STATE OF RHODE ISLAND AND PROVIDENCE PLANTATIONS

RULES AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE ENFORCEMENTOF CHAPTER 46-13.2 RELATING TO THE DRILLING

OF DRINKING WATER WELLS

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

DIVISION OF GROUNDWATER AND FRESHWATER WETLANDS291 PROMENADE STREET

PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND 02908December 1989

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION PAGE

1.00 Purpose .................................................1

2.00 Authority ...............................................1

3.00 Definitions .............................................1

4.00 Registration Required to Construct or Alter Wells .........................................17

5.00 Application Procedures and Qualifications ..............17

6.00 Well Completion Report .................................18

7.00 Construction Standards for Non-Public Water Wells ............................................19

8.00 Maintenance, Repair and Deepening of Wells .............28

9.00 Abandonment of Wells ...................................28Appendix A Well completion ReportAppendix B Well Disinfection GuidelinesAppendix C Well Yield Guidelines

1

RULES AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE ENFORCEMENT OF CHAPTER 46-13.2RELATING TO THE DRILLING OF DRINKING WATER WELLS

1.00 Purpose

1.01 The purpose of the regulations is to establish the minimumstandards for the design, construction installation andlocation of groundwater wells and the procedures forregistering well drillers and pump installers.

2.00 Authority

2.01 Authority for these rules and regulations is contained in46-13.2-4 of the general laws of Rhode Island.

3.00 Definitions

3.01 Abandonment, permanent: means to remove a well from serviceby completely filling it in such amanner that vertical movement ofwater within the well bore andwithin the annular space surroundingthe well casing, is effectively andpermanently prevented.

Abandonment, temporary: means to remove a drilling machinefrom a well site prior to puttingthe well into service or returningit to service or subsequent tocompleting or altering a well, or toremove a well form service with theintent of using it in the future.

Access Port: means a minimum 3/4 inch tapped holeand plug or a 3/4 inch capped pipewelded onto the casing in the upperportion of a well casing to permitentry of water-level measuringdevices into the well.

Adequate Protection: Construction methods which assureprotection of ambient groundwaterfrom the introduction ofcontamination.

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Airline: means a water level measuring deviceconsisting of a pressure gaugeattached to an airtight line or pipewithin the well bore extending fromland surface to below the pumpinglevel measuring the stable airpressure remaining in the line aftercompletely purging water from withinthe line.

Alter: The replacing or repairing of anyportion of an existing water supplysystem: and the terms "alteration"and "altering" shall be construedaccordingly.

Altering a well: means the deepening, reaming, casing,recasing, perforation,re-perforating, installation ofliner pipe, packers, seals, and anyother material change in the designor construction of a well.

Annular Space: The space between two objects, one ofwhich is surrounded by the other. This includes the space between thewall of an excavation and the wallof a pit: between the wall of anexcavation and the casing of a well:or between two casings.

Aquifer: Means a geologic formation, group offormations, or part of a formationthat contains saturated andpermeable material capable oftransmitting water in sufficientquantity to supply wells or springs;the terms water-bearing zone orwater-bearing stratum are synonymouswith the term aquifer.

Artesian Well: means a well in which groundwater isunder sufficient head to rise abovethe level at which it was firstencountered whether or not the waterflows at land surface. If the waterlevel stands above land surface thewell is a flowing artesian well.

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Bentonite clay grout: A mixture of bentonite clay and waterwith not more than two pounds ofbentonite clay for every gallon ofwater.

Board: The Rhode Island Well Drilling Board.

Bored Well: means a well constructed with the useof earth augers turned either byhand or by power equipment.

Buried Slab Type Well: means a dug well in which well casingis used to case the upper hole. Aslab, sealed with cement grout, isplaced between the upper hole andlower drillhole, and the remainderof the annulus is filled withconcrete.

Building Sewer: The pipe extending from the outerwall of the building, or as definedin the plumbing-code to a septictank or approved place of disposalincluding a public sewer, and thelines to all parts of the disposalsystem, except those classified asdistribution lines.

Casing: means the tubing, pipe or conduit,welded or screw coupled, andinstalled in the borehole during orafter drilling to support the sidesof the well and prevent caving, toshut off water or contaminatedfluids from entering the hole, andto prevent waste of groundwater. the term "casing" does not includeslotted or perforated pipe, wellscreens, or liner pipe.

Casing Seal: means the watertight seal establishedin the well bore between the wellcasing and the drillhole wall toprevent the inflow and movement ofsurface water or shallow groundwater in the well annulus, or toprevent the outflow or movement ofwater under artesian or hydrostaticpressures.

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Cement grouts: A mixture of cement, sand and water. The mixture is usually composed ofone bag of cement weighingninety-four (94) pounds, an equalvolume of dry sand, and five to sixgallons of water.

A) Neat Cement Grout: A mixture of not more than sixgallons of clear water to one bag ofcement.

B) Sand Cement Grout: A mixture of not more than two partssand to one part cement, and notmore than six gallons of clear waterto each bag of cement.

Cesspool: A covered pit with open jointedlining for the reception ofuntreated sewage, the liquid portionof which is disposed of by seepageor leaching into the surroundingsoil and the solids or sludge beingretained in the pit.

Cistern: A tank for the reception of rainwater from a roof, or roofs,intended for potable purposes.

Clay: means a fine-grained, inorganicmaterial having plastic propertiesand with a predominant grain size ofless than 0.005 mm.

Community WaterSystem: A public water system which serves at

least 15 service connections used byyear-round residents or regularlyserves at least 25 year-roundresidents.

Confining Formation: means the "impermeable" stratumimmediately overlying an artesian(confined) aquifer.

Confining Layer: A formation which separates aquifersand which consists of material thatdoes not permit perceptible verticaltransmission of water to otheraquifers; and includes suchformations as clay, unfracturedrock, and so forth.

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Consolidated Formation: means materials that have become firmthrough natural rock-formingprocesses. It includes suchmaterials as basalt, sandstone, hardclaystone, conglomerate, andgranite.

Construct: The building, assembly orinstallation of a new water supplysystem or the enlargement oralteration of an existing watersupply system; and the term"construction" shall be construedaccordingly.

Contamination: The presence of sewage, industrialwastes, organisms of the coliformgroup, or harmful or objectionablematerial which is in, or may gainaccess to, potable water.

Department: means the Department of EnvironmentalManagement.

Director: means the Director of the Departmentor the Director's authorizedrepresentative.

Disinfection: the inactivation of harmful organismspresent in water, through use of anaccepted chlorine solution or otheraccepted disinfection material orprocedure.

Disposal Field: An area consisting of disposaltrenches, a disposal bed, or acombination thereof used fordispersion of the liquid portion ofsanitary sewage into the ground asclose to the surface as feasible.

Disposal Trench: A shallow ditch with vertical sidesand flat bottom partially filledwith a satisfactory filteringmaterial in which a singledistribution line has been laid,covered with top soil and suitablevegetation.

Distribution Box: A watertight structure which receivessanitary sewage effluent from a

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septic tank and distributes suchsewage effluent to two or morepipelines leading to a disposalfield.

Distribution Lines: A series of open-jointed orperforated pipes used for dispersionof sewage into a disposal field.

Distribution Main: A pipe for the transmission orconveyance of potable water to morethan one realty improvement.

Domestic Well: means a well used to serve aresidence for the purpose ofsupplying water for drinking,culinary, or household uses, andwhich is not used as a public watersupply.

Drawdown: means the difference in verticaldistance between the pumping leveland the static water level in a wellor the area outside of the well.

Drive Point Well: means a well constructed by drivinginto the ground a well-point fittedto the end of a pipe section orseries of pipe sections.

Dry Well: A covered pit with open-jointedlining through which drainage fromroofs, basement floors or area-waysmay seep or leach into thesurrounding soil.

Dug Well: means a well in which the excavationis made by the use of picks,shovels, spades or digging equipmentsuch as backhoes, clam shellbuckets, or sand bucket.

Established groundsurface: The permanent elevation of the

surface of the ground at the site ofthe well after completion ofgrading, excavation; or other landmovement.

Filter Pack Well: means a well in which the areaimmediately surrounding the wellscreen or perforated pipe within the

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water-producing zone is filled withgraded coarser material.

Finished Water: Potable water which does not requireeither treatment, or furthertreatment.

Ground Water: Water encountered below the groundsurface of the earth within the zoneof saturation that can supply wellsand springs.

Grout: A supple, impervious bonding materialwhich is capable of providing awater tight seal between the casingand the formation throughout thedepth required to protect againstobjectionable matter, and which isessentally free of shrinkage. Thisshall include but not be limited toheat cement grout, sand clay,bentonite cement grout.

Grout Pipe: means a pipe which is used to placegrout at the bottom of the sealinginterval of a well.

Hydraulic Conductivity: means the ability of material totransmit fluid, usually described inunits of gallons per day per squarefoot of cross-section area. It isrelated to the effectiveness withwhich pore spaces transmit fluids.

Hydrofracturing: a procedure whereby high-pressurewater injection is used in anattempt to fracture or widenexisting fractures or propagatelimited fractures in a water bearingto increase a well's productivity.

Individual SewageDisposal System: A system for the disposal of sanitary

sewage into the ground, which is sodesigned and constructed to treatsuch sewage in a manner that willretain most of the settleable solidsin a septic tank and discharge theliquid portions to an adequatedisposal field.

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Industrial Waste: Liquid or solid waste resulting fromthe processes employed in industrialestablishments.

Installation of pumpsand pumping equipment: The procedure employed in the

placement and preparation foroperation of pumps and pumpingequipment, including allconstruction involved in makingentrances to the well andestablishing seals.

Jetted Well: means a well in which the drillholeexcavation is made by the use of ahigh velocity jet of water.

Leakage: means leakage of surface and/orsubsurface water around the wellcasing.

Liner Pipe: Pipe that is installed inside acompleted and cased well for thepurpose of sealing off undesirablewater or for repairing ruptured orpunctured casing or screens.

Locate: The designation of the site or placeof the sources or otherappurtenances of a water supplysystem, and the term "location"shall be construed accordingly.

Lower Drillhole: means that part of the well boreextending below the surface sealinterval in a well.

Mineralized Water: means any naturally occurring groundwater containing an amount ofdissolved chemical constituentslimiting the beneficial uses towhich the water may be applied.

Municipal orQuasi-Municipal Well: means a well owned by a municipality,

nonprofit corporation or for profitcorporation, that may be used as acommunity or public water supply.

Non-CommunityWater System: A public water system that is not a

community water system.

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Non-Public WaterSystem: A water system that is not a public

water system.

Oversized Drill Hole: An excavation which is larger thanthe outside diameter of the wellcasing, constructed for theemplacement of a well.

Owner: Any person or his agent who holds thetitle or other rights of property ina well that is constructed,repaired, or abandoned.

Perched Ground Water: means ground water held above theregional or main water table by aless permeable underlying earth orrock material.

Persons: Includes individuals, corporations,associations, firms, partnerships,joint stock companies, public andmunicipal corporations, politicalsubdivisions, the state and anyagencies thereof, and the FederalGovernment and any agencies thereof.

Petcock Valve: Is a valve used to contain pressureand when opened to drain the line orpipe.

Pitless Adaptor: A device fabricated at the job sitedesigned for attachment to one ormore openings through a well casing,and so constructed as to prevent theentry of contamination into the wellor potable water, conduct water fromthe well, prevent the water fromfreezing or extremes of temperatureand provide access to water systemcomponents within the well.

Pitless Well Cap: A watertight sanitary device thatcovers and encloses the uppertermination of a pitless well unitor the well casing, and providedwith water-tight connections forelectrical power lines and wellvent.

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Pitless Well Unit: A pre-assembled device which extendsthe upper end of a well casing toabove grade, provided with a pitlesswell cap, and so constructed as toprevent the entry of contaminationinto the well or potable water,conduct water from the well, protectthe water from freezing or extremesof temperature, and provide accessto the well and to the water systemcomponents within the well.

Porosity: means the ratio of the volume ofvoids in the geologic formationbeing drilled to the overall volumeof the material without regards tosize, shape, inter-connection, orarrangemnt of openings.

Potable Water: means water which meets consumptionstandards of the R.I Department ofHealth or the U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency, which ever ismore restructive.

Potentiometric Surface: means the level to which water willrise in tightly cased wells.

Pressure Grouting: means a process by which a cementgrout is confined within thedrillhole or casing by the use ofretain plugs or packer and by whichsufficient pressure applied to drivethe grout slurry into the annularspace or zone to be grouted.

Public Health Hazard: means a condition whereby there aresufficient types and amounts ofbiological, chemical, or physical,including radiological, agents inrelation to water which are likelyto cause human illness, disorders,or disability. These include, butare not limited to pathogenicviruses, bacteria, toxic chemicals,and radioactive isotopes.

Public Water System: A system for the provision to thepublic of piped water for humanconsumption, if such system has atleast fifteen (15) service

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connections or regularly serves anaverage of at least 25 individualsdaily at least 60 days out of theyear. Such term includes anycollection, treatment storage, anddistribution facilities undercontrol of the operator of suchsystem and used primarily inconnection with such system. Apublic water system is either a"community water system" or a"non-community water system."

Public Well: means a well, whether publicly orprivately owned other than amunicipal well, where water isprovided for or is available throughthe single user for publicconsumption including, but notlimited to a school, a farm laborcamp, an industries establishment, arecreational facility, a restaurant,a motel, or a group care home.

Pump: is mechanical equipment or a deviceused to remove water from a well.

Pump Installer: Is any person who is certified toengage in the installation, removal,alteration or repair of water pumpsand appurtenances in connection withany water well including water linesbetween well and storage tank andregistered as such by theDepartment.

Pump test: means the procedure involving pumpingwater for a specified period of timeto determine the yieldcharacteristics of a well.

Pumping Level: means the level of the water surfacein a well while it is being pumpedor bailed.

Realty Improvement: Any proposed new residence or otherbuilding (including condominiums,garden-apartment, town houses,mobile homes, and so forth) the

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useful occupancy of which shallrequire the installation or erectionof a water supply system.

Repair: Any work involved in the reaming,sealing, installing, changing ofcasing depths, perforating,screening, cleaning, acidizing, orother redevelopment of a well.

Respondent: means the person against whom anenforcement action is taken.

Revoke: means termination of a well driller'sor pump installer's registration.

Rough Drilling Log: means a record kept on the well siteof the information needed tocomplete the well report for thewell being constructed.

Sand: means a detrital material having aprevalent grain ranging from 2millimeters to 0.06 millimeters.

Sand Clay or BentoniteCement grout: A mixture of one part fine sand, one

part clay or bentonite, and one partcement and five to six gallons ofwater for every hundred pounds ofthe mixture.

Sanitary Sewage: Any liquid waste containing animal orvegetable matter in suspension orsolution, or the water-carriedwastes resulting from the dischargetoilets, laundry tubs, washingmachines, sinks, dishwashers or anyother source of water-carried wasteof human origin or containingputrescible material.

Sanitary Sewer: A pipe which carries sewage and towhich storm, surface and groundwaterwaters are not intentionallyadmitted.

Seepage Pit: A covered pit with open-jointedlining material through which septictank effluent or laundry waste mayseep or leach into the surroundingsoil.

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Septic Tank: A watertight receptacle whichreceives the discharge of sanitarysewage, and is designed andconstructed so as to permit settlingof settleable solids from theliquid, digestion of the organicmatter by detention, and dischargeof the liquid portion into adisposal field.

Service Line: A pipe for the transmission orconveyance of potable water underpressure either from an individualwell or from a distribution main, toa single realty improvement.

Silt: means an unconsolidated elasticsediment composed predominantly ofparticles between 0.06 and 0.005 mmin diameter.

Specific Capacity: The yield of a well expressed ingallons per minute per foot ofdrawdown, as abbreviated "gpm/ft."

Spring: A natural surface feature wheregroundwater issues from the rock orsoil onto the land or into a body ofwater.

Static Water Level: The depth to the surface of the waterin a well measure from the landsurface or other convenient,permanent, and specified datum, whenno water is being discharged fromthe well and the water level hasreached equilibrium.

Stratum: means a bed or layer of a formationthat consists throughout ofapproximately the same type ofconsolidated or unconsolidatedmaterial.

Subsurface SewageDisposal System: An individual sewage disposal system.

Suction Line: A pipe which conveys water at lessthan atmospheric pressure from awell to a pump.

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Sump: means a hole dug to a depth of tenfeet or less with a diameter greaterthan ten feet in which water issought or encountered.

Surface Water: That water found on the groundsurface or contained in a stream,pond, lake, wetland, or othernatural watercourse; and the terms"surface source" and "surfacesupply" shall be construedaccordingly.

Surging: a procedure used to increase wellproductivity. A solid plunger isutilized with an up and downplunging motion causing water to beforced into existing fissures whichis followed by reverse suction.

Suspension: means the temporary removal of theprivilege to construct well orinstall pumps under an existinglicense for a period of time not toexceed one year.

Tremie Pipe: See Grout Pipe.

UnconsolidatedFormation: means naturally occurring, loosely

cemented or poorly induratedmaterials including clay, sand,silt, and gravel.

Upper Drillhole: means that part of the well boreextending from land surface to thebottom of the surface seal interval.

Undersize Hole: An excavation which is no larger thanthe internal diameter of the wellcasing, constructed for theemplacement of a well.

Violation: means an infraction of any statute,rule, standard, order, license,compliance schedule, or any partthereof and includes both acts andomissions.

Water BearingFormation: Shall mean and include the same

definition as given for aquifer.

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Water Level: See Static Water Level

Water Table Well: means the upper surface of anunconfined water body, the surfaceof which is at atmospheric pressureand fluctuates seasonally. Thewater table is defined by the levelsat which water stands in wells thatpenetrate the water body.

Water Well: See Well

Well: means any artificial opening orartificially altered naturalopening, however made, by whichground water is sought or throughwhich ground water flows undernatural pressure, or is artificallywithdrawn or injected. Thisdefinition shall not include anatural spring nor test holes forwater table determinations.

Well, Bored orAugered: Any excavation made for water, or in

exploration for water, using powerdriven equipment, where the drillconsists of a continuous spiral ofmetal or a hollow cylinder or bucketattached to a shaft, and where theexcavated material is brought to theground service by upward movementalong the surface of the spiral orremoved by the bucket.

Well, Drilled: A well constructed by drilling a holeand inserting a casing to supportthe sides of the hole. The portionof the well which is in consolidatedrock may not require support of acasing.

Well Driller: Any person who engages in drilling,digging, driving, boring, coring,construction, altering or repairingany well.

Well Drilling Machine: means any power-driven percussion,rotary, boring, digging, or augeringmachine used in the construction oralteration of wells.

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Well, Dug: A well excavated into a shallowaquifer.

Well, Gravel: A well constructed intounconsolidated material. In thezone immediately surrounding thewell screen more permeability isobtained by hydraulic action or byremoving the finer formationmaterial and replacing it withartificially graded coarsermaterial.

Well Seal: An approved arrangement or deviceused to cap a well or to establishand maintain a junction between thecasing or curbing of a well and thepipe or equipment installed therein,the purpose or function of which isto prevent contaminants fromentering a well at the upperterminal.

Well Vent: An outlet at the upper terminal of awell casing to allow equalization ofair pressure in a well but at thesame time so constructed as to avoidentry of water and foreign materialinto the well.

Well Yield: The quantity of water per unit oftime which may flow or be pumpedcontinuously from a well.

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4.00 Registration Required to Construct or Alter Wells

4.01 No person shall construct, alter or abandon a well foranother unless that person has been registered as a wellcontractor by the department. Exceptions to this areprovided for in chapter 46-13.2-4 (c) and (d), as well asin chapter 46-13.2-7.

4.02 Any action to construct, alter or abandon a well not inconformance with these rules and regulations shall bedeemed a violation and shall be subject to theadministrative penalty authorized in chapter 42-17.5.

4.03 Violation of section 4.01 may make the person subject topenalties provided for in 46-13.2-10 as well as thoseprovided for in 46-13.2-4 (e)(1).

4.04 No person who does not have a pump installers certificateshall install a well pump unless that person has beenregistered as a pump installer by the department. Theseregulations shall not, however, restrict a plumber orelectrician from engaging in the trade for which he hasbeen licensed, 46-13.2-4(d).

4.05 Violations of section 4.04 shall make the person subjectto penalties provided for in 46-13.2-10 as well asrefusal to register as provided for in 46-13.2-4 (e)(1).

5.00 Application Procedures and Qualifications.

5.01 Any person wishing to obtain a well drillers registrationshall:

(a) designate one or more of the followingcatergories for which certification is requested; 1)cabletool; 2) air rotary; 3) mud rotary; 4) driving andjetting; or 5) boring and augering.

(b) submit a certificate of liability insurancespecifying well drilling purposes and providing liabilitycoverage for bodily injury coverage of at least $100,000per person with an aggregate of at least $300,000 and forproperty damage of at least $50,000 per accident with anaggregate of at least $100,000.

(c) submit proof of financial resources sufficientto have and maintain tools and machines adequate for thework, commensurate with the category of certificationrequired;

(d) pay an initial registration fee of $200 andannually there after on the 1st of July a renewal fee of$100.

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(e) a well driller may renew his certificate four(4) times upon demonstrating compliance with (b) and (c)above and paying the renewal fee in (d). After thefourth renewal a driller must either retake theexamination in (f) or demonstrate continued certificationby the National Water Well Association.

(f) demonstrate knowledge of well drilling bypassing a written examination prepared and administeredby the National Water Well Association if an individualor by providing evidence that an employee has passed suchan examination commensurate with the type of drillingbeing applied for by the employer;

5.02 Any person wishing to obtain a pump installersregistration shall:

(a) submit a certificate of liability insurancespecifying pump installing purposes and providingliability coverage for bodily injury coverage of at least$100,000 per person with an aggregate of at least$300,000 and for property damage of at least $50,000 peraccident with an aggregate of at least $100,000.;

(b) demonstrate knowledge of pump installation bypassing a written examination prepared and administeredby the National Water Well Association or providingevidence that an employee has passed such an examination;

(c) submit proof of financial resources sufficientto have and maintain tools and machines adequate for thework;

(d) pay an initial registration fee of $200 andthere after on the 1st of July a renewal fee of $100

(e) a pump installer may renew his certificate four(4) times upon demonstrating compliance with (a) and (c)above and paying the renewal fee in (d). After thefourth renewal an installer must either retake theexamination in (b) or demonstrate continued certificationby the National Water Well Association.

6.00 Well Completion Report

6.01 Upon completion of construction alteration or abandonmentof a well, the well driller shall submit a wellcompletion report to the department upon a form providedby the department. (See Appendix A). Such report shallbe submitted within 15 working days of the completion ofthe well and shall include the results of a 5 hour pumptest.

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7.00 Construction Standards for Non-Public Water Wells

7.01 Well Location

A. Wells shall be located in a manner to reduce thelikelihood of contamination from sources ofpollution at or near the ground surface. Thefollowing are minimum isolation distances from thelisted potential contamination sources: 2distribution box and septic tank ------75 feet sewage disposal field ----------------100 feet sewer line ----------------------------50 feet road ----------------------------------50 feet**(from the edge of the road surface)

Fuel storage tanks should be located as far aspossible from wells or animal waste storagefacilities.

B. Wells shall not be located within 100 feet oflivestock pens or animal waste storage facilities.A 20 foot wide distance shall be maintained betweena well and active agricultural areas. Wells shallbe located uphill from grazing areas wheneverpossible. Such wells are suggested to be analyzedfor nitrate levels prior to use ( Does not apply towells used solely for irrigation).

C. The well driller shall inform the owner of theproper isolation distances from pollution sources. The property owner shall provide information tothe well driller on the location of existingreserved and permitted areas for subsurfacedisposal fields and other pollution sources. Ifthe property owner is unable to provide suchinformation, the well driller shall obtain thatinformation from the city/town hall or the ISDSSection of the Department.

D. Recommended distances from other potentialcontamination sources may be obtained by theDepartment of Health.

E. The well should be located in a location where itwill not be subject to damage from vehicles andsimilar hazards.

7.02 Basic Restrictions

A. All water used in the construction, alteration,repair, hydrofracturing, surging or abandonment ofa well shall be potable.

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B. Organic materials which foster or promote undesiredorganic growth or have the potential to degradewater quality shall not be employed in theconstruction of a water well. This includes but isnot limited to brans, hulls, grains, starches, andproteins.

C. In no case shall explosives be detonated inside thewell casing or liner pipe without writtenpermission from the Director. The request shallinclude the type of explosive to be used, how theywill be placed. In no case shall an explosivecharge be dropped down a well or used to severinstalled well casing or liner pipe.

D. No well shall be used for the injection of surfaceor groundwater, or chemically or thermally alteredwaters.

E. In no case shall a well be constructed to allowcommingling or leakage of groundwater within anindividual well by gravity flow or artesianpressure from different groundwater aquifersassociated with different geological units.

F. Hydrofracturing shall not be permitted in caseswhere neighboring wells are at risk by eitherphysical damage and/or productivity loss.

G. All formations which yield contaminated ormineralized water shall be adequately cased andsealed off so as to prevent contamination of theoverlying or underlying water-bearing zones.

H. All wells when unattended during construction shallbe covered to protect public health and safety.

7.03 Drilling --General

A. The well driller shall not cause undue soil erosionor water pollution and shall not pollute the sitewith fuels, lubricants, solvents or othercontaminants used in construction of the well. Anydrilling fluids used shall be disinfected anddisposed of properly.

B. The well driller shall use care in the selection anduse of drilling fluids, additives, cements, andother materials to avoid materials and procedureswhich may adversely affect the drill site or anygroundwater encountered. Any chemical or other

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additives used in drilling along with rock cuttingsshall be cleaned out from the well.

C. Well drillers drilling a well for potable watershall not reuse casing, or drilling fluids whichmay have become contaminated. All drillingequipment which may have become contaminated duringa drilling operation shall be thoroughly cleanedand decontaminated before reuse.

D. All new wells shall be chlorinated for a minimum of4 hours upon completion of the well constructionand completion of the pump installation. (See tablelocated in Appendix B).

E. Wells shall be designed to be of adequate diameterand depth to be capable of yielding the quantity ofwater required by the user (See Appendix C).

7.04 Pumps and Pumping Equipment

A. Pumps and pumping equipment shall be installed tomake the most efficient use of well storage.

B. Pumps and pumping equipment shall be located topermit convenient access for inspection,maintenance and repair.

C. In the event the base plate of a pump is placeddirectly over the well, the base plate shall be atype designed to form a water tight seal with thewell casing or pump foundation.

D. The well shall be properly vented in the building toallow for pressure changes within the well. Itshall also be fitted with a "so called" pitlessadaptor.

E. Contaminated water shall not be used for the purposeof priming any pump.

F. The electrical wiring used in connection with thepump shall confirm to the current specifications ofthe National Electrical Code.

G. The pump installer shall disinfect a well subsequentto installation of a pump to the standards setforth in Appendix B.

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7.05 Standards for wells in unconsolidated materials

A. Any well constructed to obtain water from anunconsolidated rock formation shall be equippedwith a screen, for the purpose of preventing theentrance of formation material into the well afterthe well has been developed and completed.

B. The well screen shall:

1.) be of a standard design and manufacture, forthe specific purpose of well construction.

2.) be made of material adequate to withstandnormal physical and chemical forces, appliedto it during and after installation.

3.) shall have openings free of rough edges,irregularities, or other defects that maycontribute to corrision or clogging.

4.) shall be provided with such fittings as arenecessary to seal the top of the screen to thecasing and to close the bottom, and in no caseshall fittings be made of lead.

C. Any well constructed in very coarse gravel largelyfree of fines, shall not, however, be required tohave a screen; or, if a screen is used, the bottommay be left open.

D. Jetted or washed wells shall not be terminated inunconsolidated materials unless an adequatequantity of water free from fine soil particles canbe withdrawn.

7.06 Standards for Artesian Wells

A. To allow for grouting artesian wells shall have anupper drillhole 4" greater in diameter than thenominal diameter of the permanent well casing.

B. Watertight unperforated casing shall extend and besealed at least 5' into the confining formationimmediately overlying the artesian water-bearingzone.

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C. In all cases a minimum of 18 feet of casing andcasing seal will be required.

D. If a well flows at land surfaces, the well shall beequipped with a watertight mechanical cap, threadedor welded, and a control valve, so that all flow ofwater from the well can be completely stopped.

E. All flowing artesian wells shall be tested forartesian shut-in pressure in (psi) and rate of flowin ft3/sec., or gal/min. under free dischargeconditions. This data shall be reported on thewell report.

7.07 Construction of drilled rock wells

A. The area choosen must be suitable and distances fromany source of contamination adhered to.

B. The bottom of the casing shall be set securely intothe rock in a manner which is adequate to preventfluids, contaminations or rock material from theground surface or from any zone from entering thewell.

C. All wells drilled into bedrock shall be completedwith a water tight casing to a minimum depth of 18feet below the land surface and no less than 5 feetinto the bedrock.

D. A drive shoe may be used to assist in sealing thecasing into bedrock.

E. When plastic casing is used, the seal shall createdby the use of a Jaswell seal tip, shale packer orequal.

F. When a well is recased for the purpose of shuttingoff undesirable water or sand, a Jaswell seal tipshall be used and the annular space be grouted withan acceptable material.

G. A tapered hole to receive the O.D. of the plain endcasing is acceptable.

H. When bedrock is encountered within 10 feet, air maybe used to lift the cuttings from the bore hole.However, when the depth to bedrock is greater thecuttings must be removed by slurries (muddingmethod) which will then insure the annular space tobe free from voids and become a grouting agent.

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7.08 Construction of Shallow Wells in Unconsolidated Materialsby Excavation (Dug Wells).

A. Dug wells ARE NOT RECOMMENDED for drinking water forsanitary reasons.

B. Dug wells shall not be located in areas subject tostanding water.

C. Upper joints in well casings shall be sealed toexclude surface and near surface water fromentering the well.

D. The bottom of the casing shall be set on a bed ofclean crushed stone or naturally occurring coarsegravel, if present.

E. Crushed stone shall be placed around the exterior ofthe casing at the bottom section (s) to promoteinfiltration of water and provide additionalstorage, if appropriate for the soil conditions atthe site.

F. Backfill shall be of an appropriate material andplaced in a manner which will deter intrusion ofsoil into the well and reduce the likelihood ofsurface waters percolating directly into the wellthrough the backfill.

1) Organic material shall not be used in thebackfill including but not limited to; loam,peat, building paper, hay or soil with organicmatter.

2) Pea stone or other non-polluting barriersshall be used over the crushed stone toprevent fine soils from entering the crushedstone.

3) Backfill shall be compacted to reducesettlement.

4) The top of the backfill shall be covered withat least 2 feet of impervious material such asclay.

5) The ground surface at the well should beraised and graded to drain away from the welltaking into consideration future settlement ofthe backfill.

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G. The dug well shall be provided with a watertightcover constructed of a single integral material soas to prevent sources of contaminants from enteringthe well.

7.09 Casing

The Casing Material used on all water wells shall be ofsuch strength and composition as to prevent the movementof water or contaminants into or out of the well in theinterval so cased; and shall not distort, deform,collapse, crack, or disintegrate under normal conditionsfor the life of the well or contaminate the water in thewell. The casing shall be adequate to provide for theinstallation, removal and maintenance as appropriate ofcaps, pitless adaptors, screens, pumps, pipes, wires orother devices which may be used throughout the normallife of the well.

A. Casing shall provide access for withdrawal ofgroundwater.

B. Casing shall prevent intrusion of contaminants fromthe ground surface or unconsolidated soil layersinto the well.

C. Casing shall prevent entrance of soil particles intothe well.

D. Casing shall provide a reference for locating thewell.

E. Casing materials shall not be a source of pollution.

F. Steel well casing shall have a minimum wallthickness of .23 inches for wells drilled inBedrock and deep wells in unconsolidated materials.

G. Casing shall transmit the driving force to the wellpoint for driven wells.

H. Well casings shall have an anaerobic cover withventing into the house to prevent the entrance offoreign matter into the well

I. Well casing shall extend above the ground surface aminimum of 18 inches. In areas prone to flooding,additional casing heights must be installed toprevent entrance of surface water.

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J. The void area outside the casing shall be filledwith cement grout, bentonite or rock drillings orcuttings.

K. The above requirements do not preclude the use ofadditional protection measures.

7.10 Annular Space

Any annular space between the outside of the casing andthe natural materials penetrated by the well shall befilled with suitable material to make this space asimpervious to the movement of fluids and competent tosupport the casing as are the natural materialssurrounding the well. This may be accomplished asfollows:

A. In cases where:

1.) No more stringent standards are required; and

2.) there is no evidence of existing or potentialcontamination sources or excessively corrosivecondition; and

3.) the natural materials contain a significantproportion of naturally impervious materialsmixed with drilling mud;

The driller may fill the annular space with thenatural materials excavated during the drilling ofthe well to meet the following requirements:

1.) The annular space shall be fitted ascompletely as possible from the bottom or thecasing to the land surface without anydepressions, voids, holes or channels;

2.) the driller shall employ whatever techniquesare effective for the existing conditions toachieve maximum density, strength andimpermeability of the fill material; and

3.) the surface of the fill material shall besloped away from the casing.

B. In cases where potentially contaminating orcorrosive fluids are encountered, or impermeablenatural materials cannot be adequately placed andcompacted or where geologic conditions or theisolation distance may not be adequate, the annular

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space shall be grouted for the full length of thecasing, or the portion thereof below the frost lineor pitless adaptor, so that no fluids may move inthe zone needing to be grouted.

C. In cases where frost heaving is likely, the annularspace from the frost line to the ground surface maybe filled with compacted granular fill to reducethe potential for frost heaving or the casing.

D. The casing shall be securely supported by thesurrounding fill material to a degree that itcannot be moved by manual means.

E. In no case will a driller leave a completed wellwith water flowing or standing in the annularspace.

7.11 Grouting

A. When sealing of the annular space requires placementof a grout seal a material or mixture shall beutilized which will:

1.) provide negligible movement of potentiallycontaminating fluids in the annular space;

2.) provide protection of the casing fromcorrosive waters;

3.) provide support of the casing;

4.) provide negligible shrinkage, breakage, ordeterioration of the grout after placement;

5.) prevent Artesian flow in the annular space;and

6.) not cause or allow contamination of theaquifer.

B. The grout should be placed in a continuous operationin a manner to best ensure against creating anyvoids, mixing with diluting or contaminationfluids, or damaging the casing or bolehole.

7.12 Construction standards for public water wells shall beset by the Department of Health.

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8.00 Maintenance, Repair and Deepening of Wells

8.01 Valves and casing on all artesian wells shall bemaintained in a condition so that the flow of water canbe completely stopped when the water is not being put tobeneficial use. All casing, liner pipe, and casing sealsshall be maintained in a condition that will preventsurface or subsurface leakage of groundwater. Valvesshall be closed when water is not being put to beneficialuse. During period of subfreezing temperatures, careshall be taken to prevent damage due to freezing.

8.02 If in repair of a drilled well the old casing iswithdrawn, the well shall be recased and resealed.

8.03 The access port or airline on all wells shall bemaintained in a condition that will prevent contaminationof the water body. Access ports and airlines shall bemaintained so that the position of the water table can bedetermined at any time.

8.04 The pressure gauge and petcock valve shall be maintainedso that the artesian pressure can be accuratelydetermined at any time.

8.05 The Director may require the landowner to installtotalizing flowmeters on any well.

8.06 In no case shall a dug well be deepened by drillingmethods.

9.00 Abandonment of Wells

9.01 Temporary Abandonment

Any well to be temporarily removed from service,temporarily abandoned due to a recess in construction, ortemporarily abandoned before commencing service, shall becapped with a watertight seal, watertight welded steelcap, or threaded cap. In the event that temporaryabandonment is to be of 90 days or less, the temporarysteel cap may be welded to the well casing with a minimumof four (4) separate welds, evenly spaced, each atleast one-half (1/2) of an inch in length. Steel or castiron caps shall be at least three-sixteenth (3/16) of aninch in thickness.

9.02 Procedure for Permanent Abandonment

In the event of permanent abandonment of any water wellthe proper procedure and materials shall be used, asfollows:

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A. The well shall be plugged to prevent the entrance ofsurface water, circulation of water between oramong producing zones, or any other processresulting in the contamination or pollution ofgroundwater resources.

B. The well shall be sealed with a watertight cap orseal.

C. The well shall be chlorinated prior to abandonmentusing a chlorine solution with a minimumconcentration of one hundred fifty parts permillion (150 ppm) of residual chlorine.

D. The well shall be checked from land suface to theentire depth of the well before it is sealed, toensure against the presence of any obstruction thatwill interfere with sealing operations.

E. All casing and screen materials that have salvagevalue may be removed by the contractor.

F. The well bore shall be filled and sealed with any ofthe following materials: heat cement grout, or sandclay or bentonite cement grout.

G. The grout material shall be placed through a pipeextending to the bottom of the well, which shall beraised as the well is filled.

H. Any well constructed in a consolidated rockformation, may be filled with fine sand in the zoneor zones of consolidated rock but cannot allow thecirculation of water between or among producingzones. The top of the sand fill shall be at leastten (10) feet below the top of the consolidatedrock, and the remaining space with the materialsspecified in subsection (F.).

I. Any test well or bore shall be abandoned in such amanner that it does not become a channel for thevertical movement of water or other substance tothe potable groundwater resource.

J. Upon completion of abandonment of the well, the topof the casing or grout material shall be terminatedat least for (4) feet below the ground surface.

K. Plugging and abandoning of a well to be abandonedshall be performed only by a licensed well driller.

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9.03 Monitoring Well Abandonment

Upon termination of the monitoring program, allmonitoring wells must be abandoned unless writtenapproval is received from the Director for continued use.If the well casing is not removed during the abandonmentof a well, the casing shall be thoroughly ripped orperforated from top to bottom, except that perforationswill not be required over intervals of the well that aresealed with cement. The screened portion of the well andthe annular space between the casing and the drillholewall shall be effectively and completely filled withcement grout applied under pressure in a positive manner. The casing of wells to be abandoned may be severed belowland surface and removed.

If unusual circumstances exist, the Director is able to:

1. Impose additional protective measures in addition tominimum standards for the location, constructionand abandonment of non-public water wells.

2. Issue variances for reducing the set minimumstandards for the location, construction andabandonment of non-public water wells.The well owner must demonstrate the variance willnot cause undo harm to the well. The Directorshall establish priorities for issuing varianceswhile the burden of proof will be on the wellowner.

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APPENDIX B

Table 5. Well Disinfection Guidelines (quantities* of calcium hypochlorite in rows A, 70 percent, and liquid household bleach in rows B,5.25 percent, required for water well disinfection)**

Depth of Well diameter (in.)Water in ___________________________________________________________________________Well (ft.) 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 42 48

5 A 1T 1T 1T 1T 1T 1T 2T 3T 5T 6T 3 oz. 4 oz. 5 oz. 7 oz. 9 oz. 12 oz.B 1C 1C 1C 1C 1C 1C 1C 1C 2C 4C 1Q 2Q 3Q 3Q 4Q 5Q

10 A 1T 1T 1T 1T 1T 2T 3T 5T 8T 4 oz. 6 oz. 8 oz. 10 oz. 13 oz. 1.5 lb. 1.5 lb.B 1C 1C 1C 1C 1C 1C 2C 2C 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 4Q 6Q 8Q 2.5G

15 A 1T 1T 1T 1T 2T 3T 5T 8T 4 oz. 6 oz. 9 oz. 12 oz. 1 lb. 1.5 lb.1.5 lb. 2 lb.B 1C 1C 1C 1C 1C 2C 3C 4C 2Q 2.5Q 4Q 5Q 6Q 2G 3G 4G

20 A 1T 1T 1T 2T 3T 4T 6T 3 oz. 5 oz. 8 oz.B 1C 1C 1C 1C 1C 2C 4C 1Q 2.5Q 3.5Q

30 A 1T 1T 2T 3T 4T 6T 3 oz. 4 oz. 8 oz. 12 oz.B 1C 1C 1C 1C 2C 4C 1.5Q 2Q 4Q 5Q

40 A 1T 1T 2T 4T 6T 8T 4 oz. 6 oz. 10 oz. 1 lb.B 1C 1C 1C 2C 2C 1Q 2Q 2.5Q 4.5Q 7Q

60 A 1T 2T 3T 5T 8T 4 oz. 6 oz. 9 oz.B 1C 1C 2C 3C 4C 2Q 3Q 4Q

80 A 1T 3T 4T 7T 9T 5 oz. 8 oz. 12 oz.B 1C 1C 2C 4C 1Q 2Q 3.5Q 5Q

100 A 2T 3T 5T 8T 4 oz. 7 oz. 10 oz. 1 lb.B 1C 2C 3C 1Q 1.5Q 2.5Q 4Q 6Q

150 A 3T 5T 8T 4 oz. 6 oz. 10 oz. 1 lb. 1.5 lb.B 2C 2C 4C 2Q 2.5Q 4Q 6Q 2.5G

*Quantities are indicated as: T=tablespoon; oz. = ounces (by weight); C = cups; lb.= pounds; Q = quarts; G = gallons.** Table 5 shows quantities of disinfectants to be used in treating wells of different diameters and water depths. For sizes or depths not shown, the next larger figure should be used.

NOTE: Figures corresponding to rows A are amounts of solid calcium hypochlorite required; those corresponding to rows B are amounts ofliquid household bleach. For cases lying in green-shaded area, add 5 gallons of chlorinated water, as a final step, to force solutioninto formation. For those in blue-shaded area, add 10 gallons of chlorinated water. (See “Disinfection of Wells”, pp. 50 ff.)

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APPENDIX C

For the use of an individual household, a bedrock well of 6 inchesin diameter shall be satifactory when it meets the followingminimum criteria:

with a yield of 5 gallons per minute a minimum depth of 100'is required.

with a yield of 3 1/2 gpm ...........a minimum depth of 150'is required.

with a yield of 2 gpm ...............a minimum depth of 200'is required.

with a yield of 1 gpm................a minimum depth of 300'is required.

with a yield of 1/2 gpm..............a minimum depth of 450'is required.

This is assumed that the static level is between 25 to 35 feet andthe pump has been appropriately set to insure maximum productivity. The above is intended as a construction standard and does notimply or guarantee actual yield.

Special caution should be exercised in coastal areas because ofpotential saltwater intrusion.