rewiring the federal government for competitiveness: a new cabinet department for the 21st century

8/3/2019 Rewiring the Federal Government for Competitiveness: A New Cabinet Department for the 21st Century

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Rfyjrjì tmf Cfofrhe Iasfr`lf`tcar Gal~ftjtjsf`fww

H @fy Ghbj`ft Of~hrtlf`t ar tmf 28wt Gf`tvrz

Da`htmh` Wheeft hò Wfh` âae Dh`vhrz 2>82

yyy.hlfrjgh`~rairfww.a

_mf jrwt rf~art j` h wfrjfw a` V.W. wgjf`gf hò fgaàljg gal~ftjtjsf`fww ral tmf

Oajì Ymht Yarkw hò Wgjf`gf ^rairfww ~radfgtw ht tmf Gf`tfr ar Hlfrjgh` ^rairfww



Hbavt tmjw wfrjfw a` V.W. wgjf`gfhò fgaàljg gal~ftjtjsf`fww

_f V.W. Gaìrfww j` ehf 2>8> hwkfo mf Of~hrlf` a Gallfrgf a gal~eff ya wvojfw hw ~hra mf rfhvmarjhja` a mf Hlfrjgh GAL^FFW Hg. _f rw% ymjgm yhw rfefhwfo a` Dh`vhrz 3m%

2>82% h mf Gf`fr ar Hlfrjgh` ^rairfww% agvwfw a` V.W. gal~fjjsf`fww hò j`àshja`. _f wfg,

aò% ovf a Gaìrfww j` fhrez 2>87% afrw w~fgjg rfgallfòhja`w ar ofsfea~jì h 8>,zfhr `hja`he

j`àshja` hò gal~fjjsf`fww wrhfiz.

Yf h~~ehvo mf galljwwja`jì a mfwf rf~arw bv bfejfsf yf gh`à haro a yhj mh eaì a hkf

hgja`. _h‚w ymz yf ga`sf`fo j` mf w~rjì a 2>88 mf irav~ a f}~frw ejwfo a` mf aeeayjì ~hif.

Yf w~f` ya ohzw j` yjof,rhìjì ojwgvwwja` hbav mf gal~fjjsf wrfìmw hò yfhk`fwwfw a avr

`hja ‚w wgjf`jg fòfhsarw hò avr fgaàlz% bfarf wftejì v~a` mf a~jgw mh ga`wjvf mf wfrjfw

a rf~arw yf ~vbejwm mfrf. Fhgm ~h~fr j` mf wfrjfw eaakw h h ojfrf` ~jeehr wv~~arjì V.W. wgjf`gfhò fgaàljg gal~fjjsf`fww j` h ieabheez gal~fjjsf fgaàlz4

• ―fyjrjì mf Cfofrhe Iasfr`lf` ar

Gal~fjjsf`fww“• ―Fgaàljg J`feejif`gf“• ―V`jsfrwjjfw j` J`àshja` @fyarkw“

• ―Lh`vhgvrfrw j` J`àshja` @fyarkw“• ―Bvjeojì h fgm`jgheez Wkjeefo Yarkargf“• ―Jlljirhja` ar J`àshja`“

_f fò rfwve% yf bfejfsf% jw h wf a rfgallfòhja`w mh mf Abhlh holj`jwrhja` hò Gaìrfww

gh` hoa~ a mfe~ mf V`jfo Whfw rfhj` jw fgaàljg hò j`àshja` efhofrwmj~ hò f`wvrf mh hee

Hlfrjgh`w mhsf mf a~~arv`jz a ~raw~fr hò avrjwm ày hò yfee jà mf 28w gf`vrz.

Lh`z a avr rfgallfòhja`w hrf wvrf a w~hrk off~ rfwjwh`gf j` Yhwmjìa`% à efhw avr ~ra~awhe

a rfarl h `vlbfr a fofrhe hif`gjfw wa mh avr iasfr`lf` yarkw larf ffgjsfez hò fgjfèz j`

mf wfrsjgf a irfhfr V.W. fgaàljg gal~fjsf`fww hò j`àshja`. _jw hò amfr ~ra~awhew hrf wvrf

a lff rfwjwh`gf a` Gh~jae Mjee% ymfrf ojfrf` gaìrfwwja`he galljtffw maeo wyhz asfr ojfr,

f` fofrhe hif`gjfw hò mfjr ~aejgz lhòhfw. _h‚w ymz yf a~f` fhgm a avr rf~arw yjm mjw a`f

asfrhrgmj i rfgallfòhja`4 Gaìrfww hò rfwjof` Abhlh wmaveo h~~aj` h w~fgjhe galljwwja` a

rfgallfò rfarlw mh hrf ~hgkhifo aifmfr ar h wjìef v~,ar,oay` saf j` Gaìrfww. J` mjw yhz%

maravim,iaj i rfarl jw hwwvrfo.

_jw `fy galljwwja` lhz à hoa~ walf a mf ~ra~awhew ~v arm j` mjw wfrjfw a` wgjf`gf hò

fgaàljg gal~fjjsf`fww. Bv yf eaak aryhro a wmhrjì avr sjwja` yjm ~aejgzlhkfrw hw yfee hw mf

Hlfrjgh` ~fa~ef. ^rfwjof` Abhlh ifw j rjim ymf` mf whzw% ―a yj` mf vvrf% yf yjee mhsf a av,

j`àshf% av,fovghf% hò av,bvjeo“ avr gal~fjar hja`w. Yf ffo a whr ày.



Gaaroj`htjì fojtarw car tmf wfrjfw a` V.W. wgjf`gf hò fgaàljg gal~ftjtjsf`fww

Fo ^hjwefz % Sjgf rfwjof`% Fojarjhe% Hlfrjgh` ^rairfww

Ihoj Ofgmtfr % Hwwagjhf Ojrfgar% Iasfr`lf` farl% Oajì Ymh Yarkw

Wfh` âae % Hwwjwh` Fojar% Wgjf`gf ^rairfww

Hlfrjgh` ^rairfww thwkcargf a` V.W. wgjf`gf hò fgaàljg gal~ftjtjsf`fww

Dam` Hejg % wgjf`gf% fgmàeaiz% hò fgaàljg ~aejgz

ga`wveh` hò arlfr wh lflbfr a mf Gaìrfwwja`he

Agf a fgmàeaiz.

Dawf~m Bhrteftt % a gav`wfe j` Wveejsh` # Yargfwfr‚w

gar~arhf of~hrlf` hò arlfr vòfrwfgrfhrz a

gallfrgf h mf V.W. Of~hrlf` a Gallfrgf.

Lhrzh`` Cfeolh % W.K. Mf`jìfr ojwjìvjwmfo gmhjr j`

~vbejg ~aejgz h mf V`jsfrwjz a @arm Ghraej`h% Gmh~fe Mjee.

Khtf Iaroa % S^ ar F`friz âejgz h mf Gf`fr ar

Hlfrjgh` rairfww.

Ljgmhfe Ivrhv % ~rfwjof`% Gefhr J`àshja` hr`frw% h

sf`vrf gh~jhe j`sfwlf` rl.

Ohsjo Mhrt % ojrfgar a mf Gf`fr ar Wgjf`gf hò

fgmàeaiz âejgz h Ifarif Lhwa` V`jsfrwjz Wgmaae

a ^vbejg âejgz.

Gmrjwta~mfr Mjee % ~rafwwar a ~vbejg ~aejgz hò fgmàe,

aiz h Ifarif Lhwa` V`jsfrwjz Wgmaae a vbejg âejgz

hò arlfr sjgf ~rasaw ar rfwfhrgm h Ifarif Lhwa`.

@fhe Eh`f % wf`jar feeay ar wgjf`gf hò fgmàeaiz ~aejgz h jgf V`jsfrwjz hò arlfr hosjwar a mf

~rfwjof` a` wgjf`gf hò fgmàeaiz ~aejgz.

Rhgmfe Efsj`wa % ojrfgar a @hja`he fwfhrgm J`jjhjsfw

h Hrja`h Whf V`jsfrwjz hò arlfr hwwjwh` ojrfgar

ar ejf wgjf`gfw h mf Ymjf Mavwf Agf a Wgjf`gf hò

fgmàeaiz aejgz.

Da`htmh` Larfà % Fojar,J`,Gmjf a Wgjf`gf ^rairf

hò Wf`jar Cfeeay h mf Gf`fr ar Hlfrjgh` ^rairf

Hrtj Rhj % Fesj` . Ehtz ^rafwwar a Ehy h Ovkf

V`jsfrwjz hò arlfr Holj`jwrhar ar F}fr`he

Hhjrw% VWÂ.

Hòrfy Rfhlfr % rfwfhrgm ~rafwwar h mf Ifarif

Yhwmjìa` V`jsfrwjz J`wjvf a ^vbejg âejgz hò

à`,rfwjof` wf`jar feeay h mf Braakjìw J`wjvja

RawfH`` B. Rawf`tmhe % ~rfwjof` hò GFA% Bf`

Crh`kej` fgmàeaiz ^hr`frw a Wavmfhwfr`

^f``wzesh`jh.

Da`htmh` Wheeft % ~hr`fr j` mf ehy rl a A‚Lfesf`

# Lzfrw EE^% Wgjf`gf ^rairfww hosjwar% hò arlfr

ojrfgar a mf Agf a âejgz hò Wrhfijg êh``j`

a mf V.W. Of~hrlf` a Gallfrgf.

Oh`jfe Whrfyj % ojrfgar a mf Ga`warjvl ar

Wgjf`gf% âejgz% hò Avgalfw h Hrja`h Whf

V`jsfrwjz.

Dhlfw _vr`fr % Wf`jar Gav`wfe ar J`àshja` #

fgmàeaiz% hò Ojrfgar a F`friz ~rairhlw h mf Hwwagjhja` a vbejg hò Ehò,Irh` V`jsfrwjjfw

hò arlfr ~rafwwja`he wh hò gmjf gav`wfe ar m

Mavwf Galljtff a` Wgjf`gf hò fgmàeaiz.

Yjeejhl H. Yvec % ~rafwwar a gal~vfr wgjf`gf h mf

V`jsfrwjz a Sjrij`jh hò arlfr ~rfwjof` a mf

@hja`he Hghoflz a Fìj`ffrjì.



Rfyjrjì tmfCfofrhe Iasfr`lf`tcar Gal~ftjtjsf`fwwH @fy Ghbj`ft Of~hrtlf`t ar tmf 28wt Gf`tvrz

Da`htmh` Wheeft hò Wfh` âae Dh`vhrz 2>82



Ga`tf`tw 8 J`traovgtja` hò wvllhrz

3 _mf ~ra~awhe = H `fy galla` h~~ejghtja` ~rairhl car trhof% tfgmàeaiz%

yarkcargf trhj`jì% hò fgaàljg iraytm

87 J`tfirhtjì f}jwtjì% ~hrheefe rfija`he `ftyarkw

8? H mvb ac j`tfrhif`gz gaaroj`htja`

83 Holj`jwtrhtja` ac tmf `fy of~hrtlf`t

89 _rhof

28 _fgmàeaiz j`àshtja`

26 Fgaàljg iraytm

2= Yarkcargf ofsfea~lf`t

78 Ga`gevwja`4 May ta lhkf tmjw mh~~f`

77 H~~fòj} H

73 H~~fòj} B

?8 H~~fòj} G

?? H~~fòj} O

6> H~~fòj} F

63 Hbavt tmf hvtmarw hò hgkàyefoiflf`tw

69 Fòàtfw



8 Gftfr ar Hlfrjgh ^rairfww u Rfyjrji tmf Cfofrh Iasfrlft ar Gal~ftjtjsffww

A`f hg hò a`f jl~frhjsf h~~fhr a bf a` h gaeejwja` gavrwf. Cfofrhe w~fò,

jì yjee ofgrfhwf j` mf galjì zfhrw% zf mf jl~arh`gf a baawjì avr

`hja`‚w wgjf`gf hò fgaàljg gal~fjjsf`fww gh`à bf asfrwhfo. May oa

yf rfga`gjef mf ya1

_f rhojja`he ehìvhif vwfo j` wvgm gjrgvlwh`gfw jw a wffk larf bhì ar mf

bvgk. Bv fsf` mh‚w à iaao fàvim h`zlarf. _f fofrhe bvoif mhw a ofejsfr

mf ―bfw“ ar mf bvgk% lfwmjì mf law fgjf` vwf a h}~hzfr rfwavrgfw yjmmf law ffgjsf wrvgvrf. _h jw ~hrjgvehrez rvf ymfrf mf fofrhe iasfr`lf`

yarkw yjm bvwj`fwwfw% yarkfrw% gallv`jjfw% v`jsfrwjjfw% hò whf hò eaghe

iasfr`lf`w a iray avr fgaàlz. _f mjwarjghe fsaevja` a fofrhe v`gja`w

hò mf dvrjwojgja`he wga~f a gaìrfwwja`he galljtffw à eaìfr dvwjz mf gvr,

rf` irhb,bhi arih`jhja` a rhof% fgmàeaiz% fgaàljg iraym% hò yarkargf

v`gja`w j` avr fofrhe iasfr`lf`.

aohz% mfrf hrf larf mh` 7%>>> fofrhe hwwjwh`gf ~rairhlw mh ~rasjof irh`w%

eah`w% grfoj f`mh`gflf`w% hò `h`gjì hò fgm`jghe hwwjwh`gf a rlw%

fovghja`he j`wjvja`w% à`~raw% hò eaghe iasfr`lf`w a ~vrwvf dab,grfhjì

hgjsjjfw rfehfo a wgjf`gf hò fgaàljg gal~fjjsf`fww. _fwf ~rairhlw hrf

gvrrfèz holj`jwfrfo wf~hrhfez bz mf Fgaàljg Ofsfea~lf` Holj`jwrhja`%

Fl~eazlf` hò rhj`jì Holj`jwrhja`% Wlhee Bvwj`fww Holj`jwrhja`%

Of~hrlf` a Mavwjì hò Vrbh` Ofsfea~lf`% Of~hrlf` a Hirjgvevrf%

hò h wyhm a amfr fofrhe hif`gjfw. Bfzaò hwwjwh`gf ~rairhlw% amfr fofrhe

farw mh hfg gal~fjjsf`fww‟wvgm hw jòvwrz ga`rhgw% rfiveharz rhlf,

yarkw% hò f}jwjì lh`hiflf` wrvgvrfw‟hrf fxvheez rhilf`fo.

_h jw ymz yf ~ra~awf rfarih`jjì mf v`gja`w a mf Of~hrlf` a Gallfrgf% lasjì wji`jgh` ~arja`w a mf gvrrf` hif`gz a amfr ~hrw a

mf f}fgvjsf brh`gm% hò brjìjì j` gal~fjjsf`fww,rfefsh` v`gja`w ral

hif`gjfw avwjof mf Of~hrlf` a Gallfrgf. _f ~vr~awf4 a grfhf h `fy%

J`traovgtja` hò wvllhrz




agvwfo Of~hrlf` a Gal~fjjsf`fww mh j`firhfw fofrhe ~aejgz hravò avr

j`frga``fgfo hrfhw a gal~fjjsf`fww4

• rhof• fgmàeaiz •

Fgaàljg iraym• Yarkargf ofsfea~lf`

Ymfrf fofrhe farw hrf agvwfo a` if`frhe,~vr~awf avgalfw% wvgm hw f}~ar

~ralaja` hò j`rhwrvgvrf fgmàeaijfw% yf wviifw mh mfz bf ~ehgfo yjmj`

mf `fy of~hrlf` a baaw mfjr ffgjsf`fww. Ymfrf fofrhe farw hrf w~f,

gjhejfo hò ljwwja`,w~fgjg bv wmhrf asfreh~~jì ga`wjvf`gjfw yjm mf `fy

of~hrlf`‚w yark% yf ~ra~awf mf grfhja` a h `fy ―Galla` H~~ejghja`“‟h

wjìef ~aj` a hggfww a rfehfo fofrhe ~rairhlw‟a f`wvrf mh ~rairhlw hewa

yark wlaamez hgraww iasfr`lf`he hif`gjfw j` h lh``fr mh jw law ga`sf`jf`

ar mfjr vwfrw% wvgm hw wlhee bvwj`fwwfw hò v`jsfrwjjfw.

J jw h fwhlf` a Hlfrjgh` jìf`vjz hò avr hef`fo ~fa~ef% yjmj` hò av,

wjof iasfr`lf`% mh yf if mf avgalfw mh yf oa ral mf lh`z ojwdaj`fo

f}jwjì farw. Avr wgjf`gf wvggfwwfw rhìf ral mf wfxvf`gjì a mf mvlh`

ifàlf a wagjhe fyarkjì fgmàeaijfw% hò avr fgaàljg wvggfwwfw rhìf

ral avr `hja`‚w efhojì foif bjawgjf`gfw jòvwrjfw a mf dab,grfhjì ~ayfr a

`fy jòvwrjfw ~raejfrhjì hgraww mf J`fr`f. Zf mf ~rfww a ieabhe gal~fj,

ja` rfxvjrfw mh yf oa bftfr‟lvgm bftfr.

a jw grfoj% mf Abhlh holj`jwrhja`% rfgai`jjì mf ojwdaj`fo`fww a mfwf

lh`z ojfrf` ~rairhlw% mhw ehv`gmfo h wfrjfw a j`jjhjsfw a mhr`fww mf bfw

a mfwf farw jà h `fy `hja`he j`àshja` hò gal~fjjsf`fww wrhfiz ar

mf 28w gf`vrz.8 ^rfwjof` Abhlh mhw hewa jwwvfo h ~rfwjof`jhe lflarhòvl

j`wrvgjì hif`gjfw a hwwfww ~awwjbjejjfw ar iasfr`lf` rfarl ar gal~fjsf,

`fww.2 Hò herfhoz ejkfljòfo fofrhe hif`gjfw yjm ljwwja`w hò la`fz mh

gefhrez asfreh~ hrf fhljì v~ a afr gal~fjjsf irh`w a ofsfea~ gvtjì,foif

fgmàeaijfw hò mf yarkargf `ffofo a gallfrgjhejf mfl j` f`friz f,

gjf`gz% hosh`gfo vgefhr fgmàeaiz% hò waehr,lhof vfew% dvw a `hlf h fy.7

_fwf farw mhsf hàmfr galla` ~vr~awf‟a h~ mf gal~hrhjsf hosh`hifwa kfz rfija`he fgaàljfw hò wgjf`jg gf`frw a efhr`jì wa mh fofrhe farw

heji` yjm mf v`jxvf gal~fjjsf wrfìmw a avr `hja`‟avr batal,v~ wgjf`,

jg ofsfea~lf` hò fgaàljg fìj`f.

Jt jw h tfwthlf`t

Hlfrjgh` jìf`

tmht yf ift tmf

avtgalfw tmht

yf oa ral tmf

lh`z ojwdaj`tfo

f}jwtjì fartw a

avr iasfr`fl`

Zft tmf ~rfww a

ieabhe gal~ftjt

rfxvjrfw tmht yf

oa bfttfr‟lvg

bfttfr.




_fwf gal~fjjsf,irh` ~rairhlw afr ~aejgzlhkfrw walf gefhr efwwa`w a` may

avr fofrhe iasfr`lf` gh` ~ehz a mf wrfìmw a avr wgjf`jww% avr fìj`ffrw%

avr f`rf~rf`fvrw% avr `h`gjfrw% avr f}~frjf`gfo yarkargf% hò avr fhifr

wvof`w h v`jsfrwjjfw% gallv`jz gaeefifw% hò mjim wgmaaew hgraww mf gav`rz.

Ymh‚w ljwwjì jw h fofrhe iasfr`lf` wrvgvrf mh hewa ~ehzw a mfwf wrfìmw%

jw j`wjvja`hejfo ffgjsfez% hò ofejsfrw fgjf` hò gal~fjjsf fofrhe vò,jì a vfe mf batal,v~ fgaàljg gh~hbjejjfw a avr fgaàlz.

Wjl~ez ~v% iasfr`lf` wrvgvrfw ral mf 8:m hò 2>m gf`vrjfw à eaìfr

gaàrl a mf oflhòw a mf 28w. Bvoif f}jif`gjfw hò fgaàljg,iraym

abdfgjsfw rfxvjrf mh mf fgaàljg,iraym farw a mf fofrhe iasfr`lf` bf

rfga`wjvfo wa mh avr `hja`4

• Lhkfw mf law fgjf` vwf a fofrhe rfwavrgfw• Heji`w law ffgjsfez yjm mf bvwj`fwwfw mh grfhf bvwj`fww ~eh`w hò mf

whf hò eaghe iasfr`lf`w mh jl~eflf` rfija`he iraym wrhfijfw• F`gavrhifw batal,v~ iraym wrhfijfw htv`fo a mf v`jxvf `ffow a mf

V`jfo Whfw‚ lh`z rfija`he fgaàljfw

_frf mhw `fsfr bff` h V.W. ghbj`f,efsfe hif`gz ejkf mf a`f yf ~ra~awf. Hò

mfrf mhw `fsfr bff` h jlf ymf` j jw `ffofo larf mh` j jw aohz. _jw `fy

of~hrlf` yaveo rfhj` lh`z a mf f}jwjì v`gja`w a mf Of~hrlf` a

Gallfrgf gf`frfo a` fgaàljg iraym hò bvwj`fww arlhja`% bv yaveo hoo

a mfjr grjjghe lhww ymjef rfovgjì rfovòh`gjfw hgraww mf fofrhe iasfr`lf`.

Brjìjì aifmfr kfz gal~fjjsf`fww v`gja`w hravò rhof% fgmàeaiz% rhj`,

jì% hò fgaàljg iraym vòfr a`f vlbrfeeh yjee fefshf mf ffgjsf`fww hò

mf whvw a mf `fyez grfhfo of~hrlf` yjmj` mf iasfr`lf`% hò j`grfhwf

mf j`vf`gf a jw wfgrfhrz j` mf ghbj`f.

aohz% `hja`he lhgrafgaàljg ~aejgjfw hrf lh`hifo bz mf Ymjf Mavwf%

mf Of~hrlf` a mf rfhwvrz% hò mf jòf~fòf` Cfofrhe fwfrsf Bahro.

Ljwwja`,w~fgjg fgaàljg ~aejgjfw ò mfjr malf j` hif`gjfw mh j`gevof

mf Of~hrlf`w a Fovghja`% F`friz% Mavwjì% Ehbar% hò Off`wf% hò mf

@hja he J`wjvfw a Mfhem. Bv fgaàljg iraym jw à wjl~ez h lhtfr a lhg,

rafgaàljg ~aejgz ~evw mf wvl ahe a ljwwja`,w~fgjg ~aejgjfw. _f grfhjaà bvwj`fwwfw% mf mjrjì hò rhj`jì a yarkfrw% hò mf iraym a gallv`jjfw

wfl hw yfee ral a~~arv`jjfw awfrfo bz iasfr`lf`w wffkjì a baaw fga,

àljg iraym j` hee wfgarw a mf fgaàlz j` hee mf ojfrf` ~hrw a avr `hja`.

_mfrf mhw `fsfr

bff` h V.W. ghbj

efsfe hif`gz

ejkf tmf a`f yf

~ra~awf. Hò tm

mhw `fsfr bff`

h tjlf ymf` jt jw

`ffofo larf tm

jt jw taohz.



? Gftfr ar Hlfrjgh ^rairfww u Rfyjrji tmf Cfofrh Iasfrlft ar Gal~ftjtjsffww

Grhcjì h `fy Of~hrlf` a Gal~fjjsf`fww yaveo heji` fofrhe ~rairhlw

larf ffgjsfez hò fgjfèz yjm mf rfhejjfw a avr v`jxvfez Hlfrjgh` gal,

~fjjsf wrfìmw. _h ~ragfww gh` whr rjim ày% bfarf efijwehja` jw ~hwwfo%

yjm h` f}fgvjsf arofr mh% hw f}~ehj`fo bfeay% jl~rasfw mf fgjf`gz a gvr,

rf` ljgrafgaàljg ~aejgjfw. Hò mh whlf iahe yaveo bf mf gmhrif a mf `fy

Of~hrlf` a Gal~fjjsf`fww.

H`z ~eh` a rfshl~ mf Of~hrlf` a Gallfrgf lvw vejlhfez ò h malf

ar mf @hja`he Agfh`jg hò Hlaw~mfrjg Holj`jwrhja`% ar @AHH. H rfgal,

lfòhja` hbav mf law h~~ra~rjhf eaghja` ar @AHH jw bfzaò mf wga~f a

mjw rf~ar. Bv rfihroefww a jw vejlhf malf yjmj` mf bvrfhvgrhjg ehòwgh~f%

@AHH lvw lhj`hj` jw wrvgvrhe j`firjz hò frgfez ~rafg mf ~rfflj`f`

raef a wgjf`gf j` lh`hiflf` a avr `hja`‚w agfh`jg hò hlaw~mfrjg rfwavrgfw.

Cvrmfr% @AHH lvw f`wvrf mh jw rfiveharz ofgjwja`w rflhj` rff a vòvf

~rfwwvrf ral f}fr`he wavrgfw. Hw mf ga`sfrwhja` hbav iasfr`lf` rfarih`j,

hja` ga`j`vfw a fsaesf% mf Gf`fr ar Hlfrjgh` rairfww‚w f`sjra`lf` hòagfh` ~aejgz fhlw yjee bf ofsfea~jì w~fgjg rfgallfòhja`w hbav h` h~~ra,

~rjhf wrvgvrf ar mjw hif`gz.

Wjljehrez% j` hoorfwwjì mf jwwvf a ymh a oa yjm mf fofrhe iasfr`lf`‚w shrj,

avw fgaàljg whjwjgw v`gja`w% yf xvjgkez avò mh mf wga~f a mf xvfwja`

avirfy mf w~hgf j` mjw ~h~fr. A`f h~~rahgm% hw GH^ wviifwfo j` jw ―Cagvw a`

Gal~fjjsf`fww“ ~h~fr% yaveo bf a brjì mf Gf`wvw Bvrfhv hò mf Bvrfhv a

Fgaàljg H`hezwjw aifmfr hw ~hr a h ga`waejohfo fgaàljg whjwjgw hif`gz.

Yf hwkfo Ifarif Yhwmjìa` V`jsfrwjz rfwfhrgm ~rafwwar Hòrfy fhlfr a

yrjf h wf~hrhf ~h~fr ar mjw wfrjfw jefo ―Fgaàljg J`feejif`gf.“ Mf lhkfw h

`vlbfr a ~rhgjghe% hgmjfshbef rfgallfòhja`w a v~irhof avr `hja`he whjw,

jgw farw ar mf 28w gf`vrz.

V`jjì mfwf avr agvw hrfhw‟rhof% if`frhe,~vr~awf fgmàeaiz% ~ehgf,bhwfo

fgaàljg iraym% hò yarkargf rhj`jì‟vòfr a`f of~hrlf` yaveo

j`grfhwf fgjf`gz hò f`hbef mf iasfr`lf` a larf ffgjsfez grfhf hò

jl~eflf` h rvez gal~rfmf`wjsf wrhfiz a awfr Hlfrjgh` j`àshja` hò

fgaàljg gal~fjjsf`fww. _f rfwve yaveo bf larf hò bftfr dab grfhja` hò

wvwhj`fo fgaàljg iraym.

Yf oa à hwwfr mh mf rfgallfòhja`w hrf v`xvfwja`hbez garrfg. J` ~hr,

jgvehr% yf vòfrwhò mh xvfwja`w a gaaroj`hja` gh` hrjwf fsf` j v`gja`w

hrf lh`hifo yjmj` mf whlf of~hrlf`; mfrf jw à wjìef% ~frfg waevja`. Bv

V`jtjì tmfwf a

agvw hrfhw‟

trhof% tfgmàeai

yarkargf trhj`j

hò fgaàljg

iraytm‟vòfr

a`f of~hrtlf`

yaveo j`grfhwf

fgjf`gz.




yf ma~f mh mjw ~h~fr bfij`w h rfhe ojheaivf hbav ymh j yaveo hkf a ofwji`

hò jl~eflf` h gamfrf` `hja`he gal~fjjsf`fww wrhfiz j`wvehfo ral mf

xvhorf``jhe wmjcjì a ~aejjghe arv`fw.

J` mf lhj` ~hifw a mjw rf~ar% yf ofhje avr sjwja` ar mjw `fy Gal~fjjsf`fww

Of~hrlf`% j`gevojì h` asfrsjfy a jw `fy v`gja`w hò h` f}~eh`hja` a ymjgm f}jwjì hif`gjfw% ~rairhlw% agfw% bvrfhvw% hò ~rairhlw ljim bf j`gar,

~arhfo hò ymz. Yf mf` f}hlj`f may a bftfr `fyark hò j`firhf amfr ljw,

wja`,w~fgjg j`àshja` ~rairhlw j` mf of~hrlf`w a Off`wf hò F`friz% hò

mf @hja`he J`wjvfw a Mfhem% yjm mf `fy yark a mf rfyjrfo Of~hrlf` a

Gal~fjjsf`fww. Cjrw% mavim% mfrf jw avr ~ra~awhe j` h `vwmfee.




_mf ~ra~awhe

Yf wviifw mf grfhja` a h `fy ghbj`f hif`gz hbef a yjfeo mf lh`z f}jwjì

aaew a mf fofrhe iasfr`lf` a bftfr gaaroj`hf j`mfrfèz j`frrfehfo rhof%

fgmàeaiz% rhj`jì% hò fgaàljg iraym ~rairhlw j` arofr a f`mh`gf mf

gal~fjjsf wh`gf a avr `hja`he fgaàlz. -wff Ojhirhl 8* _jw hif`gz yaveo

bf bvje ~rjlhrjez hravò mf f}jwjì wrvgvrfw a mf Of~hrlf` a Gallfrgf

hò Wlhee Bvwj`fww Holj`jwrhja`% bv yaveo hewa hwwvlf rfefsh` rhof% fgm,

àeaiz% yarkargf rhj`jì% hò fgaàljg iraym v`gja`w ral amfr hif`gjfw

ymfrf wvgm ga`waejohja` gaveo mfe~ j`grfhwf fgaàljg gal~fjjsf`fww.

Wfsfrhe kfz hw~fgw a mjw ~ra~awhe yaveo wrfìmf` f}jwjì fofrhe farw

hravò j`àshja` hò gal~fjjsf`fww4

• Brjìjì aifmfr mf mvòrfow a ojrfg hwwjwh`gf ~rairhlw mh wv~~ar j`à,

shja` mravim rhof% fgmàeaiz% yarkargf rhj`jì% hò batal,v~ fgaàljg

gaaroj`hja` vòfr h ―Galla` H~~ejghja`“

• J`firhjì mf f}jwjì ~hrheefe `fyarkw a brjgk hò larhr hò sjrvhe fofrhe

agfw hgraww mf lh`z rfija`w a mf V`jfo Whfw

• Hgjì hw h mvb a j`frhif`gz gaaroj`hja` hravò ~hrjgvehr ljwwja`,w~fgjg

fgmàeaiz iahew wvgm hw f`friz% mfhemghrf% ar off`wf j`àshja`% hò wrfhl,

ej`jì rfiveharz gal~ejh`gf ~ragfovrfw

Fhgm a mfwf lhj` gal~a`f`w a mf ~ra~awhe hrf ojwgvwwfo j` larf ofhje j` mf

aeeayjì wfgja`w.




OJHIRHL 8

@fy Of~hrtlf`t ac Gal~ftjtjsf`fww asfrsjfy

Of~hrtlf`t ac

Gal~ftjtjsf`fww

_rhof ~aejgz

hò ~rairhlw

If`frhe,~vr~awf

tfmàeaiz

Fgaàljg

iraytm ~aejgz

hò ~rairhlw

Yarkcargf

ofsfea~lf`t ~aejgz

hò ~rairhlw

Hgraww hee a mf avr a mfwf `fy v`gja`w yjmj` mf Of~hrlf` a

Gal~fjjsf`fww% fofrhe hif`gjfw j`wjof hò avwjof a mf `fy of~hrlf` yaveo4

• Gaaroj`hf rfiveharz gal~ejh`gf• Lhkf fofrhe ~aejgz hò lh`hiflf` ofgjwja`w• A~frhf eah`% irh`% f}~ar% fgm`jghe% gav`wfejì% hò amfr kjòw a hwwjwh`gf

~rairhlw ar wlhee bvwj`fww% jòvwrz% hò ~vbejg f`jjfw• Ojrfgez ga`rhg yjm kfz ~rjshf hgarw

Hee a mfwf hgjsjjfw hrf gvrrfèz vòfrhkf` bz lh`z of~hrlf`w yjm aèz ho mag

gaaroj`hja` hravò mf galla` iahe a awfrjì mf bfw ~awwjbef f`sjra`lf`

ar j`àshja` hò fgaàljg gal~fjjsf`fww. Wrhfijgheez lh`hijì mfwf hgjsjjfw

aifmfr yaveo hoorfww kfz ih~w j` iasfr`h`gf% efhojì a wfsfrhe jl~arh` bf`fw4

• J`grfhwf fgjf`gz bz brjìjì aifmfr rfehfo v`gja`w a iasfr`lf`• Wrfhlej`f j`frhgja` bfyff` bvwj`fwwfw% v`jsfrwjjfw% hò amfr fgaàljg

hgarw hò mf fofrhe agjhew% rfiveharw% hò ~rairhl agfrw yjm ymal

mfz lvw j`frhg• J`grfhwf sjwjbjejz hò hggfwwjbjejz a f}jwjì irh`% eah`% fgm`jghe% hò amfr

hwwjwh`gf ~rairhlw• F}~eaj ~af`jhe wz`frijfw hlaì bvwj`fwwfw% v`jsfrwjjfw% j`sfàrw% j`sfwarw%

gallv`jz efòfrw% hò rfija`he fgaàljg ofsfea~lf` arih`jhja`w ymawf

fgaàljg iahew wmhrf h rfija`he hò!ar wfgarhe agvw•

Heeay ar larf wrhfijg vwf a f}jwjì hò gal~eflf`hrz ~aejgz aaew j` mfavr j`frrfehfo oalhj`w hfgjì gal~fjjsf`fww4 rhof% fgmàeaiz% rhj`jì%

hò fgaàljg iraym

Wj`gf j`àshja` jw hlaì mf law jl~arh` eaì,frl orjsfrw a fgaàljg

iraym hò dab grfhja`% mfe~jì mf ~rjshf wfgar asfrgalf bhrrjfrw a j`àsh,



= Gftfr ar Hlfrjgh ^rairfww u Rfyjrji tmf Cfofrh Iasfrlft ar Gal~ftjtjsffww

ja` jw h` jòjw~f`whbef jìrfojf` a ~ralajì fgaàljg gal~fjjsf`fww.?

Wvojfw wmay mh a`f a mf rw wf~w a awfrjì j`àshja` jw arljì `fyarkw

a j`àshja` ~hrjgj~h`w% wvgm hw j`wjvja`w a mjimfr fovghja`% fofrhe ehbarh,

arjfw% wlhee whrv~ bvwj`fwwfw% `h`gjhe j`wjvja`w% gallv`jz hò ljgraf`fr,

~rjwf ofsfea~lf` arih`jhja`w% yarkargf rhj`jì ~rasjofrw% jòvwrz% hò eaghe

hò whf iasfr`lf`w. Ga`rhrz a mf yjofw~rfho bfejf mh j`àshja` galfwf}gevwjsfez ral wgjf`jww j` ehbarharjfw% hee a mfwf ojfrf` ~ehzfrw mhsf h raef

a ~ehz j` j`àshja` hò dab grfhja`.6 Ymf` mfwf ~ehzfrw hg aifmfr% j lhkfw

j`àshja` ~awwjbef j` yhzw j yaveo`‚ bf hgjì wf~hrhfez.

H `fy ghbj`f hif`gz hbef a lh`hif mf fofrhe iasfr`lf`‚w f}jwjì farw a hjo

hee j`àshja` ~hrjgj~h`w j` h gaaroj`hfo hò wrhfijg yhz yaveo ia h eaì yhz

ayhro wrfìmf`jì batal,v~ fgaàljg iraym% wv~~arjì wlhee bvwj`fwwfw% hò

grfhjì dabw. J` mf aeeayjì wfgja`w% yf‚ee vr` brjfz a fhgm a mf kfz gal~a,

`f`w a avr ~ra~awhe% hò mf` ojwgvww mf rhja`hef bfmjò fhgm a mfl j` vr`.

H `fy galla` h~~ejghtja` ~rairhl car trhof% tfgmàeaiz%

yarkcargf trhj`jì% hò fgaàljg iraytm

_f gf`fr~jfgf a mf `fy Of~hrlf` a Gal~fjjsf`fww yaveo bf h `fy galla`

h~~ejghja` ~rairhl ar hee avr hgfw a mf `fy of~hrlf`‚w rfw~a`wjbjejjfw‟rhof%

fgmàeaiz% yarkargf rhj`jì% hò fgaàljg iraym. H galla` h~~ejghja`‟à

vèjkf mf galla` h~~ ar®gaeefif holjwwja`w‟yaveo lhkf mf far a h~~ezjì

ar wfsfrhe rfehfo ~rairhlw h mjw `fy of~hrlf` hr fhwjfr% hwfr% hò efww f}~f`wjsf.

_f gvrrf` wrvgvrf a fofrhe ~rairhlw jw v`gaaroj`hfo hò ehgkw h` asfrhee wrh,

fijg sjwja`. -Wff H~~fòj} H a` ~hif 7? ar h ejw a lh`z a mf f}jwjì ~rairhlw

mh gvrrfèz ehgk gaaroj`hja`.* a jeevwrhf mf ~rabefl% hkf mf f}hl~ef a h`

f`rf~rf`fvr yarkjì a whr h wlhee bvwj`fww hò grfhf dabw hravò mf gal,

lfrgjhejhja` a h `fy jofh j` h` vòfrwfrsfo rfija`. aohz% wvgm h` f`rf~rf`fvr

ljim bf fejijbef ar h oaf` hwwjwh`gf ~rairhlw w~rfho hgraww wfsfrhe ojfrf`

hif`gjfw. Bv òjì hò h~~ezjì a mfl hee wf~hrhfez jw ~ramjbjjsfez gawez.

Cvrmfrlarf% j mf bvwj`fww ~eh` j`saesfo mf gallfrgjhejhja` a v`jsfrwjz rfwfhrgm% mh v`jsfrwjz aa gaveo bf fejijbef ar ojfrf` ~rairhlw ral f`jrfez

wf~hrhf hif`gjfw% ar f}hl~ef mravim mf Wlhee Bvwj`fww fgmàeaiz rh`wfr

irh` ~rairhl holj`jwfrfo wf~hrhfez bz 88 hif`gjfw. Hò% j mf bvwj`fww

~eh` rfxvjrfo h ~hrjgvehr kjò a yarkargf hef`% eaghe yarkargf rhj`jì

Wj`gf j`àshtja

hlaì tmf law

jl~arth`t eaì,

tfrl orjsfrw a

fgaàljg iray

hò dab grfhtja`

mfe~jì tmf ~rjs

wfgtar j`àshtf

jòjw~f`whbef ta

gal~ftjtjsf`fw

https://www.commonapp.org/CommonApp/default.aspx

https://www.commonapp.org/CommonApp/default.aspx



: Gftfr ar Hlfrjgh ^rairfww u Rfyjrji tmf Cfofrh Iasfrlft ar Gal~ftjtjsffww

arih`jhja`w -wvgm hw gallv`jz gaeefifw ar ghrffr gav`wfejì ~rasjofrw* yaveo

bf fejijbef ar wjee wf~hrhf hwwjwh`gf ~rairhlw.

J` wmar% mf ymaef a mfwf hgarw‚ hgjsjjfw aifmfr jw irfhfr mh` mf wvl a

mfjr hgjsjjfw h~hr.

Vòfr gvrrf` ~aejgz% mfrf jw à yhz a f`wvrf hee a mf ~af`jhe j`àshja`

~hrjgj~h`w‟mf wlhee bvwj`fww% mf v`jsfrwjz ehb% hò mf yarkargf rhj`jì

~rasjofr‟yaveo mhsf mfjr bjo ar hwwjwh`gf rfsjfyfo dajèz% ofw~jf mf lvvhe

j`frof~fòf`gf a mfjr hgjsjjfw. _h‚w ymfrf mf ga`waejohja` a h `vlbfr a

mfwf f}jwjì ~rairhlw vòfr h `fy Of~hrlf` a Gal~fjjsf`fww hò hggfw,

wjbef sjh h Galla` H~~ejghja` ~rairhl yaveo hoo shevf.

Brjìjì aifmfr mf shrjavw f}jwjì ~vbejg `h`gjì aaew vwfo a wv~~ar mfwf

ojfrf` hgjsjjfw yaveo mfe~ lhkf mf law a fsfrz oaeehr w~f` bz fhgm a

mfl. f~ehgjì mfwf f}jwjì wjeafo ~rairhlw yjm a`f ~rairhl yaveo wrfhl,ej`f mf h~~ejghja` ~ragfww% ~rasjof f}jbjejz% j`grfhwf fgjf`gz a fofrhe vòw%

hò grfhf shevf mravim `fy wz`frijfw.

_f 2>88 ofbv a mf Fgaàljg Ofsfea~lf` Holj`jwrhja`‚w fyfw Dabw hò

J`àshja` Hggfefrhar ~rairhl% ymjgm f`gavrhifw daj` h~~ejghja`w ~v aifmfr

bz ga`warjh a wlhee bvwj`fwwfw% rhj`jì ~rasjofrw% hò rfija`he fgaàljg

gav`gjew% jw h irfh f}hl~ef a may mjw gh` yark.3 Bz heji`jì mf rfwavrgfw a 83

fofrhe hif`gjfw hò ~rairhlw% mf ~rairhl lhof j fhwjfr ar 2> ~vbejg,~rjshf

ga`warjh j` vòfrwfrsfo rfija`w hravò mf gav`rz a wfe,hwwflbef hravò mf

gallfrgjhejhja` a `fy fgmàeaijfw. _f ~rairhl% h h gaw a /79 ljeeja`% jw

f}~fgfo a efsfrhif /3: ljeeja` j` ~rjshf `h`gf hò wv~~ar 77: `fy bvwj,

`fwwfw% ?%=>> `fy dabw% hò `fy wkjeew rhj`jì ar ?%>>> yarkfrw.9 Ofw~jf h jim

h~~ejghja` ~frjao a aèz ?> ohzw ral mf vòjì h`àv`gflf` a mf h~~ejgh,

ja` ofhoej`f% mf ~rairhl yhw shwez asfrwvbwgrjbfo% yjm 828 h~~ejghja`w ar

aèz 2> yj``jì ga`warjh. _jw jòjghfw mf sfrz rfhe j`frfw mh f}jww ar mjw

kjò a wz`frijwjg hò rfija`heez agvwfo fofrhe wrfhlej`jì.

Avr ~ra~awhe yaveo wzwflhjf mjw mj`kjì hò hkf j a mf `f} efsfe bz

rf~ehgjì mf oaf`w a wf~hrhfez lh`hifo ~rairhlw a~frhjì j` ojw~hrhf ~aejgz wjeaw hgraww h oaf` hif`gjfw yjm a`f% wrfhlej`fo wzwfl gh~hbef a brjìjì

a bfhr h vee hrrhz a ~aejgz aaew‟irh`w% eah`w% ga`rhgw% grfoj f`mh`gflf`%

fgm`jghe hwwjwh`gf hò amfrw‟a` mf gmheefìfw a batal,v~% rfija`he j`àsh,

ja`% dab grfhja`% hò iraym. Cjivrfw 8 hò 2 wmay may lh`z wf~hrhf ~rairhlw

ral ojfrf` hif`gjfw gaveo bf heji`fo a bftfr wv~~ar mfjr v`jfo iahew.

A`f a tmf crwt

wtf~w ta awtfrj`

j`àshtja` jw

arljì ftyar

a j`àshtja`

~hrtjgj~h`tw.



8> Gftfr ar Hlfrjgh ^rairfww u Rfyjrji tmf Cfofrh Iasfrlft ar Gal~ftjtjsffww

FOH

WBH

@JW_

F_H

VWOH

@WC

MVO

Jòvwtrjhef`tfr~rjwf Eaghe! wthtf!

trjbheiasfr`lf`tw

_rhj`jì~rasjofrw

@a`,~ratofsfea~lf`tarih`jhtja`w

Mjimfrfovghtja`

Wlheebvwj`fww

Ga`wtrvgtja`!j`crhwtrvgtvrf

~radfgtofsfea~frw

Cj`h`gjhej`wtjtvtja`w

Galla` H~~ejghtja`

Wlheebvwj`fww

Jòvwtrjhef`tfr~rjwf

Mjimfrfovghtja`

@a`,~ratofsfea~lf`tarih`jhtja`w

Eaghe! wthtf!trjbhe

iasfr`lf`tw

Ga`wtrvgtja`!j`crhwtrvgtvrf

~radfgtofsfea~frw

_rhj`jì~rasjofrw

Cj`h`gjhej`wtjtvtja`w

R f i j a h e J àshtja` @ f t y a r k w

R f w f h r g m h ` o

o fs fe a ~l f` t

_ f g m ` ae a i z t r h w c fr w v ~ ~ ar t

Y ar k c ar g f o f

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R f ij a` h e f g a` alj g w t r h t f i z

o fs fe a ~l f` t h o

j l ~e fl f` t h t j a

F } ~ ar t h w w j w t h

` g f

E fs fr h i fc ar ~r j s h t f ` h ` g f

W v ~ ~ ar t c ar

j ` g r fl f` t h e j `` as h t j a`

J`àshtja` hòfgaàljg iraytm

CJIVRF 8

_mf wthtvw xva jw gmhatjg% rfovòh`t% hò v`gaaroj`htfo

F}jwtjì fofrhe vòjì jw v`gaaroj`htfo hlaì lh`z hif`gjfw hò hjew ta rfgai`jf

tmf jl~arth`gf a ga``fgtjì rfehtfo fgaàljg gal~ftjtjsf`fww hgtjsjtjfw.

CJIVRF 2

_mf Galla` H~~ejghtja` ^ra~awhe mfe~w j`àshtja` `ftyarkw carl

H Galla` H~~ejghtja` yaveo fejlj`htf rfovòh`gz hò vèagk `fy

wz`frijfw bz f`gavrhijì `ftyark arlhtja`% j`àshtja`% f`trf~rf`fvrwmj~

hò fgaàljg gal~ftjtjsf`fww.

Wavrgf4 Wgjf`gf rairfww% vwjì tmfGhtheai a Cfofrhe Oalfwtjg Hwwjwth`gf




J`wfho a mf he~mhbf wav~ a ~hrheefe hò gal~ejlf`hrz irh`% eah`% `h`gjì%

hò hwwjwh`gf ~rairhlw% a`f ~rairhl yaveo bf bftfr hbef a f}jbez hwwfww mf

`ffow a rfija`he h~~ejgh`w hò ofejsfr jlfez hò hriffo wv~~ar a mf yjof hrrhz

a ~ehzfrw yma ~hrjgj~hf j` j`àshja` hò dab grfhja`. H wjìef% f}jbef galla`

h~~ejghja` ~rairhl a~frhfo bz mf Of~hrlf` a Gal~fjjsf`fww yaveo hoorfww

hee h~~ejghja`w ar hee mf shrjavw z~fw a f}jwjì wv~~ar mravim mf ef`w a `fyark arlhja`. J yaveo mhsf h bji,~jgvrf sjfy a f}jwjì hò hwgf` j`àsh,

ja` fyarkw j` rfija`w% hò yaveo bf fl~ayfrfo a ojw~f`wf ~radfg irh`w% eah`w%

grfoj f`mh`gflf`% hò ~rairhllhjg wfrsjgfw hw ffofo a mfe~ ga``fg j`àsh,

ja` ~ehzfrw hò brjì rfija`he j`àshja` hò dab grfhja` ~eh`w a ejf.

Cral mf shw hbefw a v`gaaroj`hfo vòjì wrfhlw j` ivrf 8 hò j` H~~fòj}

H% mf galla` h~~ yaveo wfrsf wfsfrhe v`gja`w4

• Rfwfhrgm hò ofsfea~lf`t4 ^rasjojì eay,j`frfw eah`w hò eah` ivhrh`ffw a

wlhee bvwj`fwwfw ar bhwjg rfwfhrgm jà asfe ~eharl fgmàeaijfw.

• _fgmàeaiz trh`wcfr wv~~art4 ^rasjojì irh`w hò eah`w a v`jsfrwjz,jòvwrz

~hr`frwmj~w gf`frfo a` fgm rh`wfr hò gallfrgjhejhja` a ~raljwjì

fgmàeaijfw.

• Yarkcargf ofsfea~lf`t4 J`sfwjì j` fgm`jghe fovghja`% rhj`jì% hò h~~rf`,

jgfwmj~ ~rairhlw a mfe~ ej`k rfija`he yarkargf gh~hbjejjfw a eaghe oflhò%

hò a ~awjja` yarkfrw a hkf hosh`hif a flfrijì jòvwrjfw hò aggv~h,

ja`w j` mfjr rfija`.

• Rfija`he fgaàljg wtrhtfiz ofsfea~lf`t hò jl~eflf`thtja`4 ^rasjojì

~radfg irh`w hò fgm`jghe hwwjwh`gf a wfe,hwwflbefo rfija`he ar jòvwrz

ga`warjh ar ofsfea~lf` arih`jhja`w ar ofwji` hò jl~eflf`hja` a

lvej,whkfmaeofr ~eh`w mh veee `fgfwwhrz grjfrjh.

• J`sfwtlf`t j` vòfrwfrsfo lhrkftw hò gallv`jtjfw4 Efsfrhijì ~rjshf oae,

ehrw ar wlhee bvwj`fww j` vòfrwfrsfo ar fgaàljgheez ojwrfwwfo gallv`jjfw

yjm j`grfhwfo gaaroj`hja` yjm ehrifr rfija`he fgaàljg ofsfea~lf` hò

fgmàeaiz j`àshja` wrhfijfw.

• F}~art hwwjwth`gf4 ^rasjojì eah`w% eah` ivhrh`ffw% j`wvrh`gf% hò amfr

arlw a `h`gjì hwwjwh`gf% hw yfee hw arfji` lhrkf j`feejif`gf hò rhof

`fiajhja`w wv~~ar a wlhee hò ljo,wjfo bvwj`fwwfw eaakjì a h~ arfji`

oflhò bz wfeejì mfjr ~raovgw hbraho.

J`wtjtvtja`w a

mjimfr fovghtja

fofrhe ehbarhta

wlhee wthrtv~

bvwj`fwwfw% c`h

j`wtjtvtja`w%

gallv`jtz hò

ljgraf`tfr~rjwf

ofsfea~lf`t

arih`jhtja`w%

yarkargf trhj`j

~rasjofrw% jòvw

hò eaghe hò wt

iasfr`lf`tw‟

a tmfwf ~ehzfrw

yark taiftmfr

ta ~ralatf

j`àshtja`.




• Efsfrhif car ~rjshtf cj`h`gf4 Lh`hijì hò efsfrhijì rfija`he `fyarkw a eaghe

`h`gjfrw gvrrfèz ~hrjgj~hjì j` mf WBH ljgraeah`% Wlhee Bvwj`fww J`sfwlf`

Gar~arhja`w% hò Wlhee Bvwj`fww Ofsfea~lf` Gal~h`jfw ~rairhlw.

• Wv~~art car j `grflf`the j`àshtja 4 Mfe~jì jòvwrjhe f`fr~rjwf j` vòfr,

wfrsfo rfija`w% lhrkfw% ar wrhfijg jòvwrjfw a hgxvjrf `fgfwwhrz mvlh`%~mzwjghe% hò `h`gjhe gh~jhe `fgfwwhrz a v~irhof% j`àshf% j`grfhwf f}~arw%

hò whz gvtjì,foif.

a bf gefhr% mf fofrhe iasfr`lf` herfhoz oafw mfwf mjìw% bv à j` h yhz mh

wrhfijgheez f}~eajw mf wz`frijfw bfyff` mfl. Vwjì mjw f}f`wjsf ejw a aaew%

mjw Galla` H~~ ~rairhl yaveo mhsf rflfòavw f}jbjejz a gaaroj`hf

`h`gjì hwwjwh`gf% eah`w% hò ~radfg irh`w a fgm whrv~w% v`jsfrwjz,jòvwrz

~hr`frwmj~w% gallv`jz ofsfea~lf` ~rairhlw% hò h yjof hrrhz a wlhee bvwj,

`fwwfw% hw yfee hw ehrifr wfe,arih`jjì ga`warjh% rfija`he fgaàljg ofsfea~lf`

arih`jhja`w% ojwrjg arih`jhja`w% ljgraf`fr~rjwf ofsfea~lf` arih`jhja`w%hò mf ejkf. Yf wviifw mh jl~eflf`hja` a mf Galla` H~~ejghja` gaveo

j`grfhwf maravim`fww% rfovgf mf holj`jwrhjsf bvrof` a` bvwj`fww% rfhejf `fy

wz`frijfw% hò awfr `fy gaeehbarhja` h mf eaghe% rfija`he% hò `hja`he efsfe.

Mhsjì a`f ~rairhl hbef a efsfrhif ojfrf` aaew f`wvrfw mh fsfrz yarmz

h~~ejgh` rfgfjsfw mf h~~ra~rjhf wv~~ar a awfr j`àshja`% w~vr dab grfhja`%

hò wvwhj` fgaàljg iraym. Galbj`jì rfehfo rfwavrgfw vòfr a`f holj`jw,

rhjsf raa bf`fw bam mf h~~ejgh` -h wrfhlej`fo hò wjl~ef j`frhgf ymfrf

mfz gh` wff hò vòfrwhò hee a mf a~~arv`jjfw hshjehbef*% hò ar mf iasfr`,

lf` -j`grfhwfo ~ra}jljz hlaì rfehfo ~rairhlw% a~~arv`jz ar f`mh`gfo

wrhfijg hò rfija`he gaaroj`hja`% fejlj`hja` a rfovòh`gz*.

âaej i ojsfrwf f}jwjì gal~fjjsf`fww vòjì a~~arv`jjfw yaveo bf larf

fgjf` mh` mf gvrrf` wzwfl a wjeafo ~rairhlw bfghvwf a mf rfovgfo

holj`jwrhjsf bvrof` j`saesfo j` efsfrhijì lvej~ef% gal~eflf`hrz wavrgfw

a ~rairhllhjg wv~~ar. Bv larf jl~arhèz% shevf yjee bf hoofo bz awfr,

jì fy gaeehbarhja`‟bam hlaì gvrrfèz v`gaaroj`hfo fofrhe ~rairhlw

~vrwvjì wjljehr iahew% hò hlaì mf ~vbejg hò ~rjshf wfgar ~ehzfrw yarkjì a

ghhezf j`àshja` hò iraym j` mfjr rfija`w.

Yf ojwgvww may mjw ~rairhl yaveo yark yjm mf shrjavw amfr hif`gz farw

hravò mf avr ~jeehrw a rhof% fgmàeaiz% rhj`jì% hò fgaàljg iraym j` mf

lhj` ~hifw a mf rf~ar.

H `fy ghbj`ft

hif`gz hbef ta

lh`hif tmf fo

iasfr`lf`t‚w

f}jwtjì fartw t

hjo hee ojfrf`t

kjòw a j`àsht

~hrtjgj~h`tw

wtrhtfijgheez ya

ia h eaì yhz.




J`tfirhtjì f}jwtjì% ~hrheefe rfija`he `ftyarkw

Hàmfr jl~arh` rfhwa` a grfhf h Of~hrlf` a Gal~fjjsf`fww jw a lhkf

larf fgjf` mf lvej~ef hò ov~ejghjsf `fyarkw a eaghe fofrhe agfw.

_f Wlhee Bvwj`fww Holj`jwrhja`% Fgaàljg Ofsfea~lf` Holj`jwrhja`%

Lh`vhgvrjì F}f`wja` hr`frwmj~% hò Fl~eazlf` hò rhj`jì Holj`jwrhja`% ar f}hl~ef% fhgm a~frhf h `fyark a rfija`he hò eaghe agfw. =

_fwf hif`gjfw oa`‚ fsf` gvrrfèz hirff a` may a ojsjof mf gav`rz jà rfija`w%

fhgm wejgjì mf `hja` ojfrfèz. _f ov~ejghja` a fofrhe agfw hewa lfh`w h

ov~ejghja` a rf` hò asfrmfho.

Wavrgf4 Wgjf`gf rairfww% vwjì jàrlhtja`ral tmf WBH% FOH% hò F_H

F}jwtjì cfofrhe `ftyarkw hrf v`gaaroj`htfo

WBH% FOH% F_H fhgm ojsjof tmf gav`trz j`ta ojfrf`t% v`gaaroj`htfo rfija`w.

Rfija` J

Rfija` JJ

Rfija` JJJ

Rfija` JS

Rfija` S

Rfija` SJ

Rfija` J, Bawta`

F_H rfija`w

WBH cfofrhe rfija`w

VW FOH rfija`w

Rfija` JJ, mjehofe~mjh

Rfija` JJJ, Hteh`th

Rfija` JS, OheehwRfija` S, Gmjghia

Rfija` SJ, Wh` Crh`gjwga

Rfija` SJJ

Rfija` SJJJ

Rfija` J]

Rfija` ]

^mjehofe~mjh

MX

Wfhttef

Hteh`th

Gmjghia

Hvwtj`

Of`sfr

Wfhttef

6

MX

B

Of`sfr

^mjehofGmjghia

Hvwtj`

Hteh`th

Wh`Crh`gjwga

Oheehw

Cvrmfr% ejkf mf hwwjwh`gf ~rairhlw mfz holj`jwfr% mfrf jw rfehjsfez ejtef gaar,

oj`hja` hlaì mfwf agfw aohz% ofw~jf mfjr ej`kfo ljwwja`w. Bfwjofw bftfr

j`firhjì mf ofejsfrz a fgm`jghe hwwjwh`gf% irh`,lhkjì% hò amfr wfrsjgfwa bvwj`fwwfw% v`jsfrwjjfw% rfija`he fgaàljg ofsfea~lf` gav`gjew% eaghe iasfr`,

lf`w% hò yark argf rhj`jì ~rasjofrw% lfrijì mf shrjavw rfija`he agfw gaveo

jl~rasf baakkff~jì hò brahof` hshjehbef fofrhe gal~fjjsf`fww wfrsjgfw j`

rfija`w% ymjef j`grfhwjì gaaroj`hja` a lhkf mawf wfrsjgfw larf ffgjsf.



8? Gftfr ar Hlfrjgh ^rairfww u Rfyjrji tmf Cfofrh Iasfrlft ar Gal~ftjtjsffww

J`firhjì mfwf f}jwjì ~hrheefe `fyarkw vòfr mf Of~hrlf` a

Gal~fjjsf`fww yaveo lhkf mf Galla` H~~ ~rairhl larf rfw~a`wjsf a

eaghe `ffow. _jw `fy% j`firhfo `fyark a gal~fjjsf`fww agfw yaveo bf

hwkfo à aèz yjm ojwrjbvjì kfz bvwj`fww% hwwjwh`gf% rhj`jì% hò amfr wfr,

sjgfw a whkfmaeofrw j` rfija`w% bv hewa yjm vòfrwhòjì mf eaghe oz`hljgw a

rfija`w‚ fgaàljg `ffow hò j`àshja` hwwfw% hò efsfrhijì mh vòfrwhòjìj` grhcjì mf fofrhe rfw~a`wf.

H mvb ac j`tfrhif`gz gaaroj`htja`

@a rfarih`jhja` ~eh` yjee brjì aifmfr fsfrz hif`gz mh yarkw a` rhof ar fgm,

àeaiz hò hw~fgw a fgaàljg iraym. Lh`z kfz fgmàeaiz hif`gjfw hò bvrfhvw

hrf fgmàeaiz,w~fgjg hò lvw rflhj` wf~hrhf. Wfsfrhe lhdar ghwfw j` ~aj`4

• _f Off`wf Hosh`gfo fwfhrgm ^radfgw Hif`gz -/7 bjeeja`*% ar OH^H% ymjgm gaaroj`hfw gal~fjjsf irh`w hò ga`rhgw yjm ~rjshf rfwfhrgm hò

jòvwrz a ofsfea~ mf gvtjì,foif off`wf fgmàeaiz a mf vvrf.:

• _f Hosh`gfo fwfhrgm radfgw Hif`gz,F`friz% ar H^H,F -/7>> ljeeja`*%

ymjgm% laofefo hcfr OH^H% gal~fjjsfez heeaghfw ~vbejg vòjì ar brfhk,

mravim gefh`,f`friz fgmàeaijfw yjm mf ~af`jhe a rfovgf avr of~fòf`gf

a` arfji` f`friz hò avr jl~hg a` mf ieabhe gejlhf.8>

• Agf a F`friz Fgjf`gz hò f`fyhbef F`friz -/2.2 bjeeja *% h Of~hrlf`

a F`friz ~rairhl mh vwfw fofrhe oaeehrw a efsfrhif ~rjshf vòw ar gefh`,

f`friz rfwfhrgm hò j`àshja`.88

• Agf a Wgjf`gf -ravimez /6 bjeeja`*% h Of~hrlf` a F`friz ~rairhl mh

a~frhfw hò lh`hifw lh`z a mf `hja`he ehbarharjfw wvgm hw mf j`hlavw Eaw

Hehlaw @hja`he Ehbarharz% ymfrf wfgrf haljg ~mzwjgw rfwfhrgm efo a mf grf,

hja` a mf hal balb. _fwf ehbw hò mfjr v`jxvf wgjf`gf fxvj~lf` hrf vwfo

aohz bz v`jsfrwjjfw hò jòvwrz ar bhwjg hò h~~ejfo ~mzwjghe wgjf`gf rfwfhrgm. 82

•

@hja`he J`wjvf a Caao hò Hirjgvevrf -/8.6 bjeeja`*% h Of~hrlf` a Hirjgvevrf ~rairhl mh wv~~arw rfwfhrgm% fovghja`% hò f}f`wja` ~rairhlw j`

mf Ehò,Irh` V`jsfrwjz Wzwfl hò amfr ~hr`fr arih`jhja`w mravim irh`

lhkjì hò rfwfhrgm a gvrrf` hò vvrf gmheefìfw hgjì Hlfrjgh` hirjgvevrf.87

H Galla`

H~~ejghtja`

gaveo awtfr `fy

fgjf`gjfw hò

`fy gaeehbarhtj

ht tmf eaghe%

rfija`he% hò

`htja`he efsfe.




• _f @hja`he J`wjvfw a Mfhem -/2= bjeeja *% ymjgm vòw hò gaòvgw

j`àshjsf lfojghe rfwfhrgm.8?

• H^H,FO -/6> ljeeja`*% h fy ~ra~awhe laofefo hcfr OH^H hò H^H,F

mh yaveo ~vrwvf brfhkmravim ofsfea~lf`w j` fovghja`he fgmàeaiz wvgm hw

wvof` efhr`jì wzwflw% wv~~ar wzwflw ar fovgharw% hò fovghja`he aaew.86

_fwf ljwwja`,w~fgjg ~rairhlw asfreh~ yjm mf ljwwja`% avgalfw% hò

gh~hbjejjfw a lh`z a mf hif`gjfw yf oa wviifw bf j`gevofo j` mf `fy of~hr,

lf`‟mfz hewa bf`f ral a~frhjì geawf a mfjr ―gejf`w.“ _jw jòvwrz,

w~fgjg agvw lhkfw mfwf hif`gjfw bftfr wvjfo a geawf gaeehbarhja` yjm mf

Of~hrlf` a Gal~fjjsf`fww% rhmfr mh` avrjim ga`waejohja`.

@a`fmfefww% mf gaaroj`hja` a mfwf farw yaveo bf jl~rasfo bz mf grf,

hja` a mf `fy Of~hrlf` a Gal~fjjsf`fww. Irh` ~rairhlw a~frhfo bz

mfwf hif`gjfw gaveo hò wmaveo bf gaaroj`hfo j` walf yhz yjm mf Galla` H~~ejghja` ~rairhl yf wviifw j` arofr a f`wvrf mh fgmàeaiz,orjsf` j`à,

shja` j`sfwlf`w hrf wv~~arfo bz lhgmjì j`sfwlf`w j` eaghe yarkargf%

j`rhwrvgvrf% hò f}~earhja` a f}~ar a~~arv`jjfw.

_vw% yf wviifw mh mf `fy Of~hrlf` a Gal~fjjsf`fww mhsf h of~vz wfg,

rfhrz j` gmhrif a lh`hijì mf Galla` H~~ejghja` ~rairhl hw yfee hw wfrsjì

hw mf gmjf a j`frhif`gz fgmàeaiz gaaroj`hja`. Hw ~hr a mjw rfw~a`wjbje,

jz% yf ~ra~awf mh mf wfgaò of~vz wfgrfhrz wmaveo asfrwff h graww,lhrj}fo

arih`jhja`he wzwfl mh fwhbejwmfw Gal~fjjsf`fww Of~hrlf` agfw j` ljw,

wja`,orjsf` hif`gjfw wvgm hw mf a`fw hbasf j` arofr a hgjejhf mf law fgjf`

graww,of~hrlf`he gaaroj`hja .

Mhsjì h `fy Of~hrlf` a Gal~fjjsf`fww daj` agf `fwfo j` mf lh`,

hiflf`,efsfe h fhgm a mfwf hif`gjfw yjee f`wvrf mh wz`frijwjg aaew hò

f}~frjwf hrf wmhrfo bfyff` mfwf fgmàeaiz,w~fgjg hif gjfw hò mf amfr

fgmàeaiz% rhof% hò fgaàljg v`gja`w a mf `fy OAG. Ymjef j jw ~frmh~w

h baeo wviifwja` a graww,frjejf hif`gjfw yjm dajèz rv` agfw ral amfr

hif`gjfw hw h lhtfr a gavrwf% j jw f}hgez mjw kjò a gaa~frhjsf hò v`ga`,

sf`ja`he mj`kjì mh yjee kff~ avr iasfr`lf` hò avr fgaàlz j`àshjsfhò gal~fjjsf j` mf 28w gf`vrz.

H `fy Of~hrtl

a Gal~ftjtjsf`

yaveo bfgalf%

bz sjrtvf a jtw w

hò gamfwjsf`f

a jtw v`gtja`w%

h wtraìfr ~ehzf

yjtmj` tmf Ghbj`

hò fofrhe

bvrfhvgrhgz.




Holj`jwtrhtja` ac tmf `fy of~hrtlf`t

H `fy Of~hrlf` a Gal~fjjsf`fww mh j`firhfw mfwf v`gja`w yaveo

bfgalf% bz sjrvf a jw wjf hò gamfwjsf`fww a jw v`gja`w% h wraìfr ~ehzfr

yjmj` mf fofrhe bvrfhvgrhgz hò j` mf ~rfwjof`‚w ghbj`f. Yf f`sjwja` wvgm

h of~hrlf` bfjì mfhofo bz h wfgrfhrz a gal~fjjsf`fww; bz h rw of~vz wfgrfhrz ar rhof hò gal~fjjsf`fww% yma yaveo hewa wfrsf hw mf V`jfo Whfw

rhof f~rfwf`hjsf; hò bz h wfgaò of~vz wfgrfhrz% yma yaveo hg hw GAA

a mf of~hrlf` hò holj`jwrhar a mf Galla` H~~ejghja` ~rairhl mh

yf ofwgrjbf bfeay. Fhgm a mf avr v`gja`w‟rhof% fgmàeaiz% fgaàljg

iraym% hò yarkargf ofsfea~lf`‟yaveo bf mfhofo bz h` vòfrwfgrfhrz

yma yaveo asfrwff mf ~rairhlw. -wff Ojhirhl 2*

OJHIRHL 2

Cv`gtja` carflawt@fy Of~hrtlf`t a Gal~ftjtjsf`fww arih`jhtja`he gmhrt

Wfgrfthrz%

rwt of~vtz wfgrfthrz% VW_R%

wfgaò of~vtz wfgrfthrz%

galla` h~~ ~rairhl

Vòfrwfgrfthrz

car trhof

Vòfrwfgrfthrz

car tfgmàeaiz

Vòfrwfgrfthrz

car fgaàljg

iraytm

Vòfrwfgrfthrz

car yarkcargf

ofsfea~lf`t

H mf wfgrfhrjhe efsfe yaveo bf h ~aejgz hò wrhfiz agf hwkfo yjm grhcjì

h bjh``vhe% asfrhrgmjì @hja`he J`àshja` hò Gal~fjjsf`fww Wrhfiz mh

j`firhfw mf v`gja`w a fhgm a mf avr ~jeehrw. J` mf aeeayjì wfgja`w% yf

yjee ojwgvww mfwf avr ~jeehrw j` vr`% yjm htf`ja` a a~~arv`jjfw ar f`mh`gfo

wrhfijg gaaroj`hja` hò may f}jwjì hwwjwh`gf ~rairhlw yaveo yjmj` h

Galla` H~~ejghja` ~rairhl h mf `fy of~hrlf`. Yf hewa ijsf h fy f}hl~efw

a mf kjòw a ~rairhlw mh yaveo bf iaao ghòjohfw ar j`gevwja`% mavim yf

rfgai`jf mh larf rfwfhrgm jw `fgfwwhrz a lhkf ga`grff rfgallfòhja`w hbav ymh ~rairhlw wmaveo hò wmaveo à bf j`gevofo yjmj` mf `fy of~hrlf`.

Wff H~~fòjgfw B mravim F ar h larf j`,of~m ofwgrj~ja` a may mf ljwwja`w

hò v`gja`w a f}jwjì hif`gjfw heji` yjm mf iahew a h v`jfo gal~fjjsf`fww

hifòh j` fhgm a mf avr ~jeehrw.




_rhof

_f bvwj`fww a rhof wmaveo bf gaeefgfo j` a`f ~ehgf‟ymfrf rhof `fiajhja`w%

rhof ~aejgz% hò f}~ar farw gh` bf galbj`fo. _h jw herfhoz mf agvw a mf

Agf a mf V.W. rhof f~rfwf`hjsf% ar VW% ymjgm mhw hkf` h efhofrwmj~

raef j` hgmjfsjì ^rfwjof` Abhlh‚w iahe a oavbejì f}~arw j` sf zfhrw.

^rfwfèz% mfrf hrf wfsf` ar larf fofrhe bvrfhvw hò hif`gjfw yjm rhof,rfehfo

ljwwja`w hgjì wf~hrhfez% ymjgm aifmfr w~fò hbav /6> bjeeja` fhgm zfhr4

• Agf a mf V`jfo Whfw rhof f~rfwf`hjsf• J`fr`hja`he rhof Holj`jwrhja`• Of~hrlf` a Whf‚w wfsfrhe rhof bvrfhvw• Bvrfhv a Jòvwrz hò Wfgvrjz • F}~ar,Jl~ar Bh`k a mf V`jfo Whfw• V.W. rhof hò Ofsfea~lf` Hif`gz • Asfrwfhw rjshf J`sfwlf` Gar~arhja`

A~frhjì rhof,rfehfo v`gja`w aifmfr yjm rfehfo ~rairhlw j` fgmàe,

aiz% rhj`jì% hò fgaàljg iraym yjee lhkf j fhwjfr ar mf gal~fjjsf`fww

of~hrlf` a vwf rhof hw h aae a orjsf fgmàeaiz j`àshja`% dabw iraym%

hò V.W. jòvwrjhe gal~fjjsf`fww. H lhdar ~rjarjz a j`àshja`,orjsf`

fgaàljg iraym jw a f`wvrf `fy fgmàeaijfw‟hò mf bvwj`fwwfw mh lhkf

mfl‟mhsf hggfww a rabvw lhrkfw. rhof hwwjwh`gf mfe~w rlw a hee wjfw

a gal~ff ar lhrkf wmhrf j` ieabhe lhrkfw% hggfww oflhò% wfee larf iaaow%

hò mjrf larf yarkfrw.

Bvjeojì v~a` mf j`frhif`gz gaaroj`hja` herfhoz aggvrrjì mravim @hja`he

F}~ar J`jjhjsf hò mf Agf a mf VW yaveo heeay h Wfgrfhrz a Gal~fjjsf`fww a ffgjsfez lh`hif V.W. rhof ~aejgz hw h aae j` `hja`he j`à,

shja` hò gal~fjjsf`fww wrhfiz. Brjìjì aifmfr mf gvrrfèz ojw~frwfo

rhof v`gja`w hgraww iasfr`lf` jà a`f ~ehgf yjee hewa fejlj`hf rfovòh`gz

hò heeay ar larf wrhfijg vjejhja` a f}jwjì rhof aaew. -wff Ojhirhl 7*



8= Gftfr ar Hlfrjgh ^rairfww u Rfyjrji tmf Cfofrh Iasfrlft ar Gal~ftjtjsffww

OJHIRHL 7

Arih`jjì car f}~artw

_mf `fy Ajgf a tmf Vòfrwfgrfthrz ar _rhof

Vòfrwfgrfthrz car

trhof hò f}~art f}~h`wja`

Gallfrgjhe

Oj~ealhgz

F}~art `h`gf hwwjwth`gf

hò atmfr jòvwtrz,chgjì wfrsjgfw

-~hrt ac tmf Galla` H~~*

_rhof ehy

`fiatjhtja` hò

f`cargflf`t

rhof jw h rflfòavwez jl~arh` hw~fg a avr hja`he fgaàlz. J` 2>8> mf

V`jfo Whfw f}~arfo /8.7 rjeeja` yarm a iaaow‟j`gevojì gallaojjfw%

lh`vhgvrfo ~raovgw% fgmàeaiz% hò wfrsjgfw‟hò jl~arfo /8.: rjeeja`.

Ymjef h ehrif ~hr a mjw /3>> bjeeja` rhof ofgj jw orjsf` bz jl~arw a awwjevfew% hò àòvrhbef lh`vhgvrfo iaaow wvgm hw geamjì% aaow% hò gal,

laojjfw% larf ravbejì jw mf rfgf` ofgj j` mjim,fgm rhof. Ymjef V.W.

jòvwrjfw a`gf oalj`hfo ieabhe mjim,fgm lhrkfw% wj`gf 8:::% V.W. bvwj`fwwfw

mhsf bavim larf mjim,fgm iaaow mh` mfz mhsf waeo. aohz mf ofgj rfovgfw

h``vhe IO^ bz >.3 ~frgf` ~fr zfhr% hò mf ofgj jw aèz iftjì yarwf.

Hw avr gaeefhivfw Gmrjwjh` Yfeefr hò Evkf fjof`bhgm àfo j` mfjr 2>88

rf~ar% mf xvh`jz hò xvhejz a V.W. rhof rfehja`wmj~w j` mjim,fgm wfgarw

mhsf ~raavò jl~ejghja`w a` eaì,frl fgaàljg iraym% dabw% yhifw% hò wh`,

ohrow a ejsjì. H larf wrhfijg h~~rahgm a mjim,fgm f}~ar f}~h`wja` jw `ffofo

a rfsfrwf mf rfgf` ofgej`fw a V.W. rhof j` mfwf jòvwrjfw.83

H` j`firhfo Of~hrlf` a Gal~fjjsf`fww gaveo mfe~ baaw mf wvggfww a

mfwf grjjghe V.W. jòvwrjfw mravim h wmhrfo agvw a` rhof% fgmàeaiz% rhj`jì%

hò fgaàljg iraym. Vòfr gvrrf` ehy% gallfrgjhe oj~ealhgz% bjehfrhe hò

lvejehfrhe rhof `fiajhja`w% rhof ojw~vf hrbjrhja` hò fàrgflf`% rhof

gav`wfejì% lhrkf j`feejif`gf% f}~ar `h`gf hwwjwh`gf wfrsjgfw% hò fgm`jghe

whòhrow wftjì hrf lh`hifo hw wf~hrhf% ar fsf` v`rfehfo% hgjsjjfw.

Lh`hijì mfl dajèz hw ~hr a h wrhfijg gal~fjjsf`fww ~eh` yaveo rfgai`jf

mfwf farw ar ymh mfz hrf4 vwfve aaew a f`wvrf V.W. bvwj`fwwfw gal~ff a`

h efsfe ~ehzjì feo j` mf ieabhe lhrkf~ehgf. Cral mjw ~frw~fgjsf% mf rhof,



8: Gftfr ar Hlfrjgh ^rairfww u Rfyjrji tmf Cfofrh Iasfrlft ar Gal~ftjtjsffww

bhwfo gal~fjjsf`fww aaew mh gvrrfèz f}jw j` mf fofrhe iasfr`lf` gh` bf

ravimez ojsjofo jà mrff braho ghfiarjfw4

• rhof `fiajhja`w• Asfrwfhw f`fr~rjwf hwwjwh`gf•

Fàrgflf`

Bftfr gaaroj`hjì mfwf mrff j`frrfehfo oalhj`w‟gvrrfèz wghtfrfo hlaì

mf arih`jhja`w ejwfo hbasf‟gaveo zjfeo wji`jgh` `fy wz`frijfw.

Wa ef‚w eaak h h brjf f}hl~ef a jòvwrz,hgjì rhof wfrsjgfw gaveo bf bftfr

vjejfo a ~ralaf oalfwjg wvggfww.

Ymf` V.W. gal~h`jfw f}~ar iaaow hò wfrsjgfw hbraho% mf rfwve jw `fy dabw.

_frf hrf ~rfwfèz avr ojfrf` hif`gjfw ymaeez ofojghfo a ~rasjojì oalfwjg

wlhee bvwj`fwwfw hò jòvwrz yjm rhof hwwjwh`gf wfrsjgfw wvgm hw rhof gav`wfe,jì% lhrkf j`feejif`gf% hò f}~ar `h`gjì hò fgm`jghe hwwjwh`gf4 mf F}~ar,

Jl~ar Bh`k% mf Asfrwfhw ^rjshf J`sfwlf` Gar~arhja`% mf V.W. rhof hò

Ofsfea~lf` Hif`gz% hò mf J`fr`hja`he rhof Holj`jwrhja`. Ymh‚w larf%

mf Fgaàljg Ofsfea~lf` Holj`jwrhja` hò Wlhee Bvwj`fww Holj`jwrhja`%

mavim à ymaeez ga`gfr`fo yjm rhof% hewa a~frhf ~rairhlw mh ~rasjof

ov~ejghjsf jòvwrz,hgjì rhof wfrsjgfw.

Ymz wmaveo f}~arfrw ar yaveo,bf f}~arfrw mhsf a eaak a avr ar fsf` wj} oj,

frf` hif`gjfw a ò mf eah`w% eah` ivhrh`ffw% hò amfr `h`gjì hwwjwh`gf

hò fgm`jghe hwwjwh`gf mfz `ffo a if hggfww a j`fr`hja`he lhrkf oflhò

ar mfjr ~raovgw1 Fejlj`hjì mjw rfovòh`gz bz lhkjì mfwf aaew hggfwwjbef

mravim h Galla` H~~ejghja` lhkfw wf`wf. J yaveo lhkf j fhwjfr ar bvwj,

`fwwfw hò lh`vhgvrfrw a if mf mfe~ mfz `ffo a hggfww arfji` lhrkfw hò

brjì j` shevhbef hò dab,grfhjì gallfrgjhe f}~ar hirfflf`w.

J`firhjì mf lh`hiflf` a bjehfrhe hò lvejehfrhe rhof fiajhja` hò

fàrgflf` yaveo bf mfe~ve hw yfee. Gvrrfèz wvgm yark jw vòfrhkf` bz shrj,

avw bvrfhvw h mf Whf Of~hrlf`% h mf Ymjf Mavwf agf a mf VW% hò

mf J`fr`hja`he rhof Holj`jwrhja`. aejgjfw wvgm hw arfji` ojrfg j`sfwlf`rvefw% j`feefgvhe ~ra~frz rjimw% hò lhrkf hggfww hee ~ehz wji`jgh` raefw j`

offrlj`jì mf wvggfww ar hjevrf a V.W. mjim,fgm rhof farw hò yaveo mvw

bf shevhbef aaew j` mf jl~eflf`hja` a h `hja`he gal~fjjsf`fww wrhfiz.

Heeayjì j`àsh

lh`vhgtvrfrw

ta hggfww trhof%

tfgmàeaiz% hò

trhj`jì wfrsjgf

taiftmfr tmravi

h wjìef ~aj`t a

ga`thgt yaveo

lhkf j`àshtja

hò dab grfhtja`

fhwjfr hgraww hee

a tmf `htja`‚w

rfija`w.




Bfwjofw wrfhlej`jì iasfr`lf` j`frhgja` ar bvwj`fwwfw% brjìjì jòvwrz,hg,

jì wfrsjgfw aifmfr yjm rhof `fiajhja` hò fàrgflf` hewa yaveo ~rasjof

bftfr j`wjim a avr gallfrgjhe oj~ealhgz farw.

H yaro a` mf VW jw h~~ra~rjhf. Walf yarrz mh mf ffgjsf`fww a avr

rhof `fiajhja`w yjee bf ofgrfhwfo j mf v`gja` a mf VW jw lasfo ava mf F}fgvjsf Agf a mf ^rfwjof`. _f ga`gfr` jw hjr% bv yf mj`k mh

h grfhjsf h~~rahgm gh` bf avò mh lhrrjfw mf irfhfr fgjf`gz j` iasfr`,

lf`he a~frhja`w yjm mf irfhfw fgjf`gz ar avr `fiajharw. J jw rvf mh

amfr grjjghe feflf`w a iasfr`lf`he a~frhja`w wvgm hw mawf mavwfo j`

mf Whf Of~hrlf` hò Off`wf Of~hrlf` hrf à wjvhfo j` mf Ymjf

Mavwf% hò yf mj`k mh mf whlf gh` bf hggal~ejwmfo mfrf. _h jw ymz% ar

f}hl~ef% yf ~ra~awf mh mf `fy ghbj`f of~hrlf` j`gevof batm h Wfgrfhrz

a Gal~fjjsf`fww hò h Of~vz Wfgrfhrz yma% yjm mf vee gaòf`gf a mf

^rfwjof` hò mf Wfgrfhrz% yaveo f}frgjwf mf rhojja`he hvmarjz a mf VW.

Dajèz lh`hijì rhof wfrsjgfw% gallfrgjhe oj~ealhgz% hò fàrgflf` hw

~hr a h `hja`he gal~fjjsf`fww wrhfiz mh hewa j`gevofw fgmàeaiz% rhj`,

jì% hò rfija`he fgaàljg gaaroj`hja` wfrsjgfw yaveo heeay ar mfwf wfrsjgfw

a lhkf h` fsf` bjiifr jl~hg. Hee asfr mf gav`rz aohz mfrf hrf wlhee hò

lfojvl j`àshjsf lh`vhgvrfrw hò fgmàeaiz whrv~w yarkjì yjm mf

fofrhe fgmàeaiz ~rairhlw% wvgm hw mf Lh`vhgvrjì F}f`wja` ^hr`frwmj~% a

jl~rasf wv~~ez gmhj`w hò ~awjja` mfjr fgmàeaiz j` ieabhe j`àshja` wzwflw.

fgmàeaiz f}~arfrw hrf hewa yarkjì yjm eaghe fgaàljg ofsfea~lf` bahrow%

gallv`jz,~eh``jì gav`gjew% hò amfr sfmjgefw ar rfija`he fgaàljg gaaroj,

`hja` a wv~~ar mfjr farw a grfhf oalfwjg dabw mravim f}~ar f}~h`wja`.

_fz hrf hewa yarkjì yjm eaghe iasfr`lf`w% gallv`jz gaeefifw% hò amfr

yarkargf ofsfea~lf` arih`jhja w a gvejshf mf hef` mfz `ffo a lhkf

mf law a dab,grfhjì f}~ar a~~arv`jjfw.

Heeayjì j`àshjsf% dab,grfhjì lh`vhgvrfrw a hggfww rhof wfrsjgfw

aifmfr mravim h wjìef ~aj` a ga`hg yjm mf fgmàeaiz% yarkargf% hò

eaghe fgaàljg gaaroj`hja` wfrsjgfw mh hewa mfe~ offrlj`f wvggfww yaveo

lhkf j`àshja` hò dab grfhja` fhwjfr hgraww hee a mf `hja`‚w rfija`w. Car

larf jàrlhja` hbav mf f}jwjì ~rairhlw fejijbef ar j`gevwja` j` wvgm h~ra~awhe% ~efhwf wff H~~fòj} B.

_fgmàeaiz‟tm

~raovgtja` a

`fy hò bfttfr

~raovgtw% hò h

hò gmfh~fr yh

a lhkjì tmfl

jw ymht mhw heyh

bff` ht tmf mfh

a Hlfrjgh‚w ea`

tfrl fgaàljg

iraytm.




_fgmàeaiz j`àshtja`

Hlfrjgh`w mhsf eaì eaakfo h wgjf`gf hw h ~vbejg iaao% hò mvw mhsf fwhbejwmfo

ar ofghofw mf ~rfgfof` a ~vbejg j`sfwlf` j` bhwjg wgjf`gf rfwfhrgm. Bv larf

rfgfèz fgaàljww ~aj` a mf w~jeeasfr ffgw hò ~vbejg,iaao bf`fw a à

dvw bhwjg wgjf`gf bv hewa fgmàeaiz j`àshja` larf brahoez‟j`gevojì mf

bf`fw a fgmàeaiz mh jw ~rjshfez mfeo.

Jòffo% fgmàeaiz‟mf ~raovgja` a `fy hò bftfr ~raovgw% hò hwfr hò

gmfh~fr yhzw a lhkjì mfl‟jw ymh mhw heyhzw bff` h mf mfhr a Hlfrjgh‚weaì,frl fgaàljg iraym.89 Hò fsf` j` mf `fhr frl% j`àshja` mhw h ojrfg

jl~hg a` dabw hò yhifw. Hggarojì a h Of~hrlf` a Gallfrgf rf~ar% dab

yhifw irfy j` j`àshja`,j`f`wjsf jòvwrjfw h ya,hò,h,mhe jlfw mf `hja`he

hsfrhif j` rfgf` zfhrw.8=

_f jl~arh` raef a fgmàeaiz a dabw hò mf fgaàlz `fgfwwjhfw h larf

ga`gfrfo fofrhe wrhfiz a ~ralaf j`àshja`‟h wrhfiz mh bvjeow a` avr

`hja ‚w j`rj`wjg wrfìmw a rfwfhrgm hò ofsfea~lf`% f`rf~rf`fvrjhejwl%

a~~arv`jz% hò ~ehgf,bhwfo fgaàljg ofsfea~lf`. vbejgez wv~~arfo j`àsh,

ja` gh` wf`wjbez bf brakf` oay` jà mrff ghfiarjfw4

• Bhwjg f}~frjlf`he wgjf`gf rfwfhrgm• H~~ejfo rfwfhrgm hò ofsfea~lf` a ljwwja`,w~fgjg fgmàeaijfw a waesf

w~fgjg gmheefìfw j` f`friz% mfhem% off`wf% ar amfr feow• If`frhe,~vr~awf ~eharl fgmàeaijfw wvgm hw lh`vhgvrjì% jàrlhja`

fgmàeaiz% hò hosh`gfo j`rhwrvgvrf mh vòfr~j` mf ofsfea~lf` a

lh`z ar hee jòvwrjfw

Bhwjg wgjf`gf rfwfhrgm waesfw mf lhrkf hjevrf ghvwfo bz vòfrj`sfwlf` j` ~rf,gal~fjjsf rfwfhrgm. Ljwwja`,w~fgjg fgmàeaijfw h mf h~~ejfo whif j`gevof

wvgm fòfhsarw hw gefh` f`friz hò mfhem jàrlhja` fgmàeaiz‟farw mh

mhsf h garf agvw a` h lhrkf hjevrf.




_f fofrhe iasfr`lf`% mayfsfr% mhw à ga`gf`rhfo agvw a` #O ar ~eh,

arl fgmàeaijfw‟mawf fgmàeaijfw mh hg hw mf j`rhwrvgvrf ar mf

grfhja` a h yjof wyhm a amfr j`àshja` hosh`gflf`w% j`gevojì ljwwja`,

w~fgjg hwkw. Zf mf law jl~arh` ~eharl fgmàeaiz a avr jlf% mf

J`fr`f% yhw w~hy`fo hò ofsfea~fo ehrifez mravim ~vbejg,wfgar wv~~ar.

_frf hrf gvrrfèz lh`z iasfr`lf` v`gja`w mh ~rasjof wfrsjgfw j` wv~~ar

a mf rfwfhrgm% ofsfea~lf`% hò gallfrgjhejhja` a wgjf`gf hò fgmàeaiz4

• @hja`he J`wjvf a Whòhrow hò fgmàeaiz -Of~hrlf` a Gallfrgf*• Lh`vhgvrjì F}f`wja` hr`frwmj~ ~rairhl -Of~hrlf` a Gallfrgf*• Wlhee Bvwj`fww J`àshja` fwfhrgm rairhl -Wlhee Bvwj`fww Holj`jwrhja *• @hja`he fgm`jghe Jàrlhja` Wfrsjgf -Of~hrlf` a Gallfrgf*• ^hf` hò rhoflhrk Agf -Of~hrlf` a Gallfrgf*

Brjìjì aifmfr mf jòvwrz,hgjì wfrsjgfw a mfwf lh`z hif`gjfw hò ~ra,irhlw vòfr h Galla` H~~ejghja` yaveo wrfhlej`f hggfww. Hò lh`hijì mf

~araeja a if`frhe,~vr~awf hò ~vbejg,iaao fgmàeaiz j`àshja` ~rairhlw

ifhrfo ayhro wfrsjì bvwj`fwwfw hò v`jsfrwjjfw aifmfr vòfr h` j`àshja`,

~aejgz agf h mf vòfrwfgrfhrz efsfe yaveo bf a irfh hwwjwh`gf a mf Ymjf

Mavwf% jw Agfr a Wgjf`gf hò fgmàeaiz âejgz% hò a avr `hja`he j`àsh,

ja` fgawzwfl. -wff Ojhirhl ?*

OJHIRHL ?

Arih`jjì car j`àshtja`

_mf `fy Ajgf a tmf Vòfrwfgrfthrz ar _fgmàeaiz J`àshtja`

Vòfrwfgrfthrz car

tfgmàeaiz j`àshtja`

Wthòhrow hò

tfgmàeaijghe j`carlhtja`

hò gaaroj`htja` wfrsjgfw

_fgmàeaiz gallfrgjhejhtja`

hwwjwth`gf hò wfrsjgfw car rlw hò

v`jsfrwjtjfw -j`gevojì tmf Galla` H~~*

^htf`t hò

_rhoflhrk Agf

^hr`frwmj~w bfyff` v`jsfrwjjfw hò f`rf~rf`fvrw hrf aohz orjsjì fgmàeaiz

j`àshja` j` rfija`w hgraww mf gav`rz. _f rw jlf ymf` mfwf f`rf~rf`fvrw

hò rfwfhrgmfrw j`frhg yjm mf fofrhe iasfr`lf` yjee acf` bf ymf` mfz

h~~ez ar h ~hf`. Vàrv`hfez% vòfr gvrrf` ehy ~hf`w gh` hkf mrff zfhrw




ar larf a abhj`. _jw jw h orhi a` mf j`àshja` ~j~fej`f. _avim mf Hlfrjgh

J`sf`w Hg a 2>88 yjee mfe~ rfovgf ~hf` ~fòf`gz% mf V.W. ^hf hò

rhoflhrk Agf wjee oafw à mhsf mf f}jbjejz j `ffow a wfrsf mf j`frfww

a mfwf j`àshja` ~ehzfrw a mf bfw a jw hbjejz. Cvrmfr% mfrf jw à ~ragfww j`

~ehgf a ga``fg ~hf` h~~ejgh`w ar `fy ~hf` maeofrw yjm mf yjof rhìf a

amfr fofrhe wfrsjgfw hshjehbef a mfe~ mfl brjì mfjr fgmàeaijfw a lhrkf.

Gaaroj`hjì mf ~hf` ~ragfww larf geawfez yjm amfr fofrhe fgmàeaiz

wfrsjgfw mravim mf Of~hrlf` a Gal~fjjsf`fww gh` mfe~ waesf mjw ~rabefl.

Ymf` h ~hf` jw jwwvfo% j` hoojja` a ejì j hyhz j` mf fofrhe ~hf` rfijwrz%

ymz à hewa àjz mf ~hf` maeofr a wlhee bvwj`fww hggfefrhja` ~rairhlw ar

ymjgm mf ar wmf ljim bf fejijbef1 ^hf`w hrf jwwvfo a bvwj`fwwfw bam ehrif hò

wlhee% bv fofrhe ~rairhlw hriffo ayhro wlheefr rlw gh` bf larf ffg,

jsfez j`firhfo. _f Wlhee Bvwj`fww J`àshja` fwfhrgm hò Wlhee Bvwj`fww

fgmàeaiz rh`wfr ~rairhlw% ar f}hl~ef% hrf ya ~rairhlw aheejì /2 bjeeja`

mh mfe~ wlhee fgmàeaiz rlw a if mf whrv~ gh~jhe mfz `ffo a bvjeo bvwj,`fww ~eh`w hravò mf gallfrgjhejhja` a fy fgmàeaiz.

Bv wlhee fgmàeaiz rlw `ffo larf mh` dvw hggfww a gh~jhe a f`wvrf bvwj,

`fww wvggfww hò dab grfhja`. _fz hewa `ffo eagheez hshjehbef yarkfrw yjm

w~fgjhejfo wkjeew% hggfww a arfji` hò oalfwjg lhrkfw j` ymjgm a wfee mfjr

~raovgw hò wfrsjgfw% hò h whz j` rfija`he fgaàljg hò j`rhwrvgvrf ~eh``jì.

Hw mfwf wlhee fgmàeaiz whrv~ rlw iray% mfz lhz hewa `ffo hwwjwh`gf j` mf

wghef v~ a lh`vhgvrjì% hò ar mjw mfz yjee vr` a mf @JW‚w Lh`vhgvrjì

F}f`wja` ^rairhl. _f LF^ ~rairhl a~frhfw feo agfw j` fsfrz whf mh

~rasjof V.W. lh`vhgvrjì gal~h`jfw yjm h yjof hrrhz a fgm`jghe wfrsjgfw a

mfe~ mfl bfgalf gal~fjjsf.

_f fgmàeaiz whrv~ gal~h`z lhz hewa `ffo mfe~ òjì h lhrkf ar jw ~rao,

vg. Bv wlhee rlw rhrfez mhsf mf rfwavrgfw `ffofo a rfwfhrgm ~af`jhe lhrkf

a~~arv`jjfw j` fsfrz gav`rz hravò mf yareo% wa ar mjw% j yaveo hihj` `ffo

a ia a h ojfrf` hif`gz‟a`f a wfsfrhe ojwgvwwfo j` mf ~rfgfojì wfgja`.

Cj`heez% hw mf wlhee fgmàeaiz rl bfij`w a iray% j`sfw j` lh`vhgvrjì% hò

j`grfhwf jw lhrkf ~f`frhja`% j yjee `ffo h eagheez hshjehbef wv~~ez a wkjeefo yarkfrw% ymjgm fsf` j` mf of~mw a rfgfwwja`% gh` walfjlf bf mhro a ò j` sfrz

w~fgjhejfo jòvwrjfw. Bftfr lhgmjì eaghe hef` a jòvwrz oflhò jw wvbdfg a

hàmfr ~h~fr ral avr wfrjfw ―Bvjeojì h fgm`jgheez Wkjeefo Yarkargf%“ bv mf

rl lhz à mhsf h rfehja`wmj~ yjm eaghe yarkargf ofsfea~lf` ~rasjofrw.

_mf jl~arth`t

raef a tfgmàea

ta dabw hò

tmf fgaàlz

`fgfwwjthtfw h

larf ga`gfrtfo

fofrhe wtrhtfiz

ta ~ralatf

j`àshtja`.




Brjìjì aifmfr mf lh`hiflf` a hee a mfwf fofrhe wfrsjgfw yaveo à

aèz wrfhlej`f whrv~ gal~h`z hggfww a mf fgmàeaiz hò rhof,rfehfo

wfrsjgfw j `ffow% bv hewa yaveo mfe~ j bftfr gaaroj`hf jw `ffow yjm mawf

a mf rfefsh` ~ehzfrw wvgm hw gallv`jz gaeefifw hò eaghe fgaàljg ofsfea~,

lf` bahrow j` jw rfija`.

Wlhee, hò lfojvl,wjfo rlw yarkjì a` mf gvtjì foif a fgmàeaiz j`àsh,

ja` lhkf v~ h ehrif ~frgf`hif a asfrhee V.W. f}~arw‟larf mh` 7> ~frgf`%

hggarojì a mf Wlhee Bvwj`fww F}~arfrw Hwwagjhja` a mf V`jfo Whfw.

_avwhòw a dabw hò mf ~hm a vvrf jòvwrjhe ofsfea~lf` of~fò a` mfjr

wvggfww. Gaaroj`hjì mf lh`z ojfrf` yhzw j` ymjgm fofrhe ~rairhlw gh`

wv~~ar mfjr wvggfww% hò mf wvggfww a mfjr eaghe hò rfija`he ~hr`frw mravim

h wrhfijg gal~fjjsf`fww wrhfiz% yjee mfe~ mfwf rlw if hggfww a mf mvlh`%

~mzwjghe% hò `h`gjhe gh~jhe mfz `ffo a whz gvtjì foif hò grfhf dabw.

J` H~~fòjgfw H hò G% yf ojwgvww j` ofhje h `vlbfr a fgmàeaiz ~rairhlwholj`jwfrfo bz à aèz @JW hò LF^% bv hewa mf Wlhee Bvwj`fww

Holj`jwrhja`% V.W. Of~hrlf` a Hirjgvevrf% mf Fl~eazlf` hò rhj`jì

Holj`jwrhja`% hò amfrw mh hrf ghòjohfw ar j`gevwja` j` mf `fy of~hrlf`

j` arofr a bftfr ~ralaf fgmàeaiz j`àshja` mravim h wmhrfo agvw a` à

aèz fgmàeaiz% bv hewa a` rhj`jì% rhof% hò rfija`he fgaàljg gaaroj`hja`.




Fgaàljg iraytm

Avr `hja` jw oatfo yjm gallv`jjfw vee a ~raljwf% hef`% hò ~af`jhe. Bv h

ehgk a f}~frjwf% `h`gjhe gh~jhe% hò gaòf`gf ~rfsf`w lh`z a mfwf gallv`j,

jfw ral lh}jljjì mfjr ~af`jhe. Wrhfijgheez of~eazfo hwwjwh`gf a rfija`he

ofsfea~lf` arih`jhja`w% ljgraf`fr~rjwf ofsfea~lf` vòw% gallv`jz

ofsfea~lf` gav`gjew% hò sf`vrf hò hìfe j`sfwarw eaakjì a ofejsfr rjwk gh~jhe

a f`rf~rf`fvrw yjm ~raljwjì jofhw gh` ia h eaì yhz j` mfe~jì gallv`jjfw

ehrif hò wlhee hgmjfsf mfjr vee ~af`jhe. F`wvrjì hee a avr `hja`‚w gallv`jjfw

mhsf walfmjì a hoo a mf `hja`he fgaàlz jw kfz a wvwhj`jì dabw% fèjsf`jìrfija`w% hò ~ralajì hja`he gal~fjjsf`fww. _h‚w ymz fgaàljg iraym jw

mf mjro ~araeja a avr `fy Of~hrlf` a Gal~fjjsf`fww.

aohz mf fofrhe iasfr`lf` mhw h rhìf a ~rairhlw mh mfe~ gallv`jjfw hò

wlhee bvwj`fww ay`frw yjm sjwja`% bv yjmav `ffofo rfwavrgfw ar f}~frjwf% a

hgmjfsf mfjr iahew. Larfasfr% wv~~ar ar mfwf batal,v~ rfija`he fgaàljg

gaaroj`hja` hgjsjjfw hrf wghtfrfo hgraww h rhìf a ~rairhlw holj`jwfrfo bz

lh`z hif`gjfw% j`gevojì4

• _f Fgaàljg Ofsfea~lf` Holj`jwrhja` -Of~hrlf` a Gallfrgf*• _f Wlhee Bvwj`fww Holj`jwrhja`• _f Ljàrjz Bvwj`fww Ofsfea~lf` Holj`jwrhja` -Of~hrlf` a Gallfrgf*• _f Gf`fr ar Sffrh`w F`fr~rjwf -Of~hrlf` a Sffrh`w Hhjrw*• _f Of~hrlf` a vrhe Ofsfea~lf` -Of~hrlf` a Hirjgvevrf*8:

• _f @hja`he fefgallv`jghja`w hò Jàrlhja` Holj`jwrhja` -Of~hrlf`

a Gallfrgf* hò mf Brahobhò J`jjhjsf ^rairhl -Of~hrlf` a Hirjgvevrf*• _f Gallv`jz êh``jì hò Ofsfea~lf` -Mavwjì hò Vrbh` Ofsfea~lf`*2>

• Agf a Fgaàljg Hodvwlf` -Of~hrlf` a Off`wf28

H xvjgk wfhrgm mavim mf iasfr`lf`‚w Ghheaivf a Cfofrhe Oalfwjg Hwwjwh`gf

ohhbhwf yjee rfsfhe mavwhòw a jòjsjovhe ~rairhlw. Wlhee bvwj`fwwfw% eaghe ias,

fr`lf`w% ar rfija`heez agvwfo a`~ra fgaàljg ofsfea~lf` arih`jhja`w lhz

bf fejijbef ar wfsfrhe wvgm ~rairhlw% hò amfr whkfmaeofrw j` mfjr wvggfww lhz bf




fejijbef hw yfee% bv h~~ezjì wf~hrhfez a mf ~efmarh a hwwjwh`gf ~awwjbjejjfw jw

gawez hò jlf ga`wvljì. Law fofrhe ~rairhlw hrf ~aarez hosfrjwfo% hò lh`z

fejijbef gallv`jjfw hò wlhee bvwj`fwwfw lhz a fsf` kày mfz hrf fejijbef.

Wrvgvrhe rfarl yaveo bf h bftfr h~~rahgm. _f iahew mfrf hrf yaaeo4 rw% a

jl~rasf mf fgjf`gz a fofrhe farw bz galbj`jì ~rairhlw hò mfjr holj`jw,rhja` hò% wfgaò% a rf~ehgf aeo,arl àja`w a ―fgaàljg ofsfea~lf`“ yjm

h wa~mjwjghfo% batal,v~% hò j`àshja`,orjsf` h~~rahgm. Avohfo àja`w a

―fgaàljg ofsfea~lf`“ ~hj` h ~jgvrf a brjoifw a àymfrf hò bvrfhvgrhjg

f`hìeflf`% bv fy,wgmaae farw a orjsf batal,v~% j`àshja`,orjsf` fga,

àljg iraym mh gvw mravim rfo h~f hò fl~ayfrw gallv`jjfw a hgmjfsf mfjr

ay` iahew mhw herfhoz wff` wvggfww j` mf Abhlh holj`jwrhja` -wff GH^‚w ~h~fr a`

mf Dabw hò J`àshja` Hggfefrhar ar h` hwwfwwlf` a mf law rfgf` farw*.22

Car mjw rfhwa`% yf bfejfsf mh mf v`j wmaveo bf hwkfo yjm ~ralajì ―fgaàljg

iraym“ j` hoojja` a mf larf rhojja`he fgaàljg ofsfea~lf`. -wff Ojhirhl 6*

OJHIRHL 6

Arih`jjì car fgaàljg iraytm

_mf `fy Ajgf a tmf Vòfrwfgrfthrz ar Fgaàljg Iraytm

Vòfrwfgrfthrz car

fgaàljg iraytm

Galla` H~~ hwwjwth`gf%wfrsjgfw% hò wv~~art

car wlhee bvwj`fwwfw

_fgm`jghe hwwjwth`gf car rfija`he fgaàljg

wtrhtfiz ofsfea~lf`t hò jl~eflf`thtja`car eaghe fgaàljg ofsfea~lf`t gav`gjew%

rfija`he j`àshtja` ga`wartjh% eaghe

iasfr`lf`tw -~hrt ac tmf Galla` H~~*

_rhojtja`he ~vbejgyarkw j`crhwtrvgtvrf

`h`gf

H ehrif hò irayjì baoz a fsjof`gf wmayw mh mf V`jfo Whfw oafw à mhsf

a`f malaifàvw hja`he fgaàlz bv rhmfr h ~hgmyark a mffraif`favw

rfija`he fgaàljfw% fhgm yjm h v`jxvf ~araeja a j`rhwrvgvrhe% mvlh` gh~jhe%

j`wjvja`he% hò fgaàljg hwwfw. Cvrmfrlarf% wvojfw wmay mh mf ifairh~mjg

hiiealfrhja` a mfwf hwwfw hò mfjr hwwagjhfo bvwj`fww hgjsjz garrfehfw yjm

f`mh`gfo% fsf` f}~a`f`jheez jl~rasfo% fgaàljg avgalfw.

^rfwfèz% mf Fgaàljg Ofsfea~lf` Holj`jwrhja` wv~~arw eaghe bvwj`fww

fgawzwflw mh hkf hosh`hif a mf v`jxvf gmhrhgfrjwjgw a mfjr rfija` a

grfhf mf gaòjja`w ar ~rjshf wfgar dabw iraym. _f FOH ~rasjofw h rhìf

a wfrsjgfw j`gevojì fgm`jghe hwwjwh`gf% wrhfiz ofsfea~lf`% rfsaesjì eah`




vò gh~jhejhja`% rhof hodvwlf` hwwjwh`gf hò ~vbejg yarkw j`sfwlf`w a

wv~~ar mfwf farw. H mf whlf jlf% mf Wlhee Bvwj`fww Holj`jwrhja` aohz

lhj`hj`w h `fyark a h~~rasfo efòfrw% wlhee,bvwj`fww ofsfea~lf` gf`frw%

hò wlhee,bvwj`fww j`sfwlf` gal~h`jfw ofwji`fo a ijsf wlhee bvwj`fwwfw j`

fgaàljgheez vòfrwfrsfo rfija`w h efi v~. Ijsf` mh h rfija ‚w fgaàljg wvggfww

jw offrlj`fo vejlhfez bz mf wvggfww a mf wvggfww a ~rjshf,wfgar bvwj`fwwfwj` mf rfija`% bftfr gaaroj`hja` bfyff` mfwf ya rfehfo hgjsjjfw jw h lvw.

hkf ar f}hl~ef mf FOH‚w rfgf` Dabw hò J`àshja` Hggfefrhar gmheefìf irh`

~rairhl% ymjgm ~rasjofo hriffo /8.= ljeeja` irh`w a 2> rfija`w hgraww mf gav`,

rz a gaaroj`hf yarkargf% wlhee bvwj`fww% hò rfija`he fgaàljg ~eh``jì farw

hravò hriffo fgmàeaiz,orjsf` iraym farw j` mjim,iraym wfgarw. Vòfr

mf gvrrf` wzwfl% wlhee bvwj`fwwfw j` mawf rfija`w h~~ezjì ar wv~~ar ral WBH

~rairhlw‟fsf` mawf j` mf whlf jòvwrjhe wfgar jof`jfo bz mf FOH ~ra,

irhl‟hrf ga`wjofrfo wf~hrhfez hò yjmav h`z htf`ja` a ~af`jhe yarkargf%

wv~~ez gmhj`% ar jàrlhja`,wmhrjì wz`frijfw. Bvwj`fwwfw à j`saesfo h mf j`jjhejlf a h~~ejghja` ar mf FOH‚w rfija`he dabw hggfefrhar hrf ffgjsfez eagkfo av

a ~af`jheez evgrhjsf a~~arv`jjfw ar gaeehbarhja`.

Bv vòfr h wjìef of~hrlf`% j`àshja` gevwfr hgjsjjfw‟hò mf wlhee bvwj,

`fww% fgmàeaiz rfwfhrgm% hò yarkargf feflf`w a ymjgm mfz hrf gal~rjwfo‟

gaveo bf lhof larf oz`hljg. Vòfr h Galla` H~~ejghja`% j h `fy whrv~

ghlf heaì eaakjì a ee h grjjghe wv~~ez gmhj` ih~ j` h` FOH,wv~~arfo rfija`he

fgaàljg iraym ~eh`% mh rl yaveo bf ga`wjofrfo ar ymh j yhw4 h v`jxvf

~jfgf a h ehrifr dabw,hò,j`àshja` ~vef% rhmfr mh` hw dvw hàmfr wlhee gal,

~h`z eaakjì ar hwwjwh`gf. Gvrrfèz% mh rl‚w h~~ejghja` ar hwwjwh`gf ral

mf WBH% VWOH% LF % ar hàmfr fofrhe ~rairhl yaveo à bf jàrlfo bz

mf raef mf rlw ~rairhl ljim ~ehz j` mf ehrifr FOH,vòfo rfija`he j`àsh,

ja` ~eh`. _f ya lhz à fsf` bf hyhrf a fhgm amfr‚w f}jwf`gf. Bz ej`kjì

mh rl‚w abdfgjsfw yjm mawf a jw rfija`he ~hr`frw% mf Galla` H~~ yaveo

f`gavrhif ~af`jheez ~raovgjsf gaeehbarhja`.

Fsf` bftfr% bfghvwf j yaveo hewa bf hbef a vjejf rhof hwwjwh`gf ~rairhlw

heaìwjof amfr rfija`he fgaàljg iraym% wlhee bvwj`fww% hò yarkargf ofsfea~,

lf` ~rairhlw% h graww,of~hrlf`he Galla` H~~ejghja` yaveo bf hbef brjìaifmfr hee a aaew `ffofo a f`wvrf rfija`he fgaàljg wvggfww. _f Of~hrlf`w

a Hirjgvevrf hò Mavwjì hò Vrbh` Ofsfea~lf` a~frhf ~rairhlw mh vjejf

sfrz wjljehr ~aejgz aaew% bv yjm h w~fgjg agvw a` rvrhe hò vrbh` rfija`w w~fgj,

gheez. J` H~~fòj} O yf f}hlj`f mf ga`wjofrhja`w a j`gevojì mfwf hò amfr

~rairhlw yjmj` h Of~hrlf` a Gal~fjjsf`fww j` larf ofhje.

Vòfr h wjìef

of~hrtlf`t%

j`àshtja` gevwt

hgtjsjtjfw‟

hò tmfjr wlhee

bvwj`fww%

tfgmàeaiz

rfwfhrgm% hò

yarkargf

feflf`tw‟gav

bf lhof larf

oz`hljg.




Yarkcargf ofsfea~lf`t

J` mf fò j jw yarkfrw yma orjsf j`àshja`% fgaàljg ofsfea~lf % hò

gal~fjjsf`fww‟bf j bz yarkjì j` ehbw% a` hwwflbez ej`fw% j` bahroraalw% ar

j` warfra`w. _f rlw mh rfwfhrgm% ofwji`% lhrkf% bvjeo% lh`vhgvrf% rf~hjr%

hò wfrsjgf mf ~raovgw mh orjsf fgaàljg iraym gh`à f}jw% lvgm efww whz

gvtjì,foif% yjmav wkjeefo% grfhjsf% hò gh~hbef yarkfrw. Gal~fjjsf rfija`he

fgaàljfw of~fò v~a` mf hshjehbjejz a h xvhejfo yarkargf% hò mf hef` a

Hlfrjgh‚w yarkfrw mhw eaì bff` h rfhwa` ar gal~h`jfw a eaghf mfrf.

_frf hrf wfsfrhe fofrhe farw herfhoz j` f}jwf`gf mh wv~~ar whf hò eaghe

farw a f`mh`gf mf xvhejz a mfjr hef` ~aae. ^hrhlav` hlaì mfl hrf4

• _f Fl~eazlf` hò rhj`jì Holj`jwrhja` -Of~hrlf` a Ehbar*• _f Agf a Saghja`he hò Hove Fovghja` -Of~hrlf` a Fovghja`*• Lvej~ef wlhee ~rairhlw j` mf @hja`he Wgjf`gf Cavòhja`.

_f `fy Of~hrlf` a Gal~fjjsf`fww wmaveo galbj`f f}jwjì farw j` mf

of~hrlf`w a Fovghja` hò Ehbar hò% a h efwwfr f}f`% mf @hja`he Wgjf`gf

Cavòhja`% a ~vrwvf mf iahe a v`jsfrwhe hthj`lf` a h` hwwagjhf‚w ofirff

ar jòvwrz,rfgai`jfo grfof`jhe. H mf whlf jlf% j wmaveo agvw a` bftfr

ej`kjì f}jwjì yarkargf j`sfwlf` oaeehrw a mf rh~joez gmhìjì oflhòw

a jòvwrjfw hò rfija`w% ymjef f`mh`gjì wfrsjgf ofejsfrz a mfe~ dab wffkfrw

rzjì a kff~ v~. Bz ej`kjì mfwf farw vòfr a`f raa% wjljehr ~rairhlw gh` bf

galbj`fo a wv~~ar larf rabvw ljwwja`w. Ej`kjì mf iahew a yarkargf ~aejgz

aifmfr yjm mawf a fgaàljg ofsfea~lf` hò fgmàeaiz yjee f`wvrf mf

Hlfrjgh` yarkargf gh` lff mf `ffow a alarray‚w mjim,iraym jòvwrjfw.

Farw a bftfr j`firhf mf yarkargf ofsfea~lf` wzwfl yjm mf fgaàljgofsfea~lf` ~rairhlw hrf à `fy.27 _f Mjim Iraym Dab rhj`jì J`jjhjsf

hò mf Gallv`jz,Bhwfo Dab rhj`jì ~rairhl% ar f}hl~ef% yfrf j`frhif`gz

farw ofwji`fo a f`gavrhif lhrkf,orjsf` gaeehbarhja` bfyff` ~rjshf jòvw,

rz hò rfefsh` ~vbejg f`jjfw j`saesfo j` yarkargf ofsfea~lf`.2? Bfarf mh%




mf YJFO j`jjhjsf wavim a ej`k efsfrhif hò heji` rfija`,bhwfo yarkargf

hò fgaàljg ofsfea~lf` wrhfijfw.26

Law rfgfèz mf FOH‚w Dabw hò J`àshja` Hggfefrhar Gmheefìf f~jaljfo mf

mjim efsfe a j`frhif`gz gaaroj`hja` rfxvjrfo a wvggfwwveez ofsfea~ gal~fjjsf

rfija`he fgaàljfw. _f Hggfefrhar brjìw aifmfr wv~~ar ral 87 hif`gjfw hòvòjì ral mrff -FOH‚w Fgaàljg Hodvwlf` Hwwjwh`gf ^rairhl% OAE‚w M,8B

fgmàeaiz Wkjeew rhj`jì Irh`% hò WBH‚w 9-d* fgm`jghe hwwjwh`gf ~rairhl*.23 Bz

j`firhjì gvrrf` yarkargf ofsfea~lf` j`jjhjsfw mh jf j` geawfez yjm ieabheez

gal~fjjsf fgaàljg wrhfijfw% mf `fy Of~hrlf` a Gal~fjjsf`fww‚ Agf a

mf Vòfrwfgrfhrz a Yarkargf Ofsfea~lf` yjee bf hbef a awfr mf whlf efsfe

a gaaroj`hja`. -wff Ojhirhl 3*

OJHIRHL 3

Arih`jjì car yarkcargf ofsfea~lf`t

_mf `fy Ajgf a tmf Vòfrwfgrfthrz ar Yarkargf Ofsfea~lf`t

Vòfrwfgrfthrz car

yarkcargf ofsfea~lf`t

Ga`tj`vavw ghrffr

gav`wfejì hò tfgm`jghe

trhj`jì gf`tfrw


_fgm`jghe fovghtja` hò

gaeefif grfojt gaaroj`htja`

car gallv`jtz gaeefifw


Jòvwtrz,fovghtja`

j`tfrchgf sjh F_H

h~~rf`tjgfwmj~ ~rairhlw

Avr `hja` hgfw h yjof`jì ih~ j` grjjghe wgjf`gf% fgmàeaiz% fìj`ffrjì% hò

lhm wkjeew h hee fovghja`he efsfew‟ral feflf`hrz a ~awwfgaòhrz. J`grfhwjìez

lh`z abwfrsfrw àf mh avr `hja`he fovghja` hò yarkargf rhj`jì ~j~fej`fw

hrf av a wz`g yjm mf oz`hljg `ffow a j`grfhwjìez kàyefoif,orjsf` ieabhe

jòvwrjfw. Cj}jì mjw ~rabefl yjee rfxvjrf à aèz h wvbwh`jhe rfyarkjì a avr

K,82 fovghja`he wzwfl a jl~rasf wvof` hgmjfsfl`f j` wgjf`gf% fgmàeaiz%

fìj`ffrjì% hò lhm% bv hewa lvgm geawfr htf`ja` a f`wvrjì yarkfrw mhsf mf

rhj`jì mfz `ffo a ee mf dabw a Hlfrjgh‚w gvtjì foif rlw.

Avr gaeefhivfw Eavjw Wahrfw hò Wfsf` Wfjiefofr% j` mfjr ~h~fr ―Bvjoejì hfgm`jgheez Wkjeefo Yarkargf%“ ~rfwf` wfsfrhe ga`grff hò ~rhilhjg wf~w ar

rfarih`jjì mf hja`he yarkargf ofsfea~lf` wzwfl ar gal~fjjsf`fww. Yf

ya`‚ rf~fh mfjr yark mfrf% bv h fy ~aj`w hbav mf jl~arh`gf a j`firh,

jì lh`hiflf` a yarkargf ofsfea~lf` ~rairhlw yjm fgmàeaiz% rhof% hò

eaghe fgaàljg ofsfea~lf` aeeay.




_frf hrf mrff jl~arh` yarkargf v`gja`w mh yaveo bf f`mh`gfo mravim

wrhfijg gaaroj`hja` yjm mf amfr Of~hrlf` a Gal~fjjsf`fww v`gja`w4

fgm`jghe rhj`jì% ga`j`vavw ghrffr gav`wfejì% hò jòvwrz,fovghja` gaeehbarh,

ja`. _f Of~hrlf` a Ehbar herfhoz a~frhfw h `fyark a ―A`f,Wa~“ ghrffr

gf`frw j` gallv`jjfw hgraww mf gav`rz. _f `hja`yjof `fyark a Ghrffr

―A`f,Wa~“ Gf`frw ~rasjofw bhwjg ehbar lhrkf jàrlhja`% dab wfhrgm hwwjwh`gf%wkjee hwwfwwlf`w% hò ejljfo ghrffr gav`wfejì a ljeeja`w a yarkfrw fsfrz zfhr.

Hw mf fgaàlz bfgalfw j`grfhwjìez kàyefoif,bhwfo% mf ghrffr gav`wfejì

wzwfl `ffow a mfe~ yarkfrw lasf hyhz ral wmar,frl dab,~ehgflf` wfrsjgfw

hò ayhro eaì,frl ghrffr ofsfea~lf` rhdfgarjfw. Wjvhjì mfwf hò amfr

yarkargf ~rairhlw aifmfr yjm mf amfr gallv`jz,agvwfo v`gja`w a

mf `fy of~hrlf` yjee mfe~ rfehfo farw a dab rhj`jì% dab ~ehgflf`% ghrffr

gav`wfejì% hò fgm`jghe fovghja` bfgalf larf rfw~a`wjsf a mf oflhòw a

eaghe hò hja`he jòvwrz.

_f Of~hrlf` a Ehbar‚w rhof Hodvwlf` Hwwjwh`gf ~rairhl jeevwrhfw mf

~raavò rfehja`wmj~ bfyff` rhof% fgmàeaiz% rhj`jì% hò rfija`he fgaàljg

sjhejz. Gmhìjì rhof rfehja`wmj~w‟ymfmfr ghvwfo bz `hvrheez fsaesjì lhr,

kf oz`hljgw ar gallfrgjhe oj~ealhgz‟mhsf h ~raavò ffg a` eaghe jòvwrz%

fl~eazlf`% hò yarkargf ffow. _f rhof Hodvwlf` Hwwjwh`gf ~rairhl

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bjeeja` a fofrhe vòjì a mfe~jì ljeeja`w a Hlfrjgh`w ymawf dabw hrf hfgfo

bz gmhìfw j` j`fr`hja`he rhof ~htfr`w.29 J ~rasjofw h ~hm a fl~eazlf`

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v`jz a wrhfijgheez ofsfea~ wkjeew hò gvrrjgveh ifhrfo ayhro mf flfrijì

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rfija`he `ffow hò a ee jl~arh` jòvwrjhe `jgmfw.

Hw tmf fgaàlz

bfgalfw

j`grfhwjìez

kàyefoif,bhw

~rairhlw lvwt

mfe~ yarkfrw

lasf hyhz ral

wmart,tfrl dab,

~ehgflf`t wfrs

hò tayhro

eaì,tfrl ghrff

ofsfea~lf`t

trhdfgtarjfw.




Ga`gevwja`4

May ta lhkf tmjw mh~~f`

H` hg a Gaìrfww yaveo bf `ffofo ar wvgm h wvbwh`jhe rfarih`jhja` hw mf

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jwwvfo h ~rfwjof`jhe lflarhòvl j`wrvgjì hif`gjfw a bfij` hwwfwwjì a~~ar,

v`jjfw ar ga`waejohja` hò j`grfhwfo gaeehbarhja`% hò a` Dh`vhrz 87% 2>82%

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wh`jhe hvmarjz wa hw a ga`wjvf h war a ―sjrvhe hif`gz“ mh veeew lh`z a

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a`f of~hrlf`% ar j ljim lhkf wf`wf a jl~eflf` wmhrfo hvmarjz bfyff`




walf a mfwf f}jwjì bvrfhvw hò mf `fy Of~hrlf` a Gal~fjjsf`fww.

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hif`gjfw‚ bfw ~rhgjgfw gh` bf wvojfo hò rf~ejghfo bz amfrw yjmav mf `ffoar Gaìrfwwja`he hgja`. ragffoj i j` mjw jfrhjsf hwmja` yaveo f`hbef mf

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ofsfea~lf` jw h `fgfwwhrz rw wf~.




H~~fòj} H

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ghòjohfw ar j`firhja` mravim mf Galla` H~~ejghja` ~rairhl.

_HBEF 8

^rairhl Hif`gz Cvòjì efsfe hò tz~f$ ^vr~awf Rfgj~jf`t

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`htja`he ffo. 78

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hò Fìj`ffrjì

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V`jsfrwjtjfw hò

à`~ratw




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^rairhl Hif`gz Cvòjì efsfe hò tz~f ^vr~awf Rfgj~jf`t




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hwwfww efhr`jì hò fshevhtf j`àshtja`w%

~rf~hrf K,82 tfhgmfrw% ar gaòvgt rfwfhrgm a`

W_FL tfhgmjì hò efhr`jì“

J`wtjtvtja`w a mji

fovghtja`

Lhtm hò Wgjf`gf

^hrt`frwmj~ @WC/6= ljeeja` j`

~radfgt irh`tw

Wv~~artw h `htja`he `ftyark ta wmhrf bfwt

~rhgtjgfw hò f`mh`gf gaaroj`htja` hravòwgjf`gf hò lhtm fovghtja`

J`wtjtvtja`w a mji

fovghtja`

^rairhl Hif`gz Cvòjì efsfe hò tz~f ^vr~awf Rfgj~jf`t

$ Bvoift civrfw hrf h~~ra}jlhtf. H~~ra~rjhtja`w ral tmf ghtheaivf a Cfofrhe Oalfwtjg Hwwjwth`gf% ar ral hif`gz bvoift oagvlf`tw.




H~~fòj} B

F}jwtjì trhof ~rairhlw hò tmf `fy Gal~ftjtjsf`fww Of~hrtlf`t

Accjgf ac tmf V`jtfo Wthtfw _rhof Rf~rfwf`thtjsf_f agf a mf VW jw h /?= ljeeja` Ymjf Mavwf agf rfw~a`wjbef ar

ofsfea~jì hò gaaroj`hj i V.W. j`fr`hja`he rhof% gallaojjfw% hò ojrfg

j`sfwlf` ~aejgz% hò asfrwffjì fiajhja`w yjm amfr gav`rjfw.?7 Vòfr mf

rfarih`jfo Of~hrlf` a Gal~fjjsf`fww% mf V.W. rhof rf~rfwf`hjsf gaveo

hewa wfrsf hw mf of~vz wfgrfhrz ar rhof j` hoojja` a bfjì mf ~rfwjof`‚w

~rjlhrz hosjwfr a` rhof jwwvfw.

_f V.W. rhof rf~rfwf`hjsf yaveo rfhj` h wrfhlej`fo agf j` mf f}fgvjsf agf

a mf ~rfwjof` a hgjejhf mjw ar mfr hosjwarz raef. _f bvek a j`frhif`gz rhof

~aejgz gaaroj`hja` oa`f bz mf agf yaveo lasf hò j`firhf yjm mf `fy rhofhif`gz yjmj` mf Of~hrlf` a Gal~fjjsf`fww. _f v`jxvf ovhe `hvrf a mjw

`fy ~awjja` yjmj` mf `fy of~hrlf` hò yjmj` mf Ymjf Mavwf gaveo mhsf

mf ~af`jhe a gal~ejghf ej`fw a hvmarjz yjmj` mf f}fgvjsf brh`gm bfyff`

mf vòfrwfgrfhrz hò mf wfgrfhrz a mf `fy of~hrlf`. Bv yf bfejfsf mh mf

~af`jhe bf`fw a graww,f}fgvjsf brh`gm gaaroj`hja` grfhfo bz mjw ~ragfww‟

j`frhif`gz gaaroj`hja` h mf `fy of~hrlf` hò h ~rfwjof`jhe hosjwarz raef h

mf Ymjf Mavwf‟yaveo brjì rhof gal~fjjsf`fww jwwvfw larf ojrfgez a mf

arf j` V.W. ~aejgzlhkjì yjmav yfhkf`jì mf mjwarjg wrfìmw a VW.

J`tfr`htja`he _rhof Holj`jwtrhtja`

Crfwm a a h lhdar ravò a j`fr`he rfarih`jhja`% hò yjm h ejtef larf mh`

/6>> ljeeja` j` h``vhe bvoif hvmarjz% mf J`fr`hja`he rhof Holj`jwrhja`

jw yfee ~awjja`fo a rflhj` mf kfr`fe a rhof ~aejgzlhkjì hò bvwj`fww,hgjì

wfrsjgf ofejsfrz j` mf rfarih`jfo Of~hrlf` a Gal~fjjsf`fww. ya a JH‚w

avr bvwj`fww v`jw vrmfr mf rhof rf~rfwf`hja` v`gja` a mf rhof hif`gz

yjmj` mf `fy of~hrlf`.??

_f Lhrkf Hggfww hò Gal~ejh`gf agf hò mf Jl~ar Holj`jwrhja` agf

bam yark h h wrhfijg efsfe a mfe~ fàrgf rhof ehyw% hò gaòvg gallfr,gjhe oj~ealhgz a f`wvrf mh Hlfrjgh` bvwj`fwwfw hò ~raovgw gh` gal~ff

a` h efsfe ~ehzjì feo. Yf wviifw mh mfwf ya v`jw gaveo bf lfrifo yjm

mf rhof rf~rfwf`hja` hò v`gja`w a mf VW hò mf rfefsh` Whf

Of~hrlf` rhof rf~rfwf`hja` v`gja`w ofwgrjbfo bfeay hw ~hr a h larf

gal~rfmf`wjsf rhof ~aejgz h~~hrhvw.?6 ?3




_f amfr ya v`jw h JH% Gallfrgjhe Wfrsjgf hò Lh`vhgvrjì hò Wfrsjgfw%

~rasjof jòvwrz,hgjì wfrsjgfw hò wmaveo bf larf jimez j`firhfo yjm mf

`h`gjì wfrsjgfw ~rasjofo bz mf Asfrwfhw ^rjshf J`sfwlf` Gar~arhja` hò

V.W. F}~ar,Jl~ar Bh`k -bam ojwgvwwfo bfeay*. _f V.W. Gallfrgjhe Wfrsjgf

~rasjofw h `vlbfr a wfrsjgfw% j`gevojì rhof gav`wfejì% lhrkf j`feejif`gf%

bvwj`fww lhgmlhkjì% hò rhof ~ralaja` ~rairhlw.?9

_f Lh`vhgvrjìhò Wfrsjgfw v`j hò mf Lhrkf Ofsfea~lf` Gaa~frhar ^rairhl yjmj` j

hrf hwkfo yjm mfe~jì V.W. lh`vhgvrjì hò wfrsjgfw gal~ff j` j`fr`hja`he

lhrkfw mravim mf gaaroj`hja` a fgm`jghe whòhrow% hò bz mfe~jì yjm

j`frhif`gz gaaroj`hja` hravò f}~ar ~ralaja`.?=

Brjìjì mfwf v`gja`w jà mf rhof hif`gz hò heji`jì mfl larf geawfez

yjm wjljehr `h`gjì hwwjwh`gf hò gav`wfejì wfrsjgfw j` mf F},Jl Bh`k

yaveo mfe~ wrfhlej`f iasfr`lf`,jòvwrz j`frhgja`% ~rasjof mf a~~arv,

`jz ar gaaroj`hfo wrhfijg ~eh``jì% hò fejlj`hf rfovòh`gz. _f gh~hbje,

jz a mf `fy of~hrlf`‚w rhof v`gja`w yjee gfrhjèz jl~rasf avr `hja`‚w sjhe f}~ar ~vwm.

Of~hrtlf`t ac Wthtf‚w trhof cv`gtja`w

Brjìjì rhof rf~rfwf`hja` vòfr a`f raa yjee rfxvjrf h larf wrhfijg j`f,

irhja` yjm mf Whf Of~hrlf`‚w rhof v`gja`w hw yfee. Yf wviifw mh mf

`fy rhof hif`gz yjmj` mf gal~fjjsf`fww of~hrlf` j`firhf mf Whf

Of~hrlf`‚w Agf a rhof aejgz hò rairhlw%?: j`gevojì hee a jw avr agfw4

• Agf a Hirjgvevrf% Bjafgmàeaiz% hò f}jef rhof Hhjrw% ymjgm gasfrw hee

bjehfrhe hò lvejehfrhe rhof hirfflf`w rfehjì a hirjgvevrhe ~raovgw% hò

wffkw a lhj`hj` a~f` lhrkfw ar V.W. bjafgm ~raovgw

• Agf a Bjehfrhe rhof Hhjrw%6> ymjgm larf brahoez lh`hifw V.W. bjehfrhe

rhof rfehja`w hravò mf yareo% j`gevojì `fiajhja` a rff rhof hirfflf`w

hò rhof ~rffrf`gf ~rairhlw

• Agf a J`feefgvhe ^ra~frz Fàrgflf`%68 ymjgm mfe~w ~rafg Hlfrjgh`

fgmàeaiz ral ~hf` hò ga~zrjim j`rjìflf` hbraho

• Agf a Lvejehfrhe rhof Hhjrw%62 ymjgm lh`hifw V.W. j`frfww j` lve,

jehfrhe rhof j`wjvja`w% j`gevojì mf Yareo rhof Arih`jhja` hò mf

Arih`jwhja` ar Fgaàljg Ga,a~frhja` hò Ofsfea~lf`




Bfghvwf mfwf agfw oa mf hgvhe efiyark a `fiajhjì hò jl~eflf`jì shrj,

avw hw~fgw a V.W. rhof ~aejgz% mfz wmaveo bf h mf ojw~awhe a mf `fy vòfr,

wfgrfhrz ar rhof.

Hoojja`heez% ya a mf mrff brh`gmfw a mf Agf a Gallfrgjhe hò

Bvwj`fww Hhjrw‟mf Agf a Gallfrgjhe Oj~ealhgz% ymjgm ~rasjofw hosa,ghgz hò wv~~ar a Hlfrjgh` bvwj`fwwfw j` a~frhja` hbraho% hò mf Agf a

F`rf~rf`fvrwmj~% ymjgm hgw hw h sfmjgef a gaaroj`hf bvwj`fww hò rfwfhrgm

rfehja`wmj~w yjm ~hr`frw hravò mf yareo‟hrf rj~f ar rfarih`jhja` hò

j`gevwja` j` mf wrfhlej`fo rhof hif`gz.67 Ga`waejohjì mf jòvwrz,hgjì

wfrsjgfw ~rasjofo bz mf Agf a Gallfrgjhe Oj~ealhgz yjm mawf ~rasjofo

bz mf F},Jl Bh`k% mf Asfrwfhw ^rjshf J`sfwlf` Gar~arhja` hò mf V.W.

rhof hò Ofsfea~lf` Hif`gz yaveo mfe~ ~rasjof h larf gamfrf` vwfr j`fr,

hgf ar Hlfrjgh` bvwj`fwwfw.

Wjljehrez% mf Agf a Fgaàljg âejgz H`hezwjw hò ^vbejg Oj~ealhgz% yjm jwf}~frjwf j` ~rjshf,wfgar ~hrjgj~hja`% ieabhe lhgrafgaàljgw% hò mf jl~hg

a ~aejgz a` mf j`fr`hja`he bvwj`fww gejlhf% yaveo bf h` hwwf a mf `fy

Gal~fjjsf`fww Of~hrlf`. Jw bji,~jgvrf ~aejgz yark yaveo oa yfee a bf

j`firhfo jà mf Agf a mf Vòfrwfgrfhrz ar rhof.6?

Bvrfhv ac Jòvwtrz hò Wfgvrjtz

Gvrrfèz j` mf Of~hrlf` a Gallfrgf% mf ljwwja` a BJW jw a ―hosh`gf V.W.

`hja`he wfgvrjz% arfji` ~aejgz% hò fgaàljg abdfgjsfw bz f`wvrjì h` ffgjsf

f}~ar ga`rae hò rfhz gal~ejh`gf wzwfl hò ~ralajì ga`j`vfo V.W. wrh,

fijg fgmàeaiz efhofrwmj~.“66 _f bvrfhv mhw h` h``vhe bvoif a h~~ra}jlhfez

/8>> ljeeja`.63 _fwf rhof,arjf`fo v`gja`w wmaveo bf j`firhfo hò wrfhl,

ej`fo yjm mf hbasf j` mjw ejw j` arofr a ofsfea~ wz`frijfw hlaì f}jwjì

fàrgflf` lfgmh`jwlw hò rhof aaew.

_f jl~arh`gf a brjìjì mjw bvrfhv jà mf ehrifr arbj a rhof hò f}~arw

gh`à bf asfrwhfo. _f V`jfo Whfw bahww mf ehrifw lhrkf j` mf yareo% bv

avr gal~h`jfw‚ hggfww a amfr `hja ‚w lhrkfw acf` hrf mfeo mawhif a jl~ejgj

ar f}~ejgj% bv v`hjr% fgmàeaiz rh`wfr oflhòw% j`gevojì ral hw,ofsfea~,

jì `hja`w wvgm hw Gmj`h. ^rafgjì avr gal~h`jfw ral mfwf oflhòw lvw bfh lhdar agvw a mf `fy Of~hrlf` a Gal~fjjsf`fww.

Wjljehrez% j`feefgvhe ~ra~frz mfc mh mrfhf`w avr gal~h`jfw‚ gal~fjjsf,

`fww h malf rflhj`w h lhdar ~rabefl hbraho aa% hihj` yjm Gmj`h h hirh`




sjaehar. Hihj`% gaaroj`hjì avr `hja`‚w rfw~a`wf yjee bf h a~ ~rjarjz a mf

`fy of~hrlf`.

F}~art,Jl~art Bh`k ac tmf V`jtfo Wthtfw

Yjm jw ljwwja` a mfe~ grfhf oalfwjg dabw% mf F},Jl Bh`k mhw wv~~arfo

larf mh` /?63 bjeeja` a V.W. f}~arw j` jw 99 zfhrw a f}~frjf`gf. Hw mf agjhef}~ar grfoj hif`gz a avr `hja`% mf F},Jl Bh`k mfe~w V.W. lh`vhgvrfrw

hggfww asfrwfhw lhrkfw mravim grfoj f`mh`gflf`w hò `h`gjhe aaew mh

ljjihf walf a mf rjwkw hwwagjhfo yjm oajì bvwj`fww j` arfji` lhrkfw.69

_f F},Jl Bh`k yaveo brjì mf ffm a mf `fy rhof,~ralaja` wvb,hif`gz.

Brjìjì mjw `h`gjheez wfe,wvwhj`jì hif`gz aifmfr yjm amfr fofrhe rhof

v`gja`w yaveo asfrgalf mjoof` hò asfr arfji` ~rafgja`jwl hò mfe~ brjì

V.W. fgmàeaijfw a `fy hò irayjì ieabhe lhrkfw.6= Cral `h`gjì hwwjwh`gf

a yarkjì gh~jhe eah`w a j`wvrh`gf% mf F},Jl Bh`k‚w braho hvmarjjfw heeay ar

h ~ayfrve wvjf a jòvwrz,hgjì wfrsjgfw.

_f hoojja` a mf F},Jl Bh`k a mf `fy rhof wvb,hif`gz yaveo ~rasjof mf

rf~ayfr `ffofo a jl~eflf` mf `fy rhof,rfehfo fgmàeaiz hò fgaàljg

ofsfea~lf` iahew jof`jfo bz mf `fy Gal~fjjsf`fww Of~hrlf`.

V.W. _rhof hò Ofsfea~lf`t Hif`gz

VWOH jw h` jòf~fòf` iasfr`lf` arfji` hwwjwh`gf hif`gz vòfo bz

Gaìrfww a mfe~ gal~h`jfw grfhf Hlfrjgh` dabw mravim mf f}~ar a iaaow

hò wfrsjgfw j` flfrijì lhrkfw. V.W. bvwj`fwwfw hrf ej`kfo a f}~ar a~~ar,

v`jjfw mravim vòfo ~radfg,~eh``jì hgjsjjfw% ~jea ~radfgw% hò rfsfrwf

rhof ljwwja`w.

Yjm /66 ljeeja` j` h``vhe h~~ra~rjhja`w aohz% VWOH ~rairhlw asfr 8>

zfhrw if`frhfo hbav /8? bjeeja` j` V.W. f}~arw a flfrijì lhrkfw% wv~,

~arjì hw lh`z hw =9%>>> Hlfrjgh` dabw.6: _h rf~rfwf`w h ~rjshf rfvr` a`

~vbejg j`sfwlf` a larf mh` 2%6>> ~frgf`% hò h ~rjshf,wfgar dab,grfhja`

rhf a vòfr /3%6>> ~fr dab.

Jòffo% VWOH‚w v`jxvf f}~frjwf% ga`hgw% hò gh~hbjejjfw rfehfo a gal,lfrgf yjm ofsfea~jì lhrkfw hrf sfrz wjljehr a mh a mf J`fr`hja`he rhof

Holj`jwrhja`% A^JG% hò mf F},Jl Bh`k. Car mjw rfhwa` j lhkfw h iaao gh`,

ojohf ar j`firhja` yjm mfwf hif`gjfw j` mf wrfhlej`fo rhof hif`gz yjmj`

mf `fy Gal~fjjsf`fww Of~hrlf`.



?> Gftfr ar Hlfrjgh ^rairfww u Rfyjrji tmf Cfofrh Iasfrlft ar Gal~ftjtjsffww

Asfrwfhw ^rjshtf J`sfwtlf`t Gar~arhtja`

A^JG jw h` jòf~fòf`% `h`gjheez wfe,wvwhj`jì fofrhe hif`gz yjm h bvoif

a ravimez /=> ljeeja` mh labjejfw ~rjshf gh~jhe ar mf ~vr~awf a mfe~,

jì waesf grjjghe yareo gmheefìfw j` larf mh` 86> ofsfea~jì hò rh`wjja`he

fgaàljfw.3> J` oajì wa% mf A^JG hosh`gfw V.W. arfji` ~aejgz ymjef mfe~jì

Hlfrjgh` bvwj`fwwfw grfhf wraì aamaeow j` flfrijì lhrkfw bz ~rasjojìgal~h`jfw yjm j`sfwarw% ivhrh`ffw% ~aejjghe rjwk j`wvrh`gf% hò wv~~ar ar

~rjshf fxvjz j`sfwlf` vòw.

A^JG‚w ljwwja` jw geawfez rfehfo a mh a mf V.W. rhof hò Ofsfea~lf`

Hif`gz% hò mf eah`w% j`wvrh`gf% hò `h`gjì hwwjwh`gf j ~rasjofw rf~rfwf`

h wjljehr wf a aaew% lhkjì j h` f}gfeef` ghòjohf ar ga`waejohja` yjmj`

mf whlf vlbrfeeh rhof hif`gz. J`firhjì hee a mf f}~ar hò j`fr`hja`he

`h`gjì hwwjwh`gf ~rairhlw j` mf F},Jl Bh`k% VWOH% hò A^JG yaveo heeay

bftfr jl~eflf`hja` a gal~fjjsf`fww,agvwfo rhof wrhfijfw wvgm hw mf

~rfwjof`‚w @hja`he F}~ar J`jjhjsf a oavbef f}~arw j` sf zfhrw.38



?8 Gftfr ar Hlfrjgh ^rairfww u Rfyjrji tmf Cfofrh Iasfrlft ar Gal~ftjtjsffww

H~~fòj} G

F}jwtjì tfgmàeaiz ~rairhlw hò tmf `fy Gal~ftjtjsf`fww Of~hrtlf`t

@htja`he J`wtjtvtf ac Wthòhrow hò _fgmàeaiz hò jtw Lh`vchgtvrjìF}tf`wja` ^hrt`frwmj~w

_f @hja`he J`wjvf a Whòhrow hò fgmàeaiz jw h` v`wvì mfra a if`frhe,

~vr~awf fgmàeaiz j`àshja` yjmj` mf Of~hrlf` a Gallfrgf. @JW jw a`f

a mf fy hif`gjfw avwjof mf Of~hrlf` a Off`wf mh mhw ofsfea~fo asfr

gf`vrjfw h geawf hò v`gja`he rfehja`wmj~ yjm jòvwrz hò mf gh~hgjz a ~ehz h

~awjjsf raef j` mf ofsfea~lf` hò ojwwflj`hja` a `fy jòvwrjhe fgmàeaiz. Jw

j`gevwja` j` mf Of~hrlf` a Gal~fjjsf`fww iafw yjmav whzjì.

@JW gvrrfèz mhw h bvoif a h~~ra}jlhfez /8 bjeeja`.32 Wv~~ar ar @JW

lvw j`gevof jw rhojja`he jòvwrz,arjf`fo ehbarharjfw% hw yfee hw jw f}f`wja`~rairhlw wvgm hw jw Lh`vhgvrjì F}f`wja` hr`frwmj~% ar LF % ~rairhl%

ymjgm efsfrhifw fofrhe vòw ar eaghe la`fz a` h sjrvheez oaeehr,ar,oaeehr bhwjw.

_f LF^ ~rairhl lhj`hj`w h `fyark a larf mh` 8%?>> feo wh j` agfw j`

fsfrz whf% ~rasjojì V.W. lh`vhgvrjì gal~h jfw yjm h yjof hrrhz a v`,

ohlf`he wfrsjgfw% mfe~jì mfl a hggfww gvtjì,foif fgmàeaiz hò bfgalf

larf fgjf` hò gal~fjjsf j` ieabhe lhrkfw.

_f LF^% j` jw ay` yarow% ―yarkw yjm ~hr`frw h mf whf hò fofrhe efsfew a`

~rairhlw mh ~v lh`vhgvrfrw j` ~awjja` a ofsfea~ `fy gvwalfrw% f}~hò jà

`fy lhrkfw hò grfhf fy ~raovgw.“37 _f LF^ mhw h rfgaro a wvggfww j` mfe~jì

w~vr j`àshja` hò grfhf dabw. _f Of~hrlf` a Gallfrgf rf~arw mh j` 2>>:

mf LF^ mfe~fo lh`vhgvrfrw rfhj` larf mh` 92%>>> Hlfrjgh` dabw% h h gaw a

/8%3>> ~fr dab. _h‚w h irfh rfvr` a` j`sfwlf`. ^v hàmfr yhz% ar fsfrz /8 a

fofrhe j`sfwlf`% mf LF^ ~rairhl if`frhfw a` hsfrhif /72 j` `fy whefw iraym%

mfe~jì bvjeo lhrkfw ar mf fgmàeaijfw mh yjee ~ayfr avr vvrf.

Bv mf `fyark rf~rfwf`fo bz mf LF^ gaveo bf bftfr efsfrhifo j gaaroj`hfo

yjm `fyarkw ral mf Fgaàljg Ofsfea~lf` Holj`jwrhja`% Fl~eazlf`

hò rhj`jì Holj`jwrhja`% hò Wlhee Bvwj`fww Holj`jwrhja`. _f hwk a lasjì fgmàeaiz ral v`jsfrwjz ar whr,v~ a lhrkf rfxvjrfw à dvw h

~raa,a,ga`gf~ hò walfa`f a lhkf j% bv hewa h ~aae a gh~hbef yarkfrw% mf

hshjehbjejz a `h`gjhe gh~jhe% hggfww a mf lhrkfw hò wv~~ez gmhj`w% hò geawf

ga`hg yjm mf fsf`vhe gvwalfrw a mf `fy fgmàeaiz. _vw% gaaroj`hjì




mf rfija`he `fyarkw a mf LF^ yjm mawf a mf amfr hif`gjfw j`gevofo j`

mf Of~hrlf` a Gal~fjjsf`fww yaveo mfe~ f`wvrf mh lh`vhgvrfrw hgraww

mf gav`rz hrf yfee wv~~arfo bz mf hef`% j`rhwrvgvrf% grfhjsjz% hò ~rjshf

`h`gjhe gh~jhe a mf gallv`jjfw mh wvrravò mfl.

@htja`he _fefgallv`jghtja`w hò J`carlhtja` Holj`jwtrhtja` Herfhoz yjmj` mf Of~hrlf` a Gallfrgf% mjw bvrfhv ofhew yjm fefgal,

lv`jghja`w brahobhò hò w~fgrvl ojwwflj`hja` hò rfivehja`% heaì yjm

jl~arh` ~aejgz jwwvfw wvgm hw aèj`f ~rjshgz% hò ~rasjofw jàrlhja` a mf

~rfwjof` a` fefgallv`jghja`w lhtfrw. Hw brahobhò j`rhwrvgvrf rflhj`w

h` jl~arh` ~hr a j`àshja` fgawzwflw hò eaghe fgaàljfw% j aeeayw mh

mjw hif`gz wmaveo wj yjmj` mf rfarih`jfo Of~hrlf` a Gal~fjjsf`fww

j` arofr a bftfr gaeehbarhf grjjghe j`rhwrvgvrf j`sfwlf`w yjm brahofr

rfija`he fgaàljg ofsfea~lf` hò fgmàeaiz j`àshja` irh`w.

_f hif`gz‚w bvoif jw gvrrfèz h~~ra}jlhfez /66 ljeeja`.3? _f V.W. Of~hrlfà Hirjgvevrf‚w Brahobhò J`jjhjsf ^rairhl yaveo bf daj`fo yjm @JH j` mf

`fy Of~hrlf` a Gal~fjjsf`fww. _f rfhwa`4 Cveez ej`kjì hee a avr `hja`‚w

gallv`jjfw sjh brahobhò yjee brjì mf ~raljwf a fgaàljg ofsfea~lf` a hee

Hlfrjgh`w‟h wrhfiz mh rfxvjrfw gaaroj`hfo fofrhe ~aejgjfw. Hoojja`heez% ijsf`

mf wjljehrjz a ~vr~awf bfyff` mf V.W. Of~hrlf` a Hirjgvevrf‚w brahobhò

j`jjhjsf hò mf @JH% galbj`jì mfwf ~rairhlw yaveo bf`f bam a mfl%

ymjef f`wvrjì mh rvrhe rfija`w ga`j`vf a rfgfjsf mf wv~~ar mfz `ffo.

@htja`he _fgm`jghe J`carlhtja` Wfrsjgf

_f @hja`he fgm`jghe Jàrlhja` Wfrsjgf% ar @JW% jw h wfe,vòjì hif`gz

mh wfrsfw hw mf fofrhe iasfr`lf`‚w gf`rhe rf~awjarz ar ohh hbav ~vbejg

hò ~rjshf #O hgjsjjfw hò rfwvew.36 @JW lhj`hj`w h ejbrhrz a larf mh`

7 ljeeja` fgm`jghe oagvlf`w hò davr`he hrjgefw hò lhkfw mfl hshjehbef a

bvwj`fwwfw hò mf ~vbejg.

_jw hif`gz‚w v`gja` lvw bf wrfìmf`fo hò j`firhfo yjm mf Of~hrlf`

a Gallfrgf‚w Fgaàljgw hò Whjwjgw Holj`jwrhja` hò mf Of~hrlf` a

Ehbar‚w Bvrfhv a Ehbar Whjwjgw a ijsf mf fofrhe iasfr`lf` hò Gaìrfww h

gal~rfmf`wjsf asfrsjfy a avr `hja`he fgaàljg gal~fjjsf`fww.

^htf`t hò _rhoflhrk Accjgf

_f ^hf` hò rhoflhrk Agf% ar Â% ~ehzw h` jl~arh` ihfkff~fr raef

j` hee fgmàeaiz,rfehfo f`fr~rjwfw. H rfarlfo hò jòf~fòf` Â yjm




j`grfhwfo ga`rae asfr jw ay` gaww hò rfsf`vf rflhj`w h grjjghe gal~a`f` a

mf `fy Of~hrlf` a Gal~fjjsf`fww. J`grfhwfo ~ra}jljz yjm j`fr`hja`he

j`feefgvhe ~ra~frz hò rhof fàrgflf` v`gja`w j` mf `fy of~hrlf`

gaveo hewa bf hosh`hifavw.

_f Â jw wfe,vòjì% bv Gaìrfww rfxvfèz rhjow mf Â‚w gafrw%~rfsf`jì mf arih`jhja` ral oajì mf `fgfwwhrz mjrjì j `ffow a oa a

fejlj`hf mf lhwwjsf bhgkeai a ~hf` h~~ejghja`w ar rfovgf mf mrff,zfhr

yhj jlf ar ~hf` ofgjwja`w.33 39 H rfarlfo Â yjm f`mh`gfo hvaàlz%

~hrjgvehrez asfr bvoif% wh% hò mjrjì% yaveo rflhj` yjmj` mf Of~hrlf`

a Gal~fjjsf`fww. fovgjì ~hf` ~fòf`gz rhfw hò hggfefrhjì mf ~hf`

~ragfww yaveo mfe~ gal~h`jfw hò j`àsharw brjì mfjr j`sf`ja`w a lhrkf

larf xvjgkez hò yjm irfhfr fhwf. Hoojja`heez% larf wrhfijg vwf a mf ~hf`

~ragfww à dvw hw h a`f,jlf j`frhgja` yjm j`sfàrw bv hewa hw h ihfyhz ar

mf gallfrgjhejhja` a `fy fgmàeaiz gaveo mfe~ hggfefrhf whr,v~ bvwj,

`fwwfw ofsfea~lf` hò dab grfhja`.

fgfèz mf ~rfwjof` wji`fo jà ehy mf Hlfrjgh J`sf`w Hg% ymjgm hoorfwwfw

mf gmheefìfw f`vlfrhfo hbasf hò ga`frw walf ff,wftjì hvmarjz a` mf

^hf hò rhoflhrk Agf% ymjef jl~eflf`jì h rw,a,ef wzwfl.



?? Gftfr ar Hlfrjgh ^rairfww u Rfyjrji tmf Cfofrh Iasfrlft ar Gal~ftjtjsffww

H~~fòj} O

F}jwtjì wlhee bvwj`fww hò eaghe fgaàljg gaaroj`htja` ~rairhlw

hò tmf `fy Gal~ftjtjsf`fww Of~hrtlf`t

Fgaàljg Ofsfea~lf`t Holj`jwtrhtja`

_f Fgaàljg Ofsfea~lf` Holj`jwrhja`% ar FOH% jw h wlhee hif`gz yjm bji

~ayfr. Yjm h` h``vhe w~fòjì hvmarjz a aèz /7?6 ljeeja`% FOH à`fmf,

efww ~ehzw hò wmaveo ga`j`vf a ~ehz h` jl~arh` raef j` brjìjì aifmfr

amfr fofrhe rfwavrgfw hravò mf iahe a batal,v~% ~ehgf,bhwfo j`àshja`

hò fgaàljg ofsfea~lf`.3= Jw f}jwjì kfz ~rairhlw%3: ejwfo bfeay% yaveo

bf h mf mfhr a rfija`he j`àshja` hò fgaàljg ofsfea~lf` mravim mf

Galla` H~~ejghja` ~rairhl4

• fgm`jghe Hwwjwh`gf% h /:.= ljeeja` ~rairhl mh mfe~w v`jsfrwjjfw hò à`,~raw a gaòvg fhwjbjejz wvojfw% arlvehf hò jl~eflf` fgaàljg ofsfe,

a~lf` aaew% hò ~rasjof lh`hiflf` hò a~frhja`he hwwjwh`gf.9>

• ^hr`frwmj~ êh``jì% h /78 ljeeja` ~rairhl ar eaghejjfw hò rjbfw a abhj`

vòjì a ofsfea~ rfija`he fgaàljg ofsfea~lf` ~eh`w.98

• fwfhrgm hò Fshevhja`% h /8.6 ljeeja` ~rairhl ar rfwfhrgm jà ―gvtjì,foif

fgaàljg ofsfea~lf` ~rhgjgfw.“92

• Fgaàljg Hodvwlf` Hwwjwh`gf% h /7=.3 ljeeja` ~rairhl ar wrhfiz ofsfea~,

lf`% j`rhwrvgvrf ga`wrvgja`% hò rfsaesjì eah` gh~jhejhja` ar fgm`j,

ghe% ~eh``jì% hò ~vbejg yarkw ~radfgw j` fgaàljgheez ojwrfwwfo rfija`w.97

• 28w,Gf`vrz J`àshja` J`rhwrvgvrf -arlfrez vbejg Yarkw hò Fgaàljg

Ofsfea~lf`*% ymjgm ~rasjofw /86= ljeeja` a wv~~ar mf ga`wrvgja`%

f}~h`wja`% ar v~irhof a ~vbejg j`rhwrvgvrf.9?

• rhof Hodvwlf` Hwwjwh`gf ar Cjrlw -/86.= ljeeja`*% ymjgm wv~~arw h

`fyark a rhof hodvwlf` gf`frw mh hwwjw wlhee hò lfojvl,wjf rlw j`hoh~jì a gmhìjì ieabhe rhof gaòjja`w.96

• fija`he J`àshja` rairhl -arlfrez Iraym Ta`fw* -/?> ljeeja`*% ymjgm

hgjejhfw h `hja`yjof gal~fjja` a f`gavrhif 2> gallv`jjfw a ofsfea~

hò jl~eflf` rfija`he wrhfijg fgaàljg iraym ~eh`w.93




• Wvwhj`hbef Fgaàljg Ofsfea~lf` -arlfrez Ieabhe Gejlhf Gmhìf

Ljjihja` J`gf jsf Cvò* -/26 ljeeja`*% ymjgm mfe~w vòfrwfrsfo gallv,

`jjfw vò gefh` f`friz% f`friz,fgjf` irff` bvjeojì% rfgzgejì% hò irff`

lh`vhgvrf ~radfgw.99

_f FOH jw gvrrfèz mf gf`fr a fofrhe farw a fl~ayfr gallv`jjfwa fìhif j` batal,v~ fgaàljg rfsjhejhja` hò iraym ~eh``jì hò

jl~eflf`hja`. _jw jw ymz yf bfejfsf mf hif`gz wmaveo bf mf gf`fr~jfgf

a mf `fy Gal~fjjsf`fww Of~hrlf`‚w fgaàljg iraym agvw. J` aohz‚w

fgaàljg f`sjra`lf`% mfwf ~rairhlw hrf mfe~jì wlhee bvwj`fwwfw% gallv`j,

jfw% rfija`w% hò eaghejjfw a rfj`sf` mflwfesfw hò grfhf `fy yhzw aryhro.

Larfasfr% mfwf ~rairhlw% j j`firhfo% yaveo ijsf mf Galla` H~~ejghja`

~rairhl f}jbjejz j` jw hvmarjz a vò h braho hrrhz a batal,v~ rfija`he

fgaàljg ofsfea~lf` hgjsjjfw.

Wlhee Bvwj`fww Holj`jwtrhtja`_f Wlhee Bvwj`fww Holj`jwrhja` a~frhfw h `vlbfr a ~rairhlw yjm wjlj,

ehr iahew hriffo h jòjsjovhe bvwj`fwwfw mh wmaveo bf mhrla`jfo yjm mf

brahofr rfija`he fgaàljg ofsfea~lf` hgjsjjfw vòfo hbasf. Herfhoz mf WBH

a~frhfw ~rairhlw mh hoorfww fgmàeaiz% yarkargf% hò rhof,rfehfo gmhe,

efìfw% wa brjìjì mfwf v`gja`w aifmfr yjm amfrw yjmj` h Gal~fjjsf`fww

Of~hrlf` lhkfw wf`wf. Lh`z a mf WBH‚w ~rairhlw lhkf wf`wf hw wrhjimar,

yhro gal~a`f`w a mf Galla` H~~ejghja`% hò hrf ejwfo j` H~~fòj} H.

fija`,efsfe fgaàljg iraym wrhfijfw wv~~arfo bz FOH hò mf rl, hò

~radfg,efsfe ~rairhlw wv~~arfo bz WBH hrf gal~eflf`hrz% hò aifmfr gh`

grfhf `fy wz`frijfw hò ~v hoojja`he aaew h mf ojw~awhe a bam j`àshjsf

wlhee bvwj`fww wffkjì hò mf rfija`he fgaàljfw mh wv~~ar mfjr wvggfww.

Ljàrjtz Bvwj`fww Ofsfea~lf`t Holj`jwtrhtja`

_f Ljàrjz Bvwj`fww Ofsfea~lf` Holj`jwrhja`% gvrrfèz bvoiffo h

/72.7 ljeeja`% vwfw lh`z a mf whlf aaew h ~ehz fewfymfrf j` mf Of~hrlf` a

Gallfrgf.9= _h‚w ymz jw ~rairhlw wmaveo bf aeofo jà brahofr gal~fjjsf,

`fww abdfgjsfw a mjw `fy of~hrlf`‚w agf a fgaàljg iraym ymjef f`wvrjì

mh mf wfrsjgfw rfòfrfo a mf bvwj`fww gallv`jz hrf fxvjhbez wmhrfo hòvwfo a fl~ayfr gallv`jjfw a gaear.

_f LBOH ~rairhlw ymawf iahew hò ljwwja`w lvw ga`j`vf a a~frhf yjmj`

mf `fy Of~hrlf` a Gal~fjjsf`fww hrf jw LBOH Bvwj`fww Gf`frw -/8?




ljeeja`*% gal~rjwjì mf Ljàrjz Bvwj`fww F`fr~rjwf Gf`frw -/= ljeeja *% mf

@hjsf Hlfrjgh` Bvwj`fww F`fr~rjwf Gf`frw -/2 ljeeja`*% hò mf Ljàrjz

Bvwj`fww A~~arv`jz Gf`fr -/2 ljeeja`*.9: _f ljàrjz,ay`fo bvwj`fwwfw

hjofo bz mfwf gf`frw yaveo bf bftfr wfrsfo mravim mfjr j`gevwja` j` mf

brahofr ihlbj a rfija`he fgaàljg iraym wrhfijfw.

Gf`tfr car Sftfrh`w F`tfr~rjwf

_f Gf`fr ar Sffrh`w F`fr~rjwf bahww ya wjlveh`favw hò lvvheez rfj`,

argjì v`gja`w. Cjrw% j ~rasjofw wfrsjgfw hò gav`wfejì a avr rfvr`jì sf,

frh`w a mfe~ mfl rfj`firhf jà wagjfz mravim f`rf~rf`fvrwmj~ rhj`jì hò

~rairhlw. Wfgaò% j wfrsfw hw h yhz a mhr`fww h ~ayfrve hò v`h~~fo rfwavrgf

ar avr `hja ‚w eaì,frl gal~fjjsf`fww‟mf wkjeew% jìf`vjz% hò efhofrwmj~

a avr rfvr`jì sffrh`w.

Avr waeojfrw hrf walf a mf law mjimez rhj`fo hò rfwavrgfve jòjsjovhew j`

mf fgaàlz. J` hoojja` a veeejì mf larhe abejihja` a ~rasjof mfl yjmghrffr a~~arv`jjfw hw mfz rfvr` ral ovz hò rh`wjja` bhgk jà gjsjejh` ejf%

yf hewa wfjf mf a~~arv`jz mh mfjr wkjeew rf~rfwf`. Avr sffrh`w rf~rfwf` h

rfwavrgf mh wmaveo bf efsfrhifo larf hiirfwwjsfez ayhro avr iahew a oalfwjg

j`àshja` hò gal~fjjsf`fww. J` arofr a ofla`wrhf avr ga`j`vfo gallj,

lf` a avr `hja`‚w sffrh`w% mjw v`gja` yaveo bf lhj`hj`fo hw h wf~hrhf v`j

yjmj` mf `fy of~hrlf`.

Of~hrtlf`t ac Rvrhe Ofsfea~lf`t

_f Of~hrlf` a vrhe Ofsfea~lf` -/2.: bje eja * gaaroj`hfw kfz j`rh,

wrvgvrf hò wfrsjgfw j` vòfrwfrsfo rvrhe rfija`w% j`gevojì wfyfr% yhfr%

mfhem ghrf% hò batal,v~ gallv`jz,lh`hifo `h`gf.=> _f Of~hrlf`

a vrhe Ofsfea~lf` lh`hifw h /886 bjeeja` ~araeja j` rvrhe gallv`jz

ofsfea~lf` eah`w% hò mfwf f}jwjì eah`w% hw yfee hw vvrf a`fw% wmaveo

bf gaaroj`hfo hravò mf iahew a brjìjì mf j`rhwrvgvrf a j`àshja`

hò gal~fjjsf`fww a fsfrz gar`fr a mf gav`rz.=8 -_f Of~hrlf` a

Hirjgvevrf‚w Brahobhò J`jjhjsfw ^rairhl yaveo bf wf~hrhfez daj`fo yjm

@JH% hw ofhjefo j` mf rw wfgja` a avr rf~ar.*

W~fgjgheez% mf vrhe Bvwj`fww,Gaa~frhjsf Wfrsjgf% ymjgm yarkw a ~ralaf mfvòfrwhòjì hò vwf a mf gaa~frhjsf bvwj`fww laofe mravim eah`w% irh`w%

eah` ivhrh`ffw% hò à``h`gjhe fgm`jghe hwwjwh`gf a f`rf~rf`fvrw hò ofsfe,

a~lf` arih`jhja`w% yaveo bf`f ral gaaroj`hja` mravim mf Galla`

H~~.=2 Hlaì jw ~rairhlw hrf4




• Bvwj`fww hò Jòvwrz Ivhrh`ffo eah`w -/::7 ljeeja` ~rairhl efsfe% /?7

ljeeja` bvoif hvmarjz*% ymjgm efsfrhif ~rjshf gh~jhe a ―jl~rasf% ofsfea~%

ar `h`gf bvwj`fww% jòvwrz% hò fl~eazlf` hò jl~rasf mf fgaàljg hò

f`sjra`lf`he gejlhf j` rvrhe gallv`jjfw“=7

•

vrhe Bvwj`fww F`fr~rjwf irh`w -/?> ljeeja`*% ymjgm ~rasjof vòjì ar ~vb,ejg yarkw hò grjjghe rvrhe j`rhwrvgvrf% hw yfee hw gh~jhejhja` ar rfsaesjì

bvwj`fww eah` vòw=?

H`z ofgjwja` a lasf mf Of~hrlf` a vrhe Ofsfea~lf` yjee bf ga`rasfr,

wjhe. J` ~hrjgvehr% j jw ejkfez a bf whjo mh amfr ~hrw a mf iasfr`lf` oa à

vòfrwhò mf w~fgjhe `ffow a rvrhe Hlfrjgh. _h gaveo bf% a gavrwf% ~hrez

bfghvwf rvrhe ~rairhlw mhsf rhojja`heez bff` kf~ wf~hrhf% bv mf `ffo a

j`gevof rvrhe ofsfea~lf` j` h brahofr batal,v~ fgaàljg iraym wrhfiz rfww

a` ya ~ra~awjja`w.

Cjrw% j`rh,hif`gz gaaroj`hja` jw larf ffgjsf mh` j`frhif`gz gaaroj`hja`.

Wmhrfo iahew% arih`jhja`he gvevrf% wzwflw a hggav`hbjejz% hò ~mzwjghe yark,

jì f`sjra`lf`w lhkf gaeehbarhja` hò jofh graww,~aeej`hja` larf ffgjsf

yjmj` h` hif`gz mh` hgraww mfl.

Wfgaò% mfrf wfflw ejtef oavb mh rvrhe ofsfea~lf` `ffow a bf ga`,

`fgfo j` walf yhzw yjm mf fgaàljg iraym wrhfijfw -hò% j` mf ghwf

a mf Brahobhò J`jjhjsf ^rairhl% yjm @JH* a mf `fy Of~hrlf` a

Gal~fjjsf`fww. vrhe Hlfrjgh wjl~ez mhw a bf bftfr ej`kfo a mf gf`frw a

rfija`he fgaàljfw a mfe~ jw hirjgvevrhe bvwj`fwwfw% bv j` ~hrjgvehr jw lh`v,

hgvrjì hò wfrsjgfw jòvwrjfw% ymjgm hggav` ar larf mh` mhe a hee fl~eaz,

lf` j` rvrhe Hlfrjgh.=6

Cfofrhe ~rairhlw mh wv~~ar batal,v~ rfija`he fgaàljg iraym yjee j`grfhwf

mf ffgjsf`fww a rfija`he fgaàljfw hò yjee fhwjez w~h` rvrhe,a,vrbh` gal,

lv`jjfw. _h yaveo gav`wfe j` hsar a òjì galla` rfija`he hosh`hifw

bfyff` vrbh`% wvbvrbh`% hò rvrhe wrfìmw.

@a`fmfefww% j mjw gmhìf jw lhof% j yjee bf jl~arh` mh mf `fy fgaàljgofsfea~lf` v`j bf ijsf` mf gmhrif a rfhgm hee rfija`w hò mf f}~frjwf a

yark j` rvrhe hrfhw. Hw h lhtfr a mjwarz% lvgm a mf wv~~ar ar FOH mhw galf

ral rvrhe% hò à vrbh`% efijweharw% ymjgm lhz ijsf mh hif`gz h mfho whr j`

j`firhjì ojfrf` ifairh~mjg fgaàljg wrhfijfw.



?= Gftfr ar Hlfrjgh ^rairfww u Rfyjrji tmf Cfofrh Iasfrlft ar Gal~ftjtjsffww

Gallv`jtz êh``jì hò Ofsfea~lf`t

_f Gallv`jz êh``jì hò Ofsfea~lf`% ar GÔ% ~rairhl gaww /: ljeeja` a

holj`jwfr hò ~rasjofw f`w a bjeeja`w a oaeehrw j` `h`gjhe j`gf`jsfw a vòfr,

wfrsfo eaghejjfw hò rfija`w.=3 Ijsf` mf ~ehgf,bhwfo `hvrf a mjw yark yjmj`

mf Of~hrlf` a Mavwjì hò Vrbh` Ofsfea~lf`% hw yfee hw jw wjljehrjz a

f}jwjì ~rairhlw holj`jwfrfo bz mf Wlhee Bvwj`fww Holj`jwrhja`% FgaàljgOfsfea~lf` Holj`jwrhja`% VWOH% hò fewfymfrf% yf wviifw mh mf ~rairhlw

hò f}~frjwf bf f}~ejgjez gaaroj`hfo ar gal~effez j`firhfo jà mf `fy fga,

àljg ofsfea~lf` hif`gz yjmj` mf Of~hrlf` a Gal~fjjsf`fww.

_f ~rairhlw yjmj` mf GÔ mh mfe~ gaaroj`hf ~vbejg hò ~rjshf j`rhwrvg,

vrf hò ofsfea~lf` `ffow yaveo oa yfee j` mf `fy of~hrlf`. J a~frhfw

wfsfrhe fgaàljg hò gallv`jz ofsfea~lf` j`jjhjsfw mh lhz bf rfovòh`

yjm lh`z a mf ~rairhlw herfhoz lf`ja`fo j` mjw ~h~fr% j`gevojì h maw a

`h`gjhe wv~~arw ral eah` ivhrh`ffw a h} grfojw a beagk irh`w.=9 Yf wvi,

ifw% mayfsfr% mh gfrhj` hgjsjjfw rfehfo a harohbef mavwjì hwwjwh`gf hòw~fgjhez `ffow wmaveo rflhj` h MVO.

Accjgf ac Fgaàljg Hodvwtlf`t

Yf bfejfsf mh mf j`gevwja` a mf Off`wf Of~hrlf`‚w Agf a

Fgaàljg Hodvwlf` -/=> ljeeja`* yaveo bf h bji ~evw ar mf `fy Agf a

Vòfrwfgrfhrz ar Fgaàljg Iraym% ovf a AFH‚w f}~frjf`gf yjm rfija`,

bhwfo fgaàljg ~eh``jì.== _f AFH mhw h eaì mjwarz a mfe~jì rfija`w hò

eaghejjfw hodvw a gmhìjì fgaàljg gjrgvlwh`gfw hw mfz rh`wjja` ral

of~fòf`gf a` mf off`wf,jòvwrjhe gal~ef} a amfr arlw a jòvwrz. Ymz

wmaveo mjw f}~frjwf hò ~rasf` rhgk rfgaro j` ghhezjì ffgjsf rfija`he fga,

àljg ~eh``jì hò jòvwrjhe rh`wjja` bf ejljfo aèz a wjvhja`w jl~hgfo bz

mf Off`wf Of~hrlf`1 _fwf `fyarkw hò f}~frjwf `ffo a bf h~~fo hw yf

j`firhf fofrhe j`saesflf` yjm batal,v~% ~ehgf,bhwfo j`àshja` wrhfijfw.

W~fgjgheez% mf AFH‚w Gallv`jz Fgaàljg Hodvwlf` eh``jì Hwwjwh`gf%

ar GFH^H% irh` ~rairhlw yaveo oa yfee yjmj` mf `fy of~hrlf`. _jw agf

gvrrfèz ojw~f`wfw irh`w ar mf ~eh``jì hò jl~eflf`hja` a rfija`he fga,

àljg hodvwlf` wrhfijfw j` avr hrfhw4

• Gal~hjbef Vwf irh`w mfe~ a vò daj` ehò,vwf wvojfw mh ~rafg mf

~vbejg mfhem hò whfz a gjsjejh` ofsfea~lf`% ymjef f`wvrjì mh gallv,

`jjfw gh` lhkf mf law a mf fgaàljg a~~arv`jjfw a mfjr ~ra}jljz a

off`wf j`wheehja`w.=:



?: Gftfr ar Hlfrjgh ^rairfww u Rfyjrji tmf Cfofrh Iasfrlft ar Gal~ftjtjsffww

• Off`wf Jòvwrz Hodvwlf` irh`w mfe~ gallv`jjfw hfgfo bz hgarz

geawvrfw hò amfr arlw a off`wf fl~eazlf` rfovgja` a hoh~ a gmhì,

jì fgaàljg gjrgvlwh`gfw% j`gevojì mfe~jì brjì aifmfr lh`z a mf

aaew yf wviifw lfrijì ~frlh`fèz j` mjw rf~ar wvgm hw mf lh`vhgvr,

jì f}f`wja` ~hr`frwmj~w% bvwj`fww `h`gjì hò j`gvbhar ~rairhlw% yark,

argf hwwjwh`gf ~rairhlw% f}~ar ~eh`w% hò asfrwjim hbav may a j`firhfmf bf`fw a mfwf ~rairhlw.:>

• Ljwwja` Iraym êh``jì Hwwjwh`gf irh`w ~rasjof wjljehr rfwavrgfw hw mf

Off`wf Jòvwrz Hodvwlf` irh`w ar gallv`jjfw f}~frjf`gjì off`wf,

jòvwrz,rfehfo iraym.

• _f Bhwf fheji`lf` hò Geawvrf% ar BRG% irh` ~rairhl mhw 6> zfhrw a

f}~frjf`gf j` hgjejhjì fgaàljg rh`wjja` ghvwfo bz ljejhrz bhwf geawvrfw.

_f irh`w hò ivjoh`gf hrf lhof hshjehbef mravim BRG. Bv yf wviifw mh

mf BRG galljwwja` jwfe% ymjgm lhkfw ifairh~mjg `hja`he,wfgvrjz ofgj,wja`w% wmaveo rflhj` ymfrf j jw j` mf Off`wf Of~hrlf`.




H~~fòj} F

F}jwtjì yarkcargf ~rairhlw hò tmf `fy Gal~ftjtjsf`fww Of~hrtlf`t

Fl~eazlf`t hò _rhj`jì Holj`jwtrhtja`% Of~hrtlf`t ac Ehbar _f grv} a mf yarkargf farw yjmj` mf `fy of~hrlf` wmaveo ga`,

wjw a lvgm a mf yark gvrrfèz gaòvgfo bz mf Of~hrlf` a Ehbar‚w

Fl~eazlf` hò rhj`jì Holj`jwrhja`% ar FH% hò jw rfija`he fyarkw

a ~vbejg ghrffr hò fl~eazlf` wfrsjgfw ~rasjofrw. Yjm h` h``vhe bvoif a

ravimez /82.6 bjeeja`% mf FH wv~~arw h yjof rhìf a hgjsjjfw hò ~rairhlw

mh ~rafg ar f`rjgm larf mh` 8> ljeeja` Hlfrjgh` yarkfrw h``vheez.:8

Yf bfejfsf mh mf FH v`gja`w ofwji`fo a f`rjgm yarkfrw yjm wkjeew% fov,

ghja`% rhj`jì% ivjoh`gf% hò gav`wfejì yaveo bf grjjghe hwwfw ar mf `fy

Of~hrlf` a Gal~fjjsf`fww. _awf ~rairhlw wvgm hw mf V`fl~eazlf`J`wvrh`gf ~rairhl% ymjgm mfe~w ~rafg yarkfrw ral wrvgvrhe v`fl~eazlf`

hw ~hr a mf wagjhe whfz `f% gh` hò wmaveo rflhj` h mf Of~hrlf` a Ehbar.

_fwf ga`j`vavw ghrffr gav`wfejì hò fgm`jghe rhj`jì v`gja`w a mf FH

yaveo ga`wjvf mf rw garf v`gja` a avr ~eh` ar gal~fjjsf yarkargf

ofsfea~lf`. F`hbejì hee Hlfrjgh`w a ~eh` eaì,frl ghrffr ~hmyhzw j`wfho a

rf~fhfoez rfw~aòjì a wmar,frl v`fl~eazlf` flfrif`gjfw yaveo bf h garf

iahe a mjw agf. _f `hja`yjof `fyark a A`f,Wa~ Ghrffr Gf`frw herfhoz

~rasjofw bhwjg ehbar lhrkf jàrlhja`% dab wfhrgm hwwjwh`gf% wkjee hwwfwwlf`w%

hò ejljfo ghrffr gav`wfejì a ljeeja`w a yarkfrw fsfrz zfhr.

Bv mf A`f,Wa~ wzwfl gh` à eaìfr bf h grjwjw j`frsf`ja` wzwfl agvwfo a`

wmar,frl dab ~ehgflf`. Ga`j`vavw ghrffr gav`wfejì jw h` jfrhjsf% lfàrfo

~ragfww mh f`hbefw yarkfrw a bvjeo fovghja`% yark f}~frjf`gfw% hò fgm`j,

ghe grfof`jhew asfr jlf% hò wmaveo bf h `fy agvw a mf A`f,Wa~ wzwfl. Hw

mf fgaàlz bfgalfw j`grfhwjìez kàyefoif,bhwfo% ghrffr gav`wfearw yjee mfe~

yarkfrw lasf hyhz ral wmar,frl rhj`jì ~rairhlw mh wfrsf hw fl~arhrz

Bhò,Hjow hò j`wfho% mfe~ mfl ~eh` eaì,frl ghrffr ofsfea~lf` rhdfgarjfw.

_f iahew a ofsfea~jì hò ~rafgjì Hlfrjgh‚w hef` hrf ehvohbef và mfl,

wfesfw. Bv FH‚w lh`z yarkargf ofsfea~lf` ~rairhlw yaveo bf larf ffgjsf

j lh`hifo yjm h` fzf ayhro mf raef mfz ~ehz j` hgmjfsjì brahofr gal~fj,

jsf`fww iahew h mf rfija`he hò `hja`he efsfe. _vw% yf wviifw lasjì mfwf

v`gja`w jà mf `fy of~hrlf`% a bf of~eazfo wjof,bz,wjof yjm rfija`he




vòjì hò ~rairhllhjg wv~~ar ofejsfrfo a wlhee bvwj`fwwfw% ~vbejg yarkw

~radfgw% rfija`he fgaàljg ofsfea~lf` ~rairhlw% whr,v~ j`gvbharw% hò

v`jsfrwjz,jòvwrz rfwfhrgm ~hr`frwmj~w.

_f aeeayjì agfw hò ~rairhlw:2 lh`hifo bz mf FH wv~~ar mfwf iahew a

ga`j`vavw ghrffr gav`wfejì hò fgm`jghe rhj`jì4

• _f Agf a Yarkargf J`sfwlf`% ymjgm gaaroj`hfw vòjì ral mf

Yarkargf J`sfwlf` Hg% lhj`hj`w mf hja`he fyark a A`f,Wa~

Ghrffr Gf`frw hò oaefw av vòjì sjh whf yarkargf j`sfwlf` bahrow%

yaveo bf h garf hwwf a mf `fy of~hrlf`.:7 Ga``fgfo a mjw yark% mf

/7.= bjeeja` wf a ~rairhlw ejwfo vòfr rhj`jì hò Fl~eazlf` Wfrsjgfw

j`gevofw mf Hove Yarkfr% Ojweaghfo Yarkfr% hò Zavm Wfrsjgfw ~rairhlw%

yjm h``vhe bvoifw a /=38 ljeeja`% /8.? bjeeja`% hò /:2? ljeeja`% rfw~fg,

jsfez.:? _f A`f,Wa~ Ghrffr Gf`frw% mf yarkargf j`àshja` vò% irff`

dabw j`àshja` vò% ghrffr ~hmyhzw j`àshja` vò% hò ojweaghfo yark,frw hwwjwh`gf hrf ojwgvwwfo wf~hrhfez bfeay.

• _f A`f,Wa~ Ghrffr Gf`frw hg hw mf vwfr j`frhgf ar mf FH‚w fl~eaz,

lf`% ghrffr gav`wfejì% hò rhj`jì ~rairhlw.:6 _fz ~rasjof hggfww a h

yjof rhìf a fofrhe rhj`jì% ivjoh`gf% grfof`jhejì% hò amfr ~rafwwja`he

ofsfea~lf` wfrsjgfw a dab,wffkfrw hò fl~eazfrw% hò ga`wjvf h ehrif

`fyark a rfija`he agfw. Avr rfgallfòhja` jw a j`gevof mf A`f,Wa~

Ghrffr Gf`frw j` mf `fy of~hrlf`% ymjef galbj`jì mfjr farw yjm amfr

rfija`he ~rairhlw gvrrfèz vòfr mf Fgaàljg Ofsfea~lf` Holj`jwrhja`%

mf Of~hrlf` a Fovghja`% hò fewfymfrf j` mf FH. _jw yaveo lfh`

brahof`jì mf hbjejz a mf A`f,Wa~ `fyark a ofejsfr eaì,frl ghrffr

ofsfea~lf`% rhj`jì% fovghja`% hò grfof`jhejì wfrsjgfw a gal~eflf`

f}jwjì wrfìmw hravò wmar,frl dab ~ehgflf`.

• _f Agf a fija`he Lh`hiflf` a~frhfw mf fyark a rfija`he FH

agfw.:3 Galbj`jì mjw `hja`he `fyark a rfija`he agfw yjm mf rfija`he

agfw j` mf Fgaàljg Ofsfea~lf` Holj`jwrhja` yaveo yark a bftfr

efsfrhif mf hwwfw hò hgjsjjfw a bam arih`jhja`w.

• _f Agf a âejgz # fwfhrgm gvrrfèz mfe~w wf mf FH‚w wrhfijg sjwja`

hò efijwehjsf hò rfiveharz h~~rahgm.:9 _jw agf yjee bf grjjghe a mf yark

a mf vòfrwfgrfhrz hw `fy wz`frijfw hrf f}~earfo bfyff` mf FH‚w ~ra,

irhlw hò mawf mh yjee rfwjof j` mf fgaàljg ofsfea~lf` hò fgmàeaiz

wvb,hif`gjfw j` mf `fy Of~hrlf` a Gal~fjjsf`fww.




• _f rhof Hodvwlf` Hwwjwh`gf ~rairhl% ar HH% h h gaw a /8.= bjeeja`%

mfe~w ljeeja`w a Hlfrjgh`w ymawf dabw hrf hfgfo bz gmhìfw j` j`fr`hja`he

rhof ~htfr`w.:= Bz ojrfgez hjojì V.W. yarkfrw yma mhsf eaw dabw hw h rfwve a

arfji` hjo% mf rhof Hodvwlf` Hwwjwh`gf ~rairhl h mf Ehbar Of~hrlf`

~rasjofw h ~hm a fl~eazlf` iraym j` fhgm whf.:: J` hoojja` a ojrfg

`h`gjhe hwwjwh`gf% mf ~rairhl ~rasjofw mf wkjeew% rfwavrgfw% hò wv~~ar amfe~ rhof,hfgfo jòjsjovhew bfgalf rf,fl~eazfo. Gaìrfww ~rasjofo h`

hoojja`he /6>> ljeeja` j` HH vòjì mravim CZ 2>88 fòjì j` Agabfr%

aeeayjì hvmarjhja` j` mf Hlfrjgh` fgasfrz hò fj`sfwlf` Hg a

2>>: mravim mf HH Gallv`jz Gaeefif hò Ghrffr rhj`jì irh` ~ra,

irhl.8>> Brjìjì mjw of~hrlf` vòfr mf whlf raa yjm mf rhof,rfehfo

~rairhlw j` mf `fy of~hrlf` gaveo mfe~ jl~rasf hggav`hbjejz hò ohh,

orjsf` lh`hiflf` a mf ~rairhl bz bftfr ga``fgjì j yjm hgjsjjfw a

shrjavw fofrhe rhof hò yarkargf v`gja`w hò j`feejif`gf.

• _f Agf a Dab Gar~w% h /8.9 bjeeja` ~rairhl% a~frhfw h `hja`he `fyark a 826 gf`frw hravò mf gav`rz mh ~rasjof zavì ~fa~ef hifw 83,2? j` vòfr,

wfrsfo ar ojwrfwwfo gallv`jjfw yjm maejwjg dab rhj`jì hò ghrffr gav`wfe,

jì wfrsjgfw mh j`firhf mf ―fhgmjì a hghofljg% saghja`he% fl~eazhbjejz

wkjeew hò wagjhe gal~ff`gjfw mravim h galbj`hja` a gehwwraal hò ~rhgjghe

bhwfo efhr`jì f}~frjf`gfw.“8>8

• _f Agf a H~~rf`jgfwmj~ gvrrfèz a~frhfw mf rfijwfrfo h~~rf`jgf,

wmj~ ~rairhl% h /2=.9 ljeeja` ~rairhl mh ~rasjofw yarkfrw yjm a`,mf,dab

rhj`jì ymjef ~rasjojì fl~eazfrw yjm h ~j~fej`f a wkjeefo yarkfrw j` mfjr

feo.8>2 ^hrjgj~hjì fl~eazfrw hrf hewa fejijbef ar h} bf`fw hò yarkargf

ofsfea~lf` irh`w. _frf jw hewa h` hoojja`he /8 ljeeja` j` vòw ar Yalf`

j` H~~rf`jgfwmj~‟h ~rairhl mh ~ralafw mf rfgrvjlf`% rhj`jì% hò

fl~eazlf` a yalf` j` h~~rf`jgfwmj~ hò à`rhojja`he aggv~hja`w.

Brjìjì mjw ~rairhl jà mf Of~hrlf` a Gal~fjjsf`fww yaveo hggfefr,

hf farw herfhoz vòfryhz a j`grfhwf mf ~rairhl‚w agvw a` j`àshjsf% 28w,

gf`vrz wgjf`gf,% fgmàeaiz,% fìj`ffrjì,% hò lhm,arjf`fo ghrffr ehoofrw.8>7

Accjgf ac Saghtja`he hò Hovet Fovghtja`% Of~hrtlf`t ac Fovghtja`

_f wfgaò garf v`gja` a mf `fy gal~fjjsf yarkargf agf yaveo bf af`mh`gf j`firhja` a mf mjimfr fovghja`% fgm`jghe fovghja`% hò yarkargf

rhj`jì wzwflw. _f rw wf~ a hggal~ejwmjì mjw iahe yaveo bf a brjì

mf Fovghja` Of~hrlf`‚w Agf a Saghja`he hò Hove Fovghja` jà mf

Of~hrlf` a Gal~fjjsf`fww% hodvwjì jw ovjfw hò v`gja`w a wvj mf

`ffow a h larf `fyarkfo gal~fjjsf`fww wrhfiz.




_f Agf a Saghja`he hò Hove Fovghja`% h /8.9 bjeeja` hif`gz% ojw~f`wfw

irh`w a vò hove ejfrhgz% ghrffr hò fgm`jghe fovghja`% hò gallv`jz gae,

efif ~rairhlw h mf whf efsfe.8>? _fwf irh`w hrf vwfo a mfe~ wvof`w% ~hrjgv,

ehrez hove wvof`w% ihj` mf fovghja`he rfwavrgfw `fgfwwhrz a rhj` ar mjim,wkjee %

mjim,yhif% hò mjim,oflhò aggv~hja`w j` mf j`àshja` fgaàlz. J` oajì wa%

mfz ofhe yjm wjljehr whkfmaeofrw hò a~frhf wjljehr ~rairhlw yjm mawf j` mfFH‚w shrjavw fgm`jghe,wkjeew dab rhj`jì ~rairhlw.

Yf bfejfsf mf ffgjsf`fww a mf hove ghrffr hò fgm`jghe fovghja` irh`w gaveo

bf a~jljfo bz rfeaghjì mawf agfw a mf `fy Of~hrlf` a Gal~fjjsf`fww.

Bv yf yaveo efhsf brahofr gallv`jz gaeefif vòjì ~rairhlw hea`f. _f

Of~hrlf` a Fovghja` ojsjwja` rfw~a`wjbef ar ojrfgjì mf raef a gallv,

`jz gaeefifw j` `hja`he fovghja` ~aejgz brahoez‟mf Agf a âwwfgaòhrz

Fovghja`‟wmaveo agvw a` f`mh`gfo gaeehbarhja` yjm `fy Of~hrlf` a

Gal~fjjsf`fww yarkargf ofsfea~lf` ~rairhlw rhmfr mh` bf rh`wfrrfo asfr

a mf `fy of~hrlf`.8>6 Jw ~rairhl hgjsjjfw hrf brahofr mh` mf fgm`jghe ~ra,irhlw ojwgvwwfo hbasf hò hrf bftfr wfrsfo bz mf Fovghja` Of~hrlf`‚w agvw

a` ofsfea~jì xvhejz hghofljg whòhrow mh` a` avr `fy of~hrlf`‚w iahew.

Avr gvrrf` wzwfl a ljooef,wkjee fgm`jghe fovghja` oafw à ~rasjof wv,

gjf` gavrwf grfoj ~arhbjejz a hofxvhfez rfyhro yarkfrw yma ofsfea~ `fy

wkjeew. H rfshl~fo Agf a Saghja`he hò Hove Fovghja` yaveo yark gae,

ehbarhjsfez yjm gallv`jz gaeefifw% rhj`jì ~rasjofrw% hò jòvwrz a f`wvrf

mh hee ~vbejgez hò ~rjshfez vòfo rhj`jì ~rairhlw ~raovgf rh`wfrhbef hò

~arhbef gaeefif grfojw. _jw yaveo mfe~ yarkfrw bvjeo mfjr wkjeew hò grfof`jhew

larf f}jbez% ffgjsfez% hò ga`j`vavwez a kff~ ~hgf yjm mf rh~joez gmhì,

jì oflhòw a mf j`àshja` fgaàlz. _jw ojrfgjsf yaveo j`gevof rhj`jì

~rairhlw wvgm hw YJH Whf Irh`w ar Ojweaghfo Yarkfrw% YJH gal~fjjsf

irh`w% M,8B fgm`jghe Wkjeew rhj`jì irh`w% rhof Hodvwlf` Hwwjwh`gf dab

rhj`jì vòw -j`gevojì rhof Hodvwlf` Hwwjwh`gf Gallv`jz Gaeefif hò

Ghrffr rhj`jì Irh`w*% Yarkargf J`àshja` Cvòw% hò ^frkj`w GF irh`w

ar ~awwfgaòhrz fovghja`.

_f Of~hrlf` a Ehbar‚w M,8B fgm`jghe Wkjeew rhj`jì irh` gal~fjja` jw h

iaao f}hl~ef a h` f}jwjì dab,rhj`jì ~rairhl yjm j`firhfo gaeefif grfoj._fwf irh`w hrf j`fòfo ―a rhjwf mf fgm`jghe wkjee efsfew a Hlfrjgh` yarkfrw

wa mfz gh` abhj` ar v~irhof fl~eazlf` j` mjim,iraym jòvwrjfw hò aggv~h,

ja`w.“ _f irh` gal~fjja` mfe~w wjlvehf j`àshja` j` dab rhj`jì ~rairhlw

bz ej`kjì irh` hyhrow a hthj`lf` a jòvwrz,rfgai`jfo grfof`jhew. _fwf




irh`w% yjm f`mh`gfo hggfww a jòvwrz hò fgaàljg ofsfea~lf` `fyarkw

bravim bz mf hif`gjfw j` mf amfr mrff ~jeehrw% gaveo hkf mjw lvgm vrmfr.

_f rhj`jì irh`w j`gevofo ej`kjì vvrf irh` gal~fjja`w a grfof`jhe ~ra,

irhlw mh hewa ~rasjof rh`wfrhbef gaeefif grfoj. Vejlhfez% hee rhj`jì vòw

ar gaeefif,rfhoz wvof`w hò yarkfrw wmaveo bf jfo a gaeefif grfoj hò j`gevof

h ~hmyhz a h` hwwagjhf ofirff ar bftfr.

J` hoojja` a mf Of~hrlf` a Ehbar ~rairhlw ojwgvwwfo hbasf% hàmfr lhdar

wavrgf a vòjì ar mfwf fgm`jghe fovghja` hò dab rhj`jì ~rairhlw galfw

ral mf Ojsjwja` a Hghofljg hò fgm`jghe Fovghja`%8>3 ar OHF% vòfr mf

Agf a Saghja`he hò Hove Fovghja`. OHF jw rfw~a`wjbef ar holj`jwfrjì

mf ^frkj`w Ghrffr hò fgm`jghe Fovghja` Hg%8>9 ymjgm ~rasjofw /8.8 bjeeja` j`

whf arlveh irh`w ar hgjsjjfw wvgm hw4

• Grfhjì j`firhfo ~rairhlw lfrijì hghofljg hò ghrffr fgm`jghe fovghja`• ^rasjojì ~rf~hrhja` ar à`rhojja`he feow j` gvrrf` hò flfrijì mjim,

wkjee% mjim,yhif% mjim,oflhò ~rafwwja`w• Wv~~arjì ~hr`frwmj~w hlaì eaghe fovghja`he hif`gjfw% j`wjvja`w a

mjimfr fovghja`% hò hove fovghja` ~rasjofrw

Bv hw avr gaeefhivfw Eavjw Wahrfw hò Wf~mf` Wjfiefofr ojwgvww h efìm j` h

armgaljì ~h~fr j` mjw wfrjfw ―Bvjeojì h fgm`jgheez Wkjeefo Yarkargf%“ mf

^frkj`w vòw‟ojsjofo fsfèz hgraww lh`z whfw% hò mf` hihj` yjmj` whfw

hgraww lvej~ef rhj`jì ~rairhlw‟hee wmar a mf hlav` `fgfwwhrz a awfr

~aejgz j`àshja` hlaì rhj`jì wfrsjgfw ~rasjofrw. Ga`sfrjì mfwf vòw jà

h gal~fjjsf irh` ~rairhl a bf j`gevofo j` avr Galla` H~~ejghja` ~rairhl

yaveo lh}jljf mf jl~hg a mfwf vòw% hebfj h mf f}~f`wf a ojwrjbvjì

mfl fsfèz hggarojì a mf f}jwjì arlveh.

J`gevojì mjw `fy gal~fjjsf irh` ~rairhl j` mf Galla` H~~ejghja` ~ra,

irhl yjm mawf agvwfo a` gallv`jz gaeefif hò jòvwrz ~hr`frwmj~w yaveo

mfe~ brjì aifmfr mf rfehfo farw a dab rhj`jì% dab ~ehgflf`% ghrffr gav`,

wfejì% hò fgm`jghe fovghja` hriffo ayhro rfija`he hò jòvwrz oflhòw.

@htja`he Wgjf`gf Cavòhtja` yarkcargf fovghtja` ~rairhlwCj`heez% mf @hja he Wgjf`gf Cavòhja` gvrrfèz vòw h `vlbfr a irh`

~rairhlw ofwji`fo a f`mh`gf wgjf`gf% fgmàeaiz% fìj`ffrjì% hò lhm fovgh,

ja`% ymjgm gaveo bf bftfr efsfrhifo bz raeejì mfl jà mf Gal~fjjsf`fww

Of~hrlf`‚w Galla` H~~ejghja` ~rairhl4




• _f Hosh`gfo fgmàeaijghe Fovghja` ~rairhl h mf @hja`he Wgjf`gf

Cavòhja` agvwfw a` fovghjì hò ~rf~hrjì fgm`jgjh`w ar mf `f} if`frh,

ja` a mjim,fgm feow yjm h w~fgjhe fl~mhwjw a` ya,zfhr gaeefifw.8>= _f /3?

ljeeja` ~rairhl wv~~arw gvrrjgvevl ofsfea~lf`% ~rafwwja`he ofsfea~lf`

ar fovgharw% hò brjoijì ga``fgja`w bfyff` wfgaòhrz j`wjvja`w hò

ya, hò avr,zfhr ~rairhlw.8>:

• _f Wgjf`gf% fgmàeaiz% Fìj`ffrjì% hò Lhmflhjgw hef` F}~h`wja`

^rairhl% ar WF % ~rasjofw hbav /7> ljeeja` h``vheez ar jl~eflf`hja` a

~rairhlw h hghofljg j`wjvja`w ofwji`fo a j`grfhwf mf `vlbfr a wvof`w

rfgfjsjì hwwagjhf ar bhgmfear‚w ofirffw j` fwhbejwmfo ar flfrijì WFL

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fear‚w ofirff hthj`lf` j` WFL.88>

• _f _rh`wcarljì Vòfrirhovhtf Fovghtja` j` Wgjf`gf% _fgmàeaiz%

Fìj`ffrjì hò Lhtmflhtjgw~rairhl wjljehrez heeaghfw /7= ljeeja` j`vòjì ar ―~radfgw mh ofsfea~ hgvez f}~frjwf% jl~eflf` fovghja`he

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gaòvg rfwfhrgm a` WFL fhgmjì hò efhr`jì.“888

• _f Lhm hò Wgjf`gf ^hr`frwmj~% ar LW^% ~rairhl jw h lhdar rfwfhrgm hò

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bfw ~rhgjgfw hò f`mh`gf gaaroj`hja`.887

_fwf WFL fovghja` ~rairhlw gaveo bf`f ral gaaroj`hja` yjm mf

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hò eaì,frl iraym ~eh`w ~rasjofo bz mf amfr ~jeehrw a mf Of~hrlf` a

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yarkargf ffow a rfija`he fgaàljfw% jòvwrjfw% hò j`àshja` gevwfrw.




Hbavt tmf hvtmarw

Da`htmh` Wheeft jw h ~hr`fr j` mf Yhwmjìa` O.G. agf a A‚Lfesf`z # Lzfrw

EE . Ovrjì mf Gejà` Holj`jwrhja` mf wfrsfo Hwwjwh` a mf Wfgrfhrz

hò Ojrfgar a mf Agf a âejgz # Wrhfijg êh``jì a mf Of~hrlf` a

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a` rfija`he j`àshja` gevwfrw. Mf jw h irhovhf a Bray` V`jsfrwjz hò mf

V`jsfrwjz a Sjrij`jh Ehy Wgmaae.

Wfh` âae jw mf hwwjwh` fojar a Wgjf`gf rairfww % mf Gf`fr ar Hlfrjgh`

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a gefh` f`friz fgmàeaijfw. Wfh` rfgfjsfo mjw bhgmfear‚w ofirff ral mf Zhef

V`jsfrwjz f`sjra`lf`he fìj`ffrjì of~hrlf`.

Hgkàyefoiflf`tw

_f hvmarw yaveo ejkf a rfgai`jf mf if`fravw wv~~ar hò ffobhgk ijsf`

bz lh`z jòjsjovhew j` mf grhcjì a mf jofhw j` mjw ~h~fr. Yjmav Fehj`f

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mjw j`shevhbef fojw. Lflbfrw a avr hwkargf a` wgjf`gf hò gal~fjjsf`fww

~rasjofo ga`wrvgjsf grjjgjwl% ffobhgk% hò jofhw jòjw~f`whbef a mjw wfrjfw.

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ga`f` hò wrvgvrf a mjw rf~ar hò amfrw j` mf wfrjfw. Cj`heez% mjw wfrjfw yaveo

hewa à mhsf bff` ~awwjbef yjmav jl~arh` hò wvbwh`jsf ga`rjbvja`w ral

Whrhm Yhrfee% Ljgmhfe Ftejìfr% Djjòfr Kamej% Khf Iaroa`% hò ffgf vwmjì.




Fòàtfw

8 ―H Wtrhtfiz ar Hlfrjgh Jashtja4 Wfgrji Ar FgaaljgIraytm ho raw~frjtz%“ _mf Ymjtf Mawf% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.ymjtfmawf.ias!jashtja!wtrhtfiz

2 ―^rfwjoftjh Lflarhol,,Iasfrlft Rfarl ar Gal~ftjtjsf,fww ho J ashtja%“ _mf Ymjtf Mawf% Lhrgm 88% 2>88. Hshjhbf4mtt~4!!yyy.ymjtfmawf.ias!tmf,~rfww,agf!2>88!>7!88!~rfwj,oftjh,lflarhol,iasfrlft,rfarl,gal~ftjtjsffww,ho,

jashtja

7 W. âa% ―H Yj ar Rfijah Jashtja4 Jtfrhifgz Ffriz Fgjf,gz Gwtfr Jjtjhtjsf ta bf eaghtfo j ^mjhof~mjh“ -Yhwmjita4 Wgj,fgf ^rairfww% Hiwt 26% 2>8>*% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!wgjfgf~rairfww.ari!2>8>!>=!h,yj,ar,rfijah,jashtja!

? H. Rhj% W. Irhmhl% ho L. Oalw% ―^htft Rfarl4 vfhwmji Jash,tja% ralatji Fgaaljg Iraytm # raogji Mjim,^hzji Dabw%“v.W. Of~hrtlft a Gallfrgf% H~rj 87% 2>8>% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.gallfrgf.ias!wjtfw!ofht!fw!oaglftw!ljirhtfo!^ht,ftQRfarl,~h~fr.~o

6 B. M forjgkw% W. âa% ho e. Khlh% ―eay Ghrba Jashtja%“Hlfrjgh rairfww% Lhz 2>88% hshjhbf ht4 mtt~4!!yyy.hlfrjgh,~rairfww.ari!jwwfw!2>88!>6!ayQghrbaQjashtja.mtl

3 D. Frjgkwa ho W. aa% ―Hggffrhtji Rfijah Jashtja ho DabGrfhtja%“ Hlfrjgh rairfww% asflbfr 2 >88% hshjhbf4 mtt~4!!

yyy.hlfrjgh~rairfww.ari!jwwfw!2>88!88!dabwQhggffrhtar.mtl

9 ―Dabw # Jashtja Hggffrhtar Gmhfif%“ Fgaaljg Ofsfa~,lft Holjjwtrhtja yfbwjtf% hshjhbf4 mtt~4!!yyy.foh.ias!JsfwtlftwIrhtw!dabwhojashtjagmhfif -hwt hggfwwfo82!7!2>88*.

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: Boift% Offwf Hoshgfo Rfwfhrgm radfgtw Hifgz% hshjhbf ht

mtt~4!!yyy.ohr~h.lj!`fywFsftw!Boift.hw~}

8> ^ra~awfo H~~ra~rjhtja ehihif% Ffriz _rhwarlhtja Hggffrh,tja Co Hoshgfo Rfwfhrgm radfgtw Hifgz‗Ffriz -HR^H,F*%hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!hr~h,f.ffriz.ias!ejkGjgk.hw~}1ftjgkft<C^Mio]3r=&7o#thbjo<8=?

88 Of~hrtlft a Ffriz Boift bz Arihjhtja% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.ga.oaf.ias!boift!82boift!Gatft!Ariwl.~o

82 Jbjo.

87 ―Hbat vw%“ `htjah Jwtjttf a Caao ho Hirjgtrf% hshjhbfht mtt~4!!yyy.gwrffw.woh.ias!xjkw!rfwfhrgm.mtl; Foghtja%`htjah Jwtjttf a Caao ho Hirjgtrf% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.gwrffw.woh.ias!fh!foghtja!foghtja.mtl ; CZ 2>88 rfwjoft‚wBoift ra~awh% htjah Jwtjttf a Caao ho Hirjgtrf%hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.gwrffw.woh.ias!hbat!agfw!boift!z2>88Qboift.~o

8? Mjwtarjgh _hbfw% Agf a Lhhiflft ho Boift% _mf YmjtfMawf% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.ymjtfmawf.ias!alb!boift!Mjw,tarjghw

86 CZ 2>82 FO Boift Wllhrz4 Fflfthrz ho Wfgaohrz Fogh,tja% v.W. Of~hrtlft a Foghtja% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy2.fo.ias!hbat!asfrsjfy!boift!boift82!wllhrz!fojtf,wfgtja,2h.mtl'f

83 G. Yffr ho e. Rfjofbhgm% ―_mf Ghwf ar Wtrhtfijg F}~art ^rala,tja%“ Hlfrjgh rairfww% Cfb 2>88% hshjhbf4 m tt~4!!yyy.hlfrjgh,~rairfww.ari!jwwfw!2>88!>2!~o!mjimQtfgmQtrhof.~o

89 ―Fgaaljgw4 Jashtja gftrh ta baawtji iraytm ho dabw%“Arihjwhtja ar Fgaaljg Ga,a~frhtja ho Ofsfa~lft% Lhz29% 2>8>% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.afgo.ari!oaglft!73!>%77?7%fQ23?:Q79?89Q?672?>3=Q8Q8Q8Q8%>>.mtl

8= Hrtj rhj% Wthrt Irhmhl% ho Lhrk Oalw% ―^htft rfarl4 fhwmjiJashtja% ralatji Fgaaljg Iraytm ho raogji mjim,^hzji Dabw“ -Yhwmjita4 Of~hrtlft a Gallfrgf% 2>8>*% hshj,hbf ht mtt~4!! 2>>8,2>>:.gallfrgf.ias!w!ira~w!~bjg!Noag!Naw!Na~h!oaglftw!gatft!~rao>8Q>>:8?9.~o

8: CZ 2>88 Boift Wllhrz ho frarlhgf ^h% v.W Of~hrtlfta Hirjgtrf% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.ab~h.woh.ias!bowl!CZ88bowl.~o

2> I. Dafw% Galljtz ^hji ho Ofsfa~lft% 2>8> ra~awfoIffrh Iasfrlft A~frhtji Boift% -2>>:*% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.lj.ari!Of~hrtlftw!boift!a~frhtjiBoift!2>8>&2>^~wo&2>IIAB!Galljtz&2>^hji&2>ho&2>Ofsfa~,lft.~o

28 Offwf Boift% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!gal~trafr.offwf.ias!ofboift!z2>82!boiftQdwtjghtja!~ow!>8QA~frhtjaQhoQ

Lhjtfhgf!AQLQSAeQ8Q^HR_W!AQLQSAeQ8QBHWFQ^HR_W!AFHQA^,6QCZQ2>82.~o

22 D. Frjgkwa ho W. âa% ―Hggffrhtji Rfijah Jashtja ho DabGrfhtja%“ Hlfrjgh rairfww% asflbfr 2>88% hshjhbf4 mtt~4!!yyy.hlfrjgh~rairfww.ari!jwwfw!2>88!88!dabwQhggffrhtar.mtl

27 Jtfirhtja a Yarkargf ho Rfijah Fgaaljg Ofsfa~lft% v.W.Of~hrtlft a ehbar% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.oafth.ias!rf~artw!a~or!a~orQ~radfgtw.gl'GH_FI8

2? Galljtz,Bhwfo Dab _rhjji Irhtw% v.W. Of~hrtlft a ehbar%hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.oafth.ias!bwjfww!Galljtz,Bhwfo,Dab_rhjjiIrhtw.gl

26 ―Hbat YJRFO%“ v.W. Of~hrtlft a ehbar% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.oafth.ias!yjrfo!hbat!

23 ^rairhl # Coji A~~artjtjfw. FOH% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.

foh.ias!JsfwtlftwIrhtw!DabwHoJashtjaGmhfifCHXQIJ

29 ―Ymht jw _rhof Hodwtlft Hwwjwthgf1“% Fl~azlft ho _rhjjiHoljjwtrhtja% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.oafth.ias!trhofhgt!hgt,wmfft.gl

2= Jbjo.

2: _mf Lflarhol gh bf hggfwwfo ajf mfrf4 mtt~4!!yyy.ymjtf,mawf.ias!tmf,~rfww,agf!2>88!>7!88!~rfwjoftjh,lflarhol,iasfrlft,rfarl,gal~ftjtjsffww,ho,jashtja

7> CZ 2>88 Gairfwwjah Boift Dwtjghtja ho CZ 2>>: Hh^frarlhgf Rf~art% v.W. Wlh Bwjfww Holjjwtrhtja% hshjhbf htmtt~4!!yyy.wbh.ias!wjtfw!ofht!fw!GairfwwjahQBoiftQDw,tjghtja.~o ; ―Rfwfhrgm Irhtw ar Wlh Bwjfwwfw%“ Wlh BwjfwwHoljjwtrhtja% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.wbh.ias!gatft!rfwfhrgm,irhtw,wlh,bwjfwwfw'fhgm

78 _fgmaaiz Jashtja ^rairhl Malf~hif% htjah Jwtjttf a Wthohrow ho _fgmaaiz% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.jwt.ias!tj~!

72 ―Cjo Irht A~~artjtjfw%“ Irhtw.ias% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy>9.irhtw.ias!wfhrgm!wfhrgm.oa

http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/Congressional_Budget_Justification.pdf







77 CZ 2>88 Gairfwwjah Boift Dwtjghtja ho CZ 2>>: Hh^frarlhgf Rf~art% v.W. Wlh Bwjfww Holjjwtrhtja% hshjhbf htmtt~4!!yyy.wbh.ias!wjtfw!ofht!fw!GairfwwjahQBoiftQDw,tjghtja.~o ; ―Rfwfhrgm Irhtw ar Wlh Bwjfwwfw%“ Wlh BwjfwwHoljjwtrhtja% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.wbh.ias!gatft!rfwfhrgm,irhtw,wlh,bwjfwwfw'fhgm

7? Jbjo.

76 Iffrh Rfwfhrgm ho _fgmaaiz Hgtjsjtz% Ghthai a Cfofrh Oa,lfwtjg Hwwjwthgf% hshjhbf ht mtt~w4!!yyy.goh.ias!1w<~rairhl#laof<arl#thb<wtf~8#jo<6:866999??h:6??6767o877>:?gb:2

73 CZ 2>82 Boift Rfxfwt ta Gairfww% htjah Wgjfgf Caoh,tja% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.w.ias!hbat!boift!z2>82!~o!z2>82Qra~.~o

79 =-h* Bwjfww Ofsfa~lft. WBH% hshjhbf htmtt~4!!yyy.wbh.ias!gatft!=h,bwjfww,ofsfa~lft,>'~rasjofw&2>hwwjwthgf;Gairfwwjah Boift Dwtjghtja% WBH.

7= Boift Wllhrz% vWOH.

7: àtjgf a Hshjhbjjtz a Cow ho Wajgjthtja ar Irht H~~jgh,tjaw ar M,8B _fgmjgh Wkjw _rhjji Irhtw% Fl~azlft ho

_rhjji Holjjwtrhtja% Of~hrtlft a ehbar% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.oafth.ias!irhtw!~o!WIH,OCH,^Z,8>,87QCjhQM,8BWIH.~o

?> M,8B _fgmjgh Wkjw _rhjji Irhtw% Fl~azlft ho _rhjjiHoljjwtrhtja% v.W. Of~hrtlft a ehbar% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.oafth.ias!bwjfww!M8BQ_fgmQWkjw.gl

?8 Rfwfhrgm ho Fshhtja ^radfgtw% Fl~azlft ho _rhjji Holj,jwtrhtja% v.W. Of~hrtlft a ehbar% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.oafth.ias!rf~artw!a~or!a~orQ~radfgtw.gl; Boift Wllhrz% CZ 2>88Boift j Brjf% v.W. Of~hrtlft a ehbar% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.oa.ias!oa!boift!2>88!bjb.mtl'wllhrz

?2 ―Ymht‚w `fy j Yarkargf Jsfwtlft1“% Fl~azlft ho _rhjjiHoljjwtrhtja% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.oafth.ias!wyarkargf!ymhtwfy!fthQofht.gl1jo<23:>

?7 _mf Boift ar Cjwgh Zfhr 2>88% F}fgtjsf Agf a tmf rfwjoft-2>8>*% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.i~ahggfww.ias!wboift!z88!~o!H~~foj} !fa~.~o

?? Jtfrhtjah _rhof Holjjwtrhtja4 Wtrhtfijg ^h CZ 2>>9,CZ 2>82%v.W. Of~hrtlft a Gallfrgf -2>>9*% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!trhof.ias!ÔCw!J_HQwtrht~h2>>9.~o ; Wllhrz a Boift Htmarjtz% v.W.Of~hrtlft a Gallfrgf -2>8>*% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.awfg.oag.

ias!blj!boift!88BjB!BH,Av_eHZW.~o

?6 Lhrkft Hggfww ho Gal~jhgf. Jtfrhtjah _rhof Holjjwtrhtja%hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.trhof.ias!lhg!

?3 Jl~art Holjjwtrhtja. Jtfrhtjah _rhof Holjjwtrhtja% hshjhbfht mtt~4!!yyy.trhof.ias!jh!

?9 v.W. Gallfrgjh Wfrsjgf. Jtfrhtjah _rhof Holjjwtrhtja% hshj,hbf ht mtt~4!!trhof.ias!gw

?= Lhhgtrji ho Wfrsjgfw. Jtfrhtjah _rhof Holjjwtrhtja%hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!trhof.ias!lhw

?: _rhof ajgz ho ^rairhlw. v.W. Of~hrtlft a Wthtf% hshjhbf htmtt~4!!yyy.wthtf.ias!f!ffb!t~~!

6> Bjhtfrh _rhof Hchjrw. v.W. Of~hrtlft a Wthtf% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.wthtf.ias!f!ffb!t~~!bth

68 Jtffgth ^ra~frtz Fargflft. v.W. Of~hrtlft a Wthtf% hshj,hbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.wthtf.ias!f!ffb!t~~!j~f

62 Ltjhtfrh _rhof Hchjrw. v.W. Of~hrtlft a Wthtf% hshjhbf htmtt~4!!yyy.wthtf.ias!f!ffb!t~~!lth!

67 ―Oaji Bwjfww j Jtfrhtjah Lhrkftw%“ v.W. Of~hrtlft a Wthtf%hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.wthtf.ias!f!ffb!gbh!

6? Agf a Fgaaljg âjgz Hhzwjw ho bjg Oj~alhgz. v.W. Of,~hrtlft a Wthtf% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.wthtf.ias!f!ffb!f~~o!jof}.mtl

66 ―Hbat tmf Brfh a Jowtrz ho Wfgrjtz%“ v.W. Of~hrtlft a Gallfrgf% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.bjw.oag.ias!hbat!jof}.mtl

63 Wllhrz a H~~ra~rjhtjaw% v.W. Fgaaljg Ofsfa~lft Holjjw,trhtja% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.awfg.oag.ias!blj!boift!CZ82BJB!FOH.~o

69 ―Ljwwja%“ F}~art,Jl~art Bhk a tmf vjtfo Wthtfw% hshjhbf ht

mtt~4!!yyy.f}jl.ias!hbat!ljwwja.gl

6= W. Jjhw% ―F}~art,Jl~art Bhk4 Bhgkirao ho efijwhtjsf Jwwfw“-Gairfwwjah Rfwfhrgm Wfrsjgf% Cfbrhrz :% 2>88*% hshjhbf htmtt~4!!hwwftw.a~fgrw.gal!r~tw!:=,63=Q2>88>2>:.~o

6: Gairfwwjah Boift Dwtjghtja a tmf v.W. _rhof ho Ofsfa~,lft Hifgz4 Cjwgh Zfhr 2>88% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yy y.wtoh.ias!atmfrja!CZ2>88QGairfwwjahBoiftDwtjghtja.~o

3> Boift Rfxfwt4 Cjwgh Zfhr 2>>:% Asfrwfhw rjshtf JsfwtlftGar~arhtja -Cfbrhrz 2>>=*% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.a~jg.ias!wjtfw!ofht!fw!oagw!z2>>:Qa~jgQgairfwwjahQboiftQdwtjghtja.~o

38 ―F}fgtjsf Arofr,`htjah F}~art Jjtjhtjsf%“ _mf Ymjtf Mawf% Lhrgm88% 2>8>% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.ymjtfmawf.ias!tmf,~rfww,agf!f}fgtjsf,arofr,htjah,f}~art,jjtjhtjsf

32 `htjah Jwtjttf a Wthohrow ho _fgmaaiz H~~ra~rjhtjawWllhrz% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.jwt.ias!~bjgQhchjrw!rffhwfw!h~~ra~w,wllhrz2>88.gl

37 ―Hbat tmf Lhhgtrji ^hrtfrwmj~%“ Majiw LhhgtrjiF}tfwja hrtfrwmj~% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.jwt.ias!lf~!hbat.gl

3? Cjwgh Zfhr 2>82 Boift Rfxfwt% `htjah _ffgalljghtjaw hoJarlhtja Holjjwtrhtja% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.tjh.oag.ias!boift!boift.mtl

36 Wllhrz a H~~ra~rjhtjaw% `htjah _fgmjgh Jarlhtja Wfrsjgf%hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.awfg.oag.ias!blj!boift!CZ82BJB!`_JW.~o

33 Wllhrz a H~~ra~rjhtjaw. v.W. ^htft ho _rhoflhrk Agf% hshj,hbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.awfg.oag.ias!blj!boift!CZ82BJB!vW^_A.~o

39 H. Rhj% ―^htft Rfarl ho tmf ^rairfww a Jashtja“ -Yhwmji,ta4 Wgjfgf rairfww% Lhrgm 86% 2>88* % hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.wgjfgf~rairfww.ari!2>88!>7!~htft,rfarl,ho,tmf,~rairfww,a,jashtja!

3= Wllhrz a H~~ra~rjhtjaw% v.W. Fgaaljg Ofsfa~lft Holjjw,trhtja% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.awfg.oag.ias!blj!boift!CZ82BJB!FOH.~o

3: FOH ~rairhlw% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.foh.ias!JsfwtlftwIrhtw!^rairhlw.}l

9> Wllhrz a H~~ra~rjhtjaw% v.W. Fgaaljg Ofsfa~lft Holjjw,trhtja% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.awfg.oag.ias!blj!boift!CZ82BJB!FOH.~o

98 Jbjo.

92 Jbjo.

97 Jbjo.

9? Jbjo.

96 Jbjo.

93 Jbjo.



http://www.sba.gov/content/8a-business-development-0#provides%20assistance


http://www.doleta.gov/reports/opdr/opdr_projects.cfm


http://trade.gov/PDFs/ITA_stratplan2007.pdf













99 Jbjo.

9= Ljarjtz Bwjfww Ofsfa~lft Hifgz% ―^rfwjoft Abhlh‚w 2>82Boift W~~artw Dabw ho Iraytm yjtmj tmf Ljarjtz BwjfwwGalljtz%“ v.W. Of~hrtlft a Gallfrgf% Cfbrhrz 83% 2>88%hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.lboh.ias!~rfwwraal!~rfww,rffhwfw!~rfwjoft,abhlh,w,2>82,boift,w~~artw,dabw,ho,iraytm,yjtmj,ljarjtz,bwjfww,galljtz

9: Wllhrz a H~~ra~rjhtjaw% Ljarjtz Bwjfww Ofsfa~lftHifgz% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.awfg.oag.ias!blj!boift!CZ,82BJB!LBOH.~o

=> ―Hbat RO%“ v.W. Of~hrtlft a Hirjgtrf% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.rrofs.woh.ias!HbatRO.mtl; CZ 2>88 Boift Wllhrz ho H,h frarlhgf h% v.W. Of~hrtlft a Hirjgtrf% hshjhbf htmtt~4!!yyy.ab~h.woh.ias!bowl!CZ88bowl.~o

=8 Jbjo.

=2 Rrh Bwjfww,Gaa~frhtjsf Wfrsjgf. -2>8>*. ―2>88 F},~hhtarz atfw%“ vWOH% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yy y.ab~h.woh.ias!2=rbw2>88atfw.~o

=7 CZ 2>88 Boift Wllhrz% vWOH; Bwjfww ho Jowtrz Ihrhtffoeahw. vWOH% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.rrofs.woh.ias!rbw!bw~!b#jQihr.mtl

=? CZ 2>88 Boift Wllhrz% vWOH

=6 Ymjtf Mawf Rrh Gagj. -2>88*. ―Dabw ho Fgaaljg Wfgrjtz ar

Rrh Hlfrjgh%“ _mf Ymjtf Mawf% Hiwt 2>88% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.ymjtfmawf.ias!wjtfw!ofht!fw!dabwQfgaaljgQwfg,rjtzQrrhQhlfrjgh.~o

=3 Dafw% 2>>:.

=9 GÔ ^rairhl ho Jjtjhtjsf Jof}% v.W. Of~hrtlft a Mawji hovrbh Ofsfa~lft% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.mo.ias!agfw!g~o!hbat!g~oQ~rairhlw.gl

== Agf a Fgaaljg Hodwtlft. Of~hrtlft a Offwf% hshjhbf htmtt~4!!yyy.afh.ias!; Offwf Boift.

=: mtt~4!!8?>.8=6.8>?.2?>!jof}.~m~1a~tja<galQgatft#sjfy<hrtjgf#jo<3>#Jtfljo<66.

:> Offwf Jowtrz Hodwtlft. Of~hrtlft a Offwf% hshjhbf htmtt~4!!8?>.8=6.8>?.2?>!jof}.~m~1a~tja<galQgatft#sjfy<hrtjgf#jo<6=#Jtfljo<62

:8 CZ 2>82 Gairfwwjah Boift Dwtjghtja Fl~azlft ho _rhj,ji Holjjwtrhtja% v.W. Of~hrtlft a ehbar% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.oa.ias!oa!boift!2>82!ÔC!GBD,2>82,S8,>7.~o

:2 Brjf Ofwgrj~tjaw a rairhl ejf Jtflw j F_H Boift% v.W. Of~hrt,lft a ehbar% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.oafth.ias!boift!fth~ilw.gl'~or

:7 Ljwwja Wthtflft% Agf a Yarkargf Jsfwtlft% v.W. Of~hrtlfta ehbar% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.oafth.ias!fthja!yrkwzw!YJLjw,wja.gl

:? CZ 2>82 Boift Dwtjghtja% v.W. Of~hrtlft a ehbar; HotWfrsjgfw% v.W. Of~hrtlft a ehbar% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.oafth.ias!~rairhlw!F_HQofht.gl1'Yarkargf; Yarkargf JsfwtlftHgt‟Hotw ho Ojwaghtfo Yarkfrw rairhl% v.W. Of~hrtlft a ehbar% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.oafth.ias!~rairhlw!iffrhQja.gl; Zatm Wfrsjgfw% v.W. Of~hrtlft a ehbar% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!

yyy.oafth.ias!ZatmQwfrsjgfw!hbatQazw.gl

:6 GhrffrAfWta~% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.ghrffrafwta~.ari!

:3 Rfijah Agfw% v.W. Of~hrtlft a ehbar.

:9 Agf a ajgz Ofsfa~lft ho Rfwfhrgm% v.W. Of~hrtlft a ehbar% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.oafth.ias!fthja!a~ofr!

:= ―Ymht jw _rhof Hodwtlft Hwwjwthgf1“% Fl~azlft ho _rhjjiHoljjwtrhtja% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.oafth.ias!trhofhgt!hgt,wmfft.gl

:: Jbjo.

8>> ^rairhl Ofthjw% v.W. Of~hrtlft a ehbar% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.oafth.ias!thhgggt!

8>8 Dab Gar~w% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.dabgar~w.ias!Malf.hw~}

8>2 Agf a H~~rftjgfwmj~% Fl~azlft ho _rhjji Holjjwtrhtja%v.W. Of~hrtlft a ehbar% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.oafth.ias!ah!;CZ 2>82 Boift Dwtjghtja% v.W. Of~hrtlft a ehbar

8>7 Rfijwtfrfo H~~rftjgfwmj~ Rfihtjaw% Fl~azlft ho _rhjjiHoljjwtrhtja% v.W. Of~hrtlft a ehbar% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.oafth.ias!ah!rfihtjaw.gl

8>? CZ 2>88 A^F ^rairhlw Boift v~ohtf% Agf a âwtwfgaohrzFoghtja% v.W. Of~hrtlft a Foghtja% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy2.fo.ias!hbat!agfw!jwt!a~f!2>88,~rairhl,boift.mtl

8>6 Agf a âwtwfgaohrz Foghtja Malf~hif% v.W. Of~hrtlft a

Foghtja% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!y yy2.fo.ias!hbat!agfw!jwt!a~f!jof}.mtl1wrg<ag

8>3 Ghrffr ho _fgmjgh Foghtja% Agf a Saghtjah ho HotFoghtja% v.W. Of~hrtlft a Foghtja% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy2.fo.ias!hbat!agfw!jwt!ashf!~j!gtf!jof}.mtl

8>9 Ghr O. frkjw Ghrffr ho _fgmjgh Foghtja Hgt a 2>>3 % v.W.Of~hrtlft a Foghtja% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy2.fo.ias!~ajgz!wfgtfgm!fi!~frkjw!jof}.mtl

8>= Hoshgfo _fgmaaijgh Foghtja -H_F*% htjah WgjfgfCaohtja% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.w.ias!oji!~ilQwll.

dw~1~jlwQjo<6?3?

8>: Ojrfgtarhtf ar Foghtja ho Mlh Rfwargfw% htjah WgjfgfCaohtja% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.w.ias!hbat!boift!z2>82!~o!29Qz2>82.~o

88> Wgjfgf% _fgmaaiz% Fijffrji% ho Lhtmflhtjgw _hftF}~hwja rairhl -W_F^*% htjah Wgjfgf Caohtja% hshj,hbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.w.ias!oji!~ilQwll.dw~1~jlwQjo<6?==#ari<OvF#ral<malf

888 _rhwarlji vofrirhohtf Foghtja j Wgjfgf% _fgmaaiz%Fijffrji ho Lhtmflhtjgw -_vFW* % htjah Wgjfgf Caohtja%hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.w.ias!~bw!2>8>!w8>6??!w8>6??.mtl

882 Lhtm ho Wgjfgf ^hrtfrwmj~ -LW^*% `htjah Wgjfgf Caohtja%hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!yyy.w.ias!oji!~ilQwll.dw~1~jlwQjo<6963#ari<OvF#ral<malf

887 Lhtm ho Wgjfgf ^hrtfrwmj~ `ftyark% hshjhbf ht mtt~4!!mb.lw~ft.ari!jof}.gl

http://www.oea.gov/

http://140.185.104.240/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=60&Itemid=55


http://www.doleta.gov/programs/ETA_default.cfm?#Workforce


http://www.doleta.gov/programs/general_info.cfm


http://www.doleta.gov/oa/

http://www.doleta.gov/oa/







http://www.oea.gov/



Hbavt tmf Gf`tfr car Hlfrjgh` rairfww

_mf Gf`tfr ar Hlfrjgh` ^rairfww jw h à`~hrtjwh` rfwfhrgm hò fovghtja`he j`wtjtvtf ofojghtfo

ta ~ralatjì h wtraì% dvwt hò rff Hlfrjgh tmht f`wvrfw a~~artv`jtz ar hee. Yf bfejfsf tmhtHlfrjgh`w hrf bavò taiftmfr bz h galla` galljtlf`t ta tmfwf shevfw hò yf hw~jrf ta f`wvrf

tmht avr `htja`he ~aejgjfw rfcfgt tmfwf shevfw. Yf yark ta ò ~rairfwwjsf hò ~rhilhtjg waevtja`w

ta wji`jgh`t oalfwtjg hò j`tfr`htja`he ~rabeflw hò ofsfea~ ~aejgz ~ra~awhew tmht awtfr h

iasfr`lf`t tmht jw ―a tmf ~fa~ef% bz tmf ~fa~ef% hò ar tmf ~fa~ef.“

Hbavt Oajì Ymht Yarkw

GH^‚w Oajì Ymht Yarkw ~radfgt ~ralatfw iasfr`l

rfarl ta fgjf`tez heeaghtf wghrgf rfwavrgfw hò hgm

irfhtfr rfwvetw ar tmf Hlfrjgh` ~fa~ef. _mjw ~radfg

w~fgjgheez mhw tmrff kfz abdfgtjsfw4

• Fejlj`htjì ar rfofwji`jì ljwivjofo w~fòjì ~rai

hò th} f}~fòjtvrfw% agvwfo a` ~rjarjtz hrfhw wvgm

mfhetm ghrf% f`friz% hò fovghtja`

• Baawtjì iasfr`lf t ~raovgtjsjtz bz wtrfhlej j`

lh`hiflf`t hò wtrfìtmf`jì a~frhtja`w j` tmf hrf

mvlh` rfwavrgfw% jàrlhtja` tfgmàeaiz% hò ~ragvrf

• Bvjeojì h cavòhtja` car wlhrtfr ofgjwja`,lhkjì

f`mh`gjì trh`w~hrf`gz hò ~frarlh`gf

lfhwvrflf`t hò fshevhtja`

Hbavt Wgjf`gf rairfww

Wgjf`gf ^rairfww% h ~radfgt a tmf Gf`tfr ar Hlfrjgh`

^rairfww% jw ofwji`fo ta jl~rasf ~vbejg vòfrwthòjì

a wgjf`gf hò tfgmàeaiz hò ta wmayghwf f}gjtjì%

~rairfwwjsf jofhw hbavt tmf lh`z yhzw j` ymjgm

iasfr`lf`t hò gjtjf`w gh` efsfrhif j`àshtja` ar tmfgalla` iaao. Wj`gf jtw j`gf~tja` j` tmf hee a 2>>9% Wgjf`gf

^rairfww mhw mfe~fo wmh~f tmf ga`sfrwhtja` hbavt avr

gav`trz‚w j`sfwtlf`t j` wgjf`gf.

rewiring the federal government for competitiveness: a new cabinet department for the 21st century

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