 2007.

7. muti Uai quted thi i the The Text the Hiti Judgeet Iteet(ite n. 101), hie akedgig that thi i a diputed hadith at bet (n.102-n.103).

8. Quite iteetigy, hie thee ae quite a e hadith abut qard (a) i hadith,thee de t ee t be ayhadith eeig t qardhasan, the expei i theQua. my eah i al-Mu[jam al-Mufahras li-alfazal-Hadith, the dae ie aj hadith eti (Bukhai, mui, Abu Daud, naa'i, Tiidhi, Ibmajah, muatta', muad Ahad ad Daii), did t tu up ay eti qard

hasan. why de the Qua ee t qardhasan, but the expei de t ui hadith? oe pauibe ea i that qard i uh bade tha qardhasan. whieay exe payet qardhasan (a haitabe a beeee) de t akeay ee, ad thu the phibiti ay exe i quite eaiguy eed ithe Qua, the ae ay t appy t qard i geea. f e detai, ee faq,2008a.

9. saeed, p. 30, qutig rahid rida, al-Riba wa'al-Mu[amalat fil-Islam, cai: maktabata-Qahiah, 1959, p. 11.

10. A, ee IBfet eage #5773, Aaiabe at: , Ae date: 3d Jue, 2008.

11. Aaiabe at Bakate. ebite , Ae date: 3d Jue, 2008.

12. f a expaati, ee wikipedia, Aaiabe at: , Ae date: 3d Jue, 2008.

13. IBfet eage #5840, Aaiabe at: , Ae date: 3d Jue, 2008.

14. Haa (1986), pp. 24-25, eeig t Bah a-[Uu, Fawatih al-Rahamut, Baghdad,1970, II, 249.

15. see the hapte Qiya (Aagia reaig) ad se Pbeati Iue i Iaia i faq, 2008b.

16. It i agued that, ee ith the aidity qiyasa a ue Iai juipudeeaepted, extedig the phibiti beyd the ix ditie ay iate e the diti aid qiya. The ith diti the aidity qiya i that thedig a the igia ae hud t be haged ate the auati. The


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ea i that a textua ijuti i pi t qiya i epet ette ad piit. Qiya it aid i the peee a textua a. siiay, it i t aid i the d the a the igia ae ae haged. ... [ exape] ... The Pphet ha aed t ki y

ie eptie peiied by hi ithi the peie haa (aed teity at mea).The aagy thee eptie at be exteded t the aia beaue the auatihage the d the text. A uh, the ube aia exepted by the Ppheti be e tha ie. Hee thi at be aed. (Haa, 1986, p. 23)

17. muhaad Taqi Uai. see the eget Bai aue phibiti.18. Haa, 1986, p. 164; qutig a-shatibi, al-Muwafaqat, Tui, 1302 AH, I, 125, 130-31.19. The text i the igia Aabi bk i: Ia aba a-iba a-ititaah i[id a-ui

bi-ghay haqq. (v. II, #4876. Aabi Abu Daud i a t-ue eti, hiethe Egih taati i i thee ue.)

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riba and six hadiths

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