rhetoric of the unreal

I ~

A Rhetoric of lhe U llrea l

Sludies ill narrative alld s tru Cl lIrt\

espec ially of the fallta sti c

CIIRISTINE BROOKE - ROSE

CA~ IBRII)(;jo: UNIVERSITY I'RE SS

C:llnl)fid~('

1.IIIHlon New YOlk New Kodldlr

McillOlltllC Sydllc),

1' "Io I ;~ I ,.." In' ,h ... I ',"'H S}' lIdil al(" "r Ihr ( 1" i\T" ; I}, "r ( ::l.1II1I1idKC II. ... 1' ;11 li ". I""'~ , " 'III "'l'i"I('OIl ~I'("("I, ( :,111, 1,,;, 11((' ( :11 '1 I H I'

T! L", ', 7111 '"' '' ('(' ', N",~' \,,,01 .. , NY II Hl',t.l, liSA :!'1', II ,., .. ",,,1. ,. 1.1 1' ,IIa d,. , ~Ii"d l " I ';,,\; , ~ 'dl " " " 11'" l 'lWi, '\"~II.lIi;1

/1,,11' " 1 ,10,1111' ( '("nl(l(II"'~ 11l/',,/ollu'/''''1 / 111'"

1I, ,,,,kI'· I{,,,,. , ( : I,,; ~ . i l '"

,\ ,10,. ,,,. i, ,01 lit,. 111111';11

I all [,," ;' 1'1I-lil'II , 1'" ""'1''' ;111 Il i\[ ",), alld ,",i,i, i,,"

'1 I " ' " I " ". " Ii, ri" " 'Jllt l! I "1" III}" Il i" ,"}' a, ,, 1 • "';(" ;' 111

I " I rk

W,'! '\"'1 I ', 1 '~ " ll l r, nil I J no

I

~ { 'i · -./ 'i I .:..;

. 3 ~/ '11"

COllte llt s

,c. I .. ': / ' ~' ' •

"

Part I. Thc I'ca l, the unrea l anel (he r h e loric

I Tht: ITa l and I h e IIIIIC:d

'2 T ilt: rllt ,to l ic

Part II. I\lethod and non-rncthod III genre anal)"!> i !-o

:l Ili ,t,,, i .. g .. n,.nlt l",,, , .. ti ,, ,J ,~ , ' n"-,,

T odor!)v tin tilt' faltta~ ti c

,I Sl"icll{'C l in io n alld r(' ; d i~ ti t' fin illl '

'I

1'2

.- ., I.I

7'.!.

Part III . The pure fan fas ti c: types of a n :d)' s is lIn

!'! T he (' IH"oded read er

(i 7/if '{II II' (lI llir SO l'/(' and it s t r it i, s:

all c.:s"ay ill lI o n olllc.:t1 HH lo lllgy

Il h

7 'J JIt. TII1I1 (lI lhf SUfW: III i I for st I IIC I II I t.''; :I ' h; l ~ jt " 11 11 ( 1111 t" I .'I B

B The su rrace s trll l' lllf CS ill 'JI" "I'"." uj 1/" Snfltl 11111

Par t IV. The un rea l as rea l: th e IlIOt.iern rnar\'('lJuu~ :..' ·i I

~ J Tilt' t'v il li llg: rt' ;IIi slll a nd tilt' 11 1;1[ \'('11111 15 :.n ~ 10, Tit:1 1I p ill S: tilt, lIe w S(' jrun fit" lioll

(V IIJlIlt'~ 1I 1 ,\lId t-.1t-E h fl )') ·...' ''"HI . -,

( " Pal' C V . The real as unn.·al : so ru c "Io(i c rn C("xl!> '..!H'J

II ' l ilt' IT; " ;IS U ll l(,," : R l lbl ll" (;li l k l I '2 Tr;t ll sgrn~iullS

1:S Exill'l dosio ll s

\'

-III

. ~ i ~ J

, /, I ! I ,

\"1 CON '! t:NTS

Ml'lalic li o n and slJ r fictio n : a Silllp icr

lilflll"\ ;tl'proach

.,Volr1

I!;MioK'np~)'

/" .{H

390 '11 7

133

AckllOW kdgCllll: Ill~

The f{.!lo wing chapt ers arc rcvisnl Hl"siollS of (,SS; ' )~ til igill.d1r puhlished ill var iuus n :vic\Vs.

Pan or d' ;\ ptn '1. \V~lS origill :dl ), publi sbnl Hlldn t\I(' titk, 'H.tHli H i

and roulld the J akuhsoll diilKralll : a survey' in '/ hr I/(hl(w { I IIII 'OH!Y

Silldin in 1,;((fatuI' , \,111. n, lIu . '2 ( I ~IHO ).

Chaplcr :i was origi ll a ll y pllbli .~ II(·d IIlIdt'1 t he litk ' lli , tol it';d

gcnrcs/ thf'llIcliral ge llu's: a disf.:u.\ ... io ll 01 Todo ltJ \' O il ti ll: I;tllla :. lic' ill N rw l.ilrrat)' lIiJ /01j ' , vol. H, no, J ( 1 ~ 1 7(; ).

eha pte r :1 was 0 1 ig i 1I:t II Y IHlblishnl U IIdu t lit, lit Ie " \ 'IIt' I cad I"! hood of

man' ill '/ he Urad" ill Ih, "I n/, ('dilrt\ b y Su"an Sulcill' ;1I1 alld I II~c

Croslilan . and is rcprilll('d b y pcr llli ss io liUII', in n :coll lJ llin' f lo il , I'rn.s , 19!10.

(:haptrr () \\'; ' 5 orig inall y publi <; bt·d 1IIIIIn I he lilk 'TIl(' !<o 'lll i l III 01 tbt' I ruc " all c ~~ a y i .... OIl- lI lct hu<ilJlug y ' ill/'vrltO (lilt! i hru~, v) I .tlo/tl lll(, \ cd , I, 110. 1 ( 1 ~7(j ).

ella plcr 7 was Of i~ill a ll y ptlbli !i hcd lUll In I he Ii Ilc 'T ilt" II" Ig g I., ,,,, .. a 5truc l 1I ral ;111 41 1 p is' ill J'orliculfld 'j J/(o~)' oj J.ilo(J/w r. vu l. I , 1111 , :\ ( I Cj 7ti ),

Chapter H was 01 ;~ i lI a ll y pil bli .. lu,d lliul n I h e I i lit- 'SIII I ;u t ' \11 III I II IT~ ill llalT;tt ivc' in / 'u(t;r,i a"d 'j hro~, oj /.ita ftlu" , \ ' 01. '1., IHI. :\ ( I ~J7 7) ,

Cl laplc r 9 w"s originall y Pllbli !i hed IIlitin lh e titl r 'Ti lt, t,,; 1 I ill~ : realisllI and the IlIar\,cllulis' ill j 'orli(J 'J fJil(~,· , \111. I . 1111 , " ( I ~H IJ ) ,

Chaplcr II was originall y (l1I1 ,lisil(:<I Wil lI'! Iht, lillt- ' U,lIt H llil'

imagin itli u n of Rohbe-Grille,' ill JJodrlfl /-i eliun Studiu , \, 111. 11,1111 , " ( I%~)/G) .

CII" PI C I' 1'1 W;IS ori!J,i n a il ), pu hli slu' d IIlId"r I ht' I i lit· ''I" r ; III ," ~ f (·~ .. itJll .. :

an cssa y - sa)' 0 11 lil c novel lIo\.'clllovel ' ill C:UIl/(IIII'(! tn~)' 1.11011/111 ', \.'u l. I ~ ', 110 . 3 ( 197H) .

Chap te r ),1 \Vas ori~ ill " lI r puhlisllcd under tile litle '\\,1"'1 c du \\,. ~II fWIIl hcre?' ill (,'ultlta 3 ( 19UO ),

\ ' 11

c > ;;;;

, "

"

, .

I , I'

1

The rcal alld tIll: 11I1I'('a:

Til;!! this celltury is ILlldn~(lillg ;a 'I';tlil) C li,j " h;I S hnollH" .1

b;\ll:dit y, c:lsily a lld I'r :lglII ;t ti ( ;t1 ly s h rIlK~ t'd oil . I'n-h.t" .. it is ill 1."'[ tllldt.:rgoing a nisi ... of til(' illl;l.~illalioll; a Ettignt',;' (kC;Hlnlll' , Aud

rlu.:lorici;II IS 11 5u;tll)' :q1IH';lr ill lillil'S or dc\ :UkIlU:, 1hal is, \\ lll'lI

stahle vahlt:s disappear, when liHIliS Im . .' ak do wll alld lIew Hlln

appear , cO· t.:XiSlilig with all the old ulles . Thl' i .. task i\ llicil to [I Y to

1I1:,kc sell st: 01" w ilat is h :lppt:lliIiK by working (lu i 1(',1 " "111"11 t )' poltlgic' ~ or S[("unIIlTS alld tr ying to :HTUU II! lilr ',!t-Vi:tlillil It Oli1 tht' 11011ll '

( tilt: 11 0] 111 bcill .~ what [hey. alld pcopli- gn'C'J :dl). 11:1 \,e' linn II snl

(0 ). BUI since tliey 1I;I\'c 10 S[all, Illllllhl), \\,tlb si npk SIIII\ tut n,

their altCllIjllS 1IC\' (' r wholly a ('(II II II { fill 1111" 1"'IIIH~ i\lll '" 01 li >llll :

takin/{ plan: aI"IIUlHllfI <" tll, thc'y bc"("olllt' 1lI00e ,tlld 111 111 C (Olllpk ... , Ilion'

nJllllwrsulIl<.', Ih<.'llI s dvl's 11lOl e ' cit'v ialill.1:' (r'illi tlKir \J\\/I lIIi ,~jll.d

principles , lIIore alld lIlort: sdf-q ut:s liollill ,~. Tutl ;, y till' ,llt'llIri l iam ,

or illlllllllt'ra blc: kiuds, ;II"C 1I IIIIe voluhk Ih;tll Iht,}, h ,l v c bCt ' l1 fill

u'liturit's, ;111(/ s illt't.: lilt' Ii In ;\1')' \\"111 k or ;lr t is il :.t'li ; \ I hellli it ,II sys le lll , slIp<.".illljlosillg , Oil tilt' li l s t ;lIbill;II Y SyS ll' lI1 to! Ilallll,lI

IaIlK\I" ,~l:S, ye t allothl'r S),Slt'1I1 or Iq)lc:.nllalioll, tin: Ullllldil,lliwl!I

or IlIUdnll rbt' lorie havt: Iweoill t: IJOdl f:l sc ill:llillg ;11111 di ~ ' · lHlr.\gill~ , ' Fasc illaling rill' il!.dr, ill;\ s dr. r dl("'I(ill,~ \\'ay thaI it.,clfldln: ls \\,hal is

happellillg ill t lte work "ran, bllt di st"( lIlragillg alld I"olllu ... ing lor ollu' I.\.

The dcl':II L: c uf t/ u' I't'adt'l", th r. jolll"lt;dis l a lld liLt: 1('.ldu·r i.\ 1I ... \I.dl y 10

' rejcn ;II! tlti s ;IS 1I0IlS('II SC' and, ill dli:n, 10 slar will. \II i'11I1' ; 1 ~, llt' wiLa tn '('r tlotillllS tltt,y \\'I'ft: broultgt IIJl OIl.

There i" ;1 silui l .. r sp li t ill allitlldes III '("c;dil y' , Fill' 11Hltn .. illll,d

philosophers, the t"UIlIlIIOIIS(IISl' d:\'is ilill 111 ;11 (klillt·.\ tin' 11':11 :1'" the physica l <llId I'lIlpirie ;" , ;llId tlt(' 111111';11 :IS thl' 11Il'I :qlll)\il',tI h.l <; nn

becn (Otltt'sled, frolll PlaIn w h" Icgarllnl ollr I.lIl1ili,lI 1I" tlilY ;u.

III('re s h adows or Pt'tt't'l"1 idt' ;\s ( Irut' r , SP 111 01(' "I'.d '). 10 11111\1('111

II'

\.,

"~I I \~.J .!

IIIE "-': ,\1 . ,\ !'i I ) litE R IIEI (IRI(:

p()sl - llq~di:",s sllc h "5 lkrrid" , for wholll 'truth' IS ror CHI' I'0s t

pOllrd (S('l' p. ·1(i), ;111(1 l1Iodern philosoph y ~('[l(.'rally , ",hidl has

IOI1 .~ CCIIIII' til IC'cog lli s(" Ihat ,h t' llIlIlI' otlledogic;d 1;11'\ is in:lI'tTssi hlt'

10 II~, !'>ill(,(' 111;111 CIII IIl1ly IT' pn'Q'1I 1 it IhrouKh hi s In ;IIIY arbitl ary

.sy~lrm", lllciuding 1:tIlKII;I~(' and th e I :\II~II'\K('S of' ~,, ' i('tln'. Thc dill i' ICIlt'(' IIl'!e is Ihal, w IH' I(,:I~ Ih(' \';Irilllls Iht·tulies ;111'

!limpl y diqlli ... ~rel Of igllOlt'<1 h y Iht' a\'('I:lKl' I r;lIkr, IIII' S(, II S(, Ih 'lI

C'lIIpi r'ic d Ir;lIil), i .. IIl1t a ,,,, S,'OIIT :IS il II Sl·t! III Iw is 1I0 \\' pn \'asi \,I' al

:111 I('\T\.;; or SIIt'iC'IY , C('It;lillly wh;1I wwd III hI' ( ;tlll'Il I'llIpil il'a l

II'alil\', 'II tlu' ",odd, Set'lIl" 10 1I :1\'l' IWI 'ollw lI1H](' :111(1 111111( ' II II 1I·;tt ,

~lId \~' h;11 11:1" IU llg 111'1'11 1I ' ~ ;\ldnl as llllft': i\ is IIHI1C' aile! 111011' 111111('(\

III til' " lllIl in l ;1'" Ihe IIlIly 'lIlli" III '; Illlllhn :\lIeI "<[II;dl y \';did' r(';dil),.

\\'illl" "", IHI ('x;lIllpk, Fllll c :l1l11 Oil Iliad ness ( I!Hil ) , I ,:Iin~ (III ~r hi/. tI,

"IIIl'Ili;. ;1" a Illt ';d.;lhroll~h ( 1!I(i 7), ;llId si llt'!, Ihl'1l \\' hal ShO'i t.:lIIIIO\

Frll11 ;UI ( I ~17Hl (';.11 " ' !'rllt· inlblioll c1i"nll siw III/Ill 1:1 lillit" as wI'! I :IS

psyc hi e Int'all Ii 011 1' :11':11101'111:11 ,,}.1·1I01l1l·11;1 or, till ;1 !l IO IC gl'l1l'r;iI

Icv(' I, til(' rCI\lI11 0 1 1t' li\!iotls Iwli, ·r, 1111' va'" ri sl' til' on' ullisul,

IIInlici\ "1'1' 1", dll".~ ... , a lit I th l' 1I'l1t'\\'t'd W;J\'n or itil'ldtlgit a1 :lilt!

1('li~i"II S LIt1:ltil · j"'"I" .

~ ' I Ill S ,IpI'all'1I1 :1111 1 1'111' lilt, 111111111' 111 s till 1';\1 li :1I {; lIId PI'! t.;tp ~

1" },\\ ' ,I Ir,llIo;;l('lIll ill\,(, I"IOIIIII' rc ;d /t llllt'ai i ... ,JI·If't-t ·tl y logi(';t\ : ii' Iht' '1I'al' has

''V... ('OIlH' 10 ~,'rrll 1IIlI" .d, il i ~ 1131111;11 10 111111 Illtht' '1II1rt ';d' .. s 1(' ;11 : lil t '

1\"0 pr0I',,~ilioIl5 :lrC' il1lC'rI'l' I:t.lrci , Thi ", 'natllr;,IIH'SS' 11O\\'('\ 't'r is dllc

I 10 rn;III '~ 11('1'" lit ;1111'0"(' S i~lIil i(,;III'T till III,' I'Il1pirit';ti It ':1 l il )' ; \I 'olllld

Ililll, whil h ill il ,,(' lr is \, illlolli S i~lIilic lIlC t' . HlIl or t' tHII SI' , Ih(' \Try

sl"lt'I!H'lIt thai Ih l' o lii ologie;d 1;1('1 is il s('11 wilh"lIl sigllilit'allt'l' i .. :t

... i!Sl1ir)ill~ Slalf' I1If'III, illlpo .~ iIlK a \·iC\,' or It'alil), :I S I1 wI-s ig lliliCIIII ,

,1, -., ,". 111(' SiU,,"ilil'allt t' tli' Ilflll .!> i,"llilit'fIlI(,('; a t'Cllll radic· IIllp,. ... "lg... .... . ... til/ll \"hit h ( (Till S 10 t' !'OC;IP" (:li' !lU' 1I1 HII",c·t \\ ho, ill a hrier bUI

I ('ItI ; \! k;dll ,' hllok ( I" ,':,1 IUIII; dr 1',,/juJu, 1~17 7) . filsi d"I1II1I1'-aralt's

Ih:tl ;\11 !t'"lil y i" hOlh IIn·r .... :"ily dl'I(' lIl1ill('l1 ( ;11 \ ' ; 1 t Ill' IIi' the

itil'lllil)' pI illt il"(' Ih:\I ,\ =- A ) ;\IId IIC"'(' .~"; II il y li 'l' tlli lotls ill lIlt, st' ll se

tlt;11 il ;!'o 11111 111'1 (' \(;11 il)' Ihi s Ill' liI :ll, IJIII (';11111111 f"'1":l1'(' IIU' IH'C\' s>; ity

III' Iwin .L:: (IITl1f'llIill~ { i ,r . :IIlYlhiIlK). Tili >; I!III!>'" I)' illhc 'H' lI1 It! ;1'1 1 Iralit y III l H'i ll~ hOlh 1;III\liloIlS :I"d dctc' ll lIillnl lit' ("ails 'th(, Ill·

~i .\!llifiCllltt, or Iht' "':1 1' , alld whal l1I:tkc's 1(';1111), lip 0\'1'1' illio 1I1l11·

!" , 'I\((' i ... pl'f'(' iq' l y lIlt' 11t' 1'1'~s iI Y WI' illlpo~c' Oil it or :dwap 1)( ' il1 ,~

si~lli l i(,;\I\t ( pp . }'\ 1,1), . Thr tlllly 1' lIiKIl I:l Ih(,lI, 1'01 R" ""'I'I, is tl U' IIll lo lt1.L.:I..:t! Lit t, Ihal IS,

ti lt' nl·t'l ·~ ... i tr Ill' hring SIIIIH'thil1~ (a n ylhing ) is \ '; ll id fin ' :.11 " ';tiiIY

f'\: t' t'plill~ '1I11y dll' LtC'! 01 its ('si SII ' IIt'(' . Silllibrl)" ;11\ ~ i1-\lliliclll('c.;

1/11 . K 1.: . 1.

giV{'11 10 li lt.: real is il1ll s"r}" ('XlTplillg 0111)' '!.l· bn 1it;1I it is ( I" 'Itl J,

Bllt, Ill' S;\}'S, W(' pelt'd\'(' I calil)' a !> t'ithn lin " SS MY \II' lilltllilllllS.

\\'111 '11 :111 Ot't'lll'lt'llI t· fir 1"~it"'l S ITltI ~ le I II !> lroill lI n I ·~.';" y II lid IlIlIl ·

11\'C'ns ;u )', thi s is all isubln\ pl'1 1 "j l liulI , ;11 IIIH c' \,1I1t Ii I/ ill'll b y

1;\lt~ll l c..'r (as ill 1'I': II:lill t y pt:s of hllltlOtlf'j 11 1'11 )' Illil<llillll ( :J~ hiit'll

lus ing a gallic or t.: hc' s~, 1"(' 1I11l\'!'S (If' \, hidl ;" e bl/iit 11"1 (·~~.II)' : tllIl

liuluitollS, pp . 1 ~) :111 ). ()r ag ;lill , Iht'I(' ;\1(' 111111 1I1,lill 111(',111 '" of

:II' C' ('SS IlIlhl' 1(':11 ill its IU'IT."sary / li llltlilfltlS 1IIlIl ,siglllli !' ,Ult'(', ils !lln('

\;"ill g it st'lr (its 'idiocy' ill till' III igill:tI .c'ml' III sillgnl.lI, IIl1iq lll') : 11t ;11

or l ilt: dlllllk, w hllSI' s lTillg c!lIlIldl ' is .1 !> lljll 'l III i ,Ii .. pili ,II plwllO.

1111 ' 11 1111 t il is \\'(' Willi S('I' dllllldt ') , :lIld \\ III ill lat ' l \f ' n tllill .~ \ ill IIII'll prclCligit!ll S 1I11I1I11I ~il:d :-. il1gl1l.lIil y; IIt.1I Itl : t IIn ",," !>I Hltlnd y 111'11'11

IIrlu\·c. w htl SfTS Ihillg ... di v('s lnl .. I ,til 1' 11111111 111 Ii il1\ n lllll ' l ll ( w.I' ll '

1);l si llS (' sisl, ndlt·c , ·:\ is t s); th,ll III Iht' \\1111.. 01 .111 ; ,1I1t1 Ih,ll ,,1

!,hi lt/sopll }', w!tidl SII III S lip Ih t' IItitn Ihl l'l' ill 11.(' ~l' II !> I ' ,1..11 dtt,

philnsopilict\ s lall' , ill I'blo 's \\Clltl S, IS .. !> t:lit ' III 111'1111-\ I'l'lllt · tu.dly

drullk, ill 10 \, (' , ;111(1 : \11 illti s l.

,\11 IIlltt'!' pt·lt ·c·pliOII >; or tllC' 1I' ,d 11,1''' ""l1llgh th .. dllllllll ', Iht' (

IIlif'lor · illlagC', Iht' '\' ;dllt' added ' III .,i .L,:lli ll t': 1I1 t' t' lIll' . :\ I :.. ·11 Ii ).

i\ .. d Ihe douill t' II" " tlllt 'I' 111;lill 1'1111( lillll'. : ( I } PI:II li t'; 11 III dl'pl.lI"

SlI llIl'howa I l' ;dil y 111;11 IIIlIS I :.t all \ 11, 1 Ill ' " \· ,III!.ll nl 1:\ i" A. Inll

al st) (''1":11 III all i ls dtlllhln ) ; ('2 J 1111' 1011"1 )'1, .11 It) 111,11.." 1l ' ,tl i l ) Ic '\'

'itiitlli (' b y (,,,.tow illg il wit h ;\111111.('1 1111',1 II i 11 .'-: , I ' ~ l 1.1111,,,111.1111 ' III

produ'T all oldn' l LH' kill~ ill all illt ' t lllqdt:I( ' \\llIld :Iud 11n l' ; ltl,"11l1

li, r dt' ., il! ·. All tJlnl' Ill' lray a 1t'l1I ". d III ,ljlJIII'III'IId Ih l' I L l! III I" s ill~III ; II' i' y (pp , ,\Ii ~) I ) .

1 1 IIWI'\'(' 1', tilt' dill ' t'! ;I I'{T <;S lu till' 14' ;t\ whilh Rl l' '''1 ~1· llt · ltlll .. l y ;tlil'iJHl\t'S III ; \11 ;lIul pltilosllp h )' i ... !, I lld y hi~ld ~ ;11111,iglllltl\ , ]"1 1111

his 0,,' 11 showi".\! ( ltl' 11to:"S wilh 10 :111 )' lilc ' J:Il\, 1,':\ 1\, . IS \\1· 11 .1' " iill

\\,1.:" lit, (·:tll " llel' "ltilustI!, lli!'s III' \. 1) ti lt, 'i , .. ,illll1,q', " h ll' ll ' 11'111 '

li'olll Il q~d. " .. d (I)l Ihl' 'iIlClllahlt-' , "lti, !. sinus hU1I1 K.tlll l , 1'lItil

;1 1'1' 1;1I .L.:"' r :lIId <In 'pl )' ill \'lJlvn J ill Ihis dlll""ni \' j, iulI , ,llId I'hd .. ,

SliP")' lIu l th t: Il'a s l , ~ illt't· the 11I,lit II "I tltl' ill l Ultlplc-II' Hil i It! .1 1I t!

i llde l'd :111 i (it-;il iSIII ~III'S 1);It'k III I'I:LIO (!>IT al , " Ru\' t' l ]q ) 'J )

This q l lt ~S lill ll III' rnpo lI ."illi lit y "P,III, Ihl'll' Ilia) SI't'11I \Il hI' ,III

ajll' :lI( ' 1I1 contradiclioll ill til(' \'t'I'y 1.11' 1 tlt .lt l{u \, j' l i~ '1, ..... 1.11111 )

'iult'fl'rt'lillg' elr J.:i \' ill~ s i~ll i r\( ' :IIItt' III tilC' IIlai lY iLln:!l )' \'''IX'' III' IIlf'lItillll S (1'10111 SlIplu.dl'!'to llI :i tlllilil 'IIi I' b y Il t'I~i- I . ,\lid III tlJt'

JI!lil clsop"i('~ I,,' lii "l 1I ~ "' t' S , ,' \ 1' 1\ il it i, Ulll y /,,, ... igll i h l .tllll' 111. 11 11 ',lhl ~

II .. " 1111 si.~l1i lit' : III1 ,(" '1'''1' l'OIlII,uli t tillll is ollly :IPP,II(,III, ,II k,l ' l .1'

far ;IS Ihe works arC' ttllln'lllt'd, 101' il is ;11 1\\0 I('IIIII\('S 1111111 lin'

I I'

I II r, ~ E ,\ I. ,\ :'\ II I II t: ~ II r, I () ~ I C

fOlllr:'ldiniulI I 1I1C'lIliol1nl aIlO\,(, ",ht'll I !' ;Iid lil:'ll hi s \ ' l eW or rraJi{ r a~ Ilfll1 -~i gl1ili (,;\l1I is JI St, l{- :'I s ignifyillg , III('II/ml, All)' sl al c llu ' nl i ll

1 : 1Il~1I :'gr III II 0;( s ignil y, h il i lil t' I ;\I Y ,,'orks Ii" III yet :llIflil wr sigll iry ill ,~

!'Oys lf'l ll , ' I hr (1\(1 hr i" IO likillg : lI and illit Il'lt'lill ,~ : 11 1: lI o t 'It'al i t )"

h ili 11l :1I1 - IIl ;I(\(- ',Hl c t':lrl S' ( Fryt" 19:, 7 ), ' srrll lllJary I II.,c kl1ill ,~ !,)S

I !'Ill '" \ 1.01111;\11 1 ~ 1 7 11), o r 1I1 e-:'I nill g- Ill:lkill ,~ 111 :11 hilll's, i ll.~ 1 lik ,' philo , so phi C'", idro log ies 01 :tIIy (JIlin II H';lI1 i ll g- llI aki ll ,~ lu;u ' hillt'S, w h it' h

lIt" i ll lrrl'l('I" ;1" !"11I'h, :lilt! qllill' k g ilill l;It, ' ly w ith ill hi" I'fI" I .. Lil n ,

Thl' lIill(- ICII('(' hl'l\"('t' 1l I'l. i111"opl1i.- :l1 SYQ "III" alld ;1I1 -sy-.t1'11lS i s 111:1\

phil ll "flphi(:'I1 !<-y' lt ' III " ;1 11' ,,"lilly ;\lId ;\\,tlwnllllC':\llill '~ - llI :l I... il l g 111:\

('IIi II I"', whilr til(' :tr l -sY "'('1l1" di ~ Jlb )' a g r ;\dllalill g ~;c aJI' i'rc l111 wIn ks

111 ;11 :11(' :1 \'0\\'1'1 1 IIH' :llIillg - ll1akillg 1I1 : I( ' h i tll ' ,~ III I'la im lu tw , : 11\(1

,j \"01 k" 11i ;\I ('Ollie- a s d o"(' a s l' 1I1111J1l1l1i l ali ll ll sysl t'lII S ('; \11 I II II lt'l t'

fl lllllhl \! ic ;.1 ('xi" ICI1I"(' (' !,lIrc ' po/:II )', '('uIlt'lTI(" p oe l ry, ailSlla , ' 1 :11'1 ,

IlIl1 oe; ; I' ) ; hili or 1'0111"(' ('\"f' " Ibes(' 1.:\\'1' al "'asl Ih e sln lt' llI r ;d ~ i '~lIili

call e f' IIf !'Ii l1l;l:\lit )' ;llId dilrn e- II("/', Oil w llll'11 all COIlIIl111Ili!'ali!)11

!,,),oe;ICIII" ( :l lId I1lti ll l:1lc1y all I rilici s lll ) ilII' h:l !'l l'{ l.

II oe;i gllilinlll('f' i!'l 1I('('('s~ il y, as OPI )(I"('I\ Itt l i , r tl1 i lll\l s lI l '~S ","it" " ('f'III ~ to \toe; 11\(, ;lII ill~kss. il is ct'l'l:l i ll \ Y In lC' ,ha t , 011 a 111\11' " " lure Jlnp llbr Ien'l Ilt a n 111 ,, 1 of pllilmop hrrs , thi s 1'I'lIllIr y SCt' Ill S 10 u s

I1l1lr(' :llld Ill(lre furtuilOIl !" d l'spilc ;11\ 0111' a lt t'lllpl !<l al l'alioll:1 1

plalll1 ill ~, !il' ir lllili e al1al Y!'lis alld S),S ICIII . huildil1g ( illt: ltltiillg rh elo-

1 1 it )' Nn'n h (·rll l (, 11 :\\,(' 11.(' 1I1e- ;H1ill~ - IIl :l kin .~ 1Ilf';IIIS al IIlIr dis p os;d

( lill .~lIioe; li c, ('I 'OIlf1 1ll ic, plllil if':tI , ~l"i(,lIli fi t') :l1'1I(, :IIT<I so Il1adt'qU<lt l',

11111 IIlll y 10 Cll p C \\"i il l Ihe "1I01"l1lil), fir Ih t, pll lll11'111" W(' COlll i l111t ' ttl

("1 (' :\1(' I,s ill cr ('\'('r y :lpparCIII SOllll i01l I'II ' :J\I.'S IIt' w pl o ldl'l1l ~) , 11I 11

-" s impl y III rx plain 111 (" \\"OI\d , Thi s SI' (,III 'i lo la : tiL(: n'II It1r' Y w ltil'll .

dc's p ilc o r Iwcall oe;c of' Ih e- P :I (, I' or 1("t.' IIII(I/ "gil ';d ach-allll', h as 1:lk(' 1I

Ih r I,,"~('q, Idali \'r In t haI p:1t'f' , to l ' II Il'I ,L{l' I'I Cl IIl Ill e.: m Clllal !. :dli lS

0 1' th(' prr \' iOl I" 1" ' 11111 1 y . \ VI' KII OW Ihal ,III 111(' IIld SIT UIC' \·:II .. t·s h :\\'C

g Olll', ,1.;'1 :l I adi t':" t"h:1I1 ,L:(' is 1)("I'lln ill ,'-: w hit'h Illall III II SI II 11 Ii n ,!!,\) or

IWI i ... t., ~('I WI' ~\lIIH'h(lw g n 011 nl U, (' II S.III ItTd sti ll ill rcli t.:s or lIiIlC' II"I"II III ' I ' j 'll l l lI )" ideologi c'!i , ill:'l \\' :1)' w hi l ' \! lit her l i ll ll' S ill p; lIa llci

s illl ; lI i (ll\~ ;II'P:III' lltir d id 11 01 . r\I'I';IIf'lIlly, IIt' e IIlSI ' it SIT I II " su 1n II I/'

lIIid q uri l ;1I 1(1 1t' lio"pr ll i\Tly , B ul Ih is IIIU is 11I1I"allly all illw.iull " I'

C 1111111('. /11' hi sl.IIY IHH lks whit' h IlIIjlOSl' Ih l' ir "cad )' !<-ig l1 i li(' all l

p ;II lf'1l1 'i ,01 p (' l i"d" (" ;t\lIdy 'iIHl"C't'di l1 ,!!, 1' :1.-11 olh!'r as \\' 1' IUIII 10 Ih e'

11 ("1 c 11:l l' ln, \\" 11 ;\1('\"1"1 II. I' anguish ;llId \11111101 1 \\'1' h a\'(' jUq 11·;\<1

=d HIII I.

III 111\(' or his 111""'1 Illlpllll<llll hOllks ( Plli!i , (' s p , p , ~ I:-, ). 1' 1:lI1K

Knllll )( !t- :n g ll n I'rlsu:\si Hly ag:lill s i Ih is ill lls iCl II of c ult 111'<', alld

I Il E K t ,\1. 7

s hu ws Ihat ;,dth o llgh 't he ft' is a jlm\Clrul (' scll:ltulll.\-:it" tI ('It-n It' ll I ill

lIul( lc rll tho ught ' ( Ih t' 11I1Idt' 111 ;'11111' :11 )" 1' \(' ), il is ICJll1ll1l1l1ld.I(C IHIl

wrung ' to I. lIk :dHI Ii I otl r hi slo r ic :, 1 ~ iltl:tli ll l1:1 '" \II lilll ll"l ) It'll"i l lle a lld

ill a W: I )" 11Ii\' ili-g l'd, a t ;\ldil1 ;11 jlO1I 11 III til li e" ' ESI h. 1\1l1t ,~i l ,II .I ID,il· l)

has al wiI )'s exis ll'd , it w as ('\'l" 1I :: 11-.11 1111' " I ~l n\l pllt.llIlI.11I lliItU Il' ,

h e l.-l ls 1I 'i, IIII! SIII ('(' 'il <ll ladle's il 'i rlr I" Iht' 01 I la l ( .J ., .~i ' · :tt 1II 1' ,11I ~ ava il a ble , il IS :l SSlIl i;IIt'C1 "itl , Ih,ll ' gl ll ~ 1I11 . I ,~I' .\ ' IIH' 1,11,,1... I"

11I 1!,011:1I11 I ~ II- tilt' l illl... ... i l l's t.l hli:. llI"s " ilh " hd"'lIphh,d .1111 1 ,II I

S),SI I'IlIS, alld, 11 11 11(' p; lIl in li .III ). "ith 11.\1 1;111\1' l iln.II IIII' , \, !Juh

III "SI d !';lIl y fll lh ls 11111 1I('1 ' d 1111 ' . 1 I H ' ~l1ll1 i ll g , , I 1I\1 l l1 lk ,\lid . 1 11 \"lId'

0 " Ihal " i,I~ 11 le v!' l, I ;I ,~IC ' I ' wi ill Kl'lllI llI k , 11111 ~III ' " I ; 1111 ht'll '

I ry ill ,~ III .1('1'1111111 rill' U.ll.' 1'I' I\!1 U .~ Li.u- ! .,!,I!!:" l it: ill .111 II ... 1" 111 1 .... "'11\111' if'

or w hi t'h WCrt' IIl1til II n l so 1 1l 1I ~ ' \ ,~" i ,~11I1I I'll I II d l'\Jll\\ 'd h ~ 1/1 _

1C' IIt- I'III; li5 as l'ruclt-, I sll-lI l S t.q' \\i lh Ihis 111'1 \, 1<; 1\ 1' :'1'1\\1 ' III ;111

e lldi " ,!!,' <I S il is 1111<11'1 SIood (i ll III )' v it,,\ ) 11 111 1 1' jl II JlIII.III )

Til t' II' ;\11', W I ' k("l, !<It/ III(' 1':'''t 'lIli,d dd l('l l' '' ' t', hl' t Wt'l'Il I Iii ... {'C' l1ll1ry 's ('J ' is is :tnci thust· I lI ltinglllH: I" , "Ihn s (1111', ,,1 1\ iI/U S 1' \ 1' 11 III

Ihe 1:I)' III :l Il , is Ih ;tI I lt l' \T r y II l/ l iO Il III' p l ll,~ It '''' i" 1111\\ 11I1I1'1l .d,1e II I

i t s SC' I ' IIII' ll illt' I I'I'lIl h - I ' ( ' I1I1I1 Y St'I,\( ' o f' 11I ; \l I's pnl n ' liiti lil ) illtit-I'I I III

tlt e IIl o ral s l'ht' l t, wc :' I'C III 1111 Ih, ' ltJlIll.ll Y t.1 b l' 1,II I, tl ll.- . d

f' l'g r ('ssillg s t'v ('ra J l"(" lIll1lil' ~ , or la l \l( 'I, \/! IIl. l k ill~ I"' I~ I(' ''O III

il1i lJllil), IILlilll:lg i ll :ti lic- 11t'li"I' ,

IJ\lIollin is I hal Illall is IW\,' \\ hu ll y dt't( ' III I ' I !i ~ ~ d , i h.l\ill ,~ I ln ' l!

1':lIli :dl ), SII II)' lit e ( :01'('J II i(,;11 I 11'\'o llilill ll , .dlt'! ~\ hi.!J 111,111 1'1 .11 I'll hi s Ct.: IIIII · III hUI1l OlI1 C ~'II Sl i OI I ~ II C: :'> " , HilI 111 1\\ Ihi , tuo 1. ,1 '" loct'll

tl C.' IIIIUI1t"tI, .. !'t l' I, 1111 I h e 1111(: hand , 1-'1t'l1I 1\ '( ;" l'rJl lic, 11J 1(,\,, 11111" 11 '

alld it s S{'qlll"ls alld, Oil till': UIIIl'I , till: :" h , 111 1 ( ' !\ III III1 .dl' lll l''' y ~iD, w ili c h qIl C'StitJIH'd Ih e \'c-ry jlo:. ... il 'ili l y or ItlI.11 i, .\II"", "r I HI~ lld'l l illg all o rd ercd, "'YSlcl ll isa t,l c u lli vC'r!it:_ ,\h cl EimtC"in'!, ('1)111\ ,tll'IlI_(' " I

1I 1;lll c r :11 1(1 t' lIt' l gy, ancr t ic: BI",~ lil "!'; du,1I lI,ilu l L' ,11 11.1 111 11e ;11111

ligh l w a v(' , altl ' l 1'1 ;lIu' k 's dt ' II III II ~ l rali " lI Ih .l t t' III'lg)' i .. 1' 1111111'11 ill

di sconlilluous '1 " :1111:1 , ;1IHI I lt-i !<- I · , dH·l.~' S 11111 t'l t ai ut )" 1>1 illl ild t' " h il "

rcp l;\I 'cd Ih(' tit'lnllli !!i s!! 1 til' I b:.~i l ' . d pl, )sil!<- "il b . 1 St.d, · "I 1' 111 _

I!ah ilil)' a lld r ; lI lIl o lI l lI( ' S\ , ;IIU\ ~ 11I J\\(' cI ,kit " I } " I ' I \" .1,1 .' 1'1 11 ' 111 11111 ' 11 ,1

an.: a ll c(' t e d hy the.: iIlStllllll t' ''l lIj l\I' f \' illg 11.1'/11 , ;\. t'lt.l i n 11/1 1'1: 11 11 (' I I!

allJlli~ lIilY was illlrc Hlllt ' n l i!!lo ~ ~ i("lll,(" a lit! 111:111 IS IIII \\" /.1 . 1"1 1 " III. ,I

philosop h y or il1tli-tl' l llIil1;tt' y :I lid ;\ lI"dli\';d"1I 1 1(I ,~il ,\ ,

Z a \' al'l.;uklt ( 1'l 71; : 111 ) poillt s lillI , Ih(" \11 1'\' , 11 1'11 1 1 IIIIIII,d 1I 1I'1 ,qlh'Jl,

110 \\' IOIl I C 01 ll' ~~ 11. III :d i,,' d , i s II .. 1011.\-: 1' 1 ti l,11 11111 1111'1 , I II 1I1 ~ ,lIlh

u!l i l y' , 1)1 11 Ihat ~J!" (' 111101' )' .

T h ildly . :llld cql/ ;d ' y ball a li snl, 111:1 11 II. IS It-.1I 111 111 ;1\ Iu- i ~ 1!I"II,d ;

, ..

): \

I, [ I

u lilt: REAL ,,;-; n T ilE Rllt: ruR IC

not or ("fllIl~" ill , he !' ('Il~ C' t}, :\1 II(' a s all ill<lI\,;dll;\1 1I1\ISI die, li ll" 11('

!l ;\o; alway" kllll\\11 til ;\!, :l lld II; .... ('oped w ilh it ill v; lr ioll s siglliryil1g ways . F. \T Il Wi lll 1" ,11 ;\\ kl1( ndn l .~I ' (II itldi\'idu:d d(":IIII, til en: is :1

V:l', 1 d ill'f'I(", lI o '" 11("1\\,("\' 11 kllow i u ,t.{ 111 :1 1 I (or \, \\" 111 1111 J lov(') IIlIl S I

<li (', :llld 1 1 ( ' il1 ~ : \ \\, ;\1(" tli;1.t wl1l' lI I e1 ie' Ill y wh"I{' wildt! of cog llil iwi ;lud :\11 ,11;11 I iL l\'{" 11I\'(,t! :11 11 1 il1\Ts in l \\' illl si~ llil it' ;\Il(,( ' 11111 <; 1 a lso

ciis;'l'prar w ilh III)" CO.l:,llil iOIl or il. This \ 110, I IO \\'C'\Tr. 111 :111 has c oprel \\illl h y .. i llll" )" Ilt-ll r ing it , th rll ll ,L:h \':lfio lls lit"lillns w hil'h III

SOItH' \\':' Y ("lIail l!- th is \T r y 10\,(' , ill SOIlH' jlllii/it'd lilllli III' otlieT , III

nHlIpLCI d (' :tlh . ' I hl"!'I' lin ion " ;\1 1, 111(' rllli[ ol'dt's ilC ', alit! ;II\, '1I11C'11I

n .. . prr "/'I lIi ll~ 1111 ' IIIHlc- n i:l hlc 1';1('( 111 :11 dt' s ir!' , thou gh I,y dd il1illO I1 of'

;\11 :dl " ( ' 1I 1 "l ljl' n , is "iI :llll lrll!'d IO\\' : lId ~ SJl (" ' iI i,' :\11(1 PIT" (' lIl (J1 ~ i ('(' I S

J :lIId Ihrrrb y :1» 111' :11 " III l'IlIHpl!'1 i lldi \' idll :d dl" :l lh . ill \\' Ol'k.~ Orillal!

,it al 1('111 :\111 ;tnn hilll, ;\lId HUll"!' USII:dl y III prtlgclI Y, 11 01 jll s t :1 S

lQU'lil ifili or .. e-ll hul ;' " rT!':llifll1 of :lIIol li n s i ,~lIir)' il!V; nnllpln .:,

Nr\'l'r hel,nf', il is IrJt, h:, ,, 111 :\11 " CI' I\ so ~ q ll ; II t' l y b l'nl w ilh Ih('

p"" .. ihk :1.IIl1illilll ioll of 11l :1l1killd ;\1111 all h is \\'o r ks, hi s plall e l alld

p Clh ;,ps /lllll( ', <:f'I't: ,il1 ly l ire c'"d fir Ihl' ',\' 01111 h a s :l1 \\" I )'S I W (,1l

pH .. .. rlll ill hi " lil ' lin ll s, :111 <1 "iIl I ,~(' S (' sPI" ia ll y al a Ili dic ll ill lll , hll\ Ihi ,~

II/ltioll wa o;. il o;.(" 11 p:lr\ of hi ,e; sUl v i\' a\ fil:l io ns: IIf' a s illdi \' idu :ti ctluld

h c s :\\, (' <I , \\'c 11 :\\'(' 1111 !i lld, ~ (" l1rrall y :HTcpl n l li ( li(l ll s to d ay , \lnkss

"I' Cll ll le;(, w e' \\'i'li h i lldi \' idu :ll ly 10 1(" I:, i ll II nl' fi r Iho"I' ,

Thrse' n o; (,llli ;d <lill cr(" lI c ('s, ;tlld I lfl <l o lIl>lulll t: I S, :tl e dnpl )' lillk('d

til III(' e; rll o;.c h '(' 11:\\(' Ihat I lt c' rC' :" 1t : IS 111'10 11 11' 11111 1': " , I I :-o ig ll i lil ';III1't'

I , 1,(,I'(' <;" il r :I II d filllll il{)II SI U'<;S lIl (' all i ll ,~Ir S"' , hll \\' has Ih ,' s ilu:lli !)"

!lc llllJI r 1 I I"I n'li,'\ I )'~ I II 111(' p 0 I'"lar \'i ('\\' , il is Iht, 1(' ,~ 1I1 1 of'r:llioll:ll

0;1 iet\( 1', ha <; I' d Oil 1It'IT ,~S : 1 I )' C' IIII IIt 'l' ti l)lI " , Sril'lHT till w lli eh \\' 1' had

h :l e;n l ;tll 0111 1." 1 It'<; , :\1 111 which 11:1 <; ' kl li S " "\\ ' 11 ' , w ilh ", iLal SC'r IlI S 10

lI\ c la y lll;tll \\",,11 )' fcnt ll iltlllS cii sl' o \'c ri cs, III hi s IlIallia fil r Sigl,j.

l i (,;tIl C(" 111:t1l IIIlIk s 1'111' 111 111':11 IIH' al1in ,~s; hi " 1/ \\' \1 g Uill , n r , d is pl :uTd ,

thc' 1I 1 ~' I" III Ih t' Ili ad s('it'lIli sl. ( h hI' Illu b Ii II' IIc yo;l ica l 11 11' :\Illll gS:

111;\11 , II tll ("IJ II It ' ll I \\,idl t he- l'I (';I\I' d ligh t, b, IS d i<;nl\T I'I'd Ih l' lI lI

t'lcaln\ li~III, the' !wc' r("1 "I' til(' IIlIi\'(' I"I' ( ill SUIIII' \'t' I'!iiIl Il S, 1IIIIg

klHl\\' 1I h ut CII 1I\i \' I1I1..:«"1\ I I )' Ihe wis(" II W I! IIf :lI lt i('l l\ o ('ndl Ilatiilihlls) ;

1ll;t1l - 1'lfllll l" lhI'lI S,OI 11I :\lI - I .II(' il'l'r. Tht'S1' C III lab, Il l'l illll ,~ l i t' liH' II IS:

III.HI will II(' \\ , 0;(" , w ill (' 111111'0 1 chis li' Il'C' , alld 111('1'1'l y 1Il:1l1ipllblt: il s

C'x i(l r l H C III 1'1 1'\'('l\ t it .. 11 0;1': 0 1 thi s I' "T I' \\' ill hc' (h t, SlIllIl i tlll III til(' c,,":1I1I 0 1 til l" pl :III( ' 1 h y ( 1Iitt'1' 1ll( ' :l l\~ du'sl' 11I1' :lIIS 1I II\\'c' \ '('r I"' illg

:1 1,," Ih e' 1e'<; UI! or II II w i!'d c 11 II g n 'n l, sll1l h , I'0 \\'n -,~all\( '<; , so 111;t1 Ihl'

1111\(" \\ill 1'1I :t1I\!- u S Iii ,l!f1 tnl 1)I'iug gllTd y, I" dl uling , flo wnI'll!' ; Slid, Ill y th o; !t;t \ ' C' ;dw:l ys ('" is tt 'd, hlll llt'\'('/' Iwicli e b :l \'(' thc')' Iwc ll

IlIt, ~I. J\ 1.

su da n ge rousl)' , ) 't' l !-> o o ll \' iollsl)' ( lIn all )' , lIIall til !' ('I'J . lllliJigIlOIl :'> ,

sdl'-I,;tllt:dlillg . '1I11: allillgh,:ss', PI ' II Icl'd !'i ll \' i sihl ),. ;11 lill I.' :llId III('

S; IIII{' lillll'. 0 11 Ihl' IH'tT:'>S:lry ;11 1( 1 Ilcl' 1'00111i lllllS 1'01'111:111) I' ;\. t'I 11 -

!,Iilinl, 011 Iht' lilli ' 1. .1111 1, ill lil t.: \'a ,, 1 :llId ' ,ll iollOl I ~ I 1I'lIlill t' al'

p:llall1 S, " \'1.' 11 wi lli IlIliil · i ll hilsak , alld , ( . 11 1111' 1> 1111'1 , ill till ' 1.111 11111' IH('Ss ill g ( II' I h l' Iltlltlll!.

T ht' IlI lltkll 01' Illi s 1111' :\11 111 1411'" , illl ,lli clll IWII I ,~ 1I1I1 11', ll.d,I t' , \\'('

lIallll:tll y I'Sc·:'1 I1' , :111<1 1': ls i l y, i llill 11 111 IIhllt: 1:\111;1 ;:11' I t-, ti ll y, 1'111 10\\'("(1

·wil ll Siglliltl :lIltT b r 11111 II n ill', \ \ h " I I '\,(, 1 i, 1I\1~1c1 Ill' , ,11111 di ' I,I.It"

tht' 11l t' : \llill ,~ l n;s Silll ;llioll illio a 111(' 11' 11: 11 I.. d rl'p, 'lj leH ,Ii ) I'li, l li l

dllllbl, 11111 a ha c· kd l lll' \\ 'C 1(',\\1 '1 " :-o n ' , Thi :-o di ,, \,l.l l c' IIII '11 1 .11 , 11 1',1111 )'

rx pl; l ill ,~ II I(' h:lll: d is:!liOIi or 11 11' SI il ' fllilil ' '11 1.11 \'(' 111111\' : :-0 111 1 t' Ii II '

n .:c ill ' II1 CII I o f t ill' III Ol lll blldill g, 11111,," 1) 1:11 ('S 11I 1H " ,tl lollI l R ,, \:. i ,III :-O

fil ( liug Ih" carll! 1'11 1' s i x 1I 11J1l ti l!-> III :t I ' i lll ll 't' r p"lJ l tI~I'\l'h; lI g S. I I IIIII ,

It is ' lII c; llJ illg ln,s' , III \'CTSd )', 1I :t I I Il C' li ltll s kl\ 'C' IC llcicln l <" I, ll

\'l'Ilo lis' w hal lli jln k nl )' 11 :11 111 :11 alit! 1t ,IPI't' lI i ll ~ ,ti l tilt ' l ill"',

t' \ T r)'\\' ltl'lC ' a 1'1111 lid " ", IIl1lltTn'j\'cc! 11 )' I l~ 1,1'1;," , Ihe I l'inl " P II IC ' I\ \

aud ;\1 !'t' 11'! :lInl lillll i llg , The il Ihi :-o ICiO 1II'I II1I In l " I II , dl ~ C ' d , 1111111

IT l'l' li li o l 1. Bill tlrl' I1w:\llillgkss I'"I SII(' S liS dol i! ) ('\,(, 11 i ll tll :l \ tllil l e

1:l1l1ill:11' n ':dl l )" ill lire :dl (011 \'is ihk (· IHIII:l din i llll ~ ,,1'11111 111 :-0(' 1" ,, :-0 1' ;

Ii iI' (' X: lll1jllc ill till ' \\, ;I Y ill \\' hidl ,II I <li " ' IIIII :-O«" 1I1,lI l ijlll1.l tr~ 1I'Ii dllli (\' I('S II ' I ('\'(' 11 Im llier t o hid e Ih(' 1:111 ; i" til t' I '11'"~ 1'i1i1 i ll ll.ll ioll II I . 111

itt ' II1 II )' Ih(' IIl1'di :l , li ,II t1\\'nl by c! \I\\II - llIlIill c..: II/ ill l" I'IH ,Ih '" , il" 11t C': ill (!:t il)' c' ;II ;l :-O lltlplu's 111; 11 h (' 11';1\1' ' " 11' .11 \ H I, ,~lI illil ) 011111 11 \1', 'II

I hat Wt' dn It-at l , .\l Ic! h ys tt'lilall y ,10; !'i llll l1 ,1\ \\ 1' ,III ' I II \1,11 11 ' \~, I }

il\\'III \, l'd, pC'I ~ III1 : dl )' , III II) prox y 1I11r ;I' "d , fli Ii II 1111 1111 1\ \, I \"I' III\', 1, 1

lI ;tl io ll :,lI r, II ) ' I"ox)' .,1' (10:-01' ,~(, lIgl , ll'lti , ,Ii II I I',,jil it ,.I C 1.1\111'1 li 'lI l,

1":\1 is, tll1l1l1 g h \' n lnl ill l n nl'i. 1I IIII II g h i ll\ 'n tlLII' ll l II I , i ~ lI illl. 1I 11 c·,

A lld Ihis Sig ll il il' :'111 1', i l' 11 0 1 i ls c' '' ' (,1,, ;1111:-. ,II 11 111 I ', ;s gi\,1'I1 I II II, \1)

Iht: 1Il t'l l i; \ w ho 1': 111 wh i p "I' or 11111 (" d o\\ /\ III' "I II i 11'1 ,I II' .1' \ \111 ; , ,,,1

;IS a lH's lsdkr ('a ll hi' uC;II (,d \,'h ,, :, 's ,d l', II I l ic l' d("Itl l II I ,I Id lll :-01. 11

1"'(0\ 11 1' a \\'ull cI I' \TILI j Il XI:lI" ,,('d \\,i lll ,I lo~' :al g n l lli It lt- , " ' ,III

;dli :\lI('t, wi lh a di, · I;\1 1I 1' I'rt ':-OI 'l1 ln l a ~ I1t'1" ~~, lI y , ,IIld IJIU I' !I ~ tillll'l w cI

h ']1 1.: 11 iIIC'"I\,(,l1il ' III ,

I sa y ':dl di ,~ III\II :-O t" 11( '1',111.\1' il is r, , ~ lli'lll<d"I ' III p i, I.. I'll ti ll' IIII V I II II '

011 «"". l i ke ' tll c 11 ll'tli .l :\1111\'1', II I 111 11 1111 il ), hili 11 0 d i"III1I/ ~ (, 1' 1111111' "II I ,

1'1'0 111 Ihe :O; 1I1'1 ""I'dl y 111' 1111' ;11 :ullllilll!' l l ,ui \ (' d isl II I" ' C" IlI lhc' I"'-lld/l

!->I' it' ll ti lil' 11('( 1111 , " 11111 Ih t: ;I :llh ll ll 1. lI i:11I clIIg llI ,ll il , 1i '11I1I1'" "I tl lI ' ,,

Il lgr II I' P I'\ i li, a l ic li-ulllgr III ti ll' I'C'I:-OII II ,III ) 11I""" l il .1 1:-011'111 :'1' II I

dnirc', hC1I1 1 ,j, (, 1'i;li :-0 1 .i .lIgHtl or slI ppo",' cll y /C.'\Ol ll li ll ll ,lI r g llllll " 10

tholt o f' s lIl'l'u:-on ll ), I'ni:!g" gil: 1I11('S, II I nut ill Ih,' ,,1.\'IIIIIS 111 11 -

" ,

III I II .. K t . ,\ I. ,,:-; II I II t-: H II r. I () K I C

tr ;l(lict ;oll ". (If OI lr c cill c a t io ll :t\ ~yslC I1l S. I t is pn ha ps one o f the !"i a dd c q :t!"i p rnli or :1 11 lite \ '(' rbi:t .~t tha t Ihe , \'ery il1 ld kc l u al s w h o

~ hll\\' IIl nq 1(' li,, 1I i ll :Hl:d y~i ll .l! slid , 1lI :1 l1il' ldat i\'{ ' d i sc tl lll.~C Ii 11'1 11 -

<;r kf'" 1.111 t': I ~y \' ic- til11 S [n al !f- ; \ S! 011(' tYPt',

Fud ,'-: I' : Ihi<; i .. the I {, TIIl [e lr ;1 'nde' i l\ \'C'lLll'd h y;\ glllllp of l i l\~lLi s [ s

\\," " :w al y .. n l I!lf' \\';1)' CtT I:lili fuleS II I' 11:\II sli n li latio li a l gr;ll lll ll ar

W{'fC \011 II" h ll\\' 111,1 :to; logi("a l ll r ('xpl il' ;1 a .. l ht')' ~t"(' 111n l ( 11'//(/ ( Iltr

,,1I(I/o,{ : n IIl/tlm l '! .1:/1/(/" t'di tt ' t\ by 1\ 1111 BOf kin 1!)J'l). SlIll lt'w h n('

t h e ru dge -! Il k fHT III S. :\" i ll ;, 11 S)'!H(, IlI - I' lI i l d i ll ~ . 11 0\\'/'\' (' 1 , :dll lll ll l a ll

di"" 11 11 1<;" i .. I LI(I .~ I·d, IIn l /l ill y, :\.'i j .. l1 :llIn :l l. i ll personal a lld SIH III -

1:\11('1111 <; Si lll ;l li o t1<;, II n \ n ll ly, as i<; l ig ht ,lll d p nlJ lIT, ill p lH' ll y, w ilh il<; 1,l:ld.: li n in (,I' d ensi ty, il ~ ,L.: I (';l t J..: :lJl<; nf lIoll -~ i ,~llilicalln' t h rClll~ "

Ih(' \'('i l Il f si~ll il ;l ' ; tll ("(, ( rill' l l1lt' ll y is \'cry d o <;{' tn Ih e rc a l), ,L:" ps ,d ,ie h \\'(' ("all fill ill wil h a ll and ;my Si~IIifi{"all("(,: h il I abo al1d 111 01"1;

dan\!r , cllr<;ly ill ( ' ;'l l'rll ll ~' pb ll ll('d i dt't"I '.L~ i (" al I lisl" (lIlISC , 1 )(I ,~ IIl ; 1 I I )'

(lel iltili , ,, , ,Illl<;{ IlI d \!(' , A ll d i ll <;n far a<; a has ic p rt'llli ss is :\ t all)' li ll ie

<; b o\, 11 or tlCI I.H I'I\ til II(' u ll tnL I' , o r II lIl y 1':11 Il l' IIIH', o r 11 0 1 tr u(' ill

Ih e <; ,"1"(' (' arl in ;tnTjl tnl , ;\ ", hok ('d if in' l"C Ilia ps('s, :\11 ah yss

ITIl\ ;,im: 1111' 1"1' :1 1, \\'h ir h 1I1 11 <; t qll ic kl y he filled " 'il ll II ('W idols, I r;u l ju qn l ,<;i ,l.!ll il; c:\ lI t"1', ' II I(' d ilie l e llt 'l's \'1"1 \\"1'(' 11 ti ll' 1"0 l1 a p s(' or

{'al li (' r .. \<; Inll<; ;'\111 1 lo d ay \\"mdd '<;('(' 11 1 t il li(, II. t h e p an', alld 1. (' 11 ["(;

III (1 111 illt Ir ;l<;c'd a lld ill r,<;ca p a hl r ;, W;!l('IIl'SS of SII l"(('ss i\" c' dlallgl'S,

( Jill" \ ' ('1 Y I':'P;1l it)" fllr heing tlUls IIl:l ll ip,d" II 'd, I' i ll ll'r into ig n ur

ali t'{' II I ill lll "i llrnc- l"OIl\'ic l iIlIIS :lrld (c' '1 " ;rll y siu("e l c) ind illi'lcllt.:t'

C';H' h pro<ill"i llg I ll(' 0 11 11'1" ill I UIII ;" SO In'l ps to ("I"f'(\\(', i ll t h e lo n g-

{ l illi, t hi s II rw ("f) II ~ f ' i f) II S ll rs <; W(' h a\'(' fi r t h t' l ea l ha v il,g /)(,(, 1111 1('

~ ~ Ilfln' " I, heca m e h r utal ly ('lH lliWed w ilh si~ lIi1 iG\llt ' c an d th e ll a s

t bnll ;d ly d ep r i \"l'( i Cl f il. \ V id l I h l' d l':\t h (I I' the p la n (' 1 i ll l he COII

\'{, ll if' lI d y di~pl:1('('d h;l ck ,~r(lllnd, t he I (- l'i ill ,~ t h aI Hu t nnl y ("<I ll 110 OI It' b (" Irll strd IHII Ih a t W(' f1l1r s <"l\,('s l'<III Il UI, a nd I"Ili1Ir iiJ lll c l"(1Il

s t a ntl y. m akrs liS 1I1li\\'oidauly ;I\\'ue of' Ihe ITal's IIlC:\ ll ill gkss_ NO l

it ~ " hsu ldil y, w hi r h is i tself a ,<; iglli l i(";1.J ln:, Ihro ll ,l.{ h \\,h ic h we saw

r f' a lil )' I'a rl in i ll Ih t' c'c' I!t ll ry. bill i ts 1I 011 -s i~Jlifi(";I1Il"C: , i\.<; I{o l, h c

(;1 il1 (' 1 pll t il ( I ~H i '2: I ~ H i""), p , S:\ ), ' ,he world is ' J(.' i thc r Illc;llIi ngi"u l 111 11 ah .. 1I 1C 1. It qui l(' si lllpl )" ii ,'

Tll i<; " \\':\ l e ll l' SS , as ;1 K( ' IlI ' l a l isn l p h t'lI tlIIH: Ufl ll . SC'C' III S l it ' \\' _ U nli l

li lt\\", !l ill y a Ie\\" phi lo'<;(Ipltc' IS, madllu' li or n:lll ks wllu ld I na illt ili ll

I h c' t h ("( i~ 01" t hr 1IU11,<;i~tlil")"illg rC' ;d , I\lId if". a s ROSSI'I mainta ills, we

d n ], ;I\' r :\ITC'';<; 10 t ill' 'idiocy' 01 thl' 1(';" . h;lIr C"lI ll sc ' iulIs ly, ill swldell

11\11 111('11 1<; ;\ ("('r t ai n l yPt' .,1" hll ll HlI lr, i,.ilalill il ill IT rtaill sl'critir

s itl1 ;\litlll ~, d l lll1knlll(,ss , loss ti t" 111\"(" o r Ihroug h (SOllie) ar t a nd

I I I I. U I ,\ l. I I

(SOliit') philosoph y, t l re' ll i t l"cHrld Ill' .I , gunllit;11 till" pI 1':»1'111 tlllll' Jr,I '

1'1'I'lI li; lIl )" i IH ' rc , ., ,~t' d Ihose Illtll l lt'III S, \\ ith ils ; '1 1411 ,Ii} IHil 1.,1t kill "I' ,

ils fl n.'d"II' o r II IIIII'S, i l S vi s il JI}' L' I III ' C'II~it"; d <l i" " III'I', 11"\"\"('1 111 _

n l'a si ll g il l \' , d llllll' '" a ~illd " i" g !r a ~ iI) \\nLn ll p, ll ,dld III d ,,' I,i l tI. ra i l' Oil thl' I n t III" I I ll' pblll't , all,1 i l :» ild.t'lit; lI lt(" "I 1 \ \11 11. , 1111

plri l()sol'ilic ';d nUIl'lllS ( 11('gel / Kall t) \\hl\1I htllh 1 1I . 1I1 ; '~I ' III tlll I t' IC'IIt \\' ;IYs to dllpli L lIl' tltl' tllllfllugil".tI loll I \\ ilb .1 ' 1 ~1I 11r, ;1111 1'

SOllll ' h"w ;11I<; l"I lt , \VI ' ,II C' I H'I ' ld i .lIl ~ l" i\i ll ' \!1"I1 ill .,," ,'II C' \\ I" 1/1,1 1

" LC ';lIli" ,~II -!<O~ IIlItologica l Lu' \: W ( ' !r ;I\'C-III'1 III Ill' II Inall'd c 111 1" II ', dlHlI\..

til" dru gged, 111'1 PC -III, " '}' "I'll'l l " r lu \I ' , ; tll i,l.~ ."Id plri lll" '1dlt' " 101 IIII'

IlIe ;l lIi llg lt'ss , 1 11' 11 1 I' 11111 "\"olu lll e , lI ltl Irc ' lI / ln l a l d' lI'1 l1 ' I " b nd

II w ;l lI ing, I II hlli lli II C'W S)":<oll-/IIS, 11"1 11 c' til! ' ("III I ' lgnL! C' " I ' l' III ,'lItll ', ,~t'llljo l 'lg), ;Iud lain !<o l" lI lil,lic s , \\III, h :<o In t! ) 1I11" ;' lIillg ,llul IlI,n i l

i"IIIH' l ioIlS; "lid jI ,~yd'fla lI ;tI )"s is, S"l il I I II~), li lt ' p h il, ""l'h~ "I 111 ''1' ' 1 ~,

lillguis ti C' philosoph y, plll'1I01lIt'IIt1 ll1g), hn II 1l'IIt ' U li n, II1 0 d"11i 1/11'111-

I ii, gnlC' I ;lIi \"c gl :IIUIIl,IJ, p Sydll .lillglli:» lil \, !\'" illl illgui ' III ', .1 •• 111111 '

pn log)', I ' !t'" a ll 01" w !r ill! :It 'CI"P ' ;, :» gl\l-1I l ilt" .IIIIILloIllIlI" \\ " I L \II g ll ;I,~t' S),S I t' II IS, .1 1t ti l' ,,' I, id , It} tll " I" ' 1 ;111 , /, III nl 1,/,,1. IIII' ~

1111"111 ;1 1 s tl u l" lIl1 n Ll l lt it'll )' i ll ,~ hU III " tl d j 'l tlll l !<oI' , " , 1111 ' 1 Ih. 1I1 1I I1 ' I t"! ~ : .::

t CI 11 111 1' a lld ('X l' l ll l ll ci 1I !,,,n ti ll' ti i!<ol to l ll:» I' B UI c' il1l1"l \\. , ~ 11. 1'

di sl 'ollr :<O l ' 111'1111 di st'tllI l :<0 1" t il ;11 II la ll h .• s ; '''\.I~ :» III "("tin l ' 11,1 1' 1\ l l tlll~

bq~:l1l l"l s 1I1l\\" (x l',lIl1ln l III ,I \ ,Lq illll",,,) " I IIlqllt"l, 'dl"lll n i

pI 111',.1'1 ill llS,

I: \ !

, , !

2

Th e rhet oric

Th(' w ore! ",t/(l II ! j .. ;\ " :lIlllli g n o tt'i :IS the willti I"l' :ilil )" . hfl ill ill

dt'lI,jt:1li n li all d ill (, 01l11 0 1' lI 11 11 1. 11 \ 1I (' II II\; l l i ol1 it ca ll 11 \(: :1 11 tIL t:

\'("r h:tl :,,1 1I ~(' d h ~ t l \(" p"C' 1 ;lll d ;l I' P II' h C' lI (kd h y li e;; alld i t C:\ II ;tb ll

IIU' ;\I\ ti ll" t ri ti !"'" IIIt' d lO«I II I C\ j.:. t't· rn ill ,L: :111 <1 alla IY!'- ill ,L: Ihat \Tr l. :d ;II \.

II ,, 11 : 11 t'" ,11:11 d. ' IIIII :1\ in' ; II Hhi~lI j I r w i l II III h!" r 11 ;1111('<; of di \cipl ill "S, 1I1l, :tl lly h iq pl y. \\' Iti t II i .. 11I " h II II' ("\T IIIS :lIId th t' t1 j"" O Ii I SC' ahollt

I Ii e 1" \"('1\1:" . Ill" ;\Il : t !1l 111 Y. I IHl n'" 11 111'\ ' 01 11 1(" "Id d is"i p lill t' s ha \' t' t1 ,:u ; lIlll l i .I ~ll i [ y , :lIld il i .. ' lI l1 y ill n 'bt ;,,!,! ), 1( ' \ t' 1l1 ' III ICS th a t ti ll" distill .

( 1111 11 11: ,,; IH' ll lIlIe ,1c : 1I ; Ii iI' j . .. c; t:ll ltT .~ra l1 : I II ; H · i .. hOlh ' I Ii t' 11L t' -

:lI ld 1\1«' lIi <:(" i l' li lll' 1 ~ 1 7 H : 11 ;,. ' \ ' ;II('\ io

WI' " ;1111 \01 Ic ;u l a lld \\'1 i ll" , 1I 11 'C' ilalli <; llls ( I' :udtl V;I lc- s ill

.!II -if'llt" II I'IIW ;lII il1 '-: ' , h · l , i(" II Itt' IIPI'II <; (" ," III ~ I ' l lI i oli(" ( II II' Ot 't' III"i't'lHT "I' IIW :I I1;IIl! J , 11 11 tl1I' ;\l I :l llIgy w iil l I' h ('I OI; ' <; :lIlt l I li l' lOlil" , IlL l l III

III :11 I in ' ' 1111'111 ' ii,' j<; 1 ;11 d y 1I <;('d , '"11 i ~ IIH' iii ", ilH I ion !,lIs" il dl' II I :tl l bll g " ; I .I! ' ·~ ' "n tl w ;\llIh ig n i l y I'n ll :l ill <; ,

III 1·' 1I l110 1: lti llll, rli('l o ri c (" all 11 11' :111 lI n" \ 'n l l ;1I ;,, 1 :\'; s ki ll o r , III

"I d eI' l{"f lll ", t ll (" :111 [ 11 :11 (" il a r ll l.<; , lli a t ' lU SH III · IS ;111( \ d cl ig li t.<;' ; all d i t

I·a ll :I I"" 11 \1":11 1 g l ,oll l il " 'I u 1' n n ' , ' II H ' I"!" Ili l'llI ri (", ,, II lc :m i lig w !l i( h 11 11

dll llill H Ull " " h ll lll II Il" I";U ' I Iha l Ih(' b l l ' d a "" il';. 1 alll i II ln l ia ('\·: 1I

,IIf' IIII ;' \,';, ,, IIl l"ni l'li \' I' :1', \\'1' 11 ;IS dn nil'l iq'; il I i:l i II Il'tIIII 11"I1 1h., I',wt ;tl i tl tt' ·", Ii. i l ies' Iw I' II ll ld me, a I !:I i III ge ll ll )' III' JI" kl 'd by ( :h :1I 1C 1'1 ;llId Slt: lk l"" llI ':II I' , IIHt ti ll' 1I \{, ;tll i l lg 0 1 ' !l II ' II " 11 11'1 0 1";1" III :, )'

:d "" gil h :11 k 1'II 111w I III till' IIr i,l!ill al SI' I\ " t' ,d· Tll c ll!! ; \" ;t .~ ti l'· :lIl "l" I'l'r "":1 ~ i " II , l it .. 1111' :11 1" 1I .~ I ' d I II pn s lI :t {1c- a ll :l u d; (' III '1' "r, lil' ' 1I IIIh ' o r

1I 11t " " ~1 ;tlf ' IIII"III " , I'\·C II i l I h .. y ;11 1' r:d ~ f ' , l i ll 11 11" 11 11 ;1' \\' :1 " b o r ll i ll tilt'

1.1\\ - Clllll t " " ~ I s~ 1:11 II ~ I' , 011 1 Ill" d i " p ttl{' ~ 11 \ ·1" p rllpn l \ ' , 1'111111 " 'hiI' ll it , ,, 111 11 ;1 , ,,, .dl ~ 1t ' p til Jl"li lic alllf 1111- ' 1': 11 11 ill ' " 1I" 11 ' l i l · .

' \ 'I II I., y II W l ll tit' it:IS l hid l y :1 1' '1" il('d I Ill' .~lT ,, "d d l' ll ll l ;lI i n' tl lt'; I1 I

ill ~~ o/llilil ;1I II lI' liI"d , :I " ap pl i n l 10 tilt' \ 'c· t h :t1 :111 , IlI tt il n ' l :l i ll s il s

Ii !'Il n! ;1 I i \"f ' :1111 "i~ II i 1 y; \ \ ' :' Y II !' C , B llnl It ' ~ "/ h,- J hdo l/ ( I!/./It lioll ( I ~ H iI )

1 '2

(

'1111. IUl l. l f lk l (.

j( JI . l':":,lIt1plc , d ('al." wi lh t1:t I I ;lIi \'1.: I c dllli cl' lt'S, IIUI abll i l ll l' \io

Bool h 's wa y Ill' dea lillg w ilh 111 1.: 11 1. Ti lt.: I bel ori \' "I' lIi (' \'I' , I/. LI :111

1t:ls. 0 11 Ih(' \\'holr, lIu,: l i l s! t ll lJ " - Pl j ll l :ll ivc.' ) 1" 1I1I1I 1I1;lli ol1 , hnl i" n ili t" a\ ll1 c' lli o ci i l i., : d~o IIsnl l ilr l"jl llal i H ('\" ; !l II. lli llll , p,lIl it'lai :lll y

ill ; l lI al )'~i ll~ a lld t ':\ I' II ~ j Il K 1111' l ' IIII I I . l lI il l ill ll ' It! 1I1.1I1 IPIlI.III\I ' In It lIi q u l's ( t Ilt, ri ll' l u r i l ' ) o r p\l bli r it )' or pol i l i c d di · ·· IIIII ~f"; IIr I II ;111 . " ) " ..

:"ld I' x pose Ih e nil ir:d Il lc lbo cl s III' o lt. f'I .~ , li n- 1 "l' l lI li ~ i ~ 1.lI d }

1I 111 .II"C ' III, all d r ;m.: l )' tunis i ts iloud h K h ls "1'"11 i l .-; I'!I

.. I <1 11 1 \\1,11 :t "': II! ' IIr tl lt· St' d ill in tll il :, ; l lId lIu' pi l l.dh 01 1.I II ,t.:t1 . !gl' .

C I i I led d iSl'O Il i'."( ' fltI \ , I I It C·1I \VOl k .. i., I lo l l Iii 111. 11 I) \ 11 1111'1 . 11 ti l ' ' l i lt I' i t is di snH lr s c.: , w h ir h is r C· ]lI l'S{'lI\ ;tli o l1 , a"lllI l a d i ~ I I I I II ~ I ' " l li c II I ' . !

1t' - P I CS.· Jl I:l li u l1 I,J" ' 11': " i l (. Si IH·(' till ' d l , ! p 'I'I .~ " h i ll. t,dl" " .tl i all: ti yse iJl 1II 1c.: \\' :1 )' II I ;Ulfl lllf' f ti ll: 'I ! 1c.:11I1 ii" II I d ll' II" X I, I , h.tl l It t'l " s p l ' ak f1tt ly III" n i l if"; ti IIIl-thlld, ;tIId I 11 '(' ti ll' 1'1 11 1.11 /'I"!;III ' I' I , 1 •. 111

11 M' 111:111 )", l i ll 1(' ,1 ' 11 / . " Ilta[ will 1"'11 11111' : '1 'p :1I1"111. I d Ol • • ,,1 111" 111'\ 1· i ll

01 It' 1111' 1111111 , ill l ,tllihk 1111' 1'\' (·1)' In.l , ()II ti ll' 1111111 . 1 ' ) I , h.d l p i, ~ .

It nt' <l tld I lt t ' If ' , IO l ll ' t ' p l S II I II ltH ll'I1I 11 11"111 \ t ill 1111" 14 11 11 1 tl l. 11 .11('

w w fll l 10 li lt' , b l il \\; II I' ~d lf'\\, P IIIC ' 1111.( 11 ), ill 11 11' ... .. Il ' (· ti l , I , It " ,·tI . st'l I' t" IIt1 t:l llll'd ' sys l t' lt l ' , ill /:"-111 11' II I 1lI l l li ll \,1' ni l ;1 i \lll

TI l(" '111 :1111'1 I lt' t W I T Ii Ilwol )' :1111 1 Ilil il l\lIl 1,1\ 1\\ "

I ... III TI II'~ I" , , I ~ 1'1 " .. I

, \111 1' I " II I

p l o n'du l l'S, IIL II ("t e l. i, \ \( ' :l h. \\it ll ll ll i li lt' 111 111" 1. III I ltp,l l l"I II I , 11. 11 1 sill )\\' , ", ,", I, , ," I",", " "'" ,,' " , ' " I ' I I I I C' I ' X , It ' \\ 1",11\ 111 '" II I II ' \\ lIt " I ~ I "· .. I

II ;ulilillll ;t! nitl. iS II I, :lItt l ill .. klPl t ' l : ~ I , 1t. t!1 : 1I 1. tI ~,, · III!" tl d lnl'tl ' I "

ill dt' l a il , wi l lt Idi ·l nlet; III t lt t' 1 ~ 1 1I t: l\ l il. Bil l lin !' I , I.,dl lllll llll l' IIII'

pt olilen. , :lll d I" id !t i s llI l y 1If" hll th II I111 C' gt' lI l'l. tl l ), Itll 11 ' ,1 .11'1 \ \\!t ll

:11 "1' lI ell)'1't l a ll l i li:' 1 \\illl Il1l1dl"l l l tl lt''' l ) , :J 11I 1 :d , ,, , , ill , " '" II lt" " I Jft

11 lf'IOlil ' Illa y be o h st't II I' 10 IIn\"l IlIl ,n S, hy W,I} III i ll ll tldiit l illil III

SUII II: fl f I lt c' I l' l II I " I ... It :dl ht' lI ~i ll g ,

1. Th co l' Y a nd t.: rili c iSlll

T J:tt\ i l;lIl1 ;tll ),. l'Ii l i l ·i ' lI l illd~ I ' s ( (' \' :dll ,II O) , ill ll'lI'II·" . lII d tin' I t1w' •. : II p l 'H'en \", 1111 l ilt , Wlill it- , l' t11 pi,i l ' a ll y , IHltiill g ill 1I ' 'I( i ' \\ II, ~I I ' \ I"I i l

!iud s ( fi r \va ili s I tl l i ud ) , ;ltld :111 )' 11i . ' III ), i l Ill a y ('\-1.1\(' ' -OH'I;l! '·" It 11 111

!I II" " 1 1I\( l iIlK ~. Th"'II)' ( ill II lI' lIr y! \\lIl h , til!' 1I 11 lt'1 ~\ .t \ I 11 11 lid , PllljlIISi ll ;l!, likl' se; l ' lI l C, :t 11 ), l'ol itoi" ,I II ltldd , .1I ,d I"'tll lt: i'l .I,l! ,l ill \ '

ti ll· EII · IS,:' S l ' intt C' tI\l I" 1111 ' ~ i l lll'h I " II ." 1 1'1 11"11 10 11 11"11 ., .111.1 11101'" Ih ,ll

SI IIII I· ~l'Ilf ' I : l l i ' : lti l' ll w ill 1 · Il Il"~ I ' ; II It ,c' I ,. 1' ,\ \ 1 , I \ 11 '\ \ 1 " 01 111 , , I

I tl {)( ld, 10 kilO '" w h .11 it is I 'H. k ill~ t il l .

' I '" gi \, t, I \\' " , iuq tlf" \ 'X <lII I P "" ,,. 1'1.110, .. , ' I"I ,d il l 11\· l l' Ji lllt j I ",i ll"

II lilt: K.I : ,\ I . ,\:";1) IIII'. H.IIEIIJItI< :

11111. divided 1I :lrrativ(' illt o 1111('(" t),pes: (a ) ",hnl' 011 1>, tht' lIarratm

"'Iwak\; ( It ) \,hl'IT (lilly ,h(" dl:lr;\nn S spt'. lk; (d lIIixed. This doC's

lill i , \ lIinl y ~ IW ; lk i ll~, 11"111 «' 0;"111 [III' bet" al his lillI(' s illt't" tl lC' lirs! 'YI'C' Ilwl! (' ,\:1\1('" IInl>' ill "i ~ H'li (";d 1I :lIr,lli \'I', :ttld dralll ;! Ilad at

It-:,q ;1 11;1.11 ator- likl' dIUl u .. . The thcw ), is hasn l 011 OIiC h y plllht 'sis,

,kit ,11( ' ;111 01 .~p(":tkillg i .. t "1111:11 III 11 ;11 ";lIi,' (', : lI lfl aCCllldiJlg If) that

ni'nillll il ("(,\T I S :11 1 111(' 111I 'IIIeliiai JI(l'; c;; illililic<.; tl' p . hi'll' , I' IL :L p. :,11 1. 'I f!\\'n l" a IlwOI Y , npl"ci:tlly \\111'11 it don. lIot dcal wilh ('Inpi! i,:11 II ', IIil y IHlt \\' i,1I :1111'1 .... ' ''. CIII ;d ~tI Iw a lIIudd w llid. lin

l 'UIHlclt' (Jllin ' l w llllll y rXI -Illplihcs; tllal I S, tile" ( ollClI ' $, n';;lInplt ·s

"h.,,,· ;1 / ,, ((1111";11(/ 11/ CII :II;lI ' jn iqil' th ;11 pl:ll T il ill Ih i .. IIr 11. ;11 ('"Iegllry

0 1 \111' h ~ I'"l h r'\i" , · d IIIl1del. A , i-;Ioll" (/(/UrO II I I. ('I'. ,1. l .rl ) lIi\'idl'll q~k" i"ln (;1 ' ('pil li-nit' ( ti ll pl;Ii ~ ( ' 111 litillll' ), ",bie h IISI'S Ihc I"T:-;( ' 1I1

11 ' 11 ""; t ill dt"!i$I'I;uI\'(' ( pnlilil"al ) , w hi . " o w ." Ih e fUllllC ' It 'Il,,,' ; (d li'II' " ,it' t tlw 1;11 ' \ ") , \\hi." " "<::s Ill(' pa ." 1. ()lI\·i llll ."I)' ht' was nlll

ill'ld yillll. [hal IIllt' ("; \111111 1 pl : \i "r or hl ;ltlH' ill tltt, pas t h 'II"I ' III liI ;11 a

1'"lilil ' ;11 "p('n' lI I1l llo;( lit, (' /llird), lIlIlIj )l ,"nl ill lit e rlnlll" , IIi:. ; \

'l"t'qioll hl'l( 01 "It'd ll lllill:tIlIT, fir ('\TII 1I1I'1t' lik elihood : 1I1It' pl';li ." I'~;

til' \,1:.1111''' ~Olllr'"I(' PIt'S(' l1t to rn:t"1 \'c Iht' t'tlillpliIlH'1I1 ti l" n ' pl"o;I('II;

0"" 1I1 .lk,· .. e1l'1lioll i"llll\i ~ (' ~ or ' (';I"' ~ ll!llIg Set h ' III,' II, ,,, ;tiJtIlIl [hI'

1111 III ('.

1111111'" hI' qll' s~n l h('J(' 111;11 a 1111'111 )' 111;1 )' II(' W 'Ollg, )1'\ ''''(Ilk'

li ,,' ;1 l iIlH·. III IIII' ;1 lilllil<.'<1 pU l' posc : " .g .. Iltl' l'I II Ie-'Il:!i c 1111'111)' or li lt, IIlI i\.., ,, , · , tl l "Il~h \qllll~, '\\41Ikn l ' l i ll 111.111 )' n'IHIllil'S, ill III<' " , ' II " ,·

d' :' 1 tlw 11\1 1\ CIII('III" 01 tlw ~ t ; 1I s lOllld Ill' , l\Tt li ald y " n 'di , 11'1 1 OIlId

,, 01111 . r\ 11"'4 11), 4' ; \1\ "],.0 11«' :1 ' SlInll .c,' h )Pllllwsi ... , \\.' hit h :lnullnt s III I'

:!l1 dll' kllo \, II I; " IS. III" ;1 '\\l';lk' h y poth n is. ",hid, :H', 'OIlIlI S IiII' 11111)'

~ 'I""· . By Iht' .": \lIlC' t'lk(,1I a I hl'or), 111:1 )' I ll' l'Iilil ' i,,('( 1 II I swn,' ;lSPI 'I" IS

11111 :lt l(' jllnl ;1":1 \\tllkitl .c, hypotlw:. is. Slil'tln' ill o lhn \\'III <\ S i s

; tI ": I ~ " 'Illnliollill .!!. i""I ·11.

I II li[I'I :",' "tal ' lin' 11ll' "; " Iilll [i ll ll ; ... h y 1111 lIW:ltl S So rlc- :II- t'llt .

( : r ljili ~ II' '\It:\I(' ~ wilh sl il·lIlt· Ihl' iIlIJ'II"'si lliliIY "I' IlIlJk in.c, al all )'

III,il 'n \\jl h n nt <; lIlIlI' PII' l'I'IIlTivcd 1I0lilill of ",ital WI' ar(' looking ilt

:111.1 1111 . alit! oj il !'i siglli l il ' ;!IHl' ill I clation 1,111111 1'1" !'i illlil;1I obj fln s. III liIC 'OIIIIII', \\1' know th"l \\'hal WI' alt' Ic;t( lill g i .~ a P"I'III lor , '\,(, 11 :1

"111111"1 , :111 utl".:t ll I'l'ic ), :I "b y. a 1111\1' 1. ;11,,1 \\' t ' \\' illilol 'j lldgt" til'

1'\1"11 ; '1'1'11'1 ;;111' ;1 ."0 111 \(' 1 :1" it il \\"('It' :t 11 0\'1'1. Alld a s \\'1: ~;l\ht'l'

1111111' " I Illt·"1' I'lnlllll'l'I \, 1'I1 IIl1lillll " Illgt'llll'l , \\'1' a l lllllll:t l icdl y

1'\ "h,' "" 1111' killd III' \ ' ;('\\'1'1';111, w h ir h i" :1 l \ (' 1 ), dl'llll '1I 1:11 y) 111('111 y.

.\"d ilthi" '\' ;I"\\P"illl' I II Ihl' 111 11\(' nll\1i,ir:l1. 11 ;l(liIIO Il ;iI l'Iilil' is llI i:-; "1' "'l',ilH' ~ \ ·; tglil'. illl'llllSis lf ' III, s lIiJ,in ' li n', alit! ':lId y ,lIltl 11111)' \'( '1)'

s lm .... ly n:qll t"S li ulI('d, it d u t'S ""I II ;\\'(: l u III ' .,", ,h,t( is IIIt'lI' I ) ,L 1II,IIk

(,t' \\'('ak n i li c is lll .

Th cllry I HJ\\·c.: Vt'I' , w l"'1I il s Irlljl'l'l is 110\ 1'IIII'ilil·;tI It',dil~ hilI :,

lill"l ;\I y at Ic f:1t I, is 1' : \1 el y a ~ ' M il'illilu" .1", il 1'1111'"1" III l it · . ,lilt! w h"11 il is, it 1',11 1 ht'llllllC ;t l i,,<i<l ",)"11' 111. l il.t · "'''1I1t' \ ('I ,i"", III"

SIIIII' III I :llislIl, 11, ;11 ("all rc.:II1 :1i" ptlll"I ) ' Ihl 'IIII ' li!:cI Il IlI ~ b ) 11111 Iluil!'

<I;lIi" .!!. \0 It' s l iIS(' lr :lgaill",1 tltt" ("tllIlr;\(lil l' l l y ,illllll·." 101 I II\' !t . . '.:", III.

i f il dLII' s , li'ltl ill.~ 0 111 )' w hal I i I S til l' tlln'I ), lilL I' I l' jlll L1 1 11 '-: , 11\ 11 IIL.I

4111 )' 1"1 , 11101': dillintll \\.',1)" III(' \\oD t I.illd "I ", ,,ll jl'l\I\(' I llI i 'I'1 1i

( :rili. i:- 1I 1 :llId Ilin ll )" al I l ll·i l 1.c.:"' I, , III ' IIIIIII'It"l I II" II t.II ~ •• II Lt I

shllldd wOl k IllgI·llrn . 1 ' (,I~II II ; III )' till 11111 1 ... 11t'\" III lilt· I I IILI"

·:o.(· il·1I11·' II I' liln :III1II' 111 ;111 )' Ila \ ,· dl(,;11111 til , a 1 1I1. d i ~ ill .c, '''')'\'' 111 ' III

'u lli \' l'I s:,1' (hnn )' "I litn :tllll t: t"lInl IU ' I ' t il~ . .Il1d 111 ' \\ gl' 1I1 ' I,III ),

adilliltni 10 Ill' :111 il1'l'os:o.il lll- illu :o. ioll . TJ.('tIl) 1.llIlIlIt hI' ,I " I \t ' "n'

IU' call " t' i[ ,it-;tI .. ",il h ntlltJlal , IILII ndtlll,d I'l lItilil l ' . ( l lnlt" Iht'

adoplioll III [ile.: 1"1 III 'hUIll ;I'" " l i" 1I11' , \I ' I ~II'" 1'111" ~t U · IIII ·. I ...

diSl'ipllll('!\ likc so c iulog y, Jl~Y l'hll'llI;d) ~ i " (' 11 , \\ hi t h lill"l ,II ) tlLt '1I1 ~ W;\llt S to j"ill .) II has Iwe ll illljlllll :1I11 111 ll'\n ~ I' ti lt: 11.ldillull,d

Illlll -sciclitili c pron:du l c Or :II ,(, Ulllld,t1ill~ la, IS "lid Itlljlillg 11t .. 1 "" IH'

gC lln a l prill c ipl e \\,ill CIlIt'r~(', alld 10 at!t1pl ( or Il y I II ;td UI,t j dlt'

!'i l ' i l'llldi c IIH· tllod tit' fils t l'u.\lIlI.t1illg a h ) IJlltlini ... 1t.1'"I1 ~ h \\ 1.11" Iu

look :II Ih e: P!.I'!llIlIll' II;\ ." 11 ,IS III tn l i, '1 .~,lill 'l tlll'lI 1. I I 11.1' 111"- " i llll' lJ rI;t1l1 to de \'d ll p a 1I 1t· I ; d,IIl~\,.lgt: lI i' lll lI I hU1l1 illt· I.llI glI" ,~t' "I' Ihe III,jt.:l·t e.:x ;\llIiIl Cd , thu s ~l'l l ill~ 01\\;1)' lr"II' :,\ lIhjnll\I ' I,.II,II'''I .• \(·

til' lilt· IlI t' lt ' 11'1(' lIill'~ III th, ' [1 '>. 1 i;1 1111(·· .. " \"' 11 \\old " 1", ' 11 il 1, ·. III II\.d

jat ~uJl i ~ .. llt'll :11,11 "1'11 alit! \' .It 1\'", 1111' '"Ilt It II HILI "lie ,. h",,1 101

;lIltlthcl . '\lId if Ih e: dillindl)' lit,,, ill tltl' Lil'! tl l,tI , il ll l'"1 1.1111 tllulI~ 1t Ih(' 11111(11'1111 :1), I"" Iht' n' 1I 111:o. t ,Ii \\, \ ):. 1t'L1I.lill ill IIl Il IIl1 l1d , litt' ~ltn'l

IIt'xi ll ili l)' "I' Ih,' I II ItIIl,d , ;1" lI J1j1l1wd III 11:11111 . .1, "I II' ILIIIII" " ,I . Ilti ...

f1ex ill ilil), ." ILlndt! IIld, 1'1111''1'1. ... 1· 1)' , 1'I10I'n ..... ' tlill 11'111.'-: 111111 111 "I' I ht'

alls lI ;\t ' 1 110111 11 (' III tilt' Ilil/dd . '1 Ill' 1''''1 11t 111 11 1111,111 ) '1 11h 1111 ' 1' "

Itl pustulal e :Iud ddt'lld Ihc' ir II II ,,It-I ,I ... III IJIk :. ' ·, il1. l,i ... I ,III1.1i \\,11 k

th l' 1I It'prt'St'lllillg a II1 ;w i li: .\ lcd Cillll'll"") " ' I""II Cll llii " ILI/llkl, \\ 1111 illdividll ;ti di \"' lgt:llt 'CS Ihat ('ould I,,· I'alil'll IlIi;\lllI n "II alt' .~"ljn, ,.

qllt''' li o ll (If 1'II'IIUlllill :llllt'S {Tod ' lIll \' I ~Jli H I

TILl' la s k 01 da llll l"alillg th c",1' IIIOHII' I, 1,,' IIIng ... til tilt ' 1I .. ' ''II · til 1.t1l

' l 'h ,lllIfiIlI C' I P It'lillg tlit" di\"t'Ign .. n ;1I 11 11" 1"1 1""I1I1 ,lI lIn 111' 1,,11 .'-:, I.,

tilt' nilil ' '1'111' Le e l tll:11 Illt' y :lIC' ~\lII1t'lilnn, Il~ " ' 1'1411)14'\, Ill.t· FI ~ I ' ,

likl' H;II II\1' ''. <:"''' ' 1'1' ,IlI d 11I.tll y 111 111"1 ', ' IIII' ,11 11 1 II,., '. 11110" 1'1'1 " '11 .

IIlak, 's the lask "illinill bill 11 11 1 illll'l ..... ·,illll · In d i' , ' nt.IIt ~ Io- , ,11111 i, 1\1

OIlI y ('; 1",\' IIlWi l i.olwflll Illr btllh lilnJl r .lIlll I Illil ' ", III ' 11 ... "pp" .... "I·

\

IG 1 III. K 1".,\ I . ,\:'\: II 1 l' F. R J II . I II H It :

ran Ihat dlC'orc tician l; ;Hld crilics arc oft('11 dill t'fC IlI P('ople ( rather like phillllll~iq .. ;1Ilt! liltTary t.: rili n i ll Ih(' old Ib ys). l ht' nil ic Irrllo;i llJ,! (or heing II;HI :11) Ihenr y :1Ilt! till ' 11I"OII'I;l'i ;1I1 rd i. l s ill~ (or

bring 1,:1( 1 at) illillil;\(' (,ilici"1I1, is far 111 0 1( ' s n io ll \ ,

T heory, al tile' 1l101I1 (,IH, is i ll all)' l ' ;\ "C i ll ;, ~ Ial l' "f II I h .': I' cU ll f u s ion

:IS we sh:lll sec, wil h difl<- fCIlI alld ind iviti ll;d 'SYS ICIUS', SOIlIC bast'l l

011 sY l1lbolic logic. SO IlI C on ,1.(" IIHH:1:t1 lo .~i u. , SOIl IC O il lingui s tics,

SOIIl(' 0 11 p')T lw ;lll :d ys is (ne ), SO IlI(' plll e'ly l1 , i\':lI(", ('arh \\' ilh it s

d ilkl CIlJ Ill l'ta bll gu;lg t · alld lIoLltillll . III ph r" i!"'i, \\,\';11("\'1'1" the dio;;:lglt'I'IIH'1l1'li, C\TI')'OIH' lI SCS Illl' ,,; 1111(" 110[ ; l lioli . Si llli!:! r l)" it! ! ingni.~ .

ti ( ' ~ :UH! !( !gi l'. BlIt " .. 1111114 as li,n:\I )' llinn Y t ' l) l1l illlt!" ,~ til IIIII"I"OW ,

IH' I(, 011(' rOlln' pl, thnT ;1.llIllli e r , it (' :t11 11 01 hopt' t o IH' sl"icill i li t:

Ilnl t 1" 01,;1. 111)" s hollid il.·

2, A f~w ~xanl p l(' s of rnuddl ed Ihinking

In h i~ piOTlC"nillJ.,: '1 IIf IIIt11plwto.1!.1' ~/lltr IolI..-lntr ( I ~1'2n , 1 r:lfIs . I ~lIiB ),

wltidl I skill llf id i), tk:-nibt, ill a 1110111l'1I 1, " Iall i ,n;r PIU PP CollI

I'bill l'd tll :1I (':lIlin :11 \( 1 COIlI('IIII'III;II ), :IIH ' lIll't ~ t o ,k:d wi th Ihe

li dl-;. - I :!!,' \,'('1 (" t:. il1ll'l )" nd fw( liq .. or III(1til~ I(H llld, lists \" hi dl ill

(' \' ilahl y O \ ' I'II:lp alld :lit' ill("\' itahl y OI'('II , t' llIkd , 'I'll gi vt' o il ly 1\\\1 of

hi " ~ ('\"('r al 0:;\1111'''''' ~ \\"1111111 :lIId Vo lkO\' ), WUlltlt tli \' i( lt-d li, lk -l:tks

ill to : ( I ) 1I1 )" lhll l(l~ i c; d laic -bilk .. , l '2) pllll' 1':l i l r- t-ti es, (Jl bi Cilogil":d

l a in :1l1d f.lhln, (-1 ) I'lIl t' ;\IIil 11;1 1 (";d I it-s , (:») ' ,~"I Jc . d og i ('a l' I:d(· .... , (Il)

jllkr , tal C' t:. ;11 1< 1 I:d dr .. , (7) 11If 1la i bI lk .. ,

,\~ 1'1 01'1' l'(lil1l " oul, Ihe Il'I"lll .111M, (w hi t'h dl" slliil l'S :1 ICHIII:d

C lll"glll Y) n( "(" UI" Ii \'( , lilill's ill S(' \"l'1I ("b~S I' ,~. Til t, I t 'l"II1 jol. (-[(/ I,. i ..

IIII;\n' \ ' l'l :!1 ,lc sillf'(' Ih(" -':;1111(' LII (' IlI i~ 1t 1 be I l'I'alnl h et oicall y or

('o llli t;dl )" . NI1I i .. tht' dilk, rt l('(' 111'1\" 1'1'11 1'"1( (I/ l im f"./fl f,/r,ll/ /l r}, i~ r .

1111, :lllci IWII"/'/ahlr.t , ic- ;I1 : ' I " \\' II;\{ W;I Y .• ;UC. tJ u' "1'1 11(' f: IIJIt's" Ill/ I

"111 111:11 " :11 11 1 "i("" ' \TI~:' !' ( I ~ I IIII : 7 ),

\ 't",lkm' filld .. li lln' lI ' tll t' lIlt's ' { l'ro l'P ill 1' .'\;!Spt'laliulI ~ ;\'( 's OIll y

I t'll l,r lli f'lll J , For clali l Y 1 .. hall p il i tl IC' I l ilnitlllli,!" (' adl C ltl 'gol)'

10111(" li ghl, t il s llo w 1I II'It' is 11 0 I'lillCipit- ;11 all III \ ' i tlko\'\ di\i~il)lI,

1,1/" "b" ul ( I) 1111"("' Illlj n ~ " y 1" ' I~I 'I" \ltrt!

('li till' hno·fi,"1 1"1 th t' 11 .. 1'1' 1 IIIIIb\ ' I ~

( 1 ) dl'I ~"I\ ' lq,,~hl('!s

1:11 IIIIt 1 i II~ :t 1,1 id,' (Ii) thl' ,,;~(' 111 :, ;111' 11 (7) \111"(" pl.u ·("d IIl11 1n :1 ,,,1'11

/ ),/,,111/1/0/1,,·

, hc' an ;"o Ihr c l.:l I:l1 t, '1 , 11' ;1 hl'l" till' IIIUIlIIe'I 111 I lI" r l'I'~

nile' 1111'1111' 111 nl" tilt' ;u ' l ;o ll :llIndH'r 11 1t'1I1t ' lIt ,,1'1111 ' ;11 li "l1 Ih (' I 1t ,1I :1I In nr a iWln ille

;1111 ,111,'1" I ""11 It ' ll I ill tIlt" anin I!

(1\ ) (9)

( Ill)

III t: II. 111:'1 IlR Ie 17

tllC jlo .. scssur of a talisman } a I)jle uflita l .a(' ICr ($;III1 C) f a IHUIiICIiI the 1I(J .. s ('s~or or III01Ki(" uhjct:b ill ,iI(' anioll all unfaithful \, ill- th e (1i ;1I ;t\ Icr IIf:t "ife antl /u r .1 1110 ,

1IIC'II 1 ill the ;trti"n .

Il ,,,'o ldd ill rae! be jloss il,l c 10 CO II IJlClSC :l fol k' l;d c ('OIl lai llillg ,til thcse clC II 1C IIlS. A s P ropp says:

TIlt' Inu it i, atlll"U)' lhall~. Illi II nl I,d," ,')'I, t ill \,lIi, II tllln: 1""llIn , I llt iui c ai,,~," )') IUO(IIIC bridn fil l' 11 11' 111\,·1\-0 ( Ii llh t.lIC')(III ) ' )! Il"n " .. I till '

1'1" ~(' ,\~ lIr o f a lali ~ IH ;I I1, wilh Ihe "id of lid" lal i\ l1lall, I'II11i 311 Ihe IIl1 fa il ldul wif','? Tin", III l' Kj Vl'I1 Ib ., ~ ifi("ti,," is 1101 ;a :o.inl lili, d ,l "i ' ;(' ,. li"" i ll tllr

p/"('l" i ~ , ' .\ l' II \C n ftlll' \\ (In l , II i .. I Hllhill~ 1I11 .:r Illa ll :, (1111\ ("Il l i'"I,11 illd ,'" , II H"

vaili c of whirll is t'x t ll' lIlri) dtihi llU~ , ( 1~lb ll : III

Alld Propp gOl'S O il to mClltio ll : \ ;II'IIt"S JIlII" u/ /-'"/A ,'lul1J(j, recog nisi llg it s IIScfllltH.:ss ;IS illu ex, 11II 1 (I ili ri~ il\ g il ti ll s illliLlr

gro lllHl s,

I II JJJ /Ilo / l' (( In d/oj(j ( 1!}()(i ). Fo u c ault It an's Il l(' I OII~ hi,lury (If tit e Iclaliolls liip h e l wec n bllgll;tgt' and n ';tiil)" alit! s it u" s ho\\ thi,

co nfused "';1)" of thinkin g 1II1d('f\\'f'llt :t ratiiC';d c ltal l~I' a t lit("

Rt'lia is ... :tII l"C.: , t:~iI )e\ ' i ; t1l y ill tht' SC\T lll n' lIl!t U ' /lIIII)', h!tilh 1ll ,IIk

II lOtinll St: il'lHt' poss ib le (hut \\ hidl " a s (111)" \ ' ('1) ~ lo \, I ) 1IIIIIIhTd

by Ihe hut lla ll i li t.'s, wi lh comtan( I d .IJ'!ln}, : It ' 'i I IlI , I" ,I ~ IIII " II )

Bm g('s, or a C hinese fll(" ), llupat'dia I It :l1 K;\" (' '\ Ih,' fll ll ll\\ill,~ (.lIt:,

goti rs 1(lr ; \11 i11l;t! s: (a) Iho"i {' Ih ~1I "t'l tI /I ,~ , I ti ll' 1-:111(1('1111 , ( 11 )

e lllb ;lllll('d (lIU'S, ((') Ihos t' t haI are tJaillcd, ' d ) :o u, ~lillg pi~t:.. \t' )

IIU' l"IlI ;lid s , (I) f:dHllllll s (11ll'S, (g) !' tl .l ), dog " ( h I Ilto\(' , !t ,1I .1Il"

illdudnl ill thi s r b ss ifi(' a li o ll, (i) Ihos r th ilt 11 ('\11 1. 1\' ;\S it lilt'), \' C lt '

ili ad, ti ) illllUtlHTabl l' Wit 'S , ( k. ) tlt u St' tlla \\ 11 hi lll:t \' tl )' fill t, 1;1I11 (" \' ~

hair hru ~ h . tI ) otla'rs, ( Ill ) Ihose 111 .11 it ;I\t' jlJ ~ t l"o~ 1" 1I ,I r1H \\l"I" \,1\(',

( II ) (lIo:-' t ' tkll 1('St' llIilk fl it'S 1'1 111 11 ;\ di :-. t ill lt" ' lit is II I' IIII II ~" i, n lllli c:d t'xaggcr.ttillll, bUI II ", IIIt· IIl.t! t OIl I\l \ilill it : ~t'llIl'li lJ( " \ 1111-

lillu n \ fur ;, loug lilll(', and s till l'x is !. .. , \ '\'(' 11 ill Ii 1«.." ,II y n il il i.\ lIl ;

es pet' ia ll y i ll liler"r r n ili t: islII . For example, and IIHlfe to III )' pllrposc ill lI li , hOlik, l',oJlP 's

complaillt in 1!I '2H is ex al'l l)' th e S;I ; lI t' ;IS tit;" 1II ,1t! C- b y Tn't' lall

T odoro" ill hi s book on t h e fanla s li t: ( 1 ~)7(J b, 11 ;111'\ , 1~ 7~) ) , \ .. lI i, 1I I

sh a ll ex alll;"t ' ill II10 re d l' l:lil ill (" haptn :L 11«..' 1110 gins (' ;lIl i('l li :O l ~ IIf

tilt ' lIlt'S ( 1 ~J7:) : IUO I ): Dor ollt)' SC ;Ullilltltlgll ( IJII,dt' lli ~hllq ... , the

devil ;\1\(1 hi ... allies, s llpn u ;llur ;t\ . lik ); \ 't·I\ /.(,Jdt (,~ltll' I S, 1'11 .11110111\ ,

v: lllIpit t'S, \\,('!"c\\'o i vt: s , witches alld "i lt"iIlI : t1 , ill vi\ il llt- IIl"ill~S, ;llIi

ilia! ~ p c.; nrts); Vax (valllpi rl's, P ;lrl S or lite \tUtll:t1l hllti )" lilt' pa -

III ' l ilt; \(1:t\ 1. A~" lilt: RIIEIURI C

l!lnJuRY or 111(' hllman pcr!'llllalilY, the intnpla )' o r in visihle altd VifOi hk, a li rr:l li oll:'O o r ra ll!';dit y, ~parc al1d tiltH', and fill a ll y rt:· ~ln\illn); C:;lillll i ~ (I he p an wil h the tI('\'il , 11\ (' :lIlg uisil rd sOL d til:\(

r e-qult n a (,<'II'lill anio n 10 fill d pc-:\n', thl" spenll' d oolll ni to all

incolH'1 r ill a nd (,lIl1lrs :o; journe y I = a :o; pCt' il ir ins t ;u KC' of t h e runnerJ . drath I'CT!lio ll ili('" :l ppr:lring amo llR Ihe li vi llg , til(' inddilla blc ill \' i ~ihJc 'thi ng' Ihal hau lll s, \,;u11I>1rrs, the s l at ll c/ fi ~l1rc/s ll i l or :1111101ll / :lUI011I:\10I1 t h a i ", "ddcllly CO II ICS 10 lili: . d \(, phalilOlll wo

l11an sc rilleli\"{:, a lld (kad ly, Ihe rOO fll , hIlLI ~t'. or !'Irc.:el e rased i"nll ll

:'i p :-HT, th r l'(,~S; l titlll or l(' I )(' l ill 011 or 111111" ).

' lll(' <; (' arc- IllHc h 1II00 e lIlud er n n il il'S Ih ;1 1I Ihose ciled b y 1'1'01'1',

rl' t lI, rr rxllillil thl" ~;" m l' 11I(,lIlal /':,bits , )\IaIlY catq~OI i l's overlap, ;lnd IlIn l" i .. a ("o n("w:ioll ill Ie-v ri s 0 1" ;lh,q ra nioll: s 'ljH'rll;llural I ii i.: illdudn ' IllUdCIII gilo,, !. .. · :\lHI lile- d evi l ;llld his allit 's (S(';lrllol"llll,l; h );

a \ ';\llIpi, C C III he ;l ghm t (o r a "halltolll , wh al n"("r Ih e di lli.: rclilT is

"\l pf1I1~("( 1 10 1,<'), a wrl"('\\"(111" is al it-asl h a lf :111 ;lllilila l s p ec l rt',

ill Vi"illl<- hrillK" ("all i ' h lud r ghosls and "lIanlolll" ( Pt'le/,o ldt); pans o f dl(' hlllll :l ll hotly ra il inrlud c blood, i ,l' , \,:lI11pirC"S (Vax). jllst as

ti ll' p han tolll WII.Il:\1I s('( lu("li \'c a ud tlcadly C II I 1)(" a v:t III pi Il:

« :;li ll llis, w h o<;1" li s t is perh:tps the III OS I l'lIIpiri ca l :111(\ IIl1sys l e~

lIIatil.' ), "lid i ll V:-IX there- i~, :u "l"o<loro\' Foill!." IHI I, ;\ curious shirt fro lll i'lIa!\C'!I: to tlu' ;r C"a ll !'('~ ill the hlltllall p cr,I;ollalil y, A nd o f course

all s ll c h l isl.~ arc opC'n-ended, liIal is, (Jilt' cUlIld add .lIore llIolifs ;IS

0 11 1" fill d .. Ih l"lIl. '\ 11 c tllpi r i(" a l li s l of spl'ci[;(" I"t'atlll'l" s c.,lI ll nt b e.:

~1I [Ji( it'l lIl y :lh .. tr:l("f 10 C"t)\'('r :111 Ih c' pu .. "jiJi litil"s (t:;,dl possihilil)'

Ilr ing Ih (,11 p(("lI p iilird h y slH'<"ific cxalll p lt-~), II d oc's 11 0 1 ("tllls tnH' t a

th rnr y, "l"o<lorll\' hilllself, ill hi ,~ ("11;11'11'1" nIL Iht:tIH:S of Iht" blliaslic,

di\'id(" .. tllt't li IIIUC" IIUIIe.: silllpl y illin t\\" o gHlllpS : tlll"IIII'S o r the.: s(" lf

tt}'':",'1 ri ll 'jr') ;llld Ihelll e's of the Clt h (' , ( /h/mr,1 till 'I II' ) , e:H:h thell

lill kl"Ci annlll,r:.irnl(r wilh p ')Thtl: lIl<llysis; tl u' Ihl"lll("s til' l il t: st"if wil h

I'"ychosis, I" r 1"/"III t'S o f the olill"l" wi th 1II'ILIOs is, This Ill ay 1/01 be

p" yt'ho:lIl:lI)"lil"all)" va lid, indeed sO.lIe wou ld say Ih ;\l this linking is

IIl1l e ll tpo :11 hitr:I !")" Bill il is (1 111 )' s lt ggn ln l b\("r, :," :I II :l1I ;d"g),

frolll :111 01111."1" dist i plin c. aJia the IwCl gfOIlP!' II :,,',' ht'C' 1I " lI at ),s l"( l

liOlIl ;1 liter aty pllint o f vi ew, AIHI III )' poilll !r IT(, is that th('

~ I OlIl'ill}{ r x h ausl" 111(' II U',"c'liral pos"ihili li t'S: lillgllis l il"illI), !H'C:ltISI'

i /yoll :ll"(, ttlf' (lil ly IWo P!"O Il OIlIlS ra ll ghl lip ill all illlnpnsollal

1t"!:lIiomili p ( th(' thi td 1"'1"'011 brillg tht: topic ofdi srollrs(', sn: II. 'l :q ; alld 1 1~ych ll:III ;IIYli r: dl y IIre: II IS(' psyc hic di s lllrh:tIllTs belo llg e ilh n

III p .. ~d'/1 .. i~ 01" til IIt ' lIl0~ is , I ~ " ;dl he dis(, t1~\ill~ tllc ' IlIo!"e (()I' lilal ( i ,e.

1II1Il ,t!tnll:lI ic) 1':111 IIf T odoro\' 's tl H"lIfy ill dlapllT :t

1111. KIIt,IUKIt: I ~

3 , A brief account of a .. o de nl theory and cl' iti c is lH

Noll ilrall), I call1lol here give;. d e.: la ilcd I, islor}' , tIl' 1I1 1lldl" ('\'("/")1111(',

h ili will silll pl y g i \' t" aLI oll tlilH ', 1"II111"1"nl l :ll illg 1111 tI. me I I i t il )\ \\ 11 11"' (" lei illS and l"UIII 'C' p tS I ", hall lH' mil1g

3,1 , 'Ilu /{wHinll F UlIIlIIllIl, and /Iull utj"UI/(f

The fil s t 1110111'1"11 lill"l"; t!"y Ihl"/II iSIS \\"(" It~ Ih e RII ,,,i,11I FHllIl.di' I " , ~

·l'Il ry \\Inc all slill 1'llIpirie al elloll!~ h {i ll th t" glllid ~ ( ' II :-o('J tl) \\111 ~ clflsd)' \\'illl literar), t l'xlS and 1101 j"~ 1 1(1 Ihe llli ", (' , 11 \"iI !, (:I "d 41\~k l ( 1 ~ JI~J J I;n illS t ;U I("C \vhll l irs l l'x IHH, "dnl tiL!' 110\\ 1.\111111 ,11 11 11(11 )/1

(;tln.:;ul)" liHllld 1"111111 ),u ll ic;dl y ill j\;11\ ;di , .. ,11111 lll lil"l 5) til di'l.tJlt iug

(OJ /ltll/('llir ) III" o lrallgc lIll'lIl h O ' ll 1111' I.ltll ili:lt, . 11I , d )!lilL,~ ,ttl ,' x

;lIl1plc from '1'111,, 10)". w hll <Inc I ibl'S.1 tlll ';lIlt' a:. il il \\t"I call IIl1kllO\\ II

ohjec t. Th is di s lallcing, III wl.il" I ,"I all .dn \\i l h Iq.::llti III !it 11"111 C

fi ctioll (c hapter 'I ) , is a 11I ;lill !It. t1I ' lti l I' ill t i lt, cigh tt"t"lIlh , t l'II IIII Y

10 11/(11/ /dll'lo Ill/,llI fj ll(, (otl r LUll ili:!r WII.h l \" i"\\'l'" hy n l ltt"!" III,tll ,l..!" '" III

(,'/II/WO' ) "J /(wth, II I It ll 't'igll vi\illll:-O as ill 1\ 1" II II' '' llIi("o , \ ·" ll.tlll' , (;(Jid Slllilh ),

' \ Ilot lt c!" kC)' ~ ("""r t"J)( i~ Ihe dilh-tt'llt (' I h t" RtI "",1I1 FIJlIt I,d l", IS

establi shed bel wee n Ihc jabu/ll ( tlu' \) ;I)\ il 51", )" ) ;1 •• <1 JlIC ~/"':rI ( II' Irca t lllclll, or~:\ lI isa t io ll or (/,I!,('/I((,III(III , till 11t1~1 1 1II, II I1Plll .lt in n~ til

lilll C, viewpoilll, t ypt:s o l"disellllise (' tl". J, E:\'11"j1l ill ' 1I lIJlIt.: "tin, \\1"

ra lel ), gel tht.: s :or )' ' ~ lra i ,l( h l', hil I h :l\c 10 r('l"\oI,q, III ( il dlll l l1 ,~ h 1111'

discou rse , This disli lH.:liU Ii has bcell III/Ill' !I ' U ' IIt1 ) (' xpltllli"t i .wd

iln:tI }"st: c1 iJy C el/ elll: (I ~J7'l ) , IIl/eln Ihe ~ :llq.~IJlln 111 1IIII, /I/(' l d/1 (v UII

(SC(: JlP , :i:) U, . llI d (" II:,! >I I'I 11.. beluw 1; 11 ,klail " The 0 111 )' 11 1i1!'!" hlllll :li is t com'c' pi I ", 11,tl l ol l."illll,dl) "'I' I :. Ih.11

uf j;lI/clilJ1/, a tC1"1I1 ill\'(' lI lc<l lo r 1I ;1" .. li\(, II)' 1'11 )1'1' \ I~J:..'H J 1'1"111' "

IlH: lhuti W:IS lilS I 10 dctCrl lli lle tI", (OIl "' (. IIII S alld tl u' \ ,1I1.lblt-)\, ,111.1

secondl y lu [illd Ih e Illillill l;ti IIn it .I IIII1I1~ tlw t l'Ii \I. III I\ U" , I "', itt li llg uistics, the pll() II CIJI C is the 10i";III:d. i,e. di' lilll"liq:, II l1 il ;11 Ih('

Sll llll d level, till" 1II01l'he ili c is till' I llillil ll ,d 111111 .11 tilt" k\"('1 Id

si glli fi('" ncd,

I II I It I' Il)lk-Iak, Ihe v;\li:d,ln :11 ": , h t.: ~ Itar :tt In:- , I It t.: (tJl"t.lllt~ ,11( '

Ill ci r anioll s til" .Iilll(/IUIII, Thlls ;\ kin g , ; \ 1.,liI("I, .111 "Id 111 ,111, , \~ sun:l'lt.:f, Illay pCl lill' II1 lilt: idelllil:1I ;11 lilllt 01 gl\llIg Itl tilt" h("lll .111

cag le, a Iltl;II," III ; I ,~it" lillg . \\'hilll ill 1/11 11 1)("1 11'1111 till' id(,lI l i~,d

"l.:liOlI of tl ;UI ~ 11(1I1ill~ Ihc hl:llI t:hodlf"lL l it" 111111111111 \ !) /'(' II I

a u io ll ) is Iht:rdillt.: Ihe lIIi nilll al lIli it III lIt.: :1I 1,t!) ,'I'd , 111 1111': Russi:w Itl lk,(;t!t.:s IIc eX<t lllill t:d, P 'Il!,1' lillllul tilill )"-\IIII:

'21J J IIr. Kt: ,\t. A;-'/I) Tilt: RIIEI"{)R,IC

rllllCliollS, :ll",ay~ in the ~:lIllC order ir IInl ;d \\'ay~ all prescll t, alld

cClI;, i n .&.:IOIIP'" ;d\\';\)'.\ go toRrlhn: t·.~ . i,!jllTlf tiuTI {liot to go illto the

!( lICo;;( Ii ., ill"I;III((' ) is ill('\';!;11I1)' li lilowcd lIy 11(1I11.~I(J.I;(l1/ (ot herwise

tl!!'\I' i .. 110 ~I"l y). wh i l Ii 11-:\(10., Iltro\J .~h tht' givill14 away til' infor ·

In :u ioll ( i,,'nrn,I;nttnn/II!/iJllllolionj and the: bllill.~ i1l\0 a IraI' Viall"/ r {J ml'li(i~r l. 10 111,. villain's TIIiHlnd, whic h in st itutes ;t [aeA ( harv('st

sto!cn, p,il1 c(, .~ .. kidll;\ppnl, (,IC), :ll whic h point lilt' It':ll Sl t.l!"y ca ll

stan; m((lin/i(Jn ( lll i<;dn-d made knowl1 and hl:lp c;dlt-d fo r ), hero's

n(ff/J t(1f1ff, rI'f!rll/lllf, ((\1 by dOll or, hno\ 1f'{I(f/li1/ (.~unT .... sli d thi .~ li llie),

,(((il'l I~l mn.e/(f// 01l\1"1II}', (tam/'(lll II) plan' " I' (l 1 ~in' l sOllght, j lll1g~/,. ,

m(1t~;TI"C: IIf IH"It), 1'/((II1.\" , ,rlllII', IIII/ I/lil. If.lflil', (/I/i,,(// ill(II.I!,lIifo,/(//.I( 111'11/5

rlllilll, I f ll)" lI ,h,IU>rt, trl o"e/llIIOIl '!I IIno, "II/II11/r or \"l ll;lill , 11II1/~/i"~lItllfil/ l/

of hern ( ILI'\\" clothn, or tltnnlgh lite t ask hl: huilds a II!.tgic p;tbn:. or i\ " \111111 "(', (' 11' ") , 1',/II;,1I1IIntl or \ "i ll:. ill, [('rddlll"1!. (or olil('r r('ward )"

Tlti .. " ";IS :t 11(' llU'IHlflll" S I('P lill\\";u<! ill Ihc all;l1ysis or "" sic

:,,11\1l"ttlll', ;tlllt ll\lK h 1'1 111'1' i .. ~ I ill pa rtly ('mpirical : h is work is b;\wd

Oil Olle I" ludled }tlls"i an rolk -I .... lt-s, and tlt e dc I .... il s insid e hi s (;lle

Koril's I!;t lll rally Orlf'11 apply otT ly to these" ~ll)reu \'{'f h e .... dds ;1 Li s t

ftlll c lion (":1111"11 Y, for anytlting a s )TI IlnkllowlI, 1101 f i llill~ illio his ~ysl {'ll\. W \I)I h rl'lllilld .. II " a Ii til e o f Borgn's (((r/no ralq~ol }' " Nor do

his IhiIIY-lIllI' rllll c tions li""1Il a \"CI )" ' "~t"it'lIldi~"'. i "t.:" S)" IlIIIH'llit":d alit!

sysII'llI;\lic, 1T1(111t-1. Ilowc \"('r il rrpr('""c IlI S, long 1H'l ilft.: JlllJdl'rll

!.1\ "~lIiqi("", a p l ilnili\"c "~ell("ra!i\'c llIude l, ill t il t.: St'IIS(" that gi\,l'1I IlTi "~

"~~\!'1Il 01" ~illlpl(' ' "~ I:lIIITI1;l,I"' . it call ~rll('ral(' all tlte typt'S or folkt;t!c

that ""C' I"(,~C 1"IIII I" Iioll ", as ;\ "~r;lIll1l1;tr, It OI\,(,\"("I" simple, Clll

~('rH'I:llc' :llIlh(' I y pe" C1r " ("I1I{"l1(,~ IlIud('lIed 1111 lil t.: phrasc.slructure

11I1e .. gi lI' ll III Ih ;1\ "~I;t llll l1ar. 1.'01 iIlSi: III I"t', II OU II plll;l s l, ' " \"t"r h

plll:t~1' :II 1I; I " i(" ~ ""l"I"II', N P IhclI 1"(,\\"lill'"11 as ( ..... ) , lill" in slan t.T, (dl'lC' J"lIIilln ) I ( adjrt"li\"(") I 1101 111 ; .... 1It.! VP - .vnh /-11 111111 phrtl sc.

"II I;". with Ih (" 111 ;\t'hlnl 1('1"111:" " .. oplioll ;.! , will ~ ("Ilc-ra lt: qu itt.: a few

t)"PI'~ 01 ~t'l1tC'I1CT", frlllll ]ohll mlJ dunr III I lu brfllllilili "~it! jail' Cl

Irnnrfwlflr trfrJn, hilt it \\" illlllll ~(, Il ('r:lt("" tlrr brnulUid "~ itll( ' rtll to 1"( b(nc".

h(, (";'II "(, IHI lolr \I;t" 11("'" 11 i lllllldll("('<1 10 ~ar that a IJlt'l'usitiona l

1'111 ; l~(" {";11l 1(11111,," till" \"(,I"h ill Ilir vcd) 11ill asc" So Iht' p hra s t'

~I '" nllr(' rllks III\I ~ I Ill' lII od ilicd , alld a Il\/Jrc nllllpkx g r;IIllIII:tr

{"(lII"'1 lit Inl. ,\ gl'llt"l ;\Ii \ "<.' graTllll1;lr "lrou ld "~('IH"rat(' all IIT t.: gLITII-

111.lIi~ al (;It"t cl' l;dlk ) "I'nlt' lI n'~ of" a Ia ll gU: lg t.: all d 111 111 (' of Ihe

1I11'~' ;1 " I II1;l, t i (":d ( 11 n :\1"1" 1" p I a 1 de) dn"c"lllpnl thi" ~'" ' I$'I,lti\"!' :\ " P(,("I

Sf' IIII"lIn's" P rn l'p 's lale1" "'01 k

o r hi " Ii It''!r }' , hili ill ; l il islo\ il"al

'('11"1' lOlli' 1)"1'1' orstl ll CllllT ('vokillg ilLl(l olhns )"

1"111'1' \ ""yql' l11 \\:IS bier nili(: iscd Il y Iii " FI(,lIch S lllIrtura1i s l ~.

II ld ;dd y Bll'liLon d ( 1 ~Hi l, I~j{ili), for li S lill:tl islir posl ula te or

1 1

IlIc c halli t:al cilUsalit )' which IIl:lkc:s il illll l(l~"i ll!t- 10 opetl all ,dIn

Ilali ve (t: "g" Ih e possihility I1 l"b ilillg), "ltl"l"lIa l i\"t.,~ dll (" "'(i,,1 ill Illtlpp '!>

c()rplL~ hIlt ha"\'c (111)" ;\ dda)"ill!-: I"oit-, Stl Ihal h e :\s\ i l1 lil:lll:\ Ih<"lll to

tbt' tripli c ltioll pIICIIOIII('T1011 ( lhnT hei lln, 11111) lilLI ' III" wlltflll

~1I("c 'Tds. lJr Ihree las ks , CIC")" Another of BICITh . lld 's I ('PI,I,I\ 11I~ s IS

Ihe lack or freedo lll wilhin ~r(Jllp s of fLlIll: lium: it :\I\$ 11" 1.i\ 1:'-J (/!tUI!)'j go log t: lhcr, Ihe lllillilll ;d IIl1il is 11 0 lolt gn III(' !tll li lilll1 hut

th e St."qlll'IKC of anioll s" Brt"1I111l1d dnTlops Iti , 11\\"1\ 1t1L1I1t IlItlre

:thSlr:t1"1 thcor), ( I!Jl ifi, I ~ J 7:J) hased till :lIIlI'liOl:llillll .11111 \\II'M"lting

of a " itll .... l itlll (and ;111 ti lt' ir \';11 jalll s alld illl(,11111 killg IH "\ il ,,htit"\ )

IlIIt w ill)(1I11 ctJn(,hor:llil1g lex IS . aud il l III }' \i ("\\ Il"Ilt.lillill "t..: .It 'Iii II a !t-\"d Ofg(:ll("l" ;tii sillioll iltal il.\ \ "("')" IIl1 i \ n :-.;dily lilllil, ii , 11"ll i, 11 1.11

\l S(" to litl' (l1l\"iOIl S ; a Illflll Id" I cd Ul"lllllli.r1l Ilt:11 h.L s Inl 1'1111"

strllC!lI r :lli s lII 10 ;111 illlll(l\U" l;reilll iis ( I~Jhti : J].\ :2(13) l)!ill i' llL d~

rcduCt:s Propp's Ihirly -ollC IUILCli' IIiS III 111111 ("In ,! !!,", : '111111 ." "11

an c plaIlU:, COll rr()lllal i ()lI /s u("n"s"~, III (' "\ ("IIl "('j. ti )\(,IH (' cd hefll , \ 1III1 II L1 L

Ili c alioll (pnsilivc/J1t"g:t li vl', I' "g" 1111' 11 )"\" (d" i IlI"OI IlI,lIil1l1, It ("I 11)'"

vigou r alld objec l a l tiL(' heginlling o r a I.dt' tllIlIlIgll iJ1I("TIII~ .llillll,

fraud and llIi Mkc:d, ;lfC 1(1110\\"('( 1 d\lrill "~ liLt' slory 11)" \1"-;I('1l1i,iliUITj "

Lain (1:171): :l" I~1 I)~) Ill' priltilllo his l al1 l'I1IS ':\\ 1:IIIIi ;d' IlLlldd, I hl'

aClall1 IH· illg Ihe ;Lhslra \"1 rule , sucb as ;Iddlt' ,,"\ !"f ~ I" " ~ . Ilf tt l ll"'l, I , t'\..,

1l1t"Ssagt'), ami i.H ldrcssn: ( Ihe hno ), lilt" 11111'11'" .Il t :tnd lit!' :ldj l "\ ;1111

(helper ); t h t.: actor b ei ll~ liLt' s pt' t"i li c "" IJ I: IIIII~" im'~"\ IIII ('IL I l J..ill~,

wood c uttn's SUII, I:IC) , Ili s t1l n.:e- Jt- \"(", /L ;ulilti\"(" '~ ,.II1III\ ,lr· 1 1~ l i (j :

I J~) In ), which Ihough 111 I" ill ri pk gl"lt~"1 ,ll i\"(" ,1111 1 ,ul,,"it-I. tI , ly

lIIo rc sophis t ir;llcd Ih:tll l 'rupl" s, is 110 1 ( ;tIl Y IILIlI (' tll,lI\ 1IIII pp's, w h ich did 1101 ("b illL t tl Ill') a g l allllll,11" III ;1 11)" ,II", 1'11(('11 1I1 11(1("1IL

sense SI IH"t: IlO exp licit 1"1I!t-S arc ~i\"("11 10 I',I !>S iT 'lIl\ IIILt· In c! hI

il l LI It Il er. R

TIT(' }t\l s~ ial1 Fill II1 ;di s t.~ WCI(' IlIlIg IIllkllOWII II th l' \\ ' 1"\ 1 , 11111 Ih(' il

work was lall :1" cUlL l inucd by tltt: PI "gll(' Scholll III S II \II I III ,dl\{\, III

\\"hit."11 RIIIII;IIl.Jakll" "~ III L ;11111.1:111 l\lnkai" o'l." ~ k y art' I'nl1 :'II " d Ie III' ",{

klluwJI t..'X pllll t.: 11 IS, as wrll as R e 1lt' \Vdlck \\ Ito , 110\\1" "1"1 , Liln TlLtlvn l aW;I)" fllllli pU rt· "qIU("IIII ;tii sill hi gt"l LCl,d htl"I,n ) 111('1,1) "

Tl tt"i r idea s rt"arlll"d 1I1l: \Vl'~I. p:11 tl )' titllJl] g h Iht' ," ",ill" \!1" J aJ..ldl~II1L ,

\Vdlck ;IIIc! ot ILl.: rs, p;nll)' vi:1 1\IIH",il";'" alld SI,IIHlill:l\i:1l1 "IHI"·

tllrallillglli s tirs whic h had ;1I1\,;\lI(T\I ilLdt"]lt'lIdclltly,)1I Iht" \\Hlk IIr III(" FIl"ll ch Slllli"ll1Jali\I ,, " I II }tIIS\ ;a , ;dll'l Iht' Ft"" "tli'I~" "1111'" WI"\.. ("(1l1l illll l"ll 11 1111(" 1JI less "" lrt("lllilillw, l y \: \1111 \\"L)" tI"!nl " IIII ~ J , jlll ill t..:

Ihe Ihil tin, 110lailly \\"illl B.lklnill allti \ 'o lll"\ h ill ll\" \ "\(T 1.111"1 J" i\ll':lU\\"hi\t- s ln\ rtl1 ra]i "~ 1 lillgui sti c \ Itad ~i\TII \V'I)' 10 gr l ll"I.lli\"!'

1llOdcls «: lullllsky 1~1~) 7) , lit\' ]lfilll"ipll''' III \\hilh ill IIIIIL iltlllll"luni

Til f , R 1::\ I. AN D 'III E R il E I (lIt 1(:

FrC'l1 c h :'IIld ullin S lrll c tu r:l li s (s (c.g. Toliorov 1970e, 19 75,

Z UlIllhor 1~17 I, 1 ~17Ll. Thrs(' lillglli"l ic m o d els Ihc lJlsr k es SOOIl h :ld

I n i ll c"(l lp.fr;ll c 11 ; 11I ~ I()rllI:lliol1;d rnic s ;IIHI IWI·al llc know II ;'IS Ir ;\lls

lilll1l ;llillll:t1 ~r;)III II1 : 1l (C h(lllt ~ k y 1 ~1:)7 rI "(I.) , Th e PlIrt' Jy gr:l lll -

1Il ;'l lical , ;'I h slra t" 1 :lilt! 1I1I ; \ 'CIS, l1 is l a s"u tllpli llllS o r (:IHlIllsky wnc

birr ("h ;dlcll ,~(' d (o r r ;"bfT widelled) !I v ,~l"lH'r; lti vc se lllaut iC'>,

p sydwlillgui s til".'" and Slit ioiillglli s li cs , w hi le SIJ"lI l' tllr ;t\i s1l1 it se lf" dev("I41p(' <I illto S('I liioli r .. , wit h ,,, u("h ;'I proi"t1sioll o r m t/d eb, bascd

SfJ llI(' lilll(,S 011 lin g u is ti c,,". "oll le lill l("." 1111 t y pes o j" logic or o lher

disc ipiil1 (,<;, til :lt it \'"IHdd h e Ll qi tii ol lS, allti r() ldil.~ illg f"or t h c IIc

g llll H·f" , 10 go ill t o rl lllh n d el: lil here, r-. l c:lllw iti lc a14;l ill. t he pllrel),

litrr:u y IIIII \"(,III(,lIls n r II\(' 11('\" crili("ism had cl C\TloJlcd ill En g land

:l ilt! 1\111('1 it" :l hCI\\"("f'1l I h t" t well l ics :llltl lilr l it"s, w ilh th e ITanio li

:lg ;li,, <;( it hy II", (:hic :lgll St"lllH tI o r rll('l or ic, ("( Hlllln -reacliolls ;Illd

Icl i llrr llrrrt<:. , ' l ' l,c ~il\r" li (1 1i lod;\y is thus c:'( ln' lI wly cO II II,lex ,

3,:1, .. t" (lI/'lI/fil 10 rlmib' [It" l;fllllllOlI

II llIa y l ie' lI<; crlll he rc 10 n'l' :lfl ROIll :II \ J ;l kohstl ll 'S di;lgra lll tl f" , ' fJlI lI lIlIllicl lio ll ( I ~I( ; (I ), /\ 11 (Oll llllllllicalilllt , h e t('lls li S, it;I S s ix

("<;"(' lIl i;1I ;)~I'e'CIS: th e addres<;n, the :lddl('s,,"cr, t he 11Iessay,e, :l l"O llt t'xt

(Ilr \\ h: t l Iht, IlIn<;;)!-!,e (rf{-r,,, tn), a physic al Cflllian ( p;IrChl\\t' III ,

~lf1 I1 (' , p:q:!"r. <;() ulld ,w;I\'('s, ;lod of f our.<:c d ie <; j ,g o ,<; used, ill tlic ir

plll1lI(.: l ic IIr gr~p h i(" 1"01"11 1). :llld a ("odl' , Ali SYS It"III S Ifr Ctlll lllllllll

(";lt ioll, illduliillg bllgll;lgC, ("onsist of" six rlirH' t iorlS (I'J w !r ich Uf r

(<"'p"lld 10 t1I CS C six :l"l'cns,

( :(}NTEXT

1"."."('" I) 1\ I JllH ~:SSUt .. ,..1E:-;SM;I,:---- .. AIJI)ItESSEE

( \1,h lnl " '(" t) (1)(>(' 1'" I) (I ,,"al i,"!" I)

I ( :()N r A( :T

(l'h;\llt I )

' I It I'. I< II ~. I (lll II:

Thlls , ill \;\IlglI ;lg l', lit e sul,jn: t in' hllillioll illiituin tlt ~ 11 1., 1-

perso ll prollouns , llI od;, ls ('x pH,:!-.s illg doull!, (TI tailll)" I (' elill~ ( II/(~ Y,

III/III, Ird, ("I", I II(" pn!iJlII1;l1i\" 1" ( c ,g , I pr(,," i ~t') .1 11 .1 ullin dlu, " ' litlu;n'y s l H't"l"h ;ll" ls ( AII.<;l ill I !H>'2 ), ;flul ("1'I1 .l ill ' !-o h i ll n~', Ih ,ll is,

('c n ;l ill ad vt"lbia ls a lld ICII S("s I ltal t 11 ,\fl g!' w lll" lI ,)IlC jl , l " t'~ II ti ll I

O IlC 'S O W II prO(' 1I1 iIlSI;IIIt"l: or di s l ' lJlllSC ttl 1I " ItJl il" t1, illljlC"l :\IJl I,d

lI ar r ;ni \'c (c ,g, IlJd(~ r , I"I[ wuA, 111".\ 1 .Ifill, hn', 1II 111/' I ()IIII/, 1.1111, t' l e.

bcco lllC" Ihlll til!)" I lrt / 1It"l'IIIlO /11((1.., fl, rt/II IIl(n, IIr"t, /II thllt /01U1/ , h .. It '/II ,

c..:..\ c.); illd eed Ihl' hi s ttni;1 1I c annot li se ' I ' III' IIIf' pl nt' 1I1 I(' n "" \\i llllllil

passi ll g illto h is PICSt"l l1 illSl;IIICC tJ rdi :\I"III1 ( S~ ( lkll\"I"lIiq" 1 ~lhh ) , ' 1"I f(' nJila ti v(' I"lIl1nio ll illi"lllcl l's the SC("IJllri-PI' ISOIl 111 111101111'>, I/II.d ,l b , tht"

ill ll)I'I":lli\'c, lilt: VIlCll i \'(', lil1l1IS tff";ltld l t' ~~, :11It! 111l' ~ .III1 t' :- ll i lll"l " I .. !"act Ih is ' {you I ('i;r lioll IS whal is II tlW fa!lnl ' il\lt'1l' r l.~ l lll.d 1t",IIIIII'S',

I/yo u h ci ng III CXl l iclh l)" ill vll k n l wil h OIlt' ;\l lill lit" 1 ( III(" I hnllilli lig

)"/111 \v h t' ll Il lis .rOil sp c; , ks 10 hi s I ) ill :t l'("I s lIlI,1I I d' ll illll ,~ h i Jf \\ hi! It

('xt" h H\cs Ih (" Ih i l t! I't-r.~1J1I ( lw i" lw jil / ilwy ), \\hit II III,') 11 111 n("ll III '

prCS i"l ll, IJllt;r 1I11 ' \t ' lop i( ordisl"fll l/ ~ I · , ;aud ill Ih i" "1"11"1" a 1I1111 · iH"I ~lI n

( lkll v t" lI is lc.: I~HJ(i~ (" 1. , II'II· I S IH 1 ~ 1 ). Tit!' Idl"Jl"Illi;d 111111 lillll 1I 11 1t1 d n

thc Iliil(l Ilt: rsoll I'rtI IlUII II S, ;11111 ;111 tlt-d,1I ;11 i \"(" SI' III I"II ' I".' , ' I he ph.l l l \

1"IIII I"I iuII 11It"lIHIt-S ;tli Ih e Ihillg ,~ \\e S; t y ~illlp l ) 10 p ' jldol(" ti ll:

t:olttan ( (' , g , 1t,I/o Oil Iii :' Icit-phllllt' , ;IIHI 11\1' III,III~ I'0lilt' 11\ Ilil' lIdl y

(·xc.: h a llgcs s\Jch as 1/ll"'~I' rI(~1" ('Ie ), TI. l" 11$'I; l lill~lIi'lil· Jill\( I HIII ill '

r ludes ; lIl y lhill ,~ \\"e S;IY \\"1.1' 11 we \: ,1' \\IIHh ,tllI'lIl \\llId" ;" IHI

iml ;llI cc ill niticis lI] , or ill lillgu istio, hili ,d~1f d ; lIl~ \\"h l' lI \\(" 1·.'1'1. 1111 i ll 0 11 11"1" 1,'IIilS or qll n )' wba t It;!" h("1'I1 111(";1111 . :\11( 1, 1. ,,1 Ifill li lt!

leas t , thc p oclic IlIlICl ioll il lt.:IIH ln C\"t"r}' lhill g Ih ,1I dC; I I\ ,' ,11I1 '''li .. " tl)

the fi ll 'llI or Ih c IlI t'~":Jgt' il~clr, SIP II ;\S " 'lfld ' pb y . . dlil l'l : ' 11 11 11 ,

rh y n lc, dlrt/lI l1 , ITl'l· t ili(J lt , li gl ll (,S Ilt" ,$" 11 1."" "c, , I:' ill p Dt' II }' , hili

., Iso i ll u rd illar y spccc h a nd ill s llll-::111s (J.lkubsOll 's cx .lIll plc I ~ li le

c1l'Clio ll s lugan Ili!"t /1..(, ), This is Ol"tl"ll 1] 0\\' Lalkd th e 1'/('111111" "f till': I IICS.'i a~C ,

The poclic j"UIIClioll kid ;dlt' ;Id )' 1" '("11 delillCt! 1111 11 1" p't', · i ,~ I'I)" i .. jako \)soll's f; \I\l ll Il S di visio ll Ifl't\\"cclI til e ~)"III; I ,~ 1I 1;tliL alld tli e 1'.11 .1-

diglll"ti c a xes or Iallgll;IgC ( 1~J ~lli), 1 .. ll1gllagc I" ~ 11 111"11I1( , .1 "jllll"l 0 11 (o",b,llllli",t oj" dC Il]( ' II1 S ill jlfl'sc ll n ; (seque llcc "I SU UI H\<; , III' \\Il l d s, "r

'S(:II I I" II( "("S), 11i;\1 is Itl ~:Jy. ("u lil ig llil )" {l Ilt" ')' IIt:J ,L:III,ll il ,1.'11'): HI HII

the ,I,.{rrlillll or d\"l II I' ill S t"I0 1t1 tilt" .sy~ I"1I 1 ( ~t: k ltit1 11 Ifl :\lIu wh, \\l lId "

se nl c llces), tit", is Itl sa y, sll h~ l illll illll ( liIl" p;IJ,ulig lll,lt ic :I",i q , Th i~

tlieurr is tbe rt"Sull o r I ~S C"II II 11 11 1)'1"'" 01 ;'Idl:l"i,I, " hi , Ii 1.11 1 11f1' 1

two 111 :1ill groups: ;Ipl!;\"irs \\" ith pa', td ig 'll ;lli c di,' l lItll,lIhl" wi ll ~ ll c", ,'

only th c link " 'Im ls, o r ;' SStll:i;,I C (11 1)' by n'" t i~ lI il)" (lUtllp \\l nd d ~i\"c

: I .1 . , • I

!

2·1 [III. KI: AI. ,,:-;[) litE K JlEI (Ji(IC

Inbl( or aili,,!! ). whilc- :'pha"ics wi lli s y l\ l :l.~llIat i .: dislUrb;\Ul'C willlo:ic liI(' lillk w(l'rd c; ;111( 1 ,,!"II/huT ;\ sort or Idq.~r:l.phc~ l·, ;\1\(\ a ~slll: iatc IIIII\' 11\' snil 'il itllli,ltl l /lll1l1' ",wild gi\'e' 11 111/1 1/ ) . TI lC'sr t w o axes ;lI e

tlla;lik ~ l . a l till" 1IIt'IIIl it ' ;11 le v t'! , ill IIWItIIl )' III Y Ht "Y II('I 'dnl"lll' (1'011.

lig,ui IY. i .I' , p :III 1 ~ lr \\hnk, 1II:t1 t' li :t\ lelf o lder! (' IL) ;111(\ 1I1C.: t :lphnr

(s lIhqillil iu li j. N,\tl ll :l ll y bllth ;1.Xf'S ;lI e always IlIt'SClIt , slu ce it is

illll'0,c; ihk to suilqilllLC" w ilh ll ilt ;\ cOlll cx t ot' cOlltiguity (e .g. tallll! (";l IlIl O\ 1l lf';U l m (l (l7/ w ithollt :"1I1l\ C SOI l Of .C;Y ll t; \ X ) , \\' hilt: 1' \ ' ('11 the Illos t

sY ll t :\.I.! l1lati t fOI IlI e; wi ll ("o nta in al k;l'.;; t II .. :HI tllI· ' ;tph llr.-; ;llId suh · c;lillllilll'<; IIr \ :III;1.lioll. ('xP:l.IlSiO Ii . "It ', ThClt' j.: ;,] "n:1 \ ' t: r 1' c lose link

111'1 \\" " ' 11 Ihi" 1 ; 1I~lliq i l" Ih"IIl )' ;111<1 Ihl' hl1glL;I~\" or tl1 (> UIIl Hll scioll S

: I ~ !"O!!lIul:!lnl !I\' hl'lul . dn"; I It IS :111d 1: 1111 ;\,; 111.11;1' di o;nlll l <;1" r lllll"l;OIl

III~ ,";1111' 1 II \' (i ; " I'\;t (T IIII '11 1 ( m e ton y m y) (II' l ly s ubq ilUl iWI ( l1I('t

:lpll"l. Ifl till" 1':11111111" Ftnld ;;111 ('SYIIl IHd ,,') , TILI ~ tl leol Y 1i:1<; had "111 1111 11111" 1"III1I'I H("' :111\11 skill H"IIIIII t il It illl'haptl'J 1:' , 1,,1{ hn e' I !lilly \\ .llI t III Icc dl "I:lkllh<; lIl1 's dclillil ioll Ilf the p o Ct ;l" fUllclion a s

pl!l,in Illig 1111" )ltillcipk or ("q\li"alcll(' (" flllll! Ihe p :II';ldiglllalic a x i ~ till t il till" sY lllaglll:II;C :IX;" "

.I;Jkllh ~ "Il· O: "i x -fIlIl Clioll IIlOfIt-I h a s 111'1'11 n i lil io:rd, lIolahl y by Il;dl icl :IY ( 1~' 7 0, 1 ~ 1 7 : ~) \\·110 proposes tlll tT IUlln iolls olll y, ~ l lIlc illlIIlITI:lllt IlIr IIH'. he i""; ,, t" t h:\{ hi s tiltCC i'tlll c ti ll llS :IIT s illllll -

1:111"011 " " 0111'1;111\,(,. \\· h nl' ; I .~ .J:tknh"IIII, :dlli ll llgh hi " Ihnny :dh ,\\'s

Ii 11' Silllllil:lIl1'il\' alld .dl!J(lu gh h r s p'Ti li c al1 y l'wltTd!' s a ll O\Tr\ : '1 ) , ill

nitil":d pr:lni l ~' Irg ;!I'd<; IhcllI :I!> :dlc" flal in' o; , III ;11'111'111, o ll l y til('

p llt" ti t' 1'11111 ti ll ll i<; npcr: lli \'{" , alld If wi j " \\ !tal II(' ;111 :d ysn (scc :d su

F o\\' lt'l I ~ J 7~ 1 ). ,\ II 'X I i ~ ('illlt'f I'ol' lil' II I' II'I\-It' lIli :li , " II II\'(' \ lill

inq:llln" wou ld for hilll he rdi'rcllti:d, t hat is , it n ' li-I s In: \ d l' snihnl

Wll lld , \\' e Ilia ), 111 Lin ~; I )' Ihal <lilrcll'lit sc h oo ls IIrlilnary n iti cislII !. ;I\·t.:

KOliC' I lllllld :lnd 1 111111(1 Ih:lt diaglallt " Tr.lliili ll llal (plf " tw(' ntic''' j

(rill' i<;C1l (01\1 ('l\ lr :1I1"{ 1 I II' Ih e ;)dcll c s"c l' ( I itl' 11I1~jrr(i/ ' I' ./;111((1011 ) t" ;l t

i", (Ill IIII' :lilt III II chi s lire, hi .<; "iew or IIII' wO lld, hi s I c :\( l ill~ ~ , "i ~ i"lellt ;lIl\ c;j and 11 11 tile" I'olll, 'xl or '~/;''''' '/I''.I II11(li''I/, Ih:11 is , the world It"PT" "'""lnl ( t·h :lI :lcll'r ... ,IH"llIn, reali s ti c ;u hit'\t ' IIII"lIt elc),

'11,," !'In\" l'Iil i" i o; lII . ;lIld par ;dk l III ii, th .. EIII0I'I'; 11I nilil'i" llI

f'T 1I ;1\ 1:lIill"-: 1'1 111" Ihe PI :t~~\I(, !'c h o lll and IIll i lll :llt"i y hUllt the

l-'I'III\,11iq <;, leil ' l ll'd 1IIIIh Ib .... (· and ('olln'11I I ,l lnl ',\'hu ll y ou li n'

I'lwlil' 1111\(Iioll, the It' x l : 'q lll ClIIll" ;\11( 1 ' In, IIIH,' lill the I"' ~\' (.·!ili,,,s.

illdlld i ll~ i llln y . ; lfll hi .L:lli t ~" pal;ldox . 1I It ' !;'1 t!u 1\ " , '1,, ; s l y lt ~ ll cs Inr

I ii" ,01l11I1C'III:11 scholll. Tl li" to IiiI' t" .'< Jll il'i l t· .'\ r\lI si(l1i ufall 1"<"I ('l"l'lIn:s

III ' li lt' o\ll~;d(' W illI..!' ur 10 liI (" 'rt':1i :tl/thol'. I. ,\. l{ic !J:llds ( I !I',H)

I lIE Nil E I (I }{ 1( : .>, _ .. was perhaps the prilll !' 1I 1(J\T r \\';I!t h is disl;IIt ' t illll 1a:1\\Ct'1\ '("11 1111;\'1: '

lallgtlagt: l p"{' (ry) ;\11(1 'slit' ntili t" bllgll.I ."-: C ( thl" I I"S t ) , !I If' pUlpll\!, IIr j1cu': ll' y 11111 Iwing 10 Idill u' 'Itli lh ' :tI' :1I1t 11 11" \ \ Illd , I'l li'll) 1. ;111 jh

11 \\' 11 IIUth. ' t\ p n t'lll ~ 11tI1l1d 11 111 11I1' ;I1 I/ hllt he '. :-. .Ii d ]\ I.ult·" h 1.111"1 . II 1I1:t )' 1)(: 11 0 11'1 1 tlt :l! tlli s kind 0 1" 1\\ 0 I llItll ;\ ' ,11 .1.; , 1111'111 is ex .1I II ) till'

S:IIII t.: a s Ih .11 u snl II)' 1('lig illll , n pn i.tll) ill II, 11II1 t' II T II III I . · II IIII}

t:r is is W lt t' ll Ib r\Villl ~ 1I1 ;\lId o lll n St iC llil i r di st'll\'l'lic '" Inc'.d n l ! iL.11

nc"at;otl Itad lIo t taknl pbet.: ill 10U I tllo,,\.l lId IIdd li t: ,I lid 11..11 1\ (1;1111 ;1111 1 E\T "'('Ie 11 111 '1;\(' I,dl ),' 111l' 111 ~ 1 1111111 .111 ' 1111 C. l l lh .. \lld

Olitl'!' Ih i ll ~s. I{dig i tl ll h :ls il s tn,1I Ir\ll h . No dOldll , Inll II I' a l i ll k

odd III li ll d c lialllpiolis .d· lhH'lf ), :1dUII : Ih i, I t ,1 1I n , i ll ll.lI) .l l g IIIIWfl l "

tlIII S in ;I St'II SI' \\' I' ; d'{,IIIII .~ p UI' II )" ill s l ;1" Idi g l!! 11 " ' .1 ' '\\I·. ll..nl l'l l' i ll

r cblillll IIJ Ih t' alJsnitll c 1 11'1 i <:I ' IIt:11 h .ld pln,llkd . Bill 111"1\" '\t' "'111 h

;IIC:V;I;II>I ), 1111 til(" lo ng di ~ p\l t (" ;Ji ,olll 11111 ' 11 y . 1' ' I;n ' , \\ 1111 It ,I.!. " n ,.I I

tlt t.: W; I )' !t;t .. k Itl Ilb ln. ;tud rather 11t.11I d igll ' '''', J JI.dn III Inll ,1I11

wit h dll' lit'\\' nilil' i:-' J1I 's fitll1 n.t Ill S;!)" III IlIlI h tilt' .l1I111!!1 .lIld Iii, ' intt'lItiulI!'. · an d or:e1l '1llItldi lr til' v.llitl Idl"ll'llll" lu t in" \\Ulld .

Il u\\TvtT till ' II (W n il ili \ 1I1 : .1 ' 11 I"inlt't\ till' :\l ld"'''I'(', til 11'.lIin ,

Ri t: hards 11;1(\ ;11 fi l s t incilldl'd h i lll : 11 it i, /" 11( /1 ( 111 (1 .11 0 1/11 ( 1 I r2 ~ 1 !

\\"illl d :I SS IIIOIII 11' :l l' lillll " til \,U('III' , 11111 tll1 :-' \ \ . \\ .1 d id.1I II< ,' .' 1'1'11" I1ICllt, I I II' ill1l'li (,; lIillll Iwi n g thai en l ail1 1(' ; \1 li . lI1\ \\ ne .d H" II.lIl1 . B )

lht: lalt.: Ii. nli n l l~J.ll i , I !} I ~' ) \\' illl.\. 11I .11111 BI' ," ,I, lq Iud 1" lhh, l lni

thei l IIl1tlll iUli s PltlIIOlltU ' ''IlIl ' III S ,lg : l itl ~ t t 1) tl ·\l 1I 1"IIIillll.d 1.111.1.) '_

( tilt.: ;\lIthor' s illlt ·lItillll .. ) :11 11 1 (:l ) t h e ': dl nli\(" l.d1.lq ' ( Iht' 11";1.11"\\

reac ti o ll ) . ill 1\\' " C'Ssa p wi lh IIIH .. " lill n ( i ll ., h, J '(I~ ,d "1111, \\' ''11 ' ,111

I !J:) I ) , ( :,itic i:-' III Ie :IS 1 • .1,\\ ' 11:111111."-: lillll' 11 1 1('tIl\n ,

' I 'hl' Illagllt' :-' I·htllli. :l lId l.tln Ihc' S t l III 1111 i1 li'l s. :.hll' 11111 1' 1111 ,11t'd

011 tli e p"Clit ' 1'11111'1 ion, III' w hal il I.dkd Ihe li ln.lllI )' Id ti ll ' tl' .'I.

what 1II;lkC'S ;1 liltTal), :\I1d 11 11 1 IIc d ill .ll ) la fl K"ag .. . III till ' (' M!" :-' IIIII (If subjc'ni ,, (' :11111 rd i' ITll lial rllll,·l illll" . ' II IC ), .11\11 hlllllgltl ill tlH:

phali!: hlllnilJlI, 1101 l's l'li cil ly :t .. ~IH It, 11111 Ihroll g h till" 1111 1\ [.1111

distil1 c tioll til t")' 111:11 ... (' ( w ll idl dni \' .", rllllll !'l ,II' ' ' III (, ' , 11I 1.",ui ' l ic\

( J!..I I :I ); ,hi,t! editiol1 I ~Hi~J ) 11(, t\\' I' t ' li the 1I}.:I11/" I ( l \ i,l.!.lIilin ) ,IIHI Ihl'

Jig" ifii (~ i gllilin l )" T"t: s igllifier;s I!l t.: :-. i/.;II ill i ts p ll ) ., il .tI ( p" . IIII ' l il "' graphic) sll :'1>t" , and Ih .. si,l.!.lI i linl i\. 11111 ti ll" II l lj n I il Iqll l" l"Il " ~

( w hi .. h i s til t.: 1t'f'n("\lI ) 11111 Ihl' ('olln"\,1 ('\ 'lIk n l ill 11111' IIlilld It ) ti ll '

word (or St:l1lf ll (T , IH I n : l) . " II 'X I tl l ;l1 \,I. I Y' \ \ ill! I \ PH,L: I.lph y, 1111

iIlSI:lIl ( I" ( il :li ;( s. I :'pil.d:-. . l i tl t' " , "ap .. d p<I .. II 1\ ,,1..." 111 .1 ' 1' " j li t" 111 ' 1 I

Ilr l ) r JaIl "1' l lInll ;I" III' ,\pu ll ill:!i! ...... fld".I~ 1111/I1 tI. ( : . 111 1011 \ 111'111\1'" 1,111 ) ,

is pa r li t.:l darl ), s lI .... c .. p lihlc: til :1Il ;\ I) .\ is III Ih(' ;\ i ,~II!1ln, ,1\ ,iiI' I I II 11 It '

s trips , wi lh llic ' ir t11;(will~S , hug,' CXd:IlI1i1l illll .1I.lI b , Il!d l l l !c~ ,

lilt: REAl. ANIl 'IIIE RilE ', tliue

c;\p it :di.wd !iound-wortls and other conventioll s , or publicily lina ges .

SII IH '''I" :lIi<l11 1I1)\\"('"\' ('r, lal c (" bq~;\11 10 Iq' illg- b;lek th e suhjec tive

:\1((1 ("o ll ,lli,!" 11l 1I C" lillll!i (;w th /JI' alld n·:ldn l. IlIll IIld y indi1t't"liy , a s

Il wy :11 1' ill ~ llih("(1 ill till' Ic .'(1 t1lroll .,-:h Iht' intnpn slllI;d rC ;\lIlII'S

d("" .~ ni l H"d ahO\" ' , ill Il l(' IiiI'll I o f liI (' d l ~ t ill("\illll l)('t\\"('(.: 11 i ' /lOIIf' i- ( lilt'

;'~((""rlin' .~ nil (""l1n' o r 'ohj(""c lin: ' Slatell\C1It, c ,g, lil t' (I!{jft' -/ I(j l IJ 011 lIlt'

{t/hI,.) ;\11<1 / flnnrinlinrl tI!(~ sllj,.inli\"c1 r lIl;u!i. ('d Hitn:lllrr, t" .L: .

I ltlill/?Itt / l 1I11'p n lf'll/ 1 fril l I It'n ~ (JIlT/li l lI/lit' tht: ("(llkc -pol was 1111 !lit" (;Ihk / th,. I'nlk" ' p"1 .""IIIt'd t o h(, / 1I1 (~)' bt: 0 11 Iltl' t;\bll-, (· I C, ) . I ~ ltaH

I('I LIIII If) Ihi~ diqillClitJlI ill c h ;l pt cr B.

I\tt~lnll I I IIKlli q ~ , IIolalll )" SO Il1(' Ir;\II ~ I ; ''''l\ali(lll ;d gr ;lIlIlI lanalls

,,·!to 111111 Ih ('ir :l tl('I\lIOI1 10 pll('tr y ( l-"o \\' ln, Rtlwct , (;11 (; 1"011 ;1IIt!

"lh("l s) t"flilid I1IOI("(I'"Cr hI' s ilid to lakC' thc IIwtalilLg ll is tic fUl\ctiou III' a 11''(1 illio :1("('011111 ( ;I ~ ojlJln~c' d to Iht: 1Il"t;d ; \lI .'-: "a .~c ' we II SC' III

\ ;dkin,-: ,dH IUI Ih("" \C' :,( I ) , III tilt' S(" II ~C' tIT;'1 Ihl' \" ,,,i"lIs vio lalilllL .~ III

.li:r:t tlllll :lr IIH'), :tllal )" ~c III PO"III S 11\;\ )' Iw 11' .'-:"1"<11"1 1 a s p m'lry's

Il lt' I"l ill~lIiqlt" rllll C li oll or ti ll' \\';1)" ;). PO('III is (l 1.\ /J :tl ltH I I .~ I ;III1I I1 : II ·

alld il " pOI(",lItial (j ll .q a s Ih(' ' s l'lf' rdlc:'(i" t: ' 1I0Vel is also abolll

11:111 ;UIq' trchnique) , Ilowr\"CI' thi s is r:lrf"l )' !ita lC'd C'xpl ic it ly , alLd

Il'l1d ~ i ll :\11)' (';1(C' It) IH" II C:-tll'(\ t' .'(el usivel y, ill iso bti ll lL 1"111111 o t h e r

1'11111'111111,\. Sinn' S lrll f'\lIr:dl ~ llI, ;111<1 ill a 1' ;11 aiII-I 11111 di stillci 1110 \" ('

IIlt ' lLt ill :\1111"111";, :IIHI r1 ",'wh('lI' , 11Itll!nll tl l(,O I )" h :I" I HT lIl:lld lillg

Ilil I'll IIII" ~ I' \· :tllOIl ,\ I".'«"ill ~ i\ · r ('oIlITllt r .1lill ll ':.

1IlI!"l cq illl.!Iy , Ih is 11"1'1'('111:<1 "lostl y ill ' \1111 l i!"a , w llt' ll' lillT;II Y

tllI'OIY, ;1" S ltll ~ halllla (-'('1111:111 poinl s ollt ( IQ 7Hl, is 111111(" (11I ~cI )"

1f'!: III 'd III 1".L:i c al1d p il illl"o llhy tklll it h:\ <; IW("II ill Ellro[ll', wh ose 1111>11/ ' 111 1111' 101 il" ClIllC (lilt or j"Dnn;di slll :Llld SIIIl I" !III;ll i st lillgui .<; lics

:I S ;t ( l d ll" ;tln~(tI )' or ,c tlli"lo .~ y . III t\lI1nlC;t, ;Illd olll y 10 a ("crt:!i"

/''' \1"11 1 i ll ElLlllpr { " . ~ . Kr is t/'viI , :lilt!, ill a dilJ(- I" l'llt W;L }" 1-: 1' 11 ) , Ihl'

lill'~lIi qi l" 11:l( l llioll (' II\f"1~('( 1 IIlIt or Iltt: \\'\llk or Clt:Ir\I"S S . PinTt' ,

wltt) ~ (' dcl iu i lillli IIr Ih(' ~ i~ 1\ IS ;I S 141110\\'s: ' Tlr t: sigll or 1(111( .1(11/11 11/ 01 is

1\· 11 ;\ 1 1('1' 1:\(' ('(, f il l" !iO I\I C' ollC', SOI11 Ctltilig 111 a l"('rLli" ;ISpt'("\ o r plls i

IlIlIl. II i ~ ;\ddn's'wd tn SOII\C'11I1(', Ihat i ... , il ("1"(':11(':\ ill th t: lI1i"d o f"

Ihal P(' I " IIII ; 111 ,,/uII'n/rII' sign , or pt'lil:ll' s ;, II;l1dy dl'\"t"ioJlI'tI ~igll' ( I !V):,. ! I!I ) .

I'il"ll (' ;dl l"T-s tltt' SaIl S ~ lIr(" : 1I1 ddi llil ioll 01" lilt" Sl g ll ( l!"ItTl'lIt ,

~ il~ lIifw r ;11111 ~ i g llil i , ' d ). The ICkH' lt1 lit' (" :tll ~ li S objel I , Ihe s igllifin

I "\ ,, t'\' hn C' j il~ i, 'ol1i l" il )" , :tilt! the s ig ll i li t"tl Itt ' .~ plil " illtll IWII , IlW; III

Iltl: ,ifill 1II II"1I'IC' '''',I : 'Tlt al 1; )1' wltidl [Ilt l" si .t!.111 St:IIL1\ S i s c:t!kd ils

tt"{I'I / , Ih;,1 I\hi c lt i l ( 1I1t\'I' Y" , il s TIIf'f1l1ill.e; :lIId th(' i'.k" Itl which il

Rn, .. " '(, 1I ( II l lol'fflfllll (Collt'fit'd /'11/'(11 I , l!H ;t1 , II. 17 1), Tilt: si g n

111 1-, Kllt, l tlf(tC

lIlust bt: in lnp rct cd ill urdl'r lu exis t , and lit e illlt"fI'II ' I;t titJlI I!'> 11 11 1,1

IIIcalltng hilt anothe r sigll, whic h is III 111111 1111(' 1'1 111.:/("11 iUlo :\11111"('1

s ign and so 1111. This 1'0111"1'1'1 \\' ill Ila \, (' illlpllll: l lIl I 11l1.~ (''1L11 ' IICC' .''

AI allY lal t: IIi e t' xl"ilL s i , ' (: t · 'IILl · C I\ I !.lli\!lI~ n il IILll' [ , IILI '11111 'IILI ~

wcre ~()OI1 qtLt 's liolll"<i . Th:!1 0 11 ti lt' p e, [",il' I"LIIII l ic) 1I clnl y h,,, Ln it. ... IlIrn h cc lI d e llo lllln::d ( ' .g , h lill ("l", 'TIll' ohjl"t"li\T I.tll.l\ ~" , IIl 71J , [IlLI

a l.m o lhc r~), .i tl~ t ;IS Iltt' 'illll"lIl i o l1al' ,Ind ':t ll (' ( LI\"t" Ltl1.n · il · ~ \\ 1'11',

alld th cst: t!t CII ISc! \"C S 11 ;1\ '<: IIO W 111"1"11 IlI tlnglll 1> :11 k ;L ~ 111111.111.1\ it". ... ,L\

al t" ( lI irsc lt 1!)G7 , S (" ;1I1t: 1 ~ 1 7~ ;lIId tllh , ,~ Jill" til(' . 1111\ 101 \ 1111 1' 1111< ,11',

alld Fish 1 ~ 1 7 0 and s incc. IlIllst IIC Ill"i L;'lIti y [ur .t lt-e I I\"(: .' I ~ l j 'lj c ,' ) .

As Roger Fo wln (I!J 7!J ) p i ll S II ;

Altho ugh rqw:tt('d1 r tli ~ ( ' ln l ill"C[ h)" an II H· li. i, l ll' :lIld C I i ll. ~ , 1114 '1' 1,01 1.\1 11 1\ 1' r:lllac ifs alt ' s lilllCiLl, :-t l snl ill thl" dlJlllln,nll 1 ( ·.q · I )< H,l.: ~ u \ c,d II I 1'. 111,; 1.,/1.1 ,11 11 1

All ie l i ( a. 'I 'h e')' ;1 IT 1":lllal' il 'll' I H'I ' aU ' I' all di ~ 1 " U I \I" . · III, I U :ll!' \ I . c ' t il ,L I W I \ , ,It . :11111

:111)' t1i ~ I ' UIII ~(' I Cl' l' i \, c·d hy:\ 1'("1 \o n Ita ~ ' OIIlC ' d l t"! I UC! dl ;1I illd I \ " l ll ,t1 ·, 1"' !c ,1 \ ' ''1 11

III" st;\lc' . All10l1l~lla~c" ~ , II t ' prov idecl \'1 11t 'i llll ' \I' l'J ~ olt ,d ' ~ I I III 1111" ' " It i, Ii 1·11 1"1 I

l liese: pa rl ic ' ular lillk.\ b C'( \ q"l'1I h 'ld ;\lld Ii 1'1". T .. 11 1" 11 ) ' l!t n c' Ii 11 10., ' ."1" 111 ' I .. 111" , ..

dclllLllltllli z l' tli e vel r !t' xt s wlt i" h Ihe n iii, Sl billl 11,\\,(" ,I ~ i'I" 1,,[ ' IKn ill . ,Ill' ,. t"1 IHIIIlal1ilY , ( p o 9 )

Th i .~ i ~ o f Cln ll .<;t· II \l C' , I Jl II il d un, I\ul 1:11 ,. 111141 ,I I C I> tI II I tilt,

di:-;liIl C tiILlI ~ 111 :lIle' h y literar y III I I( S ~ IIL \I ' B !I!J 11t \ 1 ~ Hl l j ill'l " I"t"1I

a c illal allthor and i"ljllinl autlLlIl (BllIllll , " IT p . 'l ~ J ht ' I I' ) , "I , " 1111111

a narrati v(" b r \wt 'clI 11:t lralor :lilt! 11 ;111,11("(', i ,t' 1111" IiI l i clII , tI n n lli n

IIs t t: lL s ibl )' ("lIIitt i ll g and I ("Ct· i\'ill .~ lil t" 0" ' ''' , ' .'-:1 ' ~ " I ' I ' I" Y ' I Il t· I( · j ,, !II Ulll y sa y tlt :l t Ih t: b o t , kllClWIl allt ' lI l !,1 ICI hi i III-: 11 lL" ,11 11L ,t1 ,llldl"l

bar k is ill ·11u. J'I/'// a /ll ll 1 ~·I/{. n l ('ll(lfd/(/ 0/ /'''(/ 11' I/Il d I'ur/I O \ l' I I"IIIl II~ 1"I

197:' ) , :l11(1, Il\ Or t: ;ulliligllom ly, E . I ), 11 1l ~ th ( 1'111 7" ,,1 111 IIL1"lt"l y

hark s ba c k to tlt e ;lIltllur's ilLt e nlil lll ' , !l ilt q ll il l' ,Ul11 1il l i ll g i l 111I 1

talking of" th e ;wt lto,- 's '\\·ill' ( :-" ' t: :-:lil l' illl.111 1 ~ l it d l : I Ll 17 1"1 ,\

di sc uss io n (1(" Ilil s l" lI 's pll .~ ilillll ), AIICJlhn ( i lTc idl"llLtl J ,111,11 k ti ll lit !'

in tc n tio nal f:tlb c)' is 111 : 11 tll ,l . R . S t', 1I 1e ( 1~17 :, ) , "" I I LI ' rll l " IIIL " ILII)

a c t of WI il illg 1;l" tio l l:

T here \Is('d Itl bt a .~ clt(l l d ot liln:. r )· C l i li\ ~ " I,,, 11t"1I ~; I '1 . H I!" , h ," d .! 11"\

cOll s id e r 1]1t: illl<:l l iiolis .. f Iltl' :tu tl h l r \,1'('1\ " .,( ,lllI i n i LlK .1 \'''1 1.. III til I L"II . l!erlt;ll' ~ dl c l e is SOll Ie k n 'l 01 ll1li' lIli",,:'1 ,, !ti,h 1111 ' 1' \I( " c".t i " ,II } l In, i , pl:'lI silllt- ; pl"lt.ap~ O ll t.: ~ It\lllid III I t (" C'" ' ;' \"I ,III :'III[II 'C' , n llrl ll 'I 111 •• ll\C ·'

wltr.11 :l1I ;d Y.f.IIL'-: h; .~ WInk, blt t :tl ti l(' !JH " I h ,L, i. I. ' \"\" [ it j , .d"Hld I" '11 1' 1" " " a n i l i( ' r ail I'ClI ll p ll"ll"I y i.'-: l1lJl t: III\' 11I 11·LIII .. I\\ .. 1 II ... ,I II tI" >1 , 'II" " , ' \ , ' 11

I t1 U l"1t a s III i d l"tll ; I ~· ;t II' x l :t~ :J 11 <>1 "1"1 , ;1 I"'C' IIL , III ,' \ C' II ,I ' ,I 11" ,, 1 " , tl ll ' , ,,I~ L.'

make a II..iLl L :thllli l Ih !" ; 1I l!IIC"' ~ 1111 I'Lll II III 11" :i:! 'q

211 IIIE K I: ,\1. ,1.1\' 11 111 1-: RIlt.' O KI C

iIlO("lllioll :lr ), an fir \\'1 iling Jin ioll Ihal S";lIic ;H1al )'~w<;. is ohviotlsly C"IHlldrd i ll ,I.r 1(' '( 1, ;1<; :Hr 111;111 )' oliln i ll ll"lIlio ll <;, ' I'll(' 'Ltll;l(' jolis'

p =II I ti l tll (, i lll (" lIl illll:d l;dl:1 ,'), \ \11 ('1), ("IIIII ' I 'I IiS IIIIW;" I allll '(\ ("I itical

apP(':lh 10 I"' XI I "1('xlo ,lIl y c""prr<;<;cd allthor's i lll r lll;oll<;, or tlll s llh

q ;lIlIiatrd al'l'f' :tI .. 10 illlt 'lI litHI <; s l'l'pfI<;l' dly ;11 11 11' I ('X I bill 1"(, ;llI y ill

liI e nitit"S lIIil1d ( o;;cc dl. fi. p . I :rq. For \\' irll s :t1l \\" 0 1(' ill l ~HiB : 'A s

~Ir . Ik :\I'd .. k r ;\lu l I wnt' f;'l1"1' CIII In poi!!1 Ollt illterpretation

ha\n l fill III!" :llllhor's illl(' lIlioll ,,1"1(,11 ill f;\( ' 1 rere r s 10 ;\11 in te lltion a s

il i .. 1IIIIIId ill, HI illlt-Ilni 1"1(1111 , t ill" '\'011.. II S..! I'. , /\l1d III' ex!'l i,,;tl)' ~ I a l l"<; 11.:11 his :UgLIIlIt'1l1 \,';IS 1111\ tiirCi'{('d ;11 s ll (' h ('; \St'S,

FII I\ ln ;d~1I \' i ~o l llll " l y I"I I,t llclI.'-:CS du' n;dll ,~ illll Ill' (ht· Icli.· ITllli;d

fUlillioll , 11 :lIli4'lIl :lIl ), rut lIlt' 11'1\'('1, ;tile! Ihe 1I;llIi l u i' di s l ' lI ss ill~

11 :111 :lIi \' r, or Iht p r :H:t in' or W l ilillg iI, ill \nlIl S Oilly of Iht: ahstllu\{'

:\11(1 alilill:lI), 11:11111(' oi" lin ioll :

rd'r\(' '' ' r tn. III /I' IIIT lill" of, th(' n ':d wodd ~i\ ' I '" W,I)' Itl lilt' :lhso ll1lt·

,h:'l' i ,, ~ 1''' \''' ' ul Ih(' "o\Tli'll ! Knllll H. lr . 1~1f;7: Fo" ln. I ~I{;!I " Btll, ill I:, ... . 10 l 'bi"l Iklt I hr il" : I\~i ll ;l ti\(' wri ln nr:U I '~ tlllulI ,~" la ll glla}{I' a IH"W \"!lll d

t l i~ l i ll ! 1 " " 111 1111' I r, ,1 ""lid lI 'rr ll n l 10 I,,' h j(.I OII r -I .. ,uk(. , \It ' ''(.I' : ll't'I ~ , I'IC, i , ""I III jll~lity ' rt',II:llill1.: i" I , ,,~i ll ;! li \"(' "Ii l ill~ 'lh" tl l1 ld r I"r ll ill ' ,l"In!' III i. 11'

d i" "111 It' ,'\ "r'li , '~ "I I'II'P""; l ill ll (. ;,1111 111 n,," -r :.: iQ"1I1 IWoP!.- 111" ,'\T III " lIa", 1"1 11 11" lI ' adl'l , till' \ .111 11' St;UII " a~ a ... ni, '~ 0(" 1" "I14I,i l l011" abou l I\', t! Ili"", I.;,1 lir{ lIl l1 ~ I ;Ul I'(·~ .. 1 \, IIi , 1l lit .. I (".Hl n "' : I ~ II l nillllsl ), UllaW;!I!". III

hili It I :I<n , Ihr " ·,ld ... It ;. " HI 1\I ;l kr ~rll "(' 111'1111'1 nlllrlll h y 11'1'1 111(. 111\1 lillK il

:":l ""Ilt l \l lti , · 1t j~ pb ll~ ;ldl' ill 1"111 1" "r IIII' hl,, 11I Ill' kr1u \'~' t C)" ill ,I,,' 1:" (' li t Ifl r lalll :I\I; ,· , 11' 1;lII' d 111 'llIl!' w(l llt! ll y "~'tl' lll;l tir 1 1 ; 1I1 , ' ill rllal ;I1 I1 ~)"

I n b"11t l'; , ~,.~ , Ilt r " I i ln '( :"I;l II .~I'IIU · III ~ "I' w " ! II ~ alld "t'lItl'IICI'~ illll'l' ~1' all

:"Iillt;al t'fdn tlplln Iltf' ('\'("11' " II":tlll f 1I1I1I -1t',tI 11,11 "1 I t'd til . . , :\lId i ll boIl.

t :.'n ilLdrl·11. itt ;III ,"'c\llJl'ln of li llglliQ;,' 1'1'11"11 1'11:111('(' Ilt f' \\ .. ;In's

I Ilf,i, r lIt "' nld~ ;11"\ ' ("lIt(" I1('('~ l1\ay he cXI"aill1'd ill \1' 111 1' or Ih,' ","(" ia l alld hi q ll' ie:1I I ilnllllqalll "~ in Id til I, III" "'111" ' :llI d Iii " II ' :\(I"I ~ 1'III1I1I1I I1I il ' :lU';

\(1 Iltal ,,, ,, .1 ,, ,,1,i ,1t I elf'"! 1<1 ';!'I;IIII." nll;lil' " III :Q ' II!' 11 1l1 ' 11 111' It'd ill lI lt' li l4 '" 1,1 1I'" ,. llI1al ('l lal :I1 lt l \(H i:d si tu;!ti " " ,, " ( 1-',)\\ 11'1 ]1J 7!J: ~ ) l

" i .. 1 111f' Ihal Ih(" 1\\' ('f l li" I II -n' n l lll ), ' (, :II·, i,," :1 ~ :li\l S I rt':tli ' 1I1 h :IS

III 111 :I II Y \I ;'\ ~(' h!'rll ... 1t01l).:, \' ;"irll and 1'11111;1111('11. I I is :lb" [rill' Ihat

11", n;ch, .. in· ('OIlCC' IIII:1lillll 0 11 Ih .. lill' I;"i l), or I II(' I('X I ( lit e 11I Ic lic

rtrlll ' tinll) 11'1 1 111 t'XIIC'lIl{" :111(1 ('Iili s t \I' l\i li ll ll ", SL It ' II a s Ihl' lIolioll 11t:'1

(',lilt 11 ''' 1 it:, (' il " 11 \\ 11 C"I1111 l'iI-'(, :lIl1higLlIIII", p :ll a till xit': ti ( t'lc)

1 : III ,~II : I\.': ('. "hiI' ll i l is Ih .. t l ilie's I'rtu :dl y (' I1I1lI'\(-x ta"k Itl tln 'ill lt- , and

IIt:II Ihl' idl'lIll1 "~y IlIlkill).! heltind [lti s allillldl' i(., as 1"11 \\' 11'1' poill is

0111, (';Ii ll y si ni s ler , ~llIdl lil t, s anlt' (olllt! Ilt' s;Jid IIi" 11I :\lI }'

SIItH IlIr :lli q" ;\1 111 1'"<; t , SlllLclLila l i sl s ,,,d .I), , d rspil\' tiu' ir , "bitliS ttl

litE KIIU(lKIt .

su b \'c rsiOIl, n : \'ol "lioll , ( e/a l'II/m l, ,lIHlndu' r J, l\ ilitlll,tltl t' (111111'1''' ' : \11

CX dLlSiOiI Itas il s d '\II~ns. Bil l w(' ~ llall lit' hlllk i ll~ al ~II I1 It' " 'ilt' l I!'> I1r

1"t';di s lII, alld IIr Ilu: 'sd f-rdkxi\'," IIH I\T II 11'11 I Il,u k III lill'l,III 11 I"", ill

III1 I1C tll·l.til lain" ill Ihi~ b,,"k. CUljl>LI \ h, 1-' ,,\\ 1 ... dlln 11>1 1 ,1 11' H~ Ihllse Wltll cxcl ud e, S: I}' , lite p 'Il' li t ' hll lt.'li .. " ill 1.1 \ '''111 III tJfl~1 II$·

Id i.· ITllli :d :tlld 1111' su hj ,·t· ti \,l· , s lIdl .t .\ 11.l1lili"ll 1 IIi 11 1' 1 l,(,11 ti l " ' l l llIl y

niti (' is lII and its 111 0<1 1'1'11 cljlli\,all'lIls, Ilt t' SIl('\II III,'-: II .d, III lil t:

ideologica l illlnplTI:tlioll 01 liln ,lIl1 l l" ( I ,g . til(' Wlilt"!' .I S IIfIII ' " l' ui l, ilhpl'isCl III ' tI by his t' b "s t"OIltTlliS ' "I t.). II I 1" $' ItH -:II I,tl) IiI ,t1 111 -

" t 's ligal; cl lI :-- til' I Itt' alllhill IhlllLlglI h i!'> 11' ,'(1\ ! III "\'1'11 II I HI/H -I'X I ' '' ' ul

c har:IC\t'l s , SIT \'II. Ii ), B LII 111.11 i:.: I' ll oI,.",ly a d lalll t ' IIIlI i";II II , II I ' ''II' to hi s slll' iolill~lIi s l i(' TUllnilJ ll al i.' llI ' ( i-'C1WiL-1 1 ~1i!) : 1·1). lUI Itt· I '

exp li t.: itl ), agaill :': 1 ;, 11 a In 10 11' ex t'iLl s ilJlI or :III }" liIlK"i \ lil' ,1' 1""\ I ~ .. I .1

I t: XI.

~llItlt'l 1I t"lilili ~ 1I 1 has 1I11J\T tI 111\\,11," , I IIILHII "1.: 1, ' , \11 ' , ,,1"I,.IlI }.

and Irks , 11 01 ;tlwars s \l n"n~ ILlII)" , I" IIl l q,~ I , llt · ;111 till ' ,i ~ '(\ I W~" "I

CW llIlllllli{"; lIiulI III .I,lkllll.\O Il 's ti i:' ,L: I.11I1. II i \ rilIiIlUIt , ... 11111' lillI'

r;1I1 110 1 do all Ilti ll ,~s at Hll tT, alld ~,, "1{ ' I\'X I:-; tI" 1".\ l'l lI il III\( ' " 1111 \'

Ihan :lI lIIl lil'l' " Thl' 11I1I~ 1 t 'O l1tttl\'t'l si ,tI , 1Il" ":III \(' tll ll1l al lll lll 11'11 ~ t · .I1 :agolh\' 11 11)"' 1 11t'"~kt " tt'tl, is tltt, I" u l llnll " I till ' .u ldlc·"I'1· I , 111' .1 'Ic" d '

I"(' ;lil e r (rUII , IIH', ;ILlIII 1, 111'), ). Ilf :111 'ilk,t! ' 11'.ldn , "' .1 1I ' ,uln

illsnibnl , 1'IIt"tJd n l ill Ih t' I(' x l;' Alld i \ til t' ,Iddln.'!" tI\I' ' 11' ,11' .111111111

(w lto h:t ~ 10ull l,\I" IH' , 11l ;lIil . t1 111I1I111t-" .1 , I , IIIIIH I1 l1 n 11 (1 11 ) , 111 .111

' idc;d ' :lLllh t ll ' :I S Idlt-I'tnl ill tilt ' It' ~I, II I i!'> l w \i lll}ll ) [111'11.1 11, 111 11.'

3,2. 1, /(od (Illd IJII/ tal Inl,'-l!tlItI'lJ (/1111 }, ( IIII'/I, \\'.1 ) I H· <: B, .. ,iI ,· ... 1'111 "

II/:(']" \Vlllk, 'IIII' ,hdo/I( 1!1./1I·{irm ( I ~'hl) \\,I ~ tilt, 111 ,\1 III :- ,. , 1"111. 11 11'

!loliolls "I' illlpli c J :urth, J!' ; ll1d itlll " linl Ic,,,tlt'! " ' 1 hI' 1l', tI ,l lI tl lll\ I~ t:x lralt'X III ;!I , hili prnjn ' ls , IbrouK" hi .... \"1\ k , :til 'ide ,d ' IIII,I ~I' II I

hiIIl S, ' lf, 11I\llt: t't llllltJlln l, IJI 11 11 11 \' .tlllu "i ll~ ( II I ,,!t,llt"\ I'I }. "I ·hi ..

illl:I ,~(" u l" tilt, illlJlli u l ;11111101 s ll llltid 11111 lit' 11I1I1" ,('d \\1I 1t 1/\1'

11:11 rallll', \\' 110 1":1 ) Iw ;11 1 :l1 l1lll y lllll ll\ \'o i, I' \ I'I } I I .. , ,· 111 till' III ljI\iI 'd

aUlhor, 11L11 Ill ;, )' abll Ill: t h :lIll'lli ~nl it ., ~1I 111 1 'II 11C ' '1 "11(' <11111"11"111 {eg o

all idiot , ill Faulk ll (' !' , III' ;1 gu \' t'lII( ',\S ill . I'II/In, ('It ,J , \, 111 1111'

.il1l p li n l IT ad"1 i"\ al "" jlllljn' l n l ill IIII' 1( 'lI. l, 11 111 ;t \ .1 \ 11t·, i lll 1I ' .ld ' ·1

0 1 (,\TIl :t1l ;"Idll'!'>.\" d '1) ,,:1\ ({t':u ll"t ', hill i ll II II' \I'I } 11t1" 1111 11 1IIIIIIIgh

\\'hid l hi' i s r "q \I i ll't I III ' III a k I' .'i1' 1\ " I ' "I III!' c 111111 ' 111 ' III 11'1 1011,11 111 lit

':I <; :t \\'tllld', ill F II\\ ln ' .\ 11'1111.\; IIII' 1111" 1"111, ti l,1I i , III ,.1), 11 ,11 ,,"I )

of" 1111' WOld s a il e! M' I1h·llIt·S III' 11 ', 11 1" IlIll " I t l,, ' 'lI g, IUi ,. ,II'" J

( 1I,~(fI(OIlI'll I Il l' .!J II~ !'IJ, sti c h :IS \'i('\\"jllli l1( lll,lIlgn, 11'11'1'111." I ",III~n,

3U 1111: RL·\I. ANIl rilE KIIE1()I~ l C

di;,loglI{" irony alld ~o fori II . Irony ill p:trti Cl dar, ; I S a c.;o llllsiu n hrtw(,(,,11 narrator ;'Illd rc~dcr, a ~orl of illdin:c.: 1 C"0I1l1l1Cllt 011 the

("h:ll:l t" trl ', :1\"'11111( .... alld thrTcrn r r (' (Ill strun ~ ;, IT a( k r clpaiJlc IIi"

("ahhill!l; ii, ill ul lin '''' tilth "" id ra l illlCI'prCIc:r Of idcal l cadn. This illlpliC"d ;lIId ilkal l eader Ih ncforc: paralkls the ideal illla~{' of the

allll,ol" . BOlllh '~ 1><.lfl k t"lI llt;,im a ~()od deal 11I 0 1t' IlIall that , no ta b ly the

lil!'il t"!r ;\f allal ys i.; oi" 'ypC's of 1I:lIr:1III1' alld a s("ve l " niliqut.: of

(" 1"'1 1:li ll h ~ hioll\ of po<; ' . .Jalil niali oiliei!:111 Slid, as lin- itlsi s tCIH"C 011

the (" Ijlllt'lalinn o r thl' Ilarrator 's \'o ir(' ( ill .I ;\lllt' S's :I 1Iti , lall'r,

1,lIh""1 k '~ In III ", ClIIC I1II ISI -<; 110\\", 1101 '\('11', SIT a lso d l. 1'1 heluw) .

Bill ICIT Ill y pl("WIlI I'lLrpo"c I silall olily luake Iwo poinls,

Fi' ''I , liIe \Tly Eill IIlal tilt' implied rt ';ule..' r is 'ill ll' li('( I' tllroll~ h

Ihe iltlll ~ , ti le' olg: lt lis;i li llll, eire riw llllit" gc- II n ;dl y (;ltH I iluknl ho w

('hf' " ;111 III' ill" i lllpliC'd ~) , 1(, lId s 10 hl"ill~ \IS back to t h e ;111Ihi~tliIY or

1111' wOld 111I'IIIIi(' :lS (;, ) Ih,' Il' dl1liqllC' S of ' pc l s"asio ll ', wltidl

'illiplin' «11 111('0 11(, tllllf'l SII;t(k, ;111(1 (h ) the Sl tu l ), Of,ltl'SC te.:d l1liqll e.:s"

hll :a ItllI~ til1l(, BfHllh's W(JI k was rt"~:lIdt'd IIllIn" a s a st ud }' o r

tl'l"illliqlln , :lnd ill ;1 ~""IIS" that :lllIiJigllil)' rnllai ll s ill 1I111t "h s llh

SI"IJl I(" 111 wlllk, (,\"" 11 ill CCIII' tlr, ami ill B(llIdl "s \;11("1 Ulirtflli( I{/ /fUI!)'

( 1!17'l ) , "niJ ;lps it is illll("l"(,1I1 Itl ni li c.:al <Ii St"UII I Sf' i'l g e llc-r;d ,

Sn- flIHI, nlloth'~ IIl1 l ioll of implied ;1011101', alld illdin.:c.: tly tltat or

illll'li("(1 Icati n , i o:; <1;"Iill(\ly link ed to ;1 111111:11 j"dglllt'IIL For a l-

1IIIlIIgil Illf' n:tfl:ltllr Illa y hI" a 1"I";llIill;11 fir all idiot, th l' illlag(' u fille

i ll"oI;("I1 :lIl1hlll i~ 11111 tll:tl II I' ;1 ("Iilnill :11 or a ll idi o t, a ll"'tain

'C\i"l ;till ("' i" f',,(:t1 d i!'bt'l l ( h )" \': \1 itlu ~ UH' ;lII S); lit , if 11t:11 tli ~ lall n" is lI t/ t

sulliriC"l1t1y ( I'":ll" III' t\\ I"I" 1I Ihe lttlpk:l ~: 1lI1 \'alllcs of a r h :\t:t c tl'r (o r :1

11;10 : \101 " ' h ;I/:t("l('r ) :lilt! 1110,,(' of Ihe impl ied aUlhor, Hool h W:tIlI S til

kllo w \\' I It" It' the ;1I 1t1ltll s l ;llIds" Di s tallcc is Ihll S a t'Iilt'tillll, Itt" lIn,~ tlte

illlpnll :lIl1 C' III' iIOIl)" " " .. w(' sh ;1I1 s('c, i llln y is njf't"ll'd hr Ibrt ht's

(pl'l kip" i"IIIII"lIn"" ,,~ Ni('"11"H Ite fOI" whlll1l Ihis \\'a" a S)' llIpll1l1l or

dn":-\t!nlt'" ' :t S :l Ill:t,k 111' Iht" ' classic.: ' 110\"("1, :l ilt! is s:lid III ha vl'

di ": l l'pl',II ,"d 1'111111 IlItltlt-rn wlilill~ , Fo r 1I0ll t h , 1I,,\\'('\'('r, tht" <I"lhor

'11\ : lkl' ~ hi .. I f':l(\(" :lS he- Illahs his s,,(t ll ill sdl IIIIt' illlldi('(1 :lui 11 0 1"1,

;llId th(' 11\11 <; t SII' "I' C' ""I"I Tr :\lli ll "~ is o ll e ill \\'lIil"lI till ' neatI'd s('h':'s,

alllltnl a lld l ('a d l'l , r:lll filld t"fHl lpkt c :lglt ' t"IIIt' l lI' ( 1 ~l(i \: I JU)" Thlls

lit(, ill iplin i I('adn ;11 11 1 tlt e illll'linl ;tuthill alt' ("; ltIglll III' in Ihat

111111:11 jlld ,l:IIIf'III, :l1 l l1'it a lil H'r: tl IIlIt ', Sill(I' Ihe il lipl in i r e ader

itinllil i( "« w itlt ,h (" \' ;I!tH'S Iff tlte il llp li('11 :I1I,hol , 'II kast fill Ihe

!f, :ltl i lll.?, "I; IIlI' , s uhtlldill:ltillK hi .. tl\\'I\ h( ' lid ~ , 11 0\\,('\Tr, thi s idclLliI~(":-\l il1l1 (1I :l)' elil. 1101 jllst ill illSllllit";(,IItly tii s t:tIll'l'd works w h ich

Ili f-: KII~"IOU.Il : :I I

Bool h wOlild l"t' g;lId a s illli" .. illr, lilLI, 1" C'ci sl'i )" IJI lnlaill Ill lItinl l

\VOl ks of" w hal lit: ca lls ' illfillil cly uns l a ble: illllly ' , !oIH II ,IS Iho\ l" " I

lk("ke.: lt , ,," h ll '\t' ru s("S 10 c\ Ct"\,l lt' Il illlsd!". I IIH\ (" \\" , , "11ti )" /01 ,Ill Y

s t:tbk (Jloptls ilillll, e.:n:1I the.: tljljlu>;ih" 1.1 "h.llc\t'r pllIl'u:\i lllJll Ili\ iroll ), v igollHlsly dt: Jl il' ,~' ( Booth I ~ 7' 1 : '2 "10)"

III a 1 : I >;t" illat i ll~ I ttltlk , 'I lu 1((11/" ' " Ilu 1(\1 ( I!JlltI ), n lil nl It ) SlI ' ,lll

Sulcil ll:!1 1 ( til \\'hCl ,~ l" illtltlc.iIlt:IOI Y SlI l \T), 1 ;1111 illtil"i lle.: d lUI Il ,d l "i" Ih,' "hO \,I: paragraph :lilt! fur sOlla: o r \ ... 11 :\1 lollo\\s ) , S lIir il lldll I'0llll ~

0111'· lh al th e.: 1I01illll" It I' illiplic :d ;lIIlhfJr all d i "'1 liil"t I " ",lIl n die.:

rdl' \ 'alll loti" ),, 1101 I ln ' illl ~ (' tht' )' i lrt: lillknl til I"th il ,iI jlld,~ IIIf " JlI\, bllt iwt'allst' 11 11")' "rt' i1/I(1ll1r li l '~ (1111111 ;1(11, a Cit t IHII sull ;1 it'l HI )

c IIl Jllta sist'd alld 1'1"1 h:,ps 11 (1 1 fiLii)' It"l"Og lli sc.: d h y HOIII II hllll ~ dr. [\lId

" " illll'1pll"li\'e.: t:olls lltHtS tlte.:), '1';11 Iii i,,; III' ill tilt, tllllll,lIit ) II I ,til

ill lcr pictillioll " I l't JlI S IL'lI t: 1 Ihe illla "~1' 1'1' Ih e illlplini :1111 hOI ,1111\

illiplit'li I l"at!n grad nail), a s I It",ld :t \\olk, alld tilt"" 11 ' (" ti ll" illl,lgn

I It"Vt' n lll s t llll"tn i til ,":d idall' III )" It'iltlillg, Tlt t' i"1I11 Il"tllgl litlllll \,1

Ih is 1; 1(' 111:11;1)' d ut'S lI ut l e lld l'r tl,," lIuliuli uf ill'l )lin l ,IlIlhul ,I lid

illl pli"t! I(';ult:r s tipelllllOllS, bUl i t <IUt 'S It"b li\'i,,t.: llin,,' lSukilll,l1I

I ~IIII : I I ).

Tilt, lIution oi" illll'linl I{";u ln ; l~ idl' ," illlnl'l'"lt ' l til Iltl" illl!,I;!"!1

au tho r g;I\'t.: \\,:1)", i ll A lilt"! it":l :1l1d 1' ;lIlil"l'\all ) ' I'w I hl l "I I ), III 11 1.11 IIi"

ideal I c:tde.:r ill Ih t" sellse oi" :111 a lll,t1g:1I11 01 .H I ,II IHII IhuI,,"~ ItI )"

i ll ri u"III('d I eadn s" III It ilb tnrc 's st I lin II I : Ll j~t Sl ) l i "' 1 it .. ( I'll Ib , 1 ~J 7 I , t J lilt' rt" : ld t' l is a ' ,~ "pcr ·I" t.::ldt'r' whu, ill lilt, Cl' t ' u t B,l tLlkl. l lll"':\ l.rl

dlfl/J ( I !)(iCl) is ( 11I1IJHISt.: d IIf C\'C I )' tlll t: 1111 111 H.llltlt-l.lill", II ;, 11,111 10 1,1111 ' "

alld t"lili rs, itldlldillg .Iak ll lJslJlI, III RiII.HI"IIC' " ; 1I1 ~ t"l1, 1111 h , h ( 1!1 70 ) , tIL L' 'ildtllllll't i n :adcr', fllr <:olln ( I!J7)), ti lt ' " pl ,lillll'd'

reader " Hilt Ihe II C W ' s tliljCt:li\'i s l' uitin like NIII III :IIL 111111.11 11 1 ,I"t!

Da v id Hkirll , 11 0 dUltill It"at.:till~ ag :lill 10 1 ti lt" 'lI "i {'l li \I .~ t 1.11 1.11;' , 111.1

o tlL (' , e.'X dI ISitl IlS, h;I\'e.: IlIa (k a 1'("111111 10 il lt" C b S" tlO III Ri l It,ll.! , p i

"II!C / i((/1 1I1111"1 J III ( 1 ~ ' '2~IJ, tlltlllgil i ll ;\ IIItl1C" "'I tili sllI,tlnl ,11111 1''')" r hu;lII ;iI),licl ll y tlli( ' IIIt.:d \\",1)", II)' illI ,d ,,, ill g tht" 1.1I11,1'In II I ,H 11I ,d

Stlldt' lIl S I, 's llllildill ~ III 1'(1(' 1115 (~ ( '(" ('SllC" c i;dl r 11111I ,1I1t\ 1!1I;1l , IS le-it It

1 ~7(j , 'S, II l1lblHI 1!1 7h), r\S I ~ h ; tll llll t III' II s illg th t"; 1 \ 11('1 illt lu,III1I1'

ill !his 1)llnk, I slt:"1 S: I)' Iltl IlIlIIe ;li Hlllt i h t"1 l1lrl"lt" , IlIlllh!") 111111.1 III" honlt" ill IlI ilH i wl"" 11 1 ; 1II ; rl)' ~ t' l"t" 1 taill II ,!ll i li !, II ,d t l i lit ~' It ' .t t tillil Ht

'I lir '/ /1111 uJ III, S(I(Il ', illld Ilt t.: \\' ;JY thn:' litH \111 ~ t il lll\ l ) ';111 lilli ' the

gtl'TrLlt' ~~'S 'S)" lIlpIIlIlI S' (1"11 ' '11\,"1 I~ ) "

T Ill' ';H 111:11' I r;lI \n hit s ;rl"l1 be('ll (h",tlt with 10111 il .l .. glt ,til) ,lIld

Iti "~ torira ll )', I\lIt (llil y ill simple.' rnl" ;tlLiI 011 tilt' It'adll ig 1'"1,111, ItllI

ill alla l ysl"~; tlf h o\\, ~1I1 ioiogic al l h ;llIgl"~:

31 lilt: Kt: ,\ 1. .\~D lilt: Klltl()KIl:

ill the' (' IHIlP(~i liuli (and ( '011 '('"<111('1111 ) ' in tlu' id('l, lo~)' alld laSII' ) or a

lI:tti Ci llal /(' ;11111110: Jlllbl ir ha \"(" (,"1 1I1I1111ulnl 10 11i(' ('II1('I~{'lI t ' r Ilf 1I1'W li lerary fnrl!1~ . ' ;\11 \\':111 ', 11.'''1' \lud y , "Iht /(II( r~lllt( ,\ 'fI/,d ( 1 ~1~)71. :l.1It"l lqll l'lilo

:1I 1' W ("I th i, q ll(' '1 1011 h y I'X;lIl1illill ~ tlw "lIlk~ Il l' 1)C'lo(: , Rilll ; tl d ~o ll :lnd

Fi r ldill'-: ill I ; .~hl of tlu' t 1l:lllKil1~ ' III i:iI rllll di tinll ~ and ;dCIl~IIi-:r of t Ill"

('i~lll('nllh rrllll1l)" E II~[; ~ h n,id dk d;t ~, rr :\(lill~ I Hl hl ic (SLlIt'lllIa li 1~IH(J:

JJ )

(; ro q.~ l. uk; I("·s is Il c ri! :! P'" th e 11{ · .~ I - h.I1C,\\· rl l i'~ 1I1e ill :I tllHlI' l\brxisl

lhcory 01 dH" 110\"1' 1, :lIId hi s d i<;c il' k I.lI(' i('l l (;01<1' 11:11111 i ll I.r dint

(lI (h i ( I ~F) :) ). ' \\'(,11 1 rllllhn 111 ;111 \\';1(1 , 110 \\,('\'('1', ICII ' hI' SOllgl1l 10 gi·.T

:111 explil il ( ",,~cnli : !ll y ~t;L l x i q) IIH'OIl'li(";l\ :l cTlllJIII tlr Ih i:-.

n 'bliell, ... lli!, ... ;\n 'o ld ing le I <;o ldlll ;U1I1 's I 1I0Ilt-1 , :dl 14 1(":11 \" olb " I" I;I I' I ;\IIIIC 1·"'1'11· .... Ih(' ' v is ic!!l 111'1111' Wil l It!' 0 1" ;, s l ll" ' ili !" s(I!"i;!\ 1 · I:t~ S 01

rl:c .... In \\ hi l II Ih c' wliler Ili 11l ~dr h l'longs , ;lTId whi(" h ("o ll s [ililtes ,

111("1 (' I; IIt·, h nl h I hr <;ourn' ;",11 Ihl' deSl il1 :1lioll "I' his works'

(Sulc i",,, ,, 1 '11111 : :1:\ ). B"t '" S" k i"",,, I" ,i" " ",I) I""') .I""!,,,,, I,l'c'IIh;"c!1 in hi<; (' ''''; \y \\it h i ll Sl1k il l1;III's h(lok ) , !ilt" 1I 10d l'l dol' S II n l

stl flil ' ;t'lI t1 y l:"I ke inl o :1t "("0 II II I ' till" sil llal ion (II' 1'11 1111 11 1' Ihal

(' h :lT :lt"lni/n \ Ihr Id :l l i !lll .~ hip h('I W(, (, 1I "Sl'liOII S" \\' I"il e r ... and the

htJllJ g('o i~ 1t' :"Idi ll~ puhl ic (wh ic h is liI (" oll l y IT ;d p"hli (" Ih (')" 11 ;1\ ' ('

h :,d ) i ll 1-'1 :111( "(" sinn' Ihe llJid ' lI illc'IC' I'IHh {"(' I\I I II )", This 1"1'1 11111"1' ;IlId

it <; rOIl SC!j IlI'II (" I' ." \\(' IT a!1;\I~ .... cd hy Sarl , e ill (~/I'fl/~(f f{ll f til tilliw/lllr?

( I ~ 11 7 ) , :lIId hy Ibrlllf"" til / .r drg,; <.;/11 df ('in i flllr ( I ~J:d)' ( I ~IBO : :\·1), ()Iher f'('q ' ;"lIdl 011 '1( ' :1 1' n 'adn .<; ; \1 "(" lil t., ;lllf'lIlP! S hy T("1I11 Van D ij k

( 1 ~ 17 '2, 1 ~ 1 7:)h, 1~17(i) to f'\ 'oh'(';1 g(,lInalin' .L:I;llIlIll;\ r Cl r l)'pes uf lt'X IS

:I (T llldiuL: III ('xl'('Iillll' III " wil h I h e 1t';I t" li n n s " I It ' ;11 r(';$I('I s 10

enl;, i" 1{' .,< l s ~i\"('11 10 tlt""1: ' ;\1 it- asl SII IlII' g r HI IJl S of spcakns of a

1:1I1 ~ II:lK("" C ITI ' l' re>t\lIlt' ;\l1C1 illll'l"prt' ( :\ p o lnniall y infinite IIl1l1lbn 0 1"

lI ilk l l"lIl lil('l ;\I) I(':-;I S 1:1<; Ih t,y do "1'I11t'II("("SI' ( \ 'a ll I )ijk 1~17'2 : IB'I ),

All d (:ttll" 1 Ililll ~ ('lr SIl .~gl·""<; (ill ;1 III illi:\II1 papC'l" ill S "lt-iln ;\II 's

\ ' IIII111H' ) a t r;\I\sfu,III;\Iiilll:1 1 .~ I ; lIIllll;\I· of ;H'I";.1 1C'4Idings , \\ ilitOIl I, 1111 \'."('\"(, 1, IIT Opll~illg 10 do i l hi 111<;(' '' ',

~ 1 1' ; \II \\" hilr, ill 1-:111 11$(', ti lt' plt (, III1IIl(,IL (t I ()~iC: 1 1 IIHI\' t ' llIt'1I1 I! :\t! III CH III (, I'II ROIII ;"1 IlIg,llclt'1i :"Ilitl \':\ , i' 1I1 S li, lIo\\T IS. 1 11.~: II ( kll \ 1I It',,} y

0 11111" \\C1 lk (11'; \1 1 ( I (H I ; 11 :-\11<; . l!lI itJ, I ~ J 7J) i,,;. p l1l"c \y I , hilc,sl lp h ir; t\

/11111', I!J ;I\ i<; II) ~;;;\y, il i<; ;111 il1l 1llir)" i"lo ti l(' olLlolngi" ;\1 s lat~ l s or ~ I.' c W(l lk or ;\1' (, hilI l!t('l (' h y a l .... o all illfj llil")' illlf! lI\lr ;q l p n' h t' l1 sIl Jl I 01 11 . .

The \\Cllk 0 1' ;111 is ;01 'ill ll' l1lioll:1 I' ohjcct, Ih :l t is, ;1 11IIldllrt o f;l("\ s 01

("1I 11 ~ i inll<; I1(, <;~, ;111 olcjnl tlin i' , t' lll rrOlll 'id e;!! ' ubjc T IS ill Ih~1 i l is

!;\ d , j" c' l In c- lIrllill~l'tl('i(' <; , :"1(\ 11 0 1 c' I('III:1I i ll Ihl' s ell ~ (' IIial, sa )" ;1

tTi; II Il!iI' j<; (' 1('1"11 :.1 . I I i" ; tI ~ cr d illi- I"t'1I 1 i"lolll 'n':.!' tll ~j ("n s i1l Illat it 11 ;\11 '" (,lIcl~ il ~(" 11 b y d ni .~ll : llillg S c lIlI(' llt ill~ olhn 111 ;111 i t.<;c1f, ;IS dot's :\

litE IUII . I(JI(I C :1'\

\\lord (II" a S(· III ('I\(T . 1\1I ;11 )'sis 11111 ... 1 Ihndi n(' ('S( h n\' hO lh I'~y c litl ,

lug is lll alld ( 1I1\ )i l i("i sl11, I II IH' f t'pb r(' :\ by w h:tt he tail s ' (, jd t' lj ("'

rc.:dnnioll {l'i do.I.: ('SS I' IlI t', 1.(". I t.: tiu r n\ 1;1 ib l'S~('I\( ·n ).

' I'hi s ill !,!"adice S(,(, III " Itl IlI l'a ll rll /l ., i dt'l;lI~ th t' d ilic l(' 111 ' :-.1 1,11,. ' II I'

Iht' WC II k: the stJl llld -s lr; lIa (lng'lI ck ll : d .. ,I ), Iht' IIIIil S o r 1J\( ' ,' lli l' ~

w h i("h CO Il Ji l ill t: ill lo S('(I'U': II U :S ilild S{'!lII'U(,t.: P ;II I('I II \ ( I I,,, . :) alld Ii },

t h e sl !":tl 11111 of Ihe o l'j erl s It'PIl'Sl'lIlnl , i.e..:. lh l.: \\lIlld 0 1 liI l' IIO \ dl '"

(("It. 7), ;11111 Ih l' s i l ;,111111 of .~ ch l"ll1 ;lIi ... t"t 1 ohjt" 'l s , I' .g Ih t" ill iplin i III

Sl:fl('(\ \" ic '\\' Jltli lll ~ 1'1 (JIll \\ hi, h th is '\\" 111 Iii ' is S('('I I (t I. ... . H , lI ld !Ij . III \llt'i[ ;\ ("("IHIII I o f 11I .~ : \ldl · ll , \Vdlt-k alld \\" ;111 1.: 11 (l~ JlIJ ) ;tlld ,\ l i J\t"!"

( I !J 7I i) ann tl IC'1I1 ;Hld a linll SlI a lllll l, tlr ,lI III' 'I q 1/('.<;(' 1111'11 ull in li

Vil i('s', illt"i lldill ,L; lilt, (11111 illdi s p(,II ,, :t~ }k) '1l1t't;qd l)""it";11' qll,tiil i..:",

( 11l l' hill y, tli t.: Ilagi!" , 11.1' ",,, "Iilll(, , ,·tL ) IIial ,II I {' I\,dd n II:-. Itl

;IPI'" ' II«" I1<1 ( t·h . 10). Hil I l itis is ;1 II lislludn ", t; lI u lillg or IlIg,llIk ll , 111 1

",iUlIll I ll est' 'It' I"CSt' l\lnl "b.ic("( ivi lio' ; \1 (' 111 : llIili · ... 1 ill ;111 ~ II ; II,' , III

pcrh :.ps IWllt' 1';lIli l"l ";lIl y :' ~;l rUIII ' li t l/1 HI till ' ole jc"!"1 ",1 1 ,11 11111 . ; I II

th is P YI ;Ullid , rt"lll ill islTIlI "I' Ih e 'Inds ' III ;11 1: ,, ) ... i, ill "' I:-' ln l ti ll I I)"

ROII! ;11l .I ;.ku hso ll ill 1';lrt ic lll:ir ;111<1 I ii I' i'[ aglll' Sdlclld i ll gnl\ ' I , d

( pIIIlIlIlIHgil":l 1. IlI o r p!.ologic;t1, s), lItan ic:d , ,ht' lol il ;d l, ( ', It h st l. 1I1I 11I

I\(:t"ds it s s llhordillal(' i ll 01 tin III ex isl .

Fill' I llga l t !c-II I III' ' StllIIHI -s tr aIUIII'

pr e SS IOII, or w h :l l S trll ('\llr ;\l is t.", (": 111 ( ti lt' 1''' )Si l, t\ 1111" ;111 " 01 C'X'

111 (' si ~ ~ : 111'1 1 " 11 111 , .. lit' t:OllrIl Sn\ wil l. ' Ih t' :1 1" 111 ;11 s oulldillg t, f \ \"11 1 11 :-. ', \\ llitlr Ildll ng 10

pnltli"lll.lIlt"l' . I II ~ h:lp(t:/' I ·j lug aldell adlllil S II II [(' ,1111'1 .\ 1II,I y ,.11('1

I)fO IIlIIl t"iillio ll in silt"1I1 I (';uii l1 g , IIlId thus ' 1(' ;11 1 l i lt· \\ (11" III .\1,, 11 , I

111;111 11(' 1' 11."1 Iilq' illl l"lIlillll:l l\ )" Ihi nk ,,1111(' \\l lT d ~II \1I H I "' lil lI'II\1 ,1\

belongi llg 10 Iht' work ilself, :lIlt! i ll llti .~ W;IY rllllfI.!!' ' h I.: W(l t \.. rI ~ (" II '

( IY7:L :HiB) , Bill 0 1" ("()lIr ",e Ilri s ;ll'pli cs ('\t'lI III HI I' I " ,all ti l(' ul lin

s lr;II ;1. Ye l 1 1I ,~ ;lId("l 1 ill sis t s I hal 'l il t· filll lld i l1 g III ti ll' 'II .HuIII II I IIl1lt ~

or Il\ e;\ l1 i ll .~ ill illt'al 1"11I 14"t' I'I S hllih pi (I l eUS 11. (' W' >l1 IIllliLd l )" 11'1 111

SlIl dn.:li \" i z; lli o ll alld lII" kl'.<; il 1'1I ... ", il ' ll', ,II !c- ;, ... \ II ' I' l i lll il '\(', '0

( ' h ang!' il I lack to it s oli .L;i n ;t\ liHIII' , .: Ild 1(, ;\1 litn t'i O I I' , 'tk"llil c' Ilrl'

indis lHllahk 1":\\ '1 or its " lilC.: ", lli e lil ("l ;II .. WII ( k l ;IIII,1I 1 III' 11.,) , 111"0 '

g iznl' ( 1'1 7:\: :Hill ). As Ea rl iod illl'l P"I S il ill 'Tilt, objet l i\ t· f;dl.u ·y' 1 1 ~17 t iJ. di :-'I lI ... \i llg

Illgarck ll, we s Ii cl lll d

PIISl tll:Jll' lill i r t'lIl ilii's: :III "Ii)..:ill ;cl ( 11' '' 1''1 "I' .\n ,tH' 11I' I n , ,\\lnl,, I ' ,. 1" "11 iii!" wo rld , a p h )'si" ;d IIH'all ~ 1'1' 1· ."qll l" ~ ~ i"II, ,\Cit I \" i,1 die I,J' ~"I ,.I 111 1' ,11 .... " I

1' :< 11 l"""siccll a I t' , kll ll \\"ill~ urlll!' ' 1 ":lI( ' cllll "I" l nl ~ I ' I , ~ 11"1\,1, 1, •• ,\lC ' " '1 ,.1\,1 1' of l l 'atl ill,l; Il.c' l 'x I" I'''''';'''' , \\'1' 11111" 1 IC · l u.~ lIif(' \, h,c l 10' 1"1 ,11 )" I lbl" ' ~ ... 1" ,\\", II '

w ill. illi ·rutabk \ ;1\ ' 1: Ilr,lt I\{' I..: :u lt'l ~ ;1Il' illl " p,,',k 0 1 ~II"""II .~ //,"/l/d

I II t: H [:\ I . ,\ N II "I liE H II t: I t) H II :

t'..::tnl r ;"1\ Sh;,knp(";"II(" lul(,"" i( Ilr t'"x;"I("( l y;,~ "tln'l" rf';l(lt"I~ 11:\\",' kn ow n and

\,"i11 kIll 1\\' il ;11 ;'1110(111"1 ,illl ("' TII(, ~ C'" dill("1("tln'~ ;lIt' Il".tl lw, dn IHII ,k~IIO )'

,It,. ill'r~li,~ .. I liI(" \\"II ,k " I p " '!7)

I": arlin ~lill('f 11 ;11 1 ill"i"ll"Il: 111 1 SI jClllis l wOll ld t IIIl"idt"r h is kilo\\"Ic-d~C" of;1Il Hbj cn 10 ht' ilSrlf;"l1l ,,1~jC'('(' ( I" :l ~) l. Thai is 1IIIt"lt-ar ( Il is

kno\\'kd~(" of;\II obj"("1 111;')' 11111 he f}" ol ~jf't'l, h1l1 ;1 :-\11 lIi1j('("\, c " ~ . a

11111<1('1 ) , :Ind I' ('T h ;lJ ls ;, Iii III- ll ai\T . 1\ sl ' il"llli !> I's kllllwJnl .~.· 01" :111

"hjrr! I"o ll "iq~ n/w III' I.:" "" . ;,,~ ,,"hal IIliler st·it·lI lis ls ha ve said .

t-.llllf'O\"("r hi s illl(" P ITI:tliotJ of tILt" IIhjt"( I i '· .g . II ... Iwll :l \' io llr II r

III O\eCIlit-S) ie; ,,· iL :11 hr I t"ganJ .. th(" ohject a s !t,: ill~, UllIil di splovt·d.

III olln·r wI nd s, Iltt' 1(" :'(1 III" lI:lturr ;"I!."" dlall .'-:c's Ihrough tlu ·S(·

dill"rlC"1I1 klltlwlrd~r s. 1 1 ,,\\"(' v 1;1" , il is Irue Ihal w('lill"lar), III"0 pic fi lld

it Vl'l)" dillin!!t IH,I III 1"11111"" ,, (, '\llIr ' J"( 'adillg, (' 111 i(" II(·<I hy I host· o r otller", wilh the" Inn . ~IIlICtlV('r, 'ridc ti l" I n\IIrlitlll is i lst·lf· a L:li li, ·;1\

hum:"1 at"li\"il)", illlpminK a ~ystt"l ll , arul Ing :lrd{'!I' s att('mpl s 10

ddillt'" ;"I lL ."l1nll1gi c:d f· ",<i~ t("l lt · c for th t" lilt ' r:lI)' wo,k ,,\ ;111 St:t:11I 10

t-.tillc'l I,. !"nh"·f' it ttl 11.(' ~;\llIt ' ~1;IIIl S:le; lilt' ',c'al' wll rltl.lI

I k ~ l'ilt· hi .. ill~iq f · llrc (III Ihe IIlt"tllTli r: d JlII" ... ihili l )· tlr t"h:l"gi,,~ a

wOlk 'k" k til II~ oli .~in ;,1 1111111 ', IlIg;ud(, !1 dtll'~ h O\\"l"V(·' al so ill ~is l till il " 'Iik ' IIlIom.:1I n'a dill~ s ancl :I('"III(,li(" p"ln'p lions , which II(" C II\ e; "O/II(lt/flllI IAo"A "t;;:. alw" ill Ih(' l;nlll :I" tlall " I;lIitlll, A!llIA,r~r.:

/It] 11 ill thl" flIi1!i,, :d I'lIl i .. h ), :1I \( 1 which tr;III .. lilllll ti ll" texi. lie- W; IS

" ·1(" fil " l In \;1 ;111111.11(' the 1I0lillll ot" g;'I''' Ilf" ill tlt-I t"llIlin:tt" y (l1)lllld

howt'" \" t"I, ;t1r r;ltl)" i ll .I:1I1Ie''', sc' e 'th(' ~ l fll Y pi IIII' ~~ap' t"h ;lj)\l'1" II,

p " '2'17), \\ h i( II t ht" 1(":,, 11"1 l i ll e; ill:l " lI lt· '1t·;di.lYs' Ii II ' WOI k. Nn."t"ll hdc ... s

111("1(' S('("!II til II(', Ii 1\. lu g;"dt·ll, 11Ilt' ;lIl d 1:t1 ... 1· I t·: ll i.l,ali olls III" ;1

lil n;lI)' \\lIfk. :l 11011011 tha i h ae; htT Il nilili "nJ I, )' til 11' 01" his

di ,,(·il'l("';, \\ " (l If ~:Il1g Iscl" ( 1/" illl/'{"td '''II/n 1~17 ' 1: I ·III ) as ("sq'lIlialiy

c b e;~il:d (Snir il ll;)II ).

hwr'" ("tH,, ·rptitlll, h"w("\"(: r, IIII'll " O llt ,

IIflt \'CI)' dillt'f t' 1I1 ill 1'1";1( lin', :," 01'1"'''''d 111:\1 'Iltr \ .. ·n l k i" 1111 11 (" 1!t ;\II liu' In:!

;IS SII1t-i l ll :1I1 ~ h tl\\"s, \11 IH·

to hi " IIIt'o r )', wlli, Ii ill"ls ls ( (...1"1" 1 ~ 17 · 1 : '.n ·l ), hi!" thl"

I"I";(I; .. :-\!;Ol\<; IIIIPc)~(" ;"I patlt"lll 1111 il Ihrough sci," lioll, :llIlicll':lliuIIS

and liIl"il" ITlltI" l't"cti\'(' lIIo<iil i(:t liollS and "tI\I'r sillliLtr I (·adn'

ani \ ilin (~"e (;,'1\(,11<', IwltH'"). 1 ,; \11 ' 1 lit· ~fI('S Itlillwl" .lIld s; 'y" Iltat

'Ihl' P"I("lIli ;1I 1(,,<1 j" illlillill'l ), riciln Ih:1II all ) "r i ts illdi vidual

.... rr:tli,:lti .. u,, ' ( lqi ·l : ~HlJ), S\I~g{''' lill .~ Ih:ll :.11 illdi vidu :t1 1t" :tii s:llioIlS

;\1 ,. ;,. 'I'pl:lhk ;11111 f"llIil ' h ,ht" le..:1 IllIolI~!h tilt ' lead ('r's t ,. ·; ,I; \,c·

"dc·. 'til"" ;dl,, \ .. i,,~ fllr ;\ h iK h dq.~It·t' 01 " 111 "("" ' ·;lI i: lli o ,, ' (S "lt-illl.tll

1 ~ IIlII : ·.n l , \\·hidl t'lI ;\hln hilll III di ~ tillgtli ,, 11 III"IW(' I ' II a Ctl lIlt"lll

P llJary :lIId a 1.111"1 III IJ'l in l RI'atln , who ie; ' t l:," ~ lti s ll!\it"al', tIll' bin

i I ,

, !

i I I

i j j' I

[;

Iltl: IU I I.IIIK I C

()" I I If" ullll"l hall'\. h.' "' '' .t-.:t.:n l' 11.:11 il I' "IIIIO.11t I~ 1111" 11· '1 , .. 1"1111 1.11 dll l""~ till ' 11';111("1\ ,, ·.tl i/, 11 1011 n l it. I ' t"i .I" ..... 11 .. 1 I " ·.tt II ... 'I''' .. . inll ,, \ "I,"" ~ ,,, 1.11 ..

Ic ·;1t l j ll~" dlll·llIy. bill I,i ... t1i"'IU , ... llll1 ."· .III ~ illlJ ,bn t l. .II " ,d ) .1 111111 11"11 1I1I,"11t"! III 1' ;111. " ." al' · 1.·;, li l"ahll" I." ;1 .l<,i\("11 11'\ 1 li lt \,lIi. l. 1.I 'r \.11111"

rt'atlill~,\ 11I1I ~ t 11(· ,·cIII 'lIt!, ·,,·<I iditl~)"I " 1:lli . · " ;11 ,,1 IIII !II ' iu.jllIl ' ;Iu ll } hi\ I! \' 1\

I radill .t.:~ III o; p,·.ilil· \\I'I\..~ ka\1' lin d"I .!'1 III.I! l it" ,"I ... ld ... , ',,'IIC' 1'·:lli /:\li ',II \ ""'IC' 111'1'·'1, 1111'1" I 'H '· II, rill" in ll ·IIII"II\ .,1 rl,,· 11" 1. 111.111 t1lhc~I ~. (S llk ill l ;"1 I!HlO : ·.n ·1 )

SUI, ·jlll:l" 'S ; llI al)"!<iis i !> 111 ;"inl )" ;11 11 1 ;I"ill l '" illdlll"l II) Itl lire "', 1111,·

(,1I1111";u li nicllI 1I0 tni i ll IlIg : IIt1t"u , il lld IILtll" Ilil t', · II)" It! h ,· , '!'! IlIil.: w ith Boulh , ill ti lt· 1:II · t th;II, Ii II' bn , • (' I :lin jllti .t.: 11l1·l!b I t·).,i . ,I " 10

Ihl' ."halll \·:du t"S ill I·(// /I~I" F(lI1 ) ,

'11,1\·' · I •• I ... illl, ' 1 ,,·cl. I"III ·} .111 ' tilt' I.bll\.. ... "I .. , I I II ... " ".Id ... " \tlIIP,.,,·.1 I" 1111

ill , II"I ~ Illil1 .t.:ill~ hi" \1\\11 l,iti .. i "' llI I" 1" ·,: 1' I ''' 1 I III , II .. , ' 10 ''' '' 11 "I illli·!I·1It 1', . I ~ \,, ·11 .1\ II ... \ \.-,11 1" 11111.1 .• 11"11 "I II ... '''"111( '1. ," tI,.11 til"

illli.' ''·1I1 r 'i 'l '1 11111'"",c'l l' II. 1.·: ,,1 III. I. ·,ul. ·, 1'1 ,,1.1, ·," .• rll .h,· , .. h ... ·lju,"t

~t. III · II\I""1 tll.11 11·:-;1, . 111 ' IlIh llll,·I ) li,I,, '1 111 .1 11 . 111 \ '11111\,,1 ... ,1 I' . tlll.llh,1I

Thc' I1l1lioll "I 1t·,ulilt.1!. ill'l ,li. il i ll 1,,·1 .... ,11l .d )", I' III II · \I. ,} .1",, · , .. 11 ,," 11 ,·, IIIIIi ll ll ; 111I 11l .l..!h 11111· II"lI, lill l} IIt·n lulll IIllj, ·,I rn II ,i,, "'" 11111''''1.1111 I"

,,·.di ,,· ,It .11 I..., . ,'~ tllI·",,·,i,.d tI ,· ... I il'lill" "I ti ll" ,,·.Idillt.: P",. .. " .dl .. ,,, In , .1 ~'I' ; lt ,It·:.! '1\.",. 1,l liIIU1.- ill i "tli \·idll.tI 11·."i / "l i"" tll.11I 01, .. , I", .11111 . .1 ("fili,·,tI I'''Hl il I ' . IS tllt-illl .1I1 1'11111: "21 )

'1"11 ;11, OrCHIII S!·. ;llId .r" \\t· .... h;tli !> CT ill LUI"! I h.II''' ·I ' . I'" "" ,. 1I111.c·

pbglH's ( 01111"111 ; '11 .... :1 ... ;\\"illg gl;H ,·\. d 111t · I.II ) : 1.1 ·''' ) !III" ... ~' I. · ,ll

11(·\'\'1" 'I"ill' g dl s willI lilt· pia, (ill" II I' ,.I ... .. irtlH·l\ ·1I1 III 11 11"

:IIHhigllil)" lit" tilt: '\tlnIIJH:lfllic· 1 b;t Vt, lllllnllwlllll" (1'1' 11., :1( 1). · lll i~

:lltd ligllil}' i .. II Il1lC· IJ!,,·illll.'1. IH·clI .... !" \C , ... I l'lllllllnl , " ' tI,,· \\\1\ ~ 1,1 lIlt·

I': II rll)lt';11 I S IIIII"iIlI;di", ancl Snlti .. lili ,l l .... ( I II II ~ 11 1j

F .. I 1"1'111, till"tI · IS 1111 ljllt' ''' lill'' "I ;111 1IIII'Iini 11·,lI ln ., ... · 1,1 •• d · ...

illt( ' IPI"t"It ' 1 (~ illt · t· Ilwy ti,l 11 0 1 ·illtt"lllll·l· fI' ,·, .dO :II '· ! , hili I . IIIH· I .111

:l1I;drs i" IIr hll '" 1I11";llIill'-: 1""l"1i'II" ill ;1 Ic ·:-, I. ;,od •• '" hlt.11 .11'· Ihc ·

1"0<1t· ... (n lllur:!1 t"OItVt"llIillll'i) 11i;11 (·II. tldt· 1111" 'i ,, "'c lll wd· 11" ... ln I i,, ·

sn ilit"d ill ''' to clldn Willi" 1111' :t111"1I1 h.l .. ill " l i lll ' l l i ll I I,, ' Ic · " I III

111 :.11.:(' ' St ' II SC" III Iht' Ind .

Thi !> i ... \\" 1.("It· till" " II""/t/l". ( 1I.1I1 .l ln·, ,,1 (;,' 111"11,' 11'1"2 1 ,llId

PlilltT ( 1~17 : i) 11"I" ,lIt ·" H IIII III '!> in'l ilin i If ·. ld ... . I "I till ' 1111j1lin l

11";1( 11"1 1':I1:dlt-lt"t1 till' i llll' lin l :l l1tillll .lIul \\,1 "' , .. ... \ \1 . \. 1\'. Iti ... Itk . .! i lilt"! 1'" ' 1 t"1 . . J"ht· //,/" aftll If· lill\\ \ . \"C· I P ;1l .tl ll"! , II H· , ,,,,, ,' :"11 , .I ' ,II I • .1".1: ~

10 r/n/il/I/II"III /dr'l fll/(/tllll,· l;u ldlc,:>,, ·r !;ldd ,, ·' ... 'T l . ,\1 11 1 1111 · 11.111.11,., , ... lIlt·

IIllt· w hll ~ Jlt·al.: ." I hl" 1I;1I1,lIin·, :tlld 11 11 · ,1"\11,1· illll'hli d ) "' II4',lk :-.. I"

1(; I Ill'. K[ :\ I .,\NII , ' I ll'. RIIEI()/{ [(:

!iOnH"OIH' , Narr:l\f'cs III f:1.t"t ca ll be analysed ill c~ ;H ' lIy the sallie wa y

a'i Booth :l 1l ;,ly"cd Ilarr ;IIOIS. They call lit' intru si\'c' or ( 1IiOIT

II QI:dl yl dbl"nl: IIw y I ; \ 11 I I(" d':IIII:llisnl ins ide ;1 siory kg. w lw il :\ :'1101 y Wilhill :I 'lor y i 'l lold h y S UIIII ' OII(' 10 S O l llC'OIU' ill Iile out side til"

fr :H1H" story, tlf ('\"(' 11 . Ii II' t il ;" matt er , "Iit'll , ;} Ch :I1 :IClt'r III :111

II II rr:lilln I !'i lor)" 1<"11 .. :1I1ol h n t "har:\l' l tT SlllllI'lhillg til:\! has jlls t

lI:lpl1(' III 'd to hilll, II!" (':"( pLLiTls i l ill Il i s 111"' 11 It'rllI '' , or iell " hi s hack .I~l(nl l }(1, (, I C ); th , y ca n Ill" 1111(" of SI'\"I"I:II, :11111 tht· ), Clluld, J

SIIII[1II<;'", n't'll h(' '1llllcli :thk ' , corn·spfl lHlillg 10 II I 1111 ii's ' 1I1I1..Ii,\l 11I-

11 ;111 :11111 ' ( (' .g . i .. . 1:11 111""', <;1I 1I 1f' II f I ) o llgb ·(" li " H 'I U' I S III tlac pIO\ O,'-:'Jt'

10 'j II( '/ ,t", '!/ tlu S (I (lt ' . S (T t 'h ;tp[{'1 7, p , 1 7: ~ J,

Bill (:/'111'11(" dOl' " 11111 I(, :t1l y (')(p lll;t lili s I ltllioll , lil llLlgil il IS

il npll";1 in hi .. w h olc- ;1 1I :d)' ~ i s III' a lI:1rr;lli\T 'S ' lIi "wollrsl" (1;11::'(/ or

oll.!,:1lli "; lIioll \. :1" oPI"I"n\ [0 '<;l o ry' or '/;:/1//1/1 ( 1 ~1 7:l) , I s l1 ;.1I Ill' (\!- ;t1 ;l1g ill d('ta il " 'lilt (;(,II('I[(" S C ' lq~1I 1 it'S (II di ",nJl , rsl' in (' hal'l .... 1'2 , 11 {'fI' I I\'i ll IIlIly IIl1'II111111 (,1'I1;,ill ;I ,"I)('( 'IS ill Ih"i,. 11'1 ;.111111 10 1111'

illlpli .. il ":11 , ;111'(' ( alld ;,1 ,, 11 I,}, W:I )' IIf. 'X I'IaIl :lli , lnlll"nTt:lili tl'lllIS I

~ kdl II(' mll1~ Iwfi",' ("h:\j1 l n 1'2 ) . ' lilt.: thll'l" 11I:li lL C illq~olil' s :ttT

[illH' , 11I1I .. d :lIul \ ' 41;1"(' .

l ! lu\!- r [;Illl' , (;rtH'[11' (\(' als wit h oldn, <I"r:lli' ll1 ;.11'\ 1"1 ('II'I( ·II(T .

Iii" 111':111111' 111 (11'''11 ;1111111 ( p;U "f' , i .C' . 1' :111'''' , "'T llt', S\llllt n :II )", I' llips is)

i .. L.ill~ 11:,d;I; ( III:II, 1111'1'1'1 )" l id y ing "I' wl.:1 1 tI\(, po<; I -, I:IIII ('s lall l"I"ili l"S

11:\\"(' ,,; . ill ;11,, 111\ 'Idl ing' :11 11 1 '"lapwi ng ', In ll hi ." : 11I:tI ~s i s Ill" o rder :ultl ft ("!jIl" 1I1 (' i" \ "(' 1 )' 1I'\' I ', lIi"g . (hiln i s di\';lkd 1,1"(1 ;\1 11)" inlo UII,tI'"/"/1 (1I:I "hh,1I k, ;1I ,, 1 /' /01,/' 1/1 { iI : I ~ II - llIlw:l!d J. Lach (" ;111 1)(' (')(11'11, ;11 II r

illl"1 11:11 , c .g. ;111 ;\Il" I( 'I' ~ i ~ (' :III g o II:u 'k 111 ;\ 111111' I II" Ii 1l l' lilt' IIt 'gi ll ning

II I tlu' ~ I'''y ( "XI('I11;11 ) :llId th is 11.~ \I : d l y h:II'I'I'II" (' :111 )" UII, til n: pl:till

IIII' p:,q cd ' :I \ har:lnl' '' o r gi\"(' J\ ~i lll:1lillll , I II bl t'r Oil , " ", r t"t' ;,lI s

1lI'III ' liti \'{' ;1111' 1,, :11 01 ,, :11 .. p ' I'.,,) ',r ttl fil l ill :t p l n ' iu lls dlil'.\ is (C'IIIII

plc ' l i \"I" ;1111"111:11 ;lII:d t' , ,, i<;), ()I it t":lIlllt ' 11 1ixt'll . Ih :\1 is. ~ull1g h :ll"k ill

Inll!.:.' I " ;, liltH' I lI" lill(, Iht" hq.~illllit\~ 01" 1111' story , hU I njoi ll ill .'-: a

""i ll l ill " i"c' ti lt' ~ l lIl \" ill il s OIll/,lElllIIf. F", ill " I ;1I11"(, ( lil Y I' X:Il I1PIc- ) ,

Ilnl('I :"" I' Xpl;,lI:llillll " I h i" P:lq (: IS \ :tlllri ,, ) I ., 1,II C1(, 1I d t' R llill"Ill l'lt" ill Ib l,.;\(' ·" .\jl/flldrtu{" 111/,(,( 1 drl (O lll llln ll r,1 It' li s ti lt' s tor y

tip III 'he floi,,\ {i" "i"!' II II' s ilir yl \\"111"11 Ill ' caliif' "1" ' 11 I ,Ll c it' 1I aholl l

tel , 11111'\ h i lll ~ "'r b y tilt' li \, l'r . (;1'11('111' \ ('X: \II'I,!t- S :\1"(' i"ttllll 1I IlIllt'r:

till' 1.' 111 ' " 1" : l lt:I!.-Jl ",I~ :1110111 ()rl Y" ~("I1 '" \\"1111111 1 .~ Ij(· S IJ:\t ·k III HI/I.!! "

~ t ' \ 'n ;d Ike :II\ I''' Itll[ I, :." :111 nm/d i/lldr o["'1I"1111f 1111"(,(' (1:I :;S {lilt' hlll1l "

11lt'1I k:ll' ~ h:H' \.; 10 tI lt' II\ll ~ 1" \ \;, ... 1111','-: (hl ~,;; t ' \I "" Ii"l" t ( l'x IC"lI1 ;d

:,Il:t!1 \"; .. 1. Bill ,du'" ()!l Y""' II ... ;Irt in'" Oil 1 lit' ~ h {l I(,S II I' l'b :H':H" i;1 :lILd

Ic ' l1 " h i" p,n'i"II " aCh(' II IIlI"S (uululd hy ti ll' tl ll l l1i s(" it'lit 11:111":11111"

\ \

! I ! , 1

, ' " .. ,

, Jr ' I , ,

111 1: i{ lIt-. I I I I{ 1( : :17

lH:f tll"c) IIp to Ihe: poi ll t or hi s arri \'a l, t hi s i ~; 1 IIliXt'd all , dt'p ~ i " lilling

i ll a h llg .. ellipsis, IHII al.,," n .: pl:ti llillg I II(' :llli \": II ; JiL l' 11' :1\1 11\ 1111 th t'

:tllalt.:psi s lH"ill ,14 'Ihis i ... \\b y I :1111 1'("1(" . ' \11 ;11I ; dq,.~ i ... 1 ;111 .!I'!I I,,· I';tni:d ( g i \l i l1 .~ oll ly 1':111 or Ilw illl;IIIU ;111' 11I ) Ilr (1IIIIplcl( '

l' rokp"I's \\" IJlk ill dlt · ."';1 JI \l' \,a~ , .ddlllllgh Ihl ' ) ,III ' 1,111'/ ' 1111('

th .. y (k ~ 1! n )" SII SP (' II S" . ' rhc')" alt· "" I I II II(' 1IIIlIu \ C"d \ \ ;tI . WI/" ' ''' I I II

!rilli s :tl H'"1 Ihe 1"111 1111 ', Ii,,' Ih!' }" :111' dd'llitl' " : lIt ' 1I11'1I( ~ II ) (lit ·

n:lrr:ilol" , .,-:i \' ill.l!, illl ; ItIIl :II ;oll . ("lllin ill til!" 1I :\I I :llin' , ,,1 11 111\ ,I 1.111'1

j'loilll ill ,lt l' SIIII Y (III' :dltT Ilt t' Sl l ll y ) , tilt' I ,11I' ll li l· 111 1111111.1 1'l" ill .L: '1"

alllit"ip;III" , or \\" 1' ~ h ; tli St T 1:1IC"1 tll ,lI ' t ill ., id, ' Ih, ' '(II I ) ) III ':\.

c:\"' I1II1 :I1I )' III ;\( li ed Y '/, lod,l )" ti ll" ""II '" i, d" ' C' llnl ' (' 1, . II I ( ,," h l t k

Ih e s lory ), (' . .I!" ill 1'11111 ;;1, ti lt' :tll\f \ill " \11 ti ,t' d",IIt. " I ( :h ,lIllJ ', III III

11t(, 11I;lt r i ag(' o i" 1\ 11 Ic- <I t' S ;,iIJl - l.tlIl P , \\"L il It W( I ( (01141 10 ;1111'1 Ih .. !'ILII

o j" Ihe slor)", Till' 1"1lIlIl'lt'li\"l' plilit-p, i ., Jill .. ill :111\",11"1' a 1.111'1 ('I1,\" j" 1111' n'IH·titin' !,I o lc'p ' ;s I .. ll s ill :UI";11I1 (' ~ 1I111(" l h i cl!'!' tll.11 \\dl he ,c ' llItd

bIer,

LJlldtT 1"]('1]111' 111"1', (;( ' lll"lI(' poilll '" tllIt 111 :1\ ' 11 11' • ,Ill 11·11 1111, (. \ \h.11

h a ppel1s OIIlT (S ill .l!, lIl:tlil"t, ) ; Of II lillH"S w lt :11 11:11'1'(' 11 \ 11 lilill" l .th"

s illgll\;l t i \" (' sillt"!, s('\ ... ,.:11 " :tll J( ' 1'\' ('11 1" :Ir(' (' : 11 It l illll ' Ili id \ 1111..: 1) I: (II II

ti lll(,s \\" it ;1I h :IPllI"lI s 1111("( ' {1t"jll'lill \"C', (' . ~: , 1111111 dilll'lt'lrt \It ' \'p''JlI' ~ ,

or 10 It' p r f 'S(' UI ()h~("s, il l ll , "h ,); III !lilt"!' ,\h.1I I, '\'111'11 ' II IIlIl i"',' 1 h i,

b .q Il l' (";111 " tlte i(OIl/il' f, II i .~ " "cd \ Ili !"! I ) \1' \ ! , I ~ . "111 , , I ~ ' " I ·'I~. \"

illlroclIH' (' a ell: 1I :It'ln 01 hi s blllil ) , tit !"i, h"h il~ ,l lI d I mllllll' 11'\ C"1)

day h t' 1I" f1111(1 go ;llId l il l y Iri .'i P :\P ' I ), :01(1 il h 'l~ ih " '\ 11 " ' I h(' II I

FITIILII ( t i lt, illl l'nkn) , w lliif' Ellgh , Jr , h ,l\ i ., ~ n t.,] .J i, It, ·d tl lt' I II '.,

ati \T 1Ial ll l(" \\"i l h w lluld, /1\ (/1 111. 01 1, " Ill illll'" hk(' "/(1'/1. II,/til, c' lt . • ,I II

ra rdy kc:!" p lit is lip \\" llhlllll rlllln ~ ill l".\.", :llIcI ~ Iidt"\ 111111 i l ~ cl\d ~ ",1\ 1

( 11 '011 ,). ' I"h (" 1I 111 111C'1I1 IIi' the ;1 1" \1\)\, 1\ ; tI \\ ; , ~ , I I ( .III ~ 11',111..1 ' .1

110wl:l' l'r, wil h til(' //l/ .I.\ ( .I//II/"/" ill 11 {"Illh, alld \"1 IlI i 'IIl ' ,II 1.-. ,,, ill

ElIgli s h ( OlLt: d a y, tll :\I 1I 11'llIill .~ , (' 1.,, ) . (; (" ' " I' ~ I II ' \ \ ' 1'11\\ 1'11111 ., 1

III :Hk a P ;l lli t"l ll :lri y rull :\l1d II l igill :" " "'" " I tI ... ill"l.lIi,,·, (";111 . 1<I 'l i( ' I'

or di"n '/1"1 (;/lfl ll/llll(n. 1IIt'".,-:h ":,,Iil 111:11 , tl , ". iI L~ II I 11 ' 1"1"'1111 ,III .wit in , all dilillt'I S,

Obl'ioll sly Iht' 11, :\(11'1" IS \"(' ry 111'\1 II ill \ ' , ,1 \" ("11 III :11 1 IIII' 11"111 1\

.s lrtln;o" or ti lt' '11':tI ' cndl"!' :11111 til(' !' 11I .t..:III.III\·t' l1 :1 tlll( ' Iii II II' C' \TII (':

all;d!'!, s!'s 1{,lld 10 I" XI'I.III1 Ihill .~ '" I" I,i l ' l, Id, i le- 1>111 11' 11\ ' " ,11\11 1'1' Ill' C XP(' ("(;llioIl S , :IS d"I " Iht" ilt· I .l l i \"(· : \ltl t I' SIIIIII ·,hi llg '"I ,t..: Ul.lli \l· III II~ I

O('("U I" Ii II' :I s tll ry III c·x i.'I) . I I 11111 \ 1 I ll" ", lit! , 1 \l 1 ~ ,, ·\ t"I . 11,,11 l ;"\1 1' 11 ,'

1" ;111, ('1" los(' s .... ig h l .d Iti !. lI : tll : l\ t· . , ,lIld \ 1"1 111\ III t1 nl ,d lC" lit. ·'!·

tcdllliqllcs o ll j('("livt 'ly : IS t"1 Iitliqllt ·s. Tllj , i", IH ' IIt:Ij " tl lll\ l (' vid l' lI l

ulHk r '11110,1, w here" Itl' h<ls II IJthi1Tg \1.: 1)" Illl g ilL,d t il ~ ,I )' , lie- .11\ ill .....

.' J '

:111 I "E I{ J:,\ r. .\:'\ II I II r. H. II /: J ( I J{ I C

./

mood illio di"':lIln' ;\lul PI'I""IHTli\T. Hilt hi' cOII " idcr:dlly rcdllt'('.<;

BflPtll '" C!nllplf'x lIotion 01 jlllnic di\l;\nn' Il y IlIt'H'ly :llIalY 'ii ll .L: 1), 1)('S

I1fdiqiJ11t~I' I dill 'n, ilul i rtTI. 1"11'1' illdlll'( ' I ) :I\ 'lflldilig 10 l .. allll111l1;11 FI('"tlC- il " I yliq i n t lill' Ilflli(ltl 11("'1"1'(" j,ulil'l'\ ' 1 'i,ylt·' I.{IWS h:lck I II Iblly,

1111'2, "I ('n'll 1'01111("1. :'" /,,./I(lt!n,·J/, Nrdr, I I! K:d!"p .. ky. IItq~l, :1111 1 II: IS IW(,!1 t lliit II <; lIulin\ ~il1l d .- :\l1hClII~h hi .. a"I"I1I1I1I fir dw.<:,' i" Sll hlk

(!' tT ('kI P!I" 1'2 line ), Ill!' 11 ':1IIn \ 't" lI';\\i \'l' lllk' is II"i\e l elr,lio t1t ' ll.

Simi1.!l l )" 1111 pn<;p'-"Ii\(', III' .. iuqdy Cd I .. 1,:1\ ' " 011 l'Ollilloll ( 1 ~1'lIi, SIT

,-h:q l1cr I'l 111'1(' ). It i ~ {llll~ "illl I'lIIa IIt;H I1w n:ul:tln' ITIllrlls ,

tlln'i()l1~ l ~ ~i lH t" \ 'Ilil I' dl";l1 " ,,·illl I Ill' 11:11"1 :11111 '" 1I :1I1 ;lli\' I' Illst:II\lT

fuot I II" 1"11111 " 1' til he I" llI dll"n l " ' itIL litl" Wlllrl"'S w l ili llg iIlS t:1I1Cc),

hl'filll", dillilll!, or :d 'll"I 1111" I"'TIIt.~ lold, :1I1e1 wiill 11:1II:1li \"I' Jt-\"ds

(~ lllIin \,il iLi" ~ 1I 1 I i{""J, :1111 1 wit h p nsoll \ :1 11 ,111 :1 101" Idling his O\\' Il

" lo ry 01" liI :1I 111 "I1 I1 ICOI1C c l ~c , i .r. ill Hooth 's InlllS, 'dralll:llisn l' 10 a

: J.!lr:\lc l" Ilr In "I'1 d ("g r l"e) . ;\ lId \\hnt' tilt'lt· i":1 \ 'oin' ''' I'I";d,il~g ti ll"l('

IIl1lq hr all 1' :11' h(" ;lI illl.!;. \ 1'1 nTI1 111'1'1', l in- 0 :11 1 :111"1' i:. \Try IIIII CIi ( . illiplil it. alld w(, trtid III II'ad t C(,I1I"!!I ' : I~ :1 11'1' 1111 11":\1 ;UTllIl"! ,

I f";l~cill:llilll:' "fti"1l r nT :.iill .l!., IlI lt ', dl j!" I ' l i\' I" :1I1c1.~t"i(,lI l il i(". RIII:lIH I H:ll lh('~'s Sf:: I I~J7t1, tra IlS. I ~ J 7-I ) is ti l«" l i: :;' 1 !'- ig ll "r Ili s

.:: hifl :\\,' :1\ 1"1 1>111 Ih(' IIHlle lit.: id ~qr l1 nll1; II :11I:d) .~ i " IIr hi .. 1': lrlin

1H'lilld /I' .~ . . ,1//(/1111' 111111/lllfdl' tin ,;ri/l, I!tl i li t. I t i .. ;1 l('III:llk:t!,1t

s tlldy, l illt" IJ\' IiiI!' III p : I "~; L'-:" by p:l"~ :I .l:I· 0/,1/111. I ll" Sallili/l/r, ;, IlIlIg

" hlll1 ql1f~ II ~ II.II /; I t". I\"d II 1 ~ :1 11I11 (" h ,1,lq ' j" ;11I. tI ~ .. i ~ 011 111' 1I ·:tcln \

("11' :111 \1' 1111", ;11 lillll"" , 111 11 11" :111\"1' 1 lilli' dl ,111 CI"III'lIl"S, H:lldlC'''

pllll'lI "' I '~ III :I! III ("\cry n;III;lIi\"(' \\" 1' I II: r \" ILlI t! l i\"(' '('I Irl !"." , III \'l)iIT~'1

1"1111\' l"lIlillll<; tll :l t 1'1111( ti(111 :1 .. 1''(11'' 1'111111 t 111" 11"'(1 , III' ~ igll:d " 111 ;1\

C'(C1r"1"(' l1\1r 11I1 " d .:: 111 ;1 " llITil i/" w: ry. Thl" lil q \ \\'0 ;111' ( Jll Y :lIldilioll ...

and I':-::t!ll llk " ill ' qrr:ltl" 111 ;11 ki"t,, ):

I I ) "llrl' (mil' ,~/ fll"IITII ( till ' 1'lIl l' i li l ' :I1 , 'oi tl'} w hirll II(" 11111111·

11I1I:lll"ly 1,:.11 " 'llIl' :li"II"II I" , Illlt I will Slil kIll :Jrti l lll t·IHlt ' . ' 1'lli s

:<Ii g,lIal " . 1101 illq 111(" ' lilli' I jIlIlS' 111 l 'llll'l"~ ~ ('Il " I', :lIId 11111 jus l tht"

pllll. 11111 "npII'IICI"', gll' ;)1 ;\1 ld "llI:dl, Ihal sLI!"! :1l1d 1"1111 ( tkjl:lllllll',

jllllllll'Y, ;11 1 i":II : :111 1I1.L:Y, il s ""gIlII"l Il S, il " !'Lltl: III hugh, III stll p

I:rtlgltillg : III :<I1:tlld 1111 l il t' IIII" " llIlld, 1111'1111'1, 1'1i · .), 11111 IH ' I ·I ·S-.:t l"ily ill

IIIH' l" III1'Wt"lIl i\"( ' Ilil 1.11,''(1 I llil :II "" sCll lnn\. .1 1 :1 tli\l;IIIII', I!\TI" till' II"'i1. [1"11[ (''i:IIIII'I,', If/u'I/I In 1/ " !lI, , ill 1\Ii"h'illl"' s /{(It !I,/~r , IIn ' lIrs 111:111 )"

l i l1 l1" " ilL ";"il"ll 111 1111\ , 11111 ;d\\:Lys wid l till" !'-,\lII I' 1111111 \11a " \ \' oldd

prl"ln 1I1l ! III' , :llId n l l"ll\lI " (' it

l\:i,tkll ~ " 1.l1Ld ~ , li,q 1111 till"

\\"illd,,\\· . 1' 1(" . , 1"111' ;11 tillll IlItil"

~ 11\l1 ' 11I11' '' tilt' \I"XI: 01, k ss '>1 1 111"1111";\1,

tilll" " l ll1ld , 1.111"1 '1: 11 il1'~ 'lilt III' lirl"

i." !'-:1 itl \n I ll" tilt· \lIin' III' (' .-": p(" 1 II 111"(',

l il1(' Ill" lea'\!

'. ., ~ ;I

i

r.; " t:

lil t: Itl t l , l tlKlt :

rn is l ann: Sl llet' we kllnw ( fill ' i ll s l alll.: c ) that a dllur IIpt"J1i lL~ wi ll k ' lI l

tu all (:lItraIlCC IIr (,Xii, and "r (" l)tll ~t· Ir:llL "g lt, .. ~ iuLI S Ifr th i'\ ('x l Jt'{

tatiltH C' III'>(' a '~ I' ;"ld : I\', fir al k,I !oo t a Sill pi i .. C', 1111 " h il It S Il ~ pn"' I' i .. b:l .'\cd . I FrI"Qlll'LIIl y b y " simp le .~ lri' ·1 01" \' irwJlllilll at a c rtl cia l

1111111\( ' 01 , fill ill Sl:llln' \\ itnl I hll i tli K,II.1I1I.1 /II\ I HJh~ III I11IIIlIg 11 IIr ..

window :11 Ili s blitn, ;lIld Il lt'II' WI' k ;I\T Irilll , , ,, IIt,11 till ' "h"ll"

1I0"!'! ca ll pia)' 011 titl" slLspnlst' a .. 10 \\ 1111 killed IIld K ;II.LlTI ;II II\· ,I

(I't)1I1iqllt-' III1I CIl ;Ihllsn l ill liltll Ilr lilll"l~, h)" s illlp!" I :UIII"I.I ·!> ir i l l, I' g .

lilt, LIIIIIIILS Shll \\" t"! · ... ITIlt" ill Ilillllll)l~ "" ")I·lhfJ . AILII III 111111'>1' Ihl"

ElIlIa stir pl:!ys OIL Ihi s 'st"; llld ;d '; :r dlllll" (11'1'11\ ;111.1 JIll 11111" \i ... d,ll· (:O Il 1('S I II.

('2) " ht' htl/llt' l/n/ll r IudI' (1 1\1' \"1)11(" ,,(IIUlh l, \, irnl·II).1 III)~II"I~ II I

CIlLg l lI:l is ("it l it:)" qll ir kl)' I nllh-cd Of i111111111 .L:lt l r 11I )\ 1jHlllcd 11) 0 11',111\

Ill" p:II"li:d all~\\"I'I '\, dda)"I'd :Jl IS\\·Cr." Iy illl-: :III\\\I'I !'-, I:d ... c' IllI n,

illlpli ci l hllt \";rI se sy ll llgi!,> T!l s. I n a ."\'II ~t." 1111"11" (;tl i III' .111 t·II I.L:1I1.1 i ll

CVl'r)' lillI" , t's peciall y al Ih .. "q.:il1n i ll~ , alld n ' II :lilll ), ti ll' titll' ( \,hll i~

/J1/J!It"/~)" :1 \ V IIlI III" \\hat i .~ Stlllllllllf?) , hili IIlml IlIilllll \'111gI11;1\ .111'

It'.~o l vn l a s \\t· I"c-;HI, ;1I1t1 ;11 (; wh.lt Illakt, Il~ 11' ,111. \N'II I .l l i\i · ~ \\1111 Ii dCjl{'IHI UII IIl )"SI(,I)" will ex " III;1 till' 11t ' 11l1t'lIl"uti r I(lIk IUloiC' I It ,11I

nal" I"a li vl:S wbid l tic-pt'lId Oil il tll l)" , B IHIIII '" d i!'>l ill l liPII . ,,1111 11"" )

\\'e.: wa tc h a (/' :11 ;\1 11 ' 1 l1 ,akilL~ Illi s l akt·s IH' I' ,IIISt' \" . hllll\\ ' 11 1I11"11.1 1Ig

ht: dCl t'S II" kllow; \\' ilb Il1 ySII"l)" WI' ., 11:111" III , IlIi ... l.lkl ·:o, 111 '1 .1'1'1 ' \\1'

£1 1111'( kilO \\, IlIlIn' tll ;11I III" dllt·s . ) T!IT" 11." "1 1 1iI-lnli\t· '>1111)" 1I I1

iIl S(;IIH"C is 1I11t: IlIlIg j' x l'l clil;lIil1ll III" till' bl 'l 111"11 1 Illi l I I.dl· . 111"11 ' tlLl1I

Oti lCI S, as is Ilt l" Llllla .'>Iic, :rlld:rs is, ill.1 "",Il-I"! \\",1),111111 Ii 111111,111111

fi c t ioll or \\ 11:11 lilt" FI 1'111 Ii r(';rl i:<l lit" SI-I \lIl r/ t ,ti led lire I IIIIJ//IU "/1/f ,

h. li'lli 1" l"kl '" 1.1

~ o:pl:aill ;tli III Ilrt' 11";lI ln, ICtill 1 in.L: '; lI s l ll'II\1 ' til "I1IP'" 1\,1I1.lli\ 1"

SIIS IWI\ SI' (\\" h ' ll hal'pl'lI ~ TlCXI ) :tllli :1\l lid iTl .L: 11I)' ~ ln ~, 1.1 111 ' ,11 ill ~ II

tip quickl y if ilLtrtldLH·I'd . \

Tl u'sl~ t wo c lldes al"I" "olh lil1l': lr ( ... · 'III("lIt i : lI ) .llId ilT n l·I "l.k .

(ll l vitJtI ~ I )' 11 11(' 11I\l ~ 1 11111 ticI':!1 1 IU' IIIII ' 11111' jIlI LLIII')" ( I·'i. t"JH 111 .III,d ·

(,psis, ("k:lIl y 111 : 11 k ed), :rlld Ih t' ~lI luli 'lll .J/ :t III P II"l) 111 11' 1 II ld Ill"

giv(,11 10 tilt" I( ' ailn I,d ill(, it is tld ;I)'·' \. Thl" 1\·;\(lt"I kLltl\\ !'- tll i", ,I lLd

1(';It.: t s :I(Tll ldingi ),. TIlt' IIllu"I" thllT Il l( k " :"1" 1I1'1l "'>I"II"l'lIli,c\ .Iud

ITvc r sibk , 111:11 is, tlte)" call IICCIII" all\w!rnl' :I"d i ll .lI l r I"dn . ' 1 Irq

an;: «\. ' ([' 1\" I· I, (l:D! 1hl' ,I (//1 It· 1II,f" ( liLt" \ ' ~Iill" 111 till" 111"1 \ 1111 ) , ,dil l II I '" " III II' I ~ ' ti ll"

\\"ay :1 el ';t!";II· t,"!" is 1111111 ttl', 1III II1Igii itinllil :1I ' !,> I'I lit"'> , \11 ' 11111111111),

gl"acc, h e: ILI!)', wt":.i lh , lit 1\'("1" 1)" ll1i " lllil1 ,· ..... , 1r: I,dll ,",', t IlIdl )" C·II .)

Ihat (ulI vc rg c UpOIl ;1 jll0l'tT 1I ;l1lll' , Th ('~c 1,111 III ' .~rlllll'n l , 01 ." 111 .1

.I ' , , . . ,.

,. ' - I ;," '

," I"

': . I" .,

·IU Ilt: K~. :\I . AN I I IIIEKllt: I(IRl l:

~t"lic 'pCIIlr;,i,', or ~r all c-r(' d IhrOlI .~htllll lIu' I('XI, .~r;tdll;dl)' ('O ll ~

~lrIlClill~ the r il;H:lnrr. or (Ir l"( 1I1r~(' IlOlh . Alld lint' 1110 Ih (" 1'(,;1111'1"

rllllo\\'~ 111(" ("1><.1<-, (11 11 '1;lrll( ' tilllo( hi " (1\\'11 vj" il'lI of' t il e cil ;lIa c II T,

<lilli-frill 110m ;IIIYllllr rl ~ t"'~ \ i ~ i fl ll , "i ll! (' rl1(' t" iI :lI:in ("!' d o(".'\ 11111 (·xi .. ,

(" xcr p' thlOllKh Ibnr '~(, 111(,,'" l alld, it IIIU ..,1 Iw .'l aid, throllg h hi s

anin ll". \,Ii ie!. ;11 <;., t"C1I1<;tnW! hilll: .... ('T ;11 ,,11 {" II . ·1, p. q.'",. and r h o 7, fo r 11 1(" ! :lI1la "r ll :lIit ' ;1 <; 1' /'1' 1 II I this Pt o('('cI'J I('I ·

{"I I 1n, "/fI (lIll11/ ",,If ( Iilf' , 'o i ('!' or S( ' inHT . 411' ' IIie hig \'oin' III"

.'1 111:\11 S(' j"lIc ("' ). thl llll .l.! h w h ic h till" ;\UdIOI (:11 11 1111'11 ' it il liw ;nlllllll )

~I\' ('S lI S ir d llrtll: lli l1 l1 aholll tlw wildt! ( r1I1f1llllln~j c; d , ~(,flg"lpJ.iral.

111111 :11. (1I1t1l1" :1I ), o l lrll d in'c ll )' ill !lII l l1ori:1I rfl lll Il 11'111 , I lLlI abn in

! dl\l ~i 41t1 .. , In ;111, 111('(li("ll1r, 1:1W, lili- i ll 1111" IIIO \" III1T ... ('IL The",'

rllllClioll lik(, e""p:l lldn i 1II :l~i lll " , ' I .i ft- , i ll thl" rla .. sir text, hCT0 11lCS ill f:ln :"! ll ;lI l~!"alillg Illi~IUI(" (lr ( n1l1l1l011 Clpillifl! I ,~, a ." 1111111111 laY(T o r

r("("('i\'("(1 idl";'''' (H.lI d lC'" I Q7 ·1: ~Ut; ), TI l(' I cl(-,, ' nli ;1I codr, :I1"ICHI,~h dn i\'('d h OIll hllok ", C""'U:l ldi !' 1i rs 'f('alil y', Inrm cullu re illlo 1\;\11111',

appr :d i ll .l! 100111 grlll' l ;lI kl1(1w lnll!(', 10 ;,,"11 lin I ('X I, tI':jti-(/JI/1I11 , alld

1\ ;11 "1:11"\ 1111\'('1-, ; \1 ( ' ":Jid In 1,(' dill led \\' il h il (fllI/lllil\':) . H;IIIi1l's ;Id d s

I Ii:"! I Ihe 1I111y W; I )' Ilu' 1(' :<:1 (;1/ 1 ', lili(j"lC lil s '1\\111 Sln"/ll y !'!" , '\'olllil

il tip', i .. dllflllKh iTCIIIY, hilI 111:\1 il OIl), i .. Ill/'ld)" .111111 Iter SII"ll'lIly p",

1':1114,1 Ih(' I d('lCll l l: ,1 l{"k ~ illn' il apl " ' ,,h, ill 1' 411111 Si ll ll , 10 II II'

rc;tdl'l'~ (111[111:-11 kllo\\lrdg" . 'III 1:1('11111' 1"II 1111 1" ai ,"dl' (11"("lIpi,'s Id('

~; III H' po"il;O" :l " "lLJ jlidil y : IIIIW CUI ~ l lqlidi[)' II(' p in llrd dow II wilit Ol1( , It-cl:1I ill .~ UIIC"""Cir il\l (' lIi~C""l\t? I III\\" ( all nIH' ( ' O(I!- bl' sll lu'l iur

10 ;Il lIllitf'l \\"ilhoUI :l1111 .. i \,(' I )" d""illg "II' lil,' 1'1111:1lil )' "fl'HIc, .. !' / 1 ~ t 7 1 : 'l IJl i ). Il i~ !III <;'\\/'l i" , olll y ill i'll/I(I( ( Wt il itlg, ;11 [I lt' 1 II od \"I II

"1' II ~r, ;l~ (lpp(l~rd III III/':,,/t/ll(, .. ,' ,' below fi ll' IN/rln(r/lI'liln(I' 1(' :<: 1"),

1'.1 ".,\\ "!'I" ( l'I i I ' qH ) lit' <;':l~" I h :l l Iht' 1'1111 1" 1;1)11 til' ril/lI /1 r i ~ ' 10 Ill;,k!'

II ili l' Idoll'. to ; \l Il1n ~ lIu' JlII\\1'I" ( Ihe illlil11id ;l l illll ) "f 41 11 1' .i.II.lgU ;' .L;1'

O\" 'r ! \ll o tiwr , (0 dl ~ .. ol\"(' :11' )' IIH't:d!lIlgll:lgt' !I " "011 11 ;\S II IS {'till ·

~ tillll ('d· . 1\\'1' ;1I1'!1 1(lIl ,L: w;ty froll l BOlll h , ;1I 1t1 Ihi s 1"111 1 tli ~ lIli .. ~; d "I' ilOIl), " ,ill q ' (' 1II 1I1I":lIi " I;1I I.IIY to AlIgllI-I\lllrr;t"all t' rilit's Wit ll ha\'l'

d Ol I(' "11 11111' II , !lllqd!' ,x Will k nil i l. h01l1 lit!' li t'\\" ni li r islII UlIW; \lr! s,

' J 1tC' 1 !' i .. "hI'! all :t :" ('11"(' i ll \,h i l II t'\Tl y lhillg ill a lext appc;d .. Itlilk r(' ;ul l'l'" kllflw kdL:(' alld rnog llil; o ll Ill' i I, !II \,., ry i tlg 1t- v,' ls. 11 "\\"('\"("" 1, lbl [11(· .. · .. ( ' n l ll ll H'lIl~ ;11 " \'('ry 11'11'\' ;\11\ I I) III Odl' lli wri lillg,

:llll i ,,11:"1 I II idly 11' 111111 to li lt' q llrst;I, ,, til' il O Il ), III Ill )' la s t

( 11 ;1 (1[('1 I 1:11 ' / Ilf Ilmh,,!,r I nri, ( l ilt, \ ' tlilc II I' l i lt' s)' ll lbn l " ' ''ie ll S(T III S

• III illll "ly (' iTt 111.11 1. ' I h i" i" pnll !!!,s Ii;" tlt c~··; Iliosl \\'I'i llll )' idiu\}"' I

c r:llil ( ' nllc-, lor I T(' rrdlll"l's iI, ill !'Ili-n, to tlllt'{ ' '{'lI lrin' III 'rolill's'

111 1-. K II EI,IKI, ; ·11

i lli o iI, w ilholl t , '\Tr quil l' ('xp laiuill .l!. wha l Ill' 11 1(,;11 1, I I)' !'o)'III I Jld : I II(

ff'lIrlfllllir H/IIl,. ", h ie- Ii disn lV('IS til(: di ' ;'1'1 I1' ,lralln' 01 .11 1 t:t l..t', III I ('lit y ; III( 11111" IIf ((/.IllfI/IUI/ ( :t .. iI sYlll hlJ lic p" )"t" hil ~ I I ' . ' IllIe ) , wltit Ii IIi". ( 'O\T I ,~ Iht' p;ul(I(,!lli,' \"uid "I' dt · .~i lt , :t ll .j Ihe l'.dl.' I"l' of [iI ("" 1 I ":1 II\" (", .J cllalll ( I,,,di, ·s ;l lI d \\'11 1 ks J: ;111<1 {h, rll({""w/lolilr. ,~ l li. " Tli"l 11\ ('I S tlt t,

1 " ;11 1 S~It'ss itlll o/' a lll it l lt' ~ i ~ { illlln / llilll'( , kIH i llillt·/ III ,I'41t1i lll '. 4' 11 ' I,

' II I!' p"~"; I .I.;t' l "I4IlIgll lilt, \\"; 111 (,I 41 1'1" " 111 " . 1111' ,tI ,.,I III.11I "I dllln ,

('11 ("(" ( I ~)] ' I: '2 1:1). TIIt'~ I ' ' 11111\("'" ' t"' 11I I" ,'pl'l~ ' I ft',ilu. tll y I II

.\'(11;(11;111', which is 1111111 \1" III 'q llCM' II[ llig 1,11111 II H' ')"I nlltolI4 , IIILI -

1111'("" "I (";\\1 1;111 011 : 11111 !\ l'iI) .\i (;1I t:"II,lli,," f ,1 \l11'1, III O - i,I\II"''' ) ,

(ngt· tl lt' .. \"ilh llle' S U C I"" S<; all d 111"111' .<; 1IIIIllgilI II ) lill" I.llIt'I I\.II till "

;""" 1II:lk(,,, all illlt ' lt 'S lillg <li q illl t iul. IH' I \\ c' , ' 1I ',11;11.14 In ' 1 ' 1"1 II il , . '. code), :l lld ' liglllt,·, ", hi .. 11 is:

11 111 ,I 4"11 111' 4' 111 1,111011 III' ""I'U"~ "" 111"1'111 1,11 ".1 in .i It" .t.! ,d N , •• n,'. \I'll 1 .1"

"i(l.~I" "l'lt y, l' ~ yt ' llnt" .t.:), "' tiuli ' t' It'"II'I' ,I\, tI' i, h .11 1 dl .. ~. 1 1. IIIII W' \" '1.11. :tnat"ill ll ll iqjl ' i'lIl tl i1-:III:tlioll "I ~) IUI",ljl Idal."",I" I" ,I,.· '\lIti".lU fig",,' is III''' I' II ' IC ' ' } .. " .·. \i l ,!t-, il .a ll lit' 1I' .hl ill .lI i ) tl lI" , II .. II . II . .. ,. d,..

t'hild \\".H"11 alld 11 14" 1t .llla l, " ('111.1'1 , '!lIIltH' III,u d ) dJ.HI·d. ' •• 11 " ' IUIII .

Clil u\I·"akt, till' "1'11"1' '' \1"11 '" .\1. ,llId II!!' 11.11 ' .1111' ,1.' \1' :\, ,I ",ul",I"

idea l ity. tilt· 1 I.ar"l"Il"I h.IS 1111 ( 11I'lTI nl,,!~jl ,\I "' t.J"~' ''1.1111 ,d .. 1,111.(01\':. III ' 1. ,1\ 110 N:II.It' : It.· is lI"dli'I'~ hil I ,I ,ill' I", lilt' I' .• ". I~(' "!I ,d IrHUlI 1 " I II ,,' In:" " . ( I ~17 '1 : liB I.

\V"alnTI we 1I1!l y Ih i nk ' lf H,l rtl u's 's I'Hln.t ':' ,I",.,I Y, ( H IIII" It"

(11 1)' 1' ;1111)" 111 1" iTt' o(pli(itly tt'rll <; (.'~ III !'o [lIltll ll" Iti :- lini n ill[II .1

SYSII ' l1t ) , h i, huok i ~ ; 11 1 ('X I ili ll .t.: I' XI'!' I (l'lIil' i lL 'I" ;"hll.t.:. tol 1.ItI '1"! 111

u PIIIII/,e., fill il ,,:\ t"llIl'lilin l itl llll ,t.; !tOIl I IIJ . 1111 \\ \\ c-II , I.. 1111\, \I eI' \ lilllli l '"

11(' 1\\"1'1' 11 1111" ' 1C' ,lI lahl!- ' (I I I/hit ) II" XI, \, 1,1. 11 11 111' I(' ." b p :,,~ i \ 4 ' 1 ~, .llId

(iIe '\~' Ijlal ,k' {lIn/,11 M" 11 1.,,1('111 1":\1 , "I,i," I lIdJ...n 111l' 11".ltln 11101 ,I

('(l II SIIIIH'I' 11111 .. I"tldll rl"l" 41 1 Ihl' II' .XI. l{ il"il.ttd f\ l dln 1 1'1 7 1) 11 ,1\

tr;tIl ~ lal{'(1 Ihl'S" 1, 'nIIS ;1 " ,,11110(,' ;1I:d /t"1/1"{I, " hill, IlI d ll.llIll )

avoids Ih t: 111(11 ' (' ("'/ 11 '111411\ d i'lillt' li"ll " ,.td.d,Ic / IIJ1 I1 ·,lIl. tI , k , ' I III I ~ ti ll'

I'(':td l"l's (' n 'al;\'{' InJ.- I~ , '\' 1' " 11I!'''!'1I1. I'\'{'II Ih. ",~ I I I, ' d tll nl. ," lit,

.s hows, ill I I II' 't'!" ,., i, , ' tt ' :\1 ( 1(, ;l1 ll'1l y), . I ~ • II I II p.1iI'll \\ IIIt Il lI' IlI0dn"

\\' lil ': .I ), I,·xl. Bill :.1I1'· ,X I.', h,IVl'IILi s 'fl' .I , i\{' ".It' ill ~ 1 III It'd II I I Itt'ltl , il

It ;\!' silllp l r IW"II d(' vd"pnl 10 .1 l i lll'!' all ill t!ludl'! II " ' 1 i;ill .L: 11 1'111 t.:

"ref1I U'S", li lt, S lllldt'lll"l ili ", tI illin ('st ill ii, ,'\ '1' 11 ii , . .1,1 ", III " II) .111." > ' I'd ill "bssi, ' I "'Itlnl y I , 'xl!'. ,

SI<:' a lso s ILu ws hllw " l' \T I :II ("tJd(' .~ I all II(' 1)( (' .' i' II [ 1:1 tlllt' ' , ' nl , ' ln t'

(p llll".tl il)' IIf \' l lien) , OJ (111)' 0 11" ill .1 H illd. ' 1',11,lgl,ll'it. ' \11.1 111...,

Fr}'l"s Ii\'(; IlIodt'S (sec t:h. :J 111'1111\'), Ihey (':til ht' lI,du l t il gnu". il

., ,

"

I II r. K t: ,\ I. "~ II I III'. R III. I C lit It:

Iy polog y: I' l"rt;'till IYI'("; of 11:11 r ; \Ii\'(' ~ \\' illl'x p lilil 0111' ('odr. ilion' t hall

J :1 l1l1lhl'l ( Ih(" Il"Ii'I("lIli;\1 rode ill I (';lIi<;1I1 I; ,r ill s t;\lI l' t' , o r Ih t' 11t'l'·

1I1('III'IIIil' i ll till' drlrl li\'{" !'ito l y), nl' Ic- ~" "killi dl y ( Ih(" rl'iiT('Ilt ia l nll k

r;,I1~ 10 pil"t'f"" ill ~(' i (,l\n:' li el ion and 1011\;111 ('(.' , sn : e ll . '1, p , 1111 , and

t"il. !I. I'p . '2 1 : ~ :1.11 11 't ill' p ;n :dlcl Slll l y' o r IlIq~;II(' ,xt ), Si lllil :l1 ly b y!' ~ hll \\,~ 111:11 "fI 11 If' 111 S l1 akrs pC' :\I("s nllll n l l(, s hd !l ll .~ hOlh 10 I ht' h igh Ill i llll ' li . · :11111 IIII' 1 1l1ll;lIlt ' ( ' Il H.( \t-S. or Iha l it is IH,,,,,i h lc 10 c'(';u l , l lllm!)'

n,,'/ L1rfll 'I1 ('" 11111 II ll l y ;1 <; 11:l .l!nl)" ( high III l l1l1 ' li l' ) , 1, "1 ;lIs lI, ir

rW r' :l k(,lIi lll.:i Y' ;1" 10 111 ;1111' (' ( ;1 111\'(' still}") Ilf ;. S 111 )'111 , So Ib rll H's · ...

I"lId"" ; \1 1' ;11 ,, " :l q ll l'Sl illll III pl t' d lll ll i1l; 1t 1!" " ill : \l ly Olll' II 'X I , hIli

;tiH'\T :llllli ph l r :!!il )'. I s l1:dllJ(' 1II :,ki llJ.,!. SOIi H' II SC' III' Ihe' 11I ill {"il:'1l\t' f

: ' . {Oil 1111' !"lIt luk d rr :u lc 1' , ,,·illl Idi·n·.ItT (0 sn"!'l';d bllt;I.~lit" lexl " .

:\IIIIIIIn :11'1110:\1 ' 11 to tlil' rl';ldtT 1~ tha t or 11 :llIs- l{ o hl ' ll , i ; UI SS's

;\I · .. lIlI"li c" CII" • (,(T IIII (III, tholl ,c.h olhers , li ol ;tldy ISCI" :tlld Ib rald

\\' I'i ll tll il ( w l 1<'" ' ' <;Iudy "I" lillie i ll Iht' 1111\'(' 1, 1 ~ lI j· l. I r;IIIS . 1 ~ ' 7:1, i" a s

illl n ,·", ill .1.! :1" (;",u ' I 1c'\ 1 ;lls n fill' TlI P ;\1 t 111'1111' glou p .. J" " SS .... (·c· lI l r :.I

II"t i"II , 1;1" I' XI 'HlIIHkd i ll hi .. :lll il"lt' ' l . it{'r;l1 ), hi s \(JI), :IS a ch:dlc-IIJ.,!.I·

Ic , litl' l ;Il Y tlH' II I~' , 1 ~ ' 7(l ) , is Ihal or 'hOI I/.OIl S u\" (" x lH'l" t; ltiuIIS' ,

whi, It WI' 11 :1\'1' :Ih" :ldy ~ " ( 'II ftll1("liillli li g ill (; 1'1 1('111' ( ('.g . 11\ 1110-

k l'''' 'q :1I1 d ill B :IT tlt l'S ( (' ,g. tI \I' aC lioJl ;\lI c! ht'f ll lt'! lI'lIl ie ('otlcs), Bill

fi ll .1:1l1"" lit (' 1I0l ioll i ll t'illt! CS :,11 ("ot/cs, n"IIII :II , 1'lltl(':I1, ;\ S \\' 1'11 ;IS

"pccili(";dly Iii ('I :11 y, ;111(1 l iln :lI )" f'XIH.TI:l li llll s 1'; 11 1 III' I (I list'l l 1101 only Il y <;t~ Ie . tlH'l1 ll". ;\11£ 1 1!11'~ \l III;d) l y by II Ill '" o r I It I' 1t'l"illl iql1cS n:;I III

ill l'd hy Cell(·llt· III; III S(·. ~("(' Ill ', :l 1l ;lkl's i ... I'lL :11"1' all rt'clIg lli s('( 1 as

!'illch II)' till ' I l'ader. \\" Iltl till'" I:X PI ·U S. S:I)" a d l' snip l iu ll , or i"li,,·.

111:111011 a hlllli thl' 1';1 " 1 ;J ~ SOIlIl a ~ IIII' · lIj;1l ki ll .~· III elliS, suc h :to; Ihl'

plllpn1i-1'I 10 1 :11I :''''l' s i ,,)' I llIt ;Iho II )" .t:(JJ'{ ( gl·IH' li .. t' x l' ('t'la li ol1 ) , :111

: ' '' 1)1', ' 1 I 11 :\\1 ' 1\11 1 YI' I I"PI'I'I I)" luud ln lllil 1/1 11 w ill dl";" \\1111 ill

clUI'H ' 1 : ~, :1111 1 111 11 (,1" .

T hn ,' h llli/.II \1 <; Cil :lIl gl', 11i ;11 j".; \ II Hlti C'll1 11 · :tdill .~ Ill' a P :Is l \\, u l k

\\ ill III' II i 11'1"1"1'11 I !i'11I1I a 1' ( 1I 11(,1I1POl :1 1')' tll1l' , :tll d IIII' l ask "I' Nr .:rl'/,,,,nc.rlf/l1(hlr ( h iSlfll)" "I' I ('('('plio n ) is 10 re('l lll S I I" U ('{ III( ' hili i-1 \l1I ~ ,,1 " xllt" 1:lIi llll\ :11 till' \;1111' " I' t h t' \\'111 k \ l'"hl;t":l\i cl lI, :111( 1 Ilnl s

I .. I I;\lil"y ti ll ' dilJ"cI"l ' I\1 "1''' 111'1 \\'('('1\ 1111' l'a " l ;lIId II. I' Plt'S('1I1 \('I ": P l ill ll

nl ;1 ,," II lk . ' 1 1\1' I! 't" oll'>lrllt"l loll ,. :\ 11 11 .<; 1' I'Pt il , ·"t liIlSi!' all d illl!"i .. <; ic

inl ll llll;ll ill ll . 1 I1l1lq :lI l lIli l Iltal I (";lI l SI·t· \T l y little dilk " ' IIt't', I' X(' I'PI

ill tl ll ' (lI (" l i(:d " .l! llIl l , 111'1\\"('/' 11 I hi s :1 ~PI ,{" \ or . ! ;III SS ali t! ti lt' \'(' !" ','

11 :lt l i t i(1 ,, ; , I\li~ I . )\ it": 11 I ' 1Ii l';"11I I \\":1': 1:ll lgltt a l ()~d i Jld : fir s t lil l( lllIl l

th l' :1I 1t1 H IT' " '; 1I1(·1I 1; 0 IlS'. hi" h is llll i, · :.! :111" soc ;;d Si lll:l\i l lll, Itis

, .. blioll" hip Itl (11111'1 \\'01 k", III ("111 11'111 kll ' lw\n\gl', (' 1" (' Ic., :1 1111 1!1I1y

ii II' ll gin' ~ "\l1 O\\'Il judg1l11'n t (' I'I"I SII II:I\ d lilS ioll s' wOllld prtlh;ti Jly

J.:1\'t' 111'''" II I)" IIIIC1I 's " ·llI d s ).

1111 . 1<111.111 1-(11 . 1 \

11 11\\,(,\"('1', lit e Ilgln ll" IS il1 l(lol'''"''. ;lI It I l Ilt' \l lI l i" 1I ," I "\\ .~ .I.I\ I " I.,

eX;IIlIi lll ' II ,,· l"Il :llIgn ill IIl1d('r s lalltiill g l ilt' 11 '; 1(1.-1 ,/lid .1II t111 11 1 .1' i .. i llJ..:

1"1"11111 1"1 11111 1'; 11 . plll ilic ;t\ alld <;lIl'i al 1' 1.,\11.1.:1''' , :1' \\1 .1\ ,I~ 11./' 11 '_

bt i "II ~ " i JlIJt'I \V n'lI w o r ks "1'1)(·'1I 111 J..: ill d lt , !<i .lIIlI · III ·l l"d hilI 11'\(' ;\1 ,11

dill lTI'IIt1)· ( Ill' 1101 11 ·, ·,·I \'(, d al :til l. Hll it It i .. : d \\.I\~:t r.I' 1 il1 :1 lillt..: " u c!

11I )" s l (" r ill tl .~ pl,,·I\C llIlt · IIUII. 1\ 1,11(' d,t!lj " II <; IIt ' ,I"q h I~ I II~ 1'\ .,111.111\ (' ,. .. , .

of lilt· lI otillll, ill till" :-('IIS(' I lta l il i .. tilt' tll.\I: 11I1 I' I 'C ' I\\I"I"II IIII' I" .. i / llil

til' 1' :\ ! 11'1 l al illtl " ;\l It! tl u' \\'11 1 k w lt il II cll·lt ·l llI i . ..... tl,, · .I,li .. 11I It ,I\'"I ' III

" l ilt" Wil l k. " " 111:" 1 "i :-I: IIIII' 1111':111:- tlt:11 ! iuk tI , 1I, ;lIl cI i ~ 111 ,1<1" " II th, '

I .'" lil'l I II I !, ; llIgl' It i ~ IlIlI i /.tI"". a g lLl1 d . 1;1111 " .qll'lll" " III tI ...

In ; ' ~ l n l'i l"t"(" .n !lglli .. ,·t! ' ,Id ) )'1': " " ' I) tln, ltlc ' 1.11'1 II lIt " .. \\, . . ,11

kIlOW, t hing,<; :11 .. 1t .1I !<i ll s il1lp!!' ( II I' I.i l i, :- "j 1.'II II ' l lIj'tI • . Il Y \\tl lk ..

wlndd 111" \"1"1 11I "ke IIli ' ldkl '<;,; I II 1'11 1 il , '1Ic1,.j ~." I .. ' I .. ,.J I, ·J III , I I"",k

111;11 ' \'\"1'1" yo l\(' I:tl k s :tiHIIII ', I., 11111 'II'''JI/'(II ' 1,.111' ,11111111 1'1' 1" '~"I\' ·I1. I "'\' I " :1 Il " ll - ~ dlt-r, III" :1 Iloo k 11 11 (j il l' I.tlk ... ,1 1111 11, 1/11" 1,',(1) .1 11l is t1lu it- I:- II Hlti 111 :1.\11"11'1('("(' 10 lit' illl . ·.~ . :tll ·t! 1. , 11' 1 ill", rill" I " l llIl " I d

'li ll'l:I IIII(,' , As SIIi(' illlilll 1\\'1,11 :11 ", 1 I "lIltIH'"" " " ,I" , (' .... . ,\ ) 1'''111'''

11 111 : ' II .<;"1'111 " 1''' III'I"i; llI ), d ill lt llh III 1lI" k e :- lIcll,l C\"'.II \1111," 111

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<ill'l,1\ ;\ I, ' ~ I III Ill' tl' :1(1 ;11111 illll''I"I ' \I ' '/ ( i . l" . IlIlI i lnl. Il y 1 "\ IIII ~ i O Il ,

I .. 111\1' ... il:l1ih, ;1111 t· III ... ,'1 III ~ i .l!lIili (" :\lIt"t· SI. il is /Ifill :1 Llndl), 01"

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'j

IJlt: 1(111.101, 11 : ,17

d isnl\'C'l l'I l , 11111 (1111) 11\ ;11 IIIIT{' \\' .1 \ :IH IIIIt III .... ' illll .~ . 11111 IIt", I,,' \\,1\

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1IIu'ol1scitlIlS), IJr ag;l ill , i " lhe plt·LIt 1' : ·tli /TI I I ( II/II.~ I/.~(, " "II, 111 , 11.1":'

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~ l, :ill LllIgtt :l g I' till/ IIII""Sa .t..:l" 1""" · ... j lw lI iI .. · () l lIn , .llld , III I H·

I'rt '(" i,,(' : ill ill vnlt·d lillll l ·). :\1>,,\'1' :tIl. nl · I ~I "ill .l: i ... Idl "/ 11' 11 III ,II I

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sigllifi e r~' ( 1l'1 i.' lIi ll g. r nJlt: :lIlIillg, IT-i ll ; l"IllIl'lill .t..; . i ll dlll("lt'll! 11"111" ,.

all illlinile .t..:;I\IU· III IIlill l1 l .~ , :lit ill l ; l1il l" la l-.illg flig l lt. 'I I :1I •. II ) IH .d

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is tllIl)':1 \\': 1)" III' ;lIt tllllLlillg li 'l il s flllllfl. 1"1 '1"1 1' i, "llh lllll ' ,I 1.. '1 \\"OH/. ' ,\"d :1 lilllt" Ltll ' l : 'J\Ii-;llIillg illdl c .11 1".\ "Ill y tI ... tliH ·.II"" . "II" l il t' ~I' II '" IO\\,; IIt! s whi t II il 1":lils' ( 1~1 7: \ .. : (,1 '1 . \\ ' , ' •. 111 ' , Itdl' I Il" I II g -

1 I"IlIi lltin I Itt'll ' IIi" Ibkl . lill ·~ 111t '1lI Y til l it IIt'" . 1/11 ' 1")' 1101,LlI . .J ~ 11 • . d

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rt·ad illg . liti s ( · ( I II ~ t.lllt 1(, - IIII( · '1,I( · lill .~. i ... dlllll" I I~ I",,·. I" .11t III'

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Ir;ll1 sliT. I I is dllll l.: II )" 111 \" (', bill tillttll .t..: 1t 1:\l1 .t..:II.I~t · 1' 111" '" it . tll • . III ".

OI1I1 S .~ IIIJI S, s il t 11\" ", li" s i ~ !;I1II · ( ·. ICJlgt"llitl .t: !u 111111 ttl' . "1 ' ) .'\ IIII,f .tI "

st"x \I ;dil )", so ;illlt"iIJlI ~ ly ~ ;IIIJ" i l i l"t1 11) \\1"11 · 1111"11 ,tllIl !t.tlll/ .I",.1 F,,:udi :III S, I" 11111 j \l ~ 1 i l 111t"1;11 "h ), i, ,tI 1.11 1 Iitli ,I 11111/1'1 011' II ~ ,,1

fCl llllil lil1 g t"!('Jlll'III S, j ll "" ;'" 1II"\II I1:.i~. 1,,1 ht"lId , i ... \1111 · ... ill'l" ~ · dnc'

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IlI c :tnin.t..: or s'· :"' I1 :II;I ),. III tJliUT \\0111 .... I.' 1\ ... 11 \\ 11 " 1 .... 11111 11" " .

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t W II 0111'1I~ ill g l'i1· lIU ·II' ... t Il ;\11 '1lllil"I" .... i:. ill B.lllhn·\ \}u tl, •• li, ,, ,,It·l.

' 1"\1(' ~ :tt11t' 11;",i . lilll-. w itl. R .. \\ ,·, · ... 1'" ... i' ;,,11 I ,III III" 1"11 11.1 III

lJnl lda ':-> tilt ' ltl)' Il l" 11 ' :"/11:.1 tin 1111 :-0 11 II, lill ll . III III ... 1I1!tll llt · I, 'g l ,"" "',,

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:li slI JI(ls l - Ni l·I /. ~(" It l" :IIl . SIIJc.:i ll lal1 ( 1!11I1I: 17). 111 11t '1 ,\lI IIIIII I. r!

111 I III. H I. ,\ I. ,\ :"111 I II E I{ III : I () I ~ I t:

Illodrt II he'l 11l("lI('lIlil"!', gi\'('~ a pas!';'gt: frofll N i l' I 'l.st"i IC's 0" IIu .l!,",,,/ I1,(T (1/ mMrll1, <pllllni h y Ihi .. 'IIC'W \' ;lIc" SdIOIlI': ' \Vh;\lt'\'!T

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11 :1I1".l'nrllu,d, alit! :11 1 C\TIlI~ ill IlI r 111,1.::11111" \\{ lIld ; \1 (';\ "'t d Hluillg. a

hccoll1ill~ 1Il:l<.lcr , ;'I lid ,III ~ lIhdll illg ;\1 111 IH'C "llIill~ lIIas t!T ill\'okes

rrl"~ h ill1l"1 pn' tati llll. ;\1\ adaptatioll throll .~ h wh ich all Y tll n ' io llS

IlH·.III I1 I~ alld '1'11 11'0<;(" :1\(' II ct t'ss;t,i1 r t lllSI"III C'd and ('\'('11 ,11,111 -n :lIn!' IN il'l/ 'w he, tr ;I II S. I~II ; ~ I : 77 H). ,\nd shl' al "l1 qUOit' S a Inie r S('Tllelln' tl y 11 ;11 1111 ;111 ( 1 ~ l i(,) \\' h irh <ldill(,<; dlc 1"lIjlTI o f 111' 1'-1111'1\('lIli, , : ' ( )11 ito;; nldl'r fUli ctioll nf s:I\' illg the II' XI, or t), ing il once

;{K;U II 10 I h(' l ire 01 Ih l' Illi llti, IS SIIPI ' ! illl po:o; n l till" IH'W on,· o f

duuln;II!:, I,y;! p:1ll1tii " lic o r playrnll1l tl \T llu 'IlI, 1Il;I " tt'f t1,, 'ori,':O; lil;1I

( 'billl I II h:nT ( I H' l ell llll' Ih r l'a <; I, t ilt' dead , Ihl' 1:11:0; (' . ' Btll Ih,'

:"rl\ll' llt"r l!,lIn 1111 : 'Th e Il' is 111 1 l )iv; lI c or I )Iaknical ~cil'lI(,(" w lli ell

1";\11 h" I!, II ~ I' l1li ly h l"I III Y ah~lIll1lc1y. III pa ~ ." ill filiI" li li:lillH' ;1 !:lSI

jl1d~It1t'1I1 1111 it.' ' \IIIIIII;{I, ~lIrt' I )', i s IIit·pO;IIt. tilt· 'ni ~ i 'i' ofnlli";:' 111

l ~:II I H' <:II"t · k 11I1,1 1. ,n

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wa~ hUlh h igh II tt\\' l1 and 1I 1till1:1tdy IWg:lli v(' (('.xanly lih Il art·

1I1 ; 1I1 '~ tint I il";1I1I ti l lIH1dn II hn 1IIt'IIt·Uli, .. . whil h, Ihough high

II ) ; II~, i, I lICIIltlly :, IlC'g;II;V" lin 1I11' lInlli, s) . TI ll' VI' I)' lillt- g: I W

Iran' III dllllll1 \\' h r dlf'f ( "'Iinly ) pluto/illll C;UI lit· ' Iill lilt'd', alld intieed Ih(' flt-h :llf' ",," tillul'd tJ\('l" sn"t'lal 111I1IdH'I S wit il i\I I IISt'

I' C' I kh :\lII '~ 'Tlt e jll lill illltk (If plI11 ;11; " III ' r~ ,. 1. ) IC ' I klt a lll being

;)g ;l; mlj, :11111 ~fc- yn 1\IJI ; lIm '~ I (' \ ! HIII"!, III I fi. ;IIIII.J. It. Killt"aitl's

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11 :\1 1 :tl l "' 1I filiI (If" 11"",1 ,',, I(,\"I('W III' 1\ l l1"; IIII .'i ' ~ ·11" ,,\'/1/111111

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w ; \<; :! ~I\I ~ htl y IIll l't l ilyillg ; 1 ~ 1' t'( t III' fljlfllf ' qllilllllil1 ,~ . 11 11\\"('\ ' 1"-, tilt'

111 :li' l j, ,, "(' W;\~ tl1l' t·lill1i,,:I' ;11 1I or ,\·; t! ;d ' 1I lt';lIlillg ill dl'ttlllSlllt1 tin'

illln I" 1' \ :11;11 11 \\ hi I' ll 'Y,I)I'~ b eyo nd Ihe !illlils II( plt ll :I 1 i,<;11\ , h y 11I ; lkill ,L:

illlp tl~~iI,k anything tll;)1 w{' \\'o ldd :H'("OIlIlI :\ " l il(,I; II ), :lI d l · tdl" .. ;.!

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('f1'1 :dly , · . I IItI~ I . :111t1 litn..! .. ,!' Ihc' ' :IlItlllll il( III' till ' It"' 1. BuIll Blllltil

;\l1d ;\lII , ttll ~ :lIglll'd :1 .'-: :1;11 " ( II II' 1"1 IlIIi11;11 illllII I II·XIII:. 1 :\11 11.111;1)' (I ltc'

'<;IIPI'I>l l il1'-: I11nli l l1l1' for B llo lil ), :lI ul \\j,lt il 1I1l' ,t'l i( ' iIY or Ihl'

h' lil ; ll\ ~ 'I ti, jn ' I , ", ll illt "'1\\'('\"(, 1 , 11ill ;o; ~ I ilkr dt'cblnl 10 ht' ;111

ill II <;il 111 :

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, il1 l'.k, ddlllill\T. IIlli\'III;1I ;1I11' IIII I'I:lti,," , III LUI, 11I' i l ltl'l" ,It .. '" I" ' illlt,,'

I III E I( l ll·, I 111{ !t : I ~ I

n';ulill ,~ 1101' tilt· ·tlnllll'tlltni,,"i )o I' I t':tdill .~ i~ 11111\111,.1' . E.I' It '''111.1111 '. l ... n·s~ ; lI i l )' . i l ~ 1· ..... lIy "i ,lt i" i" dl , i:. it"' 11 11<lI Ii 11,,\1 .lIttl 1'. 11 .1\1\1' ' 1111"

tlc" ·Wl.\lrtIl1iIJUi,( lI 'a tlill~ ' ·II11laln:. tilt' IIh\ ' il!ll~ 11I'I' .1111 1 \j , I' ,, ' 1.'.1. i\ dl1i""1

is all i"al;I·II ;lItIt· 1"1'\1'111 " wi(lti ll (h I i.lnlT,d tt ll · I.ljI" ~\i", 1,,,11 1 lit "unll'

and ill lilt· I I ilil i'lll , 01 l'''I ' III~ , ( 1 ~ 1 77: 11 7,

Till: .I:lk tlb~C III di;I ,~ I : t1I1 , ill fa l l , ha, hlTII 0'1'1""1"11. 1111 :ldd ll '''· I .

Ilt l atldrl'.<; \ IT , IHI l"('k " 'IIt ' C·, 1111 1I 11 '~ 'i :l ,t.:I', ol tl y i 1'1'1 l. . tJ " I , .1 I 1111 I. It I J and it vas l 1l Il' t;I!:ttt g tl ; lg(' , w hi l It i .... d(,('\, : II"I II I), 1., \1;\11 '11,11, 1 I II' IIIII' :

' I I il 'y :t p : ~'i t it- Illi' lalaltga gc , 1'111 \ , ll'lilll i:' Iill'u · II ICIII. il 1\ ' ) .1 ",1\ <\'1\11 11'(' til' l 'I\ tlllI" ( I ~lfi l i: : ~I : S). (It ;1 ,\ r\lli,lIIl ~ vi\lI lI ) I'"! II

(hl'll l1illg 1 )1"1 1 id ;I ) :

\\'hal 1)1'1 I ida' :\ nlltt III , ioll C 0111('", til i, tll,ll III/ ,i~ tt 1'1 I iI .tlll " I ' I~ I H ' , Ill

It a \"!' ;1 cll"I·lll1ill.II,· IIH ' allill ,~ . JIll I it " ' I 'U,, III "'" 11 1.11 I k l llt l.l 1 1' .11111\ tilt, t:\l lI dll .~i llll Ii )' a 1'"lll" ~ w lt il lt , ill i ls "" II W; l r, j, II .. I. '" .1"1 1I'1L.l1 ' 1I I "" .111

II li gin, .~ ", ltlld, a 11(1 ("lui , ;tlttl "hi, II is 11" 11"\ tI " II"I,dl ' " I ~ '1 .-iI '" I"gll. l r

tilall tI,,· ",, 1\ ' l i"III1IItS ti l till' 11I' · I.II IIt~ ,,, . .I \,\ 11 ' 11 1' ,1. ,11 I ... " ' I ' I, ,,

('(lItdtl,illll .~ til tin 1JI1\1I11n . II ;~ III ij.(in .Il lt : ~1"lnll l .1\1 ' hi ' ,L.:I.II""" 1' 1111 "

pJt ' ll1i ,, ' ~, II,, ' I It 'SI't! dl.II,,11I'1 ulll ·.'li l ' I," \, 1,,, ,, I ... 111\ !II" II ' I .. ,dl, .. "I'''1 " 111

I"tli ll'''), '\ '.tl lII II I I' SI" ' I it ' lIl I' ill SIII", II. II Ij.(. h '·.11 ;l lg . 11 · .ttllll~ ,11111 II lid ... ". ,II.! .

i"", lan .~tt;lgI· . Atld 1'(1111 ,~ I,dl a 1"',,ill l1 ;II ,1.; \\1' 11111\1' til ,I 11I 11 ·,L.:""I· 1'"1 '

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II 1(';1 II i IIg!'i ;111' I l'tllllnl III :1 IC':I , d, '" n lu, l.dl ,l . . 1 \t'1tlt, t\ ,11 .. 1 1.""1 • .1 n ' \T ,I ,,'latilll1 hlllll !> i,I: U 1.1 .\i~1I 11[" ,~ I II " ,I ) 'U 111 1"1" 1' 111 ''' '' 1, 111 IlillL.: 11," 11 II"

\'"ill', il1ll"1l1l('1l II )' 1111 lilli' Id l'J ljll~ hI 1",,111111: , 1", .. d'"1.11I1I1.; 111 .1 "'II I

(1!17h : UII

111 Iltt' IIc' :": 1 IIltllllH ' 1 III (,'"lllId 1Ilr/llllr ~IIII '" I'tt I.II.IILI .1 11.11 I.,

Ibrliln , 1>1' l rid:t :11111 Kt'llIllId .. Ii ,,, It ll l ,ttIC ' ,II I I1!-! ' tI" , IWIII'! t1 ~

o"vious C' III1 S"quC'II(TS ol lilnl" 1lIllillll , 'lllIoIl . I"~ 1111, 11"1 ' 1."111" "."

gOlld :IS :IItIlIIlI'l"1. ;Tlltl \ tllIlP ;lI t 'S dn tl ll :. 11 til lilllll\11I I , II,,· ' 11."1.111.,'

I'hl ' IIIIIIII 'II I1I1 : ir )'11 11 ' (' 1'1'.11 ' 1'.111 .111 .1' II I . III ~ • til' nllld ,,111 ' 1\

enoug h il "1'1 11111 0 111111' :' IJlIlId \\i dltl1 l l ,I "~: llll"d

I kt'llllSl l tl l ' IIUll iSItI I' IIH' ,d), ,I Illgi l ,ti I n, lIll I II " 11111111 , 111 , /11.

l'c c kh:11l1 IlIg" S ti S 1;ltill"l" Itl ("(lIlll·1I11.1I(· 11 11 ''' ' lIl illlll I, .tlI , 11I1 111 ,1 11,'11'

ol"t 'o llll ·X II;, .. 11111 n' ~ pllll'" III a ll) "i\'1'I1 :".l: 11 [:o. illl I' '1 1lt' Itw.lui II S .. I.1

si,l!, 11 is Iht: 1l" :O; PtlI1 SI' t ll lii a l :o.ig ll ,lIl, tl' II{'.L 11'111 I, I II"/( 1''' '1' ' 1' :, th ..

(kll' lllIill:II;IIIIII[ t i ll' :'1'1 111111 11:111' 11 " 111111"" , 111 i7 ~ lill o'" 1 1',"11 1", IU' tkri\'{'s 11111'1' \'IIIOI(.Ilio : ' ( I , ' /111' 1111 '1: .111~ .111 \ ' I .~II 1.111 1· 1l< II .111

n,:s ptlll~(,"" . :111 signs ("; Ill, ill :11 1)' 1111Ii\'idll. 11 O l g, lIl i\l l1 . I" lhil 1111 1 .1 ' 111 ,.: 11 ' /1 " 1"'11'"

II Hit-nl, ill ill .... l; tll l"n 111'1' ;.,11 I'll Lt · I")lltl .:. i" 11t. II h 1" .1\ II) \\ 11.11 '.tli

alld dill'S h ;lpjlt'll. \'l'l 1".: It:lvilllll" 11t,11 \;\11 !'t' ~ III, .. tllI" d L) tllnt 1'\ <1

cu r u lbr i('s is l·:":lll.: lIll'l y r;lrc . p) Sign IC"I'"I1',' i ~ '"1111\111 ... 1, .lIld

1111 , K I~;\ I " ,,;-; 1) lilt: KIIEIIIKII :

ultilllal(·ly ra il be rOlltrullcd olily uy !un.:l' " ( I'P, IllI ;> - (i ) , And Ilc :"gllf' ~ fill' ;\ fillite 1'1 II 1";lIi'i III , ' s illn: prt's uillahl y tilt" 11111111)(:1' 411"

-H·ln;.,I;\, 1' : ,tt{"llI~;1I : \IH,1111'i' " R Olll:l11lil" le XI~ lill Ihal iIlSI:lIH: C,:, htll

IIlI' ;llIill~ allY II'xl"l i ~ 11111 ililill;lc ' ( p , 11117) ,

\\ 'ell 1)1 ('I lI tt <; !" Ibnl" I"all l It, 1111 ' Ll sI WOld ' , TIl!" .1,,1,:111' , lik~ ' all

11";IIICh, ':c rllH"d til IIH' III Il\Ti" -d r ;lIl1;lli s l' , lkr rida IS 1101 tltt,

Ni!"I""I III' ; \l1 11I111IQ Ci' I I(" IS I Cl'r(" sl" tltn\ to In' ( :llId 1\(11 W:\S

N icl" "r lw ) . Ikt lltl s lillni\"(' n ili {" i" l1l Sil1ll'l)' : lt T {'JlI.~ III(' vll id , IllII ../ I !lill y i ll iiI(' ' .. nl "(' tll;\1 i l rcfuses tidilliliQ' Il\t'allill ,~ <;, alld 'pbys' with

1111" I'lI d l"""ILt., .. ~ III' <;ig tliliclli o ll ;\ S altt';ldy III !'St' II I ilt tht' t(" xt it se lL

Tlte \"1' 1 \' (1 11111 adie. lio1l of t'lHllc- ss ly u SIng tlu ' 11I1";llIitlg- llI ;tkillg

III :n "ltil\(' 1.1 btl~II ; l g(" 10 dl"ll1l1l1q[ ;1\(' III!' condks'i lIighl of" IlW;\IIillg is

i1lI1("1('''1 101 IlIlr Sdl"' C"lllI S("ioll s ;111( 1 sdf"' ldln(i\"C' sl; Igt' tlr n.iI IIlT "

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