revolving race around recidivism and prison labor zack cairns
TRANSCRIPT
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Revolving Race around Recidivism and Prison LaborZACK CAIRNS
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Research Question How does the implementation of state prison work, educational, and vocational programs in OR, MN, WA affect recidivism rates and post-incarceration employment of racial groups?
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Hypothesis States with lower recidivism rates will have more whites imprisoned than states with high recidivism rates.
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Why these programs? Prison labor
◦ Federal Prison Industries (FPI) or UNICOR employs over 12,000 inmates to produce goods and provide services in exchange for developing qualities necessary for employment after prison
Education◦ Basic (ABE), secondary (GED), and post-secondary
Vocational◦ Training employment skills as well as trade-specific skills
Work Release◦ Inmates with 8 months remaining in their sentence may qualify for employment outside of prison and
are housed in alternate detention centers
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Why these states? Minnesota: highest recidivism rate - 61.2%
Oregon: lowest recidivism rate - 22.8%
Washington: recidivism rate increase of 10% between 2002-2007
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Why racial groups? Racial disparities persist beyond sentencing policy
Felon disenfranchisement
Questions the efficacy of our policies
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Competing Views of Incarceration
◦ Robert P. Weiss◦ “In exchange for enhanced labor rights, prisoner-workers are offered a category of citizenship lower than accorded free workers […]
This confronts prisoners in the“postmodern” penitentiary with a dilemma familiar to their free-world counterparts in the penal circuit: Stick to idleness and isolation, or work at hyperexploitative social production.”
◦ Hadar Aviram◦ “The focus on private actors as the bogeymen of American incarceration belies a naïve understanding of neoliberal politics and a
gross underestimation of the extent to which everyone—private and public actors alike—respond to market pressures and conduct their business,including correctional business […].”
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Intervening Actors Private Companies
Legislators
State Prisons
Government Agencies
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Minnesota State population: 5,420,380
◦ White: 86.2%◦ Black: 5.7%◦ Hispanic: 5%◦ American Indian: 6.5%
◦ Prison population: 9,986
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Racial Disparities
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Vocational Program – Affordable Homes Program (1998-2008)
◦ 350 person work crew program managed by Minnesota Department of Corrections in order to construct affordable housing, cut state costs, and train inmates
◦ Eligible prisoners – adult males◦ Exhibit good behavior◦ No violent actions/disturbances in past six months◦ Paid $1.00-$1.50/hr
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Program Results
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Work Release Programs
3,570 offenders were released between 2007-2010
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Washington State population: 6,971,406
◦ White: 81.2%◦ Black: 4%◦ Hispanic: 11.9%◦ American Indian: 6.5%Prison population: 18,233
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Racial Disparities
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Work Release Programs Study 1: Statewide findings of work release
◦ Hispanics were less likely to apply for work release than whites or blacks
◦ 40% of black and Hispanic were returned to prison compared to 25% white
Study 2: Impact of work release on recidivismOffenders with a prior history of cocaine were more likely to receive infractions
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Education WA legislators prioritize PSE
Increased funding to the Early Childhood Education Assistance Program in 2006 rather than invest in a new prison
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Oregon State Population: 3,930,065
◦ White: 88.1%◦ Black: 2%◦ Hispanic: 12.3%◦ American Indian: 1.8%Prison Population:
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Racial Disparities
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Prison Labor The Prison Reform and Inmate Work Act (Measure 17) passed in 1994 requiring all inmates to be at work or enrolled in training programs 40-hours a week
Inmates are assigned to work crews and work alongside with state departments and communities
Develop practical skills and a strong work ethic
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Work Release For many states, technical violations are the reason for reverse reentry rather than new crimes
SB 267 requires evidence-based practices for drug and alcohol treatment
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Analysis Sociocultural
◦ Minnesota – Racial disparities in prison populations and vocational programs
◦ Oregon – History of inmate labor
Socioeconomic◦ Washington – the decision to invest in education over prison construction
is telling of how legislators look for cost-effective solutions◦ Minnesota – employment favors a small segment of the prison population
*Political Institutions Oregon – SB 567, Measure 17 ◦ Post-prison policies are unforgiving in other states◦ Oregon - Referendum allows for testing new ideas Legal Institution◦ Washington – Work release programs favor whites◦ Minnesota – Work release programs disfavor minorities
Recidivism
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Bibliographyhttp://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/cats/law_enforcement_courts_prisons.html - US census
http://www.sentencingproject.org/doc/publications/rd_stateratesofincbyraceandethnicity.pdf
file:///C:/Users/Zack/Downloads/NorthcuttBohmert_Duwe_2011_CJPR-libre%20(1).pdf
http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0347.pdf
http://www.prisonpolicy.org/profiles/MN.html
http://www.prisonpolicy.org/profiles/WA.html
http://www.indiana.gov/idoc/files/Work_Release1.pdf
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-IXeXxY4twLM/TbiCWrqFaRI/AAAAAAAAAWg/3bZuY_Xe7X0/s1600/Untitled%2B2.jpg
file:///C:/Users/Zack/Downloads/SSRN-id2492782%20(1).pdf