revista de ciencia y desarrollo sostenible en paraguay - paraquaria - diciembre 2014 - vol 2 num 2 -...

7/23/2019 REVISTA DE CIENCIA Y DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE EN PARAGUAY - PARAQUARIA - DICIEMBRE 2014 - VOL 2 NUM 2 -

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KNVJS @FGVNTGJE@S

NDH@VGQN

@e Ndh`tgvn f` ej T`vgstj Cg`ktagcj _jrjqujrgj Kjturje s e f` i`k`rjruk b`fgn f` fgausgk tckgcj f` ens trjdjhns rèjcgnkjfns j gkv`stgijcgksndr` ej dgnfgv`rsgfjf, usns f` ej dgnfgv`rsgfjf n jsp`ctns rèjcgnkjfns jej jktrnpnenij, sncgnenij, cnknbj y pnetgcjs pdegcjs qu` t`kijk qu`v`r cnk è f`sjrrneen snst`kgde` k _jrjiujy. F` jm su knbdr` _jrjquj-rgj, jktgiun knbdr` cnk e cuje s` gkfgcjdj j ej _rnvgkcgj Igijkt` f` ejsGkfgjs. @stj r`vgstj surig cnbn k`c`sgfjf f` fncub`ktjcgk nagcgje fèns trjdjhns f`sjrrneejfns prgkcgpjeb`kt` j trjvs f` ens fgstgktns prny`c-tns qu` ej Jsncgjcgk Iuyrj _jrjiujy vg`k` h`cutjkfn, n qu` t`kijk qu`v`r cnk èens. @ktr` ens Ndh`tgvns S`cukfjrgns pnf`bns cgtjr8

:. I`k`rjr uk `spjcgn vegfn pjrj ej fgvueijcgk f` ens trjdjhns cg`k-tagcns y tckgcns r`jegzjfns pnr Iuyrj _jrjiujy y `ktgfjf`s/gk-v`stgijfnr`s jsncgjfns.

4. Fncub`ktjr ens cnkncgbg`ktns jfqugrgfns `k rèjcgk j ejs GDJs yntrjs r`js f` gkt`rs fè pjs.

3. _rnv``r ej npnrtukgfjf pjrj cgtjr ens trjdjhns r`jegzjfns `k è bjr-cn f` ej `h`cucgk f` ens prny`ctns f` cnks`rvjcgk f`ktrn f` ukbjrcn anrbje (cjpgtjegzjr `xp`rg`kcgjs).

6. I`k`rjr djs`s tckgcjs cg`ktagcjs pjrj è bjk`hn f` r`js kjturj-e`s `k vgstj fè f`sjrrneen snst`kgde`.

0. Cnkv`rtgrs` `k ukj pudegcjcgk gkf`xjfj.

VTJDJHNS ZP@ _P@F@K S@T _PDEGCJFNS

Sg dg`k, ej r`vgstj s` `kancjr pjrtgcuejrb`kt` `k è t`bj jv`s, prnpgnfè ndh`tgvn gkstgtucgnkje f` Iuyrj _jrjiujy, kn s` duscj cr`jr ukj r`-vgstj k`tjb`kt` nrkgtneigcj f`dgfn j ej vjrg`fjf t`btgcj f` ens prny`c-tns f`sjrrneejfns pnr Iuyrj _jrjiujy j en ejrin f` su mgstnrgj. Vjbpncns` duscj egbgtjr ej t`btgcj j uk bdgtn dgneigcn f`dgfn j ejs k`c`sgfj-f`s f` cnkncgbg`ktns buetgs`ctnrgje`s pjrj è f`sjrrneen f` bjrcns f`f`sjrrneen snst`kgde` vegfns. Ens t`bjs sui`rgfns jdjrcjk8

:. T`suetjfns f` trjdjhns f` nds`rvjcgk f` jv`s, egstjfns, cm`c-legsts, ku`vns rìgstrns, jvgajukj

4. @stufgns f` pndejcgnk`s sgev`str`s f` cujequg`r irupn3. T`suetjfns f` bnkgtnr`ns f` ej dgnfgv`rsgfjf6. @stufgns dntkgcns y anr`stje`s0. T`suetjfns f` trjdjhns sncgje`s1. T`suetjfns y jvjkc`s f` ens trjdjhns f` r anr`stjcgk y r`stjurj-

cgk `cneigcj9. Jkegsgs SGI sndr` bnkgtnr`ns fè cjbdgn f` usn fè suèn, jk-

egsgs IJ_ y ntrns=. Fàgkgcgk y cjrjct`rgzjcgk f` cn-rìgnk`s/ sudrìgnk`s `cn-

eigcjs7. @stufgns bne`cuejr`s sndr` `sp`cg`s sgev`str`s:?. @stufgns sncgn`cnkbgcns y f` f`sjrrneen sust`ktjde`.::. @stufgns sncgje`s y jktrnpneigcns f` rè`vjkcgj pjrj è usn f` ej

dgnfgv`rsgfjf:4. Cnkcg`kcgjcgk, cg`kcgj cgufjfjkj y trjdjhns rèjtgvns j ej cjpj-

cgtjcgk f` i`kt`.

_NEVGCJS @FGVNTGJE@S

@e bjrcn rà`r`kcgje pjrj ej jc`ptjcgk y `scrgturj f` jrtcuens cg`ktag-cns s` djsj k e bjt`rgje f` rà`r`kcgj8 T`fjccgk Vckgcj y Cg`ktagcjf` _rny`ctns y V`sgs J. J. Wjknsly (4??:). Sgk `bdjrin, pjrj fàgkgrens r`qugsgtns prnpgns f` ukj r`vgstj cg`ktagcj s` jpegcjrk ens crgt`rgns yanrbjs pr`-`stjde`cgfjs sìk ej pudegcjcgk @cneniy & Sncg`ty (v`r8www.`cneniyjkfsncg`ty.nri/), qu` tg`k` uk ndh`tgvn sgbgejr j `stj pudeg-cjcgk (pudegcjcgk f` vjrgjs fgscgpegkjs). Ens trjdjhns `kvgjfns pu`f`kcnrr`spnkf`r j Gkv`stgijcgnk`s(Jrtcuens Cg`ktagcns n _jp`rs) n j Kn-tjs Cg`ktagcjs. Sen ejs gkv`stgijcgnk`s s`rk jrdgtrjfjs y, kn ndstjkt`,ejs Kntjs s`rk sup`rvgsjfjs pnr ens `fgtnr`s.

GKQ@SVGIJCGNK@S

Jrtcuens Cg`ktagcns8 Sudbgsgnk`s jdg`rtjs Suh`tns j T`vgsgk(_``r r`vg`w`f)

@stns cnbpr`kf`k jrtcuens djsjfns `k r`suetjfns f` gkv`stgijcgnk`s

nrgigkje`s. @e jrtcuen `k e`trjs kn pu`f` `xc`f`r f` 0.??? pjejdrjs,p`rn pu`f` cnkt`k`r uk kb`rn rjznkjde` f` jpkfgc`s f` cujequg`rtgpn (tjdejs, iragcns, cujfrns f` t`xtns, agiurjs, `tc.). S` r`cnbg`kfjej anrbj dsgcj f` tnfn tgpn f` gkv`stgijcgk cnk ejs pjrt`s8 T`sub`k/

Jdstrjct Gktrnfuccgk Btnfns Fgscusgk Cnkceusgnk`s Jirjf`cgbg`ktns y Dgdegnirjaj. S` ajvnr`c`rk jpkfgc`s f` tjbjnscnksgf`rjde`s sen k ens cjsns f` egstjfns f` sp`cg`s n f` strgctj k`c`-sgfjf. Ens jrtcuens pnfrk s`r `scrgtns `k @spjne n Gkies.

Ejs rìejs f` `scrgturj s` djsjrk `k ens sgiug`kt`s puktns8

Vtuen y r`sub`k dgegki`, `spjne ` gkies.

_jejdrjs cejv`8 f`d`k jsgikjrs` je b`kns cujtrn pjejdrjs cejv`, sg-iug`kfn ej sgiug`kt` eigcj h`rrqugcj8 Fgscgpegkj, @cnrìgk n rìgki`niragcj, irupn f` `sp`cg` n `sp`cg`, r`suetjfn n f`scudrgbg`ktn bsrè`vjkt`, Q`r h`bpen.

Gktrnfuccgk Btnfn Fgscusgk Cnkceusgnk`s Jirjf`cg-bg`ktns y Dgdegnirjaj f`d`k s`r `scrgtns `k @spjne n `k Gkies.Ejs cgtjcgnk`s sìugrk j ens anrbjtns `stjde`cgfns pnr @cneniy jkfSncg`ty v`r8 mttp8//www.`cneniyjkfsncg`ty.nri/jdnut/sudbgssgnks.pmp#sudbgssgnk.

Vnfjs ejs gbi`k`s s` f`knbgkjrk Agiurjs, yj s`jk antns, fgduhns,bjpjs, fgs`ns u ntrns. Vjbdgk pu`f`k pr`s`ktjrs` iragcns `k ens cj-sns f` jkegsgs `stjfstgcns `sp`cgje`s ens qu` s` cnksgf`rjrk tjbdgk

cnbn Agiurjs. Ej b`kcgk k e t`xtn pu`f` s`r Agiurj/Agiur` #n(Agi. #), KN cgtjr v`r agiurj #.

@e r`stn f` ej gkanrbjcgk pu`f` pr`s`ktjrs` `k anrbj f` Vjdejsjt`kfg`kfn j pr`s`ktjr ej anrbj sgbpegagcjfj f` tjdejs, `s f`cgr cnk ukjek`j je ttuen y je agkje f` ej tjdej, sgk ek`js s`pjrjfnrjs f` cneubkjs.

@e gfgnbj f` djs`(`spjne n gkies) `s è qu` ee`vj e`trj knrbje. Vnfjsejs b`kcgnk`s `k gfgnbjs fga`r`kt`s f`d`rk ee`vjr cursgvj.

F`d` sìugrs` ejs sgiug`kt`s r`cnb`kfjcgnk`s je bnb`ktn f` `scrgdgrejs pjrt`s, jt`kfg`kfn sg`bpr` j bjxgbgzjr ej `cnknbj f` pjejdrjs(`vgt` prrjans cnbpegcjfns, us` arjs`s sgbpe`s y fgr`ctjs s`pjrjfjs pnrpuktns).

CGVJS @K @E V@]VNS` f`d`k sìugr ejs sgiug`kt`s rìejs f` cgtjcgk f` jutnr`s, k e cu`rpnfè t`xtn, cnbn sgiu`8 Ens stgens s` djsjk k ej anrbj dsgcj i`k`rje qu``s (Jutnr jn) n Jutnr (jn) \p.`h. ejs jv`s bgirjtnrgjs pnsjk k ej Djmj(Cejy 4??0)< n Cnbn jagrbj Cejy (4??0) ejs jv`s pnsjk k ej DjmjR.KN Ee`vj gkgcgje`s, kg cnbj, kg v`r, kg puktn ktr` jutnr y jn.

F`spus s` pr`s`ktj ukj vjrg`fjf f` cjsns qu` snk8

j. (Jutnr : y Jutnr 4 jn) n Jutnr : y Jutnr 4 (jn) `k è cjsnf` fns jutnr`s.

d. (Jutnr `t je. jn) n Jutnr `t je. (jn) pjrj tr`s n bs jutn-r`s.Je.Ee`vj puktn pnr s`r jdr`vgjturj y i`k`rjeb`kt` s` pnk``k gtegcjyj qu` `s ukj jdr`vgjcgk ejtgkj `t je.2 `t jegg 2 yntrns8 y cnejdnrjfnr`s.

Kntj8 `k cjsn f` trjdjhns fga`r`kt`s ej bgsbj jutnrj y è bgsbn jn s`fga`r`kcgjk k Jn j, Jn dp.`h. Cejy (4??0j, 4??0d).

T@A@T@KCGJS DGDEGNITAGCJSEj Dgdegnirjaj cnksgstgr `k ukj egstj f` ejs pudegcjcgnk`s y sgtgns f` gk-t`rk`t cgtjfns k e t`xtn. F`d`k agiurjr sen ens jutnr`s cgtjfns, vgtjk-fn jirìjr pudegcjcgnk`s sgk rà`r`kcgjs. S` sgiu`k ejs gkfgcjcgnk`s pr`-s`ktjfjs pnr Wjknsly (4??:) y pjrj bjynr cejrgagcjcgk s` b`kcgnkjkjeiukjs r`cnb`kfjcgnk`s. Ejs rà`r`kcgjs cnbpe`tjs f` ej Dgdegnirjajtg`k` ukj structurj dsgcj y vjrgjs vjrgjkt`s f` jcu`rfn j sg s uk jpjr-tjfn f` uk egdrn cneìgjfn, sg `s uk egdrn n sg `s uk jrtcuen f` r`vgstj(pjp`r, ijc`tgeej) n sg `s uk sgtgn f` gkt`rk`t n uk gkanrb` gkt`rkngkceusn. @k i`k`rje ej `structurjs snk (f` ej dsgcj j ej bs cnbpe`hj)8

j. _jrj T`vgstjs8 Jpèegfn, Gkgcgje f` Knbdr`. Jn. Vtuen. T`vgstjknbdr`. Qne(K)8pji-pji - p.`h8

Cejy, T._. 4??0. Vnfn en qu` qugsn sjd`r sndr` Ej Djmgj f` Jsuk-cgk. Cnktgkij 43(4)8436-466

d. _jrj Egdrns8Jpèegfn, Gkgcgje f` Knbdr`. Jn. Vtuen. @fgtnrj. Cgu-fjf. _jis k tntje. _.`h8

Cejy, T._. 4??0. Jtejs f` ej Djmj f` Jsukcgk. Iuyrj _jrjiujy,Jsukcgk. 360pp

_jrjqujrgj KJVPTJE

T@QGSVJ F@ CG@KCGJ W F@SJTTNEEN SNSV@KGDE@ @K _JTJIPJW

c. Egdrns y r`vgstjs pjrj è cjsn f` FNS jutnr`s8 Jpèegfn, Gkgcgje f`Knbdr` fè :`r jutnr +y+ Gkgcgje f` Knbdr`s y Jpèegfn fè 4fnjutnr. Jn. Vtuen. T`vgstj knbdr`. Qne(K)8pji-pji, p.`h8

Cejy, T._. y J. Wjknsly. 4??0. Vnfn en qu` qugsn sjd`r sndr` EjDjmgj f` Jsukcgk. Cntgkij 43(4)8436-466KNVJ8 kn us` jkf n & n cnbjs ktr` jutnr`s, sen e prgb`rjutnr gkvg`rt` su jpèegfn.

f. Qjrgns jutnr`s8Jpèegfn, Gkgcgje f` Knbdr`, Gkgcgje f` Knbdr`(puk-tn) Jpèegfn, Gkgcgje f` Knbdr` Jpèegfn, ....(mjstj cnbpe`tjr ens ju-tnr`s tje cnbn s` cgtj `k ej ndrj) + y + Gkgcgje f` Knbdr` Jpèegfn.Jn. Vtuen. T`vgstj knbdr`. Qne(K)8pji-pji _jrj è cjsn f` tr`sn bs jutnr`s... gf`b `k egdrns. S` pnk`k tnfns ens jutnr`s. _.`h8

Cejy, T._., J. Wjknsly, H. Cnrncmn, H.E. _r`z y E. Ep`z. 4??0.Vnfn en qu` qugsn sjd`r sndr` Ej Djmgj f` Jsukcgk. Cnktgkij43(4)8436-466

`. Egdrns cneìgjfns8 Jpèegfn, Knbdr` + Jn + Vtuen + Gk +Jpèegfn, Knbdr` fè(ns) `fgtnr(`s) + ( @f.) + Vtuen. + @fgtnrj+ Cgufjf + _ji-pji (fè cjptuen). _jrj cjptuens f` egdrns cne`-igjfns. _.`h.

Cejy, T._. 4??0. Vnfn en qu` qugsn sjd`r sndr` Ej Djmgj f` Jsuk-cgk. Gk Cjrt`s, H.E. (@f.) Egdrn f` r`js Gbpnrtjkt`s pjrj ejCnks`rvjcgk f` ejs Jv`s k _jrjiujy. Iuyrj _jrjiujy. Jsukcgk436-466ppI`k`rjeb`kt` s` jcnstubdrj cgtjr j tnfns ens jutnr`s kcjrijfns fèj `fgcgk (i`k`rjeb`kt` kn bs f` tr`s).

KNVJS CG@KVAGCJS N VCKGCJS

Ejs kntjs pu`f`k cnksgstgr `k r`vgsgnk`s f` egdrns, r`vgstjs, ntrjs pudeg-cjcgnk`s, cnb`ktjrgns, vgjh`s, n kntjs f` gkt`rs pdegcn. Ej anrbj f``stj s`ccgk `s egdr`, kn ndstjkt` f`d` sìugr ens fègk`jbg`ktns f` usnf` tgpn, egk`jfn, kn f`d` ee`vjr agiurjs n tjdejs k en pnsgde` y bgkgbgzjrej dgdegnirjaj.

S` jeg`ktj tjbdgk je `kvn f` jrtcuens f` cjrct`r mgstrgcn, r`vgsgnk`sf` `xp`fgcgnk`s pjsjfjs n cnb`ktjrgns qu` mjc`k j ej cueturj y cnkncg-bg`ktn i`k`rje. @stjs kntjs f`d`k tjbdgk djsjrs` `k crgt`rgns segfns,rà`r`kcgjs r`cnkncgfjs y cg`rtn `sprgtu f` r`vgsgk crtgcj y prna`sgnkjefè t`bj f`sjrrneejfn.

Ens `fgtnr`s s` tnbjrk ej pnt`stjf f` r`vgsjr ejs Kntjs, ` gkceusn f`cnksuetjr j `xp`rtns r`cnkncgfns `k è r`j pjrj su r`vgsgk.

@KQN F@ BJKPSCTGVNSEns bjkuscrgtns f`d`k `stjr `k e`trj CJEGDTG :?. Ens prrjans f`d`kt`k`r uk spjcgjfn f` :,0. Ens ttuens f`d`k cnrr`spnkf`rs` j en pejkt`-jfn jrrgdj, mjstj sudttuen :. F`d`k `stjr anrbjt`jfns `k mnhj VjbjnJ6. F`d`k ee`vjr ukj pjigkjcgk sgbpe` jdjhn j ej f`r`cmj.

KN F@D@ T@JEGXJTS@ KGKIKJ @FGCGK, KG JCVGQJT JPVN-BJVGSBNS, KG JIT@IJT AGIPTJS W VJDEJS.

S` f`d` `scrgdgr f` ej anrbj bs s`kcgeej y sgbpe` pnsgde`, sgk `kcjd`zj-fns kg pg` f` pigkj.

Ejs agiurjs y tjdejs, f`dgfjb`kt` rà`r`kcgjfjs `k è t`xtn, f`d`k jir`-ijrs` `k mnhjs s`pjrjfjs je agkje fè trjdjhn. Pkj (:) pigkj pnr cjfjtjdej n agiurj. @k cjsn f` jk`xns, `stns s` f`d`k kub`rjr Jk`xn :,Jk`xn 4, y jirìjrens f`spus f` ejs tjdejs y agiurjs.

Ens trjdjhns f`d`k s`r `kvgjfns j8 pjrjqujrgj.`fgtnrOibjge.cnb y r`cg-dgrk ukj cnkagrbjcgk f` r`c`pcgk.

_TNC@SN F@ T@QGSGK W JTDGVTGN

@e pnstuejkt` f`d` prnpnk`r je b`kns uk r`vgsnr f` su trjdjhn. F` kn s`rjs, ens `fgtnr`s s` iujrfjk è f`r`cmn f` gkvgtjr j prna`sgnkje`s fè r`jpjrj qu` r`vgs`k ens trjdjhns.

Ens `fgtnr`s r`jegzjrk ukj prgb`rj r`vgsgk fè bjt`rgje `kvgjfn pjrj

jsìurjr ukj bkgbj cjegfjf f` `scrgturj (f` anrbj y f` nrtnirjaj/s`bktgcj). _nst`rgnrb`kt`, s`rk cnksuetjfns ens rdgtrns gkvgtjfns y/nr`cnb`kfjfns. Ej r`vgsgk kn furjr bs f` tr`s b`s`s f`sf` ej pr`pj-rjcgk f` ej `fgcgk fè kb`rn cnrr`spnkfg`kt`.

_`rgnfgcgfjf

_jrjiujrgj Kjturje `s ukj r`vgstj s`b`strje, cnk fns kb`rns pnr jn.Sgk bdjrin s` sp`rj qu` k ens prxgbns kb`rns s` pu`fj jub`ktjrej cjktgfjf ` gkceusn ejkzjr kb`rns `sp`cgje`s sndr` t`bjs `sp`cagcnsf` gkt`rs.

_udegcjcgk

Ej pudegcjcgk s`r `k v`rsgk fgigtje f` ej r`vgstj (_FA) cnk su cnrr`s-pnkfg`kt` kb`rn f` GSSK, fgspnkgde` `k ej w`d f` Iuyrj _jrjiujy.

GKVTNFPCCGK@e bntgvn n prnpsgtn f` su gkv`stgijcgk f`d` jpjr`c`r k ej Gktrnfuccgk. @k cujktn pejkt`` ej(s) prìuktj(s), tjbdgkdusqu` r`spnkf`r j ens pejkt`jbg`ktns, y `ktnkc`s prnv``r jeiukj gkanrbjcgk f` ej djs` mgstrgcj qu` s`j `strgctjb`kt`k`c`sjrgj pjrj cnbpr`kf`r fgcmjs prìuktjs.

BVNFN(S)

_rnv`j ej gkanrbjcgk suagcg`kt` pjrj qu` su trjdjhn s`j cnbpr`ksgde` y r`pegcjde` pnr ntrns. F`d` gkcnrpnrjr ukj cejrjf`scrgpcgk f` su fgs`n `xp`rgb`ktje, sus prnc`fgbg`ktns f` bu`str`ns js cnbn ens prnc`fgbg`ktns `stjfstgcns utgeg-zjfns. Sg utgegzj prnfuctns bjkuajcturjfns f`d` prnv``r ej bjrcj y rìgstrn fè bgsbn, y f` s`r pnsgde` è kb`rn fèbnfèn. _rnv`j f` ejs cgtjcgnk`s cnbpe`tjs gkceuy`kfn jutnr(`s) n `fgtnr(`s), y è ttuen, jn y kb`rn f` v`rsgk pjrjens cjsns f` snatwjr`s.

Kntj8 s` `bpe`j ej pjejdrj Btnfn y kn B`tnfnenij

T@SPEVJFNS Ens r`suetjfns f`d`k s`r cnkcgsns y sgk kgkiukj gkt`rpr`tjcgk. _u`f` ndvgjrs` ` gkceugrs` tnfn cnbn pjrt` f` Fgscu-sgk sg `s f` prà`r`kcgj fè jutnr.

FGSCPSGK

@kaqu`s` `k ens jsp`ctns jvjejfns pnr su `stufgn, `vgtjkfn gkt`rpr`tjcgnk`s qu` `scjpjk je jecjkc` fè bgsbn. Cugfj-fnsjb`kt` f`d` fga`r`kcgjr ens r`suetjfns f` su `stufgn f` ens fjtns ndt`kgfns f` ntrjs au`kt`s. Gkt`rpr`t` sus r`suetjfns,rèjcgkèns cnk ens r`suetjfns f` gkv`stgijcgnk`s pr`vgjs, y fgscutj ejs gbpegcjkcgjs. F`stjqu` ens r`suetjfns qu` knjfbgt`k `sp`cuejcgnk`s n ejs cnkceusgnk`s f` ej gkv`stgijcgk jkt`rgnr, qu` s`jk ndh`tgvjs. _u`f` èìgr gkcnrpnrjr ukjsud-s`ccgk fnkf` pr`s`kt` jeiukjs ku`vjs gf`js, mgpt`sgs jet`rkjtgvjs n r`cnb`kfjcgnk`s qu` suig`rj jeiukns f` susr`suetjfns, n qu` cnbpjr` y cnktrjst` su gkv`stgijcgk cnk ntrjs r`js n pjrj pnsgcgnkjr jeiukjs ku`vjs prìuktjs cnbnr`suetjfn f` su stufgn, y fnkf` suig`rj j eiukjs anrbjs f` r`spnkf`r j ejs bgsbjs. @stj sud-s`ccgk f`d`r fga`r`kcgjrs`rjfgcjeb`kt` f` ej jkt`rgnr djhn ens ttuens f` _nsgde`s jecjkc`s, Gbpegcjkcgjs auturjs n Bs jee f` ens r`suetjfns.

CNKCEPSGK Sg ens r`suetjfns y ejs gka`r`kcgjs ndt`kgfjs jb`rgtjk, s` r`cnbg`kfj r`sjetjr ejs cnkceusgnk`s prgkcgpje`s snst`kgfjs pnrsu `stufgn.

DGDEGNITJAJ Ej Dgdegnirjaj s` ràg`r` j ej egt`rjturj cnksuetjfj pjrj r`jegzjr è `stufgn. F`d` cnk uk `spjcgn dejkcn `ktr` cgtjs f` ejegstj y sìugr ens cjsns gkfgcjfns.


3/13

_JTJZPJTGJ KJVPTJE 0?

0:

04

1:

11

FGCG@BDT@ 4?:6 CNKV@KGFN

Jsukcgk au` f`cejrjfj Cjpgtje Q`rf` f` Gd`rnjbrgcj `k è bjrcn f` ej]QG Jsjbde`j _e`kjrgj f` ej Pkgk f` Cgufjf`s Cjpgtje`s Gd`rnjb`rgcjkjs(PCCG) ee`vjfn j cjdn k Du`kns Jgr`s, Jri`ktgkj, ens fjs 40 y 41 f` s`p-tg`bdr` fè cnrrg`kt` jn. Iuyrj _jrjiujy r`jegz ej hustgagcjtgvj tckgcj qu`cnksnegfj è cnkncgbg`ktn dgneigcn f` ej Cgufjf f` Jsukcgk, cjpgtje f` ejT`pdegcj fè _jrjiujy. Ens vjenr`s f` rgqu`zj f` `sp`cg`s snk cnktukf`kt`s,cnk ukj rgcj dgnfgv`rsgfjf cnkncgfj f` v`rt`drjfns ` gkv`rt`drjfns, y cnkrjr`zjs cnbn ejs bgirjcgnk`s f` jv`s y egdeuejs, ej pr`s`kcgj f` `spnkhjs ycjbjrnk`s fuec`jcucnejs, y ukj jetj jdukfjkcgj f` `sp`cg`s vì`tje`s kjtg-

vjs. @stj rgqu`zj f` `sp`cg`s r`spnkf` j ukj cnkaeu`kcgj f` `cnrrìgnk`s n`cn-rìgnk`s k ej cgufjf f` Jsukcgk.

Jsukcgk cu`ktj cnk 300 sp`cg`s f` jv`s rìgstrjfjs qu` cnrr spnkf` je 67%fè tntje f` ejs 9:0 sp`cg`s fè pjs, s f`cgr qu` cjsg ej bgtjf f` ej jvgajukjpjrjiujyj mj sgfn vgstj k Jsukcgk. Ens sgtgns cnk bs jv`s snk ej Djmj f`

Jsukcgk cnk 47? `sp`cg`s y è Hjrfk Dntkgcn cnk :1? `sp`cg`s. Ej Djmjjed`rij `sp`cg`s f` jv`s jcutgcjs y f` pjstgzje, y r`cgd` ej vgsgtj f` `sp`cg`sbgirjtnrgjs. @e Dntkgcn jed`rij sp`cg`s f` r`js jdg`rtjs y f` dnsqu`, k subjynrj r`sgf`kt`s f` tnfn e jn.

T`cnrf`bns qu` ukj r`cg`kt` pudegcjcgk (Jrnksnk`t je.4?:6), r`jegz ukjkegsgs f` ej cgufjf cnk bjynr cjktgfjf f` `sp`cg`s f` jv`s, qu` r`suets`r Sgkijpur cnk 31= `sp`cg`s, f` ejs cuje`s 369 snk `sp`cg`s kjtgvjs y 4:`xtgcjs, bg`ktrjs qu` k Jsukcgk sen fns f` ejs 300 sp`cg`s snk xtgcjs,f`hjkfn j Jsukcgk cnk 304 sp`cg`s f` jv`s, sup`rjkfn j cgufjf`s cnbn Ej_jz (Dnegvgj), Bèdnurk` (Justrjegj) y _nrtn Jeìr` (Drjsge).

Ej cnenij urdjkj s ukj cr`cg`kt` fgscgpegkj, ej cuje f`dgfn j ej bjynr urdj-kgzjcgk fè pejk`tj, cjfj v`z pr`s`ktj bjynr`s f`sjans. Ej @cnenij Prdjkjf`d` s`r ukn f` ens pgejr`s fè cnkncgbg`ktn k Jsukcgk. Ej cnenij urdjkjjsukc`j f`d`rj djsjr su `stufgn `k ejs gkt`rrèjcgnk`s `ktr` ens mjdgtjkt`sf` ej cgufjf y su r`j b`trnpnegtjkj, y sus betgpe`s gkt`rjccgnk`s cnk èjbdg`kt` `k è cuje `st gks`rtj ej cgufjf y sus mjdgtjkt`s. @k `stj fgscgpegkjmjy spjcgn kn sen pjrj è cjbpn t`rgcn cnk ej anrbjcgk, cnkc`ptns y t`n-rjs f` ej `cnenij trjfgcgnkje, sgkn tjbdgk cnk ejs gkt`rrèjcgnk`s cnk ntrjsfgscgpegkjs cnbn dgnenij, urdjkgsbn, `cnknbj, sncgnenij, jktrnpnenij,i`nirjaj, gki`kg`rj, f`r`cmn, mgstnrgj, ktr` ntrns.

@st` gbpnrtjkt` cjbpn f` f`sjrrneen kns gbpnk` uk `knrb` f`sjan f` cn-

kncgbg`ktn, pjrj cnktgkujr gkv`stgijkfn e stjfn jctuje f` ejs jv`s f` Jsuk-cgk, mjc`r sìugbg`ktn j sus pndejcgnk`s y tnbjr ejs b`fgfjs k`c`sjrgjs pjrjjsìurjr qu` ej rgqu`zj s` bjkt`kij, ejs `sp`cg`s cnk irjfns f` jb`kjzj s``kcu`ktr`k f`dgfjb`kt` prntìgfjs, y ejs jv`s cnbuk`s sgijk sg`kfn cnbu-k`s. @e knrb` f`sjan f` ej cnenij urdjkj k ej cgufjf cjpgtje f` ej T`p-

degcj fè _jrjiujy, cnksgst` `k ej cnkstruccgk f` sus gkfgcjfnr`s dgneigcnsy f` prnc`sns, qu` tnfns f`d`rjbns jfnptjr y cnb`kzjr j fjr sìugbg`ktn.

Ens @fgtnr`s

Fgcg`bdr` f` 4?:6

KNVJ F@ ENS @FGVNT@S8 Jsukcgk Cjpgtje Q`rf` f` Gd`rnjbrgcj

FGCG@BDT@ 4?:6 Iuyrj _jrjiujy

CNKS@HN @FGVNTGJEFgr`ctnr8 Fr. Jed`rtn WjknslyC@N Iuyrj _jrjiujy

S`cr`tjrj f` T`fjccgkBSc. H ns E. Cjrt`sGkv`stgijfnr Gkf`p`kfg kt`

S`cr`tjrj Jfhuktj f T`fjccgkBSc. _g`r Cjccgjeg SnsjGkv`stgijfnr Jsncgjfn

T@QGSNT@S SPSCTG_VNSFr. Jfrgk Fg IgjcnbnFrj. Cjrne EgvèyFrj. M`d Inkze zFr. Bjrgn Cjdr`rjFr. @fijrfn AentnFr. @krgqu` Ducm`rFr. A`rkjkfn Strjud`Fr. Aenyf Mjy`sFr. Hgb LusmejkFr. Hujk CjbpnsFr. Bjrcèn Lgtte gkFr. Tnd CejyFr. Tnd _npeFr. Tni`r Ygesnk

@FGCGK W FGJITJBJCGK8_g`r Cjccgjeg y Hns E. Cjrt`s

FGS@N @FGVNTGJESj Jr

JSNCGJCGK IPWTJ _JTJIPJWCNKS@TQJCGK F@ JQ@SIj`tjkn Bjrtgkn 4:0, C_ :0=1. CC ::34Jsukcgk, _jrjiujywww.iuyrj.nri.pyVès8 (+0704:) 443 019, 447 ?79Bjge8 iuyrj.pjrjiujyOiuyrj.nri.py

Tgsj Cgkcj _jrjqjrgj KjrjCgkcgjs Kjrjs, Fsjrr Sskj, _jrjjy. Sprgsjfj y jrgrjfj pr pjrs. F`r`cmns T`s`rvjfns pjtrgbnkgje`s f` ej Jsncgjcgk Iuyrj _jrjiujy. 4?:6Q`rsgk Nk Egk`8 www.yjyniuj.cnb.pyGSSK 43?7-0439Vtuen cejv`8 _jrjqujrgj kjturjeVtuen cejv` jdr`vgjfn8 _jrjqujrgj kjt.4?:6

SPSCTG_CGNK@S [email protected]

CNKSPEVJSsuscrgpcgnk`spjrjqujrgjOiuyrj.nri.pyVès8 (+070 4:) 443 019, 447 ?79

SIP@KNS

ajc`dnnl.cnb/iuyrjpjrjiujy

twgtt`r.cnb/iuyrjpjrjiujy

Kntj f` ens `fgtnr`s.

S`CCGK JTtCuenS

T@S@TQJ F@ _JVTGBNKGN F@E _P@DEN WSMGT8 VNDGCM @KVT@ EN SJITJFN W EN _TNAJKN

@krgqu` Drjijyrjc, Hns E. Cjrt`s.

S`CCGK KntJS

Fgstrg ducgk Fè ik`rn JtrJctus YJie`r, :=4= s`rp`kt `s, FgpsJFgFJ` `k pJrJiuJy, cnk cnb`k-VJTGNS SNDT@ SPS JAGKGFJF@S @CNEIGCJS.

Muin Cjdrje

nk c`rtJgk sp`cgb`ks r`pnrt`F anr pJrJiuJy dy a. scmJF` & r. bJsg pJeeJrs8 snutm`rk Ygi`nkJKJSSGDGEJVTG]Jv`s8 JkJtgFJ` JkF Jzur`-Ygki`F tJkJi`r t mrJupgs cyJknpt`rJ Jv`s8 tmrJupgFJ`

_jue Sbgtm, S`rign F. Tns Fjz


4/13

_JTJZPJTGJ KJVPTJE 03_JTJZPJTGJ KJVPTJE 04

DTJIJWTJC W CJTV@S 4?:6


F` ens jutnr`s.Cnk egc`kcgj xceusgvj j Iuyrj _jrjiujy.Drjijyrjc y Cjrt`s 4?:6. T`s`rvj f` pjtrg-bnkgn fè pu`den Wsmgr8 Vndgcm `ktr` ensjirjfn y en prnajkn_jrjqujrgj Kjt. 4(4)8 04 - 1?www.iuyrj.nri.py

@KTGZP@ DTJIJWTJC :

HNS E. CJTV@S 4

: Js`snr k Qjenrjcgk f e _jtrgbnkgnCueturje y Kjturje, Jsncgjcgk Iuyrj _jrjiujy.

`krgqu`.drjijyrjcOibjge.cnb

4 Gkv`sijfnr Gkf`p`kfg`kt`

Cjt. G _TNKGG. hecjrt`sOibjge.cnb

T`cgdgfn8 4= f` jdrge f` 4?:6

Jc`ptjfn8 := f` knvg`bdr` f` 4?:6

T`s`rvj f` pjtrgbnkgn fè pu`den Wsmgr8 Vndgcm`ktr` en sjirjfn y en prnajkn

T@SPB@K8

Ej T`s`rvj Vndgcm s ukj prnpg`fjf f`skjfj j ej -

iurj f` T`s`rvj f` _jtrgbnkgn WsmgrVndgcm, ndt`kg-

fj irjcgjs je trjdjhn cnejdnrjvn f` Iuyrj _jrjiujy

cnk ej Pkgk f` Cnbukgfjf`s Gkfi`kjs f` ej Kjcgk

Wsmgr(PCGKW). @st` prny`ctn surig sndr` ej djs` f`

uk prny`ctn f` fànr`stjcgk `vgtjfj (T@FF pnr sus

sgiejs k gkies) cnk e juspgcgn fè Ynref Ejkf Vrust,

fè T`gkn Pkgfn, y ej `bpr`sj eniscj Swgr` _jcgc

Nsmnr`. Ej p`rc`pcgk fè bukfn kjturje pnr ens

Wsmgr `k` ukj au`rt` cnkstruccgk cnsbnikgcj

pjkt`stj bgtneigcj, fnkf` cjfj e`b`ktn kjturje

`k` su pnsgcgk cueturje jf`cujfj. Ens è`b`ktns

dsgcns fè dnsqu`, sus `sp`cg`s f` rdne`s y pejk-

tjs, ej ajukj, è jiuj snk è`b`ktns cnkstuvns

f` ej gf`kfjf y anrbjs f` vgfj trjfgcgnkje Wsmgr. Ej

cnkstruccgk f` ej iurj f` T`s`rvj f` _jtrgbnkgn

Gkfi`kj r`spnkf` j `stns è`b`ktns cueturje`s jktrnpneigcns, y nar`c`k ukj ku`vj pnsgdgegfjf f`

ind`rkjkzj f` r`js prntìgfjs.

_JEJDTJS CEJQ@8 Cmjcn _jktjkje, T`s`rvj f`

_jtrgbnkgn Gkfi`kj, cueturj Wsmgr, r`js _rntìgfjs,

Ind`rkjkzj

JDSVTJ CV8

Vm` Vndgcm T`s`rv` gs j prnp`rty f`vnt`f tn tm` cjt`-

inry na Vndgcm Wsmgrs M`rgtji` T`s`rv`, gbpe`b`kt-

`f tmjkls tn j cneejdnrjv` wnrl d`tw``k Iuyrj

_jrjiujy jkf tm` Pkgnk na Gkfgi`knus Cnbbukg`s

na tm` Wsmgr Kjnk (PCGKW dy gts Spjkgsm jcrnkyb).

Vmgs prnh`ct gs djs`f nk jk jvngf`f fànr`stjnk

_rnh`ct (T@FF) ukf`r tm` spnksnrsmgp na Swgr` _jcgc

Nsmnr` enigscs, jkf tm` pjrtk`rsmgp na tm` Ynref

Ejkf Vrust. Vm` kjturje wnref gs p`rc`gv`f dy tm`

Wsmgr p`npe` arnb j cnsbninkgc pjktm`gsc bytm-

nenigcje cnkstrucnk, wm`r` `jcm kjturje è`b`kt

mjs gts jf`qujt` cueturje pnsgnk. Vm` anr`st djsgc

è`b`kts, gts sp`cg`s na tr``s jkf pejkts, ajukj jkf

wjt`r, jr` cnkstu`kts na tm` gf`kty jkf trjfgnkje

wjys na ega` Wsmgr. Vm` cnkstrucnk na j Gkfgi`knus

M`rgtji` T`s`rv` r`spnkfs tn tm`s` cueturje jkf jk-

tmrnpnenigcje è`b`kts, jkf n`rs j k`w pnssgdgegtyna prnt`ct`f jr`j inv`rkjkc`.

L@W YNTFS8Cmjcn _jktjkje, Gkfgi`knus _`npe`

M`rgtji` T`s`rv`, Wsmgr cuetur`, _rnt`ct`f Jr`js, In-

v`rkjkc`.

GKVTNFPCCGK

Ejs r`s`rvjs kjturje s snk dsgcjb`kt` r`js qu` au`rnk cr`jfjs`k sus cnbg`kzns cnk e k f` prntì`r ukn n bs rjsins kjturje`s

fè jbdg`kt`, p`rn qu` cnk e jvjkc` f` ejs pnecjs jbdg`ktje`s y

fè f`sjrrneen snst`kgde` s` fgv`rsgcjrnk kntnrgjb`kt k cujktn

j sus aukcgnk`s (Vnek y Ejstrj 4??=). Cnk e k f` mnkrjr ej jkc`s-trje rèjcgk f` ens pu`dens jdnri`k`s cnk ejs `rrjs jctujeb`kt`

v`fjfjs, s` rgig`rnk r`s`rvjs cuyj kjegfjf s`j bjkt`k`r ej jt-vgcj rèjcgk fè s`r mubjkn cnk su jbdg`kt` (Dnrrgkg-A`y`rjd`kf`t je. 4??6, Drnclgkitnk `t je. 4??1). @st` s e cjsn f` ejs r`s`rvjsf` pjtrgbnkgn gkfi`kj `k fnkf` s` prntì` è pjtrgbnkgn f` enspu`dens nrgigkjrgns. Mjstj ej a`cmj xgst` snejb`kt` uk jkt`c`f`k-t` f` f`cejrjcgk f` ukj T`s`rvj f` _jtrgbnkgn Gkfi`kj, cnk ejr`s`rvj _ukg` _jsng, fè _u`den Jynr`n k Jetn _jrjiujy (F`cr`tnK ::.91:/?=).

Bucmjs snk ejs r`s`rvjs n `rrjs gkfi`kjs `xgst`kt`s `k è

pjs. Sgk `bdjrin, tnfjs èejs r`spnkf`k j cg`rtjs cnkfgcgnk`s`stjde`cgfjs f`ktrn fè bjrcn eìje pjrjiujyn, pnr `h`bpen8 snkgkjeg`kjde`s, snk f` cjrct`r cnbukje fnkf` è Gkstutn _jrjiujyn

fè Gkfi`kj (GKFG) `s è rijkn r`spnksjde` fè cubpegbg`ktn fèjs e`y`s y r`gvgkfgcjcgnk`s t`rrgtnrgje`s gkfi`kjs, snk gkmjdgegtj-fjs pjrj ej `xpentjcgk jirnpu`cujrgj `stkfjr, `ktr` ntrns. Sgk`bdjrin, cjfj v`z snk bs pncjs ejs `rrjs gkfi`kjs qu` bjk -`k`k uk kgvè jf`cujfn f` cnks`rvjcgk f` sus r`cursns kjturj-e`s, f`dgfn j ej pjuprrgbj cnkfgcgk `cnkbgcj `k qu` vgv`k, èjrr`kfjbg`ktn f` sus `rrjs, n ej v`ktj f` bjf`rj, e`j y cjrdk

(Qzqu`z 4??1).

Ejs r`s`rvjs Jynr`n fè knrt` fè Cmjcn , cnbn ej _ukg` _jsng,snk ejs r`js qu` bs s` jprnxgbjk je cnkc`ptn f` T`s`rvj f`_jtrgbnkgn Gkfi`kj. Kn ndstjkt`, è m`cmn f` qu` ejs r`js knsnk bjk`hjfjs jcvjb`kt` pjrj su cnks`rvjcgk, mjc`k qu` `s -tjs r`s`rvjs stk nrg`ktjfjs cjsg k xceusgvgfjf je bdgtn sncgn-cueturje n sncgn-`cnkbgcn f` su cnrr`spnkfg`kt` pu`den gkfi`kj,gkf`p`kfg`kt`b`kt` f` qu` s`jk n kn usns trjfgcgnkje`s r`jegzj-fns k e r`j.

@k `st` trjdjhn s` `xpnk` ej prgb`rj `xp`rg`kcgj rìgstrjfj f` ejcnbprj f` ukj prnpg`fjf `k `stjfn kjturje, j trjvs f` b`cjkgs-bns rèjcgnkjfns j pjins pnr s`rvgcgns jbdg`ktje`s, `k d`k`cgn

fè _u`den gkfi`kj Wsmgr. @st` trjdjhn `k` ej gkt`kcgk f` fncu-b`ktjr ejs djs`s sncgn-jktrnpneigcjs f` ej vgsgk gkfi`kj sndr`è r`j jfqugrgfj. _nr ntrn ejfn, s` pr`t`kf` fncub`ktjr ukj `x-p`rg`kcgj xgtnsj f` ind`rkjkzj sncgnjbdg`ktje djsjfn k prny`c-tns f` cnks`rvjcgk rèjcgnkjfns j ens b`cjkgsbns f` pjin pnrfànr`stjcgk vgtjfj (T`fuccgk f` @bgsgnk`s pnr Fànr`stjcgk yFìrjfjcgk @vgtjfjs T@FF pnr sus sgiejs k gkies).

Ej r`s`rvj f` pjtrgbnkgn fè pu`den Wsmgr f`knbgkjfj Vndgcm, `stencjegzjfj `k è fgstrgtn f` Djmj Kìrj (Agi. :). Ej bgsbj s` udgcj`k e ktnrkn f` ejs cnbukgfjf`s gkfi`kjs qu` cnbpnk`k e pu`-den Wsmgrfè _jktjkje, js cnbn ejs ukgfjf`s f` cnks`rvjcgk fè_jrqu` Kjcgnkje Tn Kìrn y ej T`s`rvj Cmjcn _jktjkje/@stjcgkDgneigcj Vr`s Igijkt`s. Kn ndstjkt`, tjbdgk fgcmj rìgk `stjarnktjkfn è jvjkc` `k ej bnfgcjcgk f` ens pjgsjh`s kjturje`s

pnr bpr`kfgbg`ktns pjrj ijkjf`rgj xt`ksgvj y ntrns.

Ej T`s`rvj Vndgcmcnkstuy` ukj gkgcgjvj cnkhuktj f` prnt`ccgkf` uk t`rrgtnrgn dgncueturje (6.960 Mj), `ktr` ej Jsncgjcgk Iuyrj_jrjiujy, ej Pkgk f` Cnbukgfjf`s Gkfi`kjs f` ej Kjcgk Wsmgr(PCGKW) y è Ynref Ejkf Vrust (YEV/S_N). Ej bgsbj cnkstuy` uk

c`ktrn f` fgv`rsgcjcgk cueturje, y s` `stjde`cg `k è jn 4?::

pjrj rànrzjr ens f`r`cmns f` ens mjdgtjkt`s nrgigkje`s fè r`j y kpjrcuejr ens f`r`cmns t`rrgtnrgje`s, jutnknbj y egd`rtjf pjrj cnk-

huijr sus bnfns trjfgcgnkje`s f` vgfj, f`sjrrneejr y usjr sust`ktj-de`b`kt` su pjtrgbnkgn pjrj prny`ctjrs` je auturn (Iuyrj _jrjiujy4?::). Vnfn è prnc`sn au` f`sjrrneejfn djhn uk fgenin cnkkun

`ktr` Iuyrj _jrjiujy y è pu`den Wsmgry sus jsncgjcgnk`s, r`pr`-s`ktjfns pnr ej PCGKW, j bnfn f` ijrjkzjr ej pjrcgpjcgk pe`kj

fè pu`den k ej tnbj f` f`cgsgnk`s y k r`spu`stj j uk kanqu` f`f`r`cmns t`rrgtnrgje`s sndr` e r`j fè prny`ctn.

NTGI@K F@ EJ KJCGK

WSMGT

@e sgikgcjfn pjtrgbnkgje gf`kcjtnrgn

f` nrgi`k f` ej pndejcgk Wsmgr s` jhustj jfga`r`kt`s cnkt`xtns spjcgje`s y t`bpnrj-e`s. @e nrgi`k cueturje en udgcj k vjrgns bn-b`ktns (S`qu`rj 4??1)8 @e prgb`rn en udgcj`k ej kncm` f` ens `bpns fnkf` ej gkf` -kgcgk egkiscj `rj jein cnrrg`kt`. Ejs

pndejcgnk`s f`jbduejdjk pnr ej cnbjrcjcmjqu`j, sgk rubdn kg cnkncgbg`ktns pjrj

ej sudsgst`kcgj. Ej dv`fj cè`st` s` `k-cnktrjdj cudrg`kfn ej cnpj fè rdne @vytj(qu`drjcmn dejkcn), snstk prgkcgpje `ktr`è cgèn y ej `rrj. Ens arutns y ejs bgè`s sge-v`str`s susp`kfjk f` sus rjbjs y kn mjdjbjynr `sau`rzn, f` jprnvgsgnkjrs` f` jeg-b`ktns, mjstj qu` è rdne s` r`squ`drjh`,y è cgèn s` `xpjkfj mjcgj ej gkb`ksgfjf.Euìn, `k ntrn bnb`ktn jpjr`c` è buk-fn cueturje cnk ej grrupcgk f` ens prgb`rns

s`r`s bcns Jmkjpsr.@stns gkstruy`k jens prgb`rns i`ke`s. Ej fgvgkgfjf a`b`kgkj

@xkjkydrts` cnkvg`rt` `k ej prgb`rj gks-tructnrj f` ej aukfjcgk pndejcgnkje. Cr`jej structurj cekgcj. @ks`j ejs tckgcjs f`

sudsgst`kcgj, e`kiujs, vjenr`s, tjd`s jeg-b`ktjrgns, ej gbpnrtjkcgj f` ej r`pr`s`ktj-cgk rgtuje y è jrt` f` ejs peubjs. Gkstruy`sndr` ej cnkanrbjcgk f` djkfjs y ejs f`-knbgkj. Fgvgf` j ens yxgrnjdnri`k`s k Vn-brmns` Wvytsns. Mny stns cnkstuy`kè _u`den Wsmgr.

@e nrf`kjbg`ktn cnbukje fè pu`den Ws-mgrcnksgst` `k jcnbnfjr ejs vgvg`kfjs `kanrbj f` b`fgjeukj f`hjkfn uk crcuenc`r`bnkgje, è Mjrrj, fnkf` s` r`pr`s`k-tjk fjkzjs sjirjfjs. @s` `s è euijr fnkfèns bg`bdrns f` ej cnbukgfjf s` rùk`kpjrj jpr`kf`r, fgscur, rìgr, cjktjr, y ntrjs

jcvgfjf`s `k cnbk f` ens pndejfnr`s.

Vjbdgk `s è sgn fnkf` ens smjbjk`s

nrjk ejrijb`kt` y nrijkgzjk c`r`bnkgjs(Agi. 4). Ejs rùkgnk`s qu` jm `k`k euijr,

y j ejs cuje`s ejs buh`r`s `k`k v`fjfn è

jcc`sn, s` eejbjk Vndgcm, sg`kfn sjirjfny j fnkf` sen pu`f`k jsgsr ens vjrnk`s

jfuetns n Kjirjd(Nzukj & Bjrk`z cnb.p`r. 4?::, Iuyrj _jrjiujy y PCGKW 4?:3).Sìk rà`r`kt`s jctuje`s, e prgb`r Vndgcmau` `stjde`cgfn pnr ens Jmkjpzrnmjcgj ènrg`kt`, `k Kybycm-w`rt,ej `rrj rnhj, `kuk puktn cnkncgfn cnbn Ljrcmj Djeut(irjkcnkcmje) sndr` è rn _jrjiujy, mny _u`rtn:6 f Bjyn.

T@EJCGNK@S CNK SP

@KVNTKN

@ktr` ej ajukj cjrjct`rscj uegzjfj pnr

è pu`den Wsmgr s` pu`f` cgtjr je _ytykkn(Byrb`cnpmjij trgfjctyej8 Byrb`cnpmj-igfj`8 Bjbbjegj) (Agi. 3), è @gtypnrj (Vj-yjssu p`cjrg8 Vjyjssugfj`8 Bjbbjegj),è Jcyl trg` (_`cjrg tjhjcu8 Vjyjssugfj`8

Bjbbjegj), e Ygy`tn (Bjzjbj spp.8 C`r-vgfj`8 Bjbbjegj), è Jbnrbn (Fjsypusspp., Fjsypnfgfj`8 Bjbbjegj), è Kkkn(Vjpgrus t`rr`strgs8 Vjpgrgfj`8 Bjbbjegj) eVnr(E`npjrfus pjrfjegs8 Aègfj`8 Bjb-bjegj), è eypgt (_jktm`rj nkcj8 Aègfj`8Bjbbjegj), è _nbby (Tm`j jb`rgcjkj8Tm`gfj`8 Jv`s), y ej Jegcgtjx (Sykdrjkcmusbjrbnrjtus 8 Sykdrjkcmgfj`8 Jcknpt`ry-igg) ktr` ntrns. Jqugkn-Smust`r `t je. (:77:)r`jegzjrnk uk f`tjeejfn `stufgn sndr` ejm`rp`tnajukj uegzjfn pnr stjs tkgjs.

Vnfns `stns jkgbje`s `k`k ukj cnkkntj-cgk sgbdegcj `k è gbjigkjrgn fè pu`denWsmgr y bucmns f` èens kn s` cnb`k, sgk`bdjrin anrbjk pjrt` f` ejs e`y`kfjs quèns jkcgjkns e` cu`ktjk j su pu`den. Js pn-f`bns cgtjr uk rèjtn bcn sndr` è v`kj-fn, qu` s` r``r` j ej buh`r v`kjfn, sb-dnen f` ej prncr`jcgk. Ej gki`stj f` cjrk``s tjd pjrj ej buh`r pu`s sgikgcjrj cn-b`r su prnpgj cjrk`. Sgk bdjrin ej sjkir`

fè jkgbje ej cnksub`k jquèejs buh`r`scnk f`s`ns f` ukj a`cukfj prne`. Ej buh`rv`kjfn, js cnbn ej buh`r cg`rvn bcjs

snk sbdnens f` buh`r`s prncr`jfnrjs. Ensjfne`sc`kt`s f`d`k `vgtjr cnksubgr cjr-k` f` v`kjfn pu`s s` vnev`rk mugfgzns `grr`spnksjde`s, cjrjct`rscjs f` `stns jkg-bje`s sìk ej cnkc`pcgk Wsmgr. Vjbpncnens mnbdr`s, sjevn ens jkcgjkns, f`d`rjkcnb`r su cjrk`, pu`s sgikgcjrj ajetj f`

mnbdrj (GF@J 4??6).

Ens Wsmgr au`rnk sg`bpr` irjkf`s cnksu-bgfnr`s f` bgè. I`k`rjeb`kt` ej r`cni`kcnk ejs bjkns, xtrjykfnej f` ens trnkcnsf` ens rdne`s, sg`kfn stj ukj jcvgfjf k

cnnp`rjcgk ktr` jfuetns y hv`k`s (Nzukj& Bjrk`z cnb. p`r. 4?::). Sìk ej trj -fgcgk, è phjrn cjrpgkt`rn au` è prgb`rduscjfnr f` bgè. Ej prgb`rj bgè s` `k-cnktr k e prgb`r rbjb`ktn cè`sje8 @e

mnbdr` strèej @gcglrjdjh j ej `rrj pnrgkvgtjcgk f` ukj buh`r y s` cnkvgr k su

bjrgfn, jsìurjkfn jdukfjkt` prnvgsgkf` bgè yjt`. Sgk bdjrin, ej kvgfgj f` ensmnbdr`s mgzn qu` s` vnevg`rj je rbjb`k-tn. F` ej bgè @gcglrjs` pr`pjrj jenhj, `s-

p`cgjeb`kt` cujkfn jdukfjdj ej cjrk` f`nsn mnrbgiu`rn. @stj jenhj rj tjd pjrj ensjfne`sc`kt`s. Ej bgè Nsypnps` iujrfjdj`k irjkf`s cjejdjzjs n k au`kt`s f` djrrncncgfn y s` nds`qugjdj j ejs buh`r`s. @kvgjrukjs cjejdjzjs cnk bgè sgbdnegzjdj uk r`-cnkncgbg`ktn f` jyufj butuj n ej dsqu`-fj f` ukj rèjcgk f` jbgstjf.

Jf`bs f` ej uegzjcgk f` jkgbje`s y sus

prnfuctns, ens Wsmgr tjbdgk `bpe`jk sn-dr`bjk`rj ej nrj jsncgjfj pjrj jegb`ktn,

usns cnfgjkns y jrt`sjkjs. Pkj r`cnpgej-cgk f` ejs jrt`sjkjs y ejs bjt`rgjs prgbjs`bpe`jfjs pjrj een pnr ens Wsmgrau` pr`pj-rjfj pnr Qgr y Qgeejedj (4?:4). Sgk bdjrinej fànr`stjcgk y cjbdgn f` usn f` ej `rrj

prnvncj ukj sgikgcjvj b`rbj f` bucmjs

`sp`cg`s anr`stje`s y kn anr`stje`s usjfjs

pjrj sudsgst`kcgj. Vje `s è cjsn pjrcuejr

fè Iu`bd (Agi. 6) bjt`rgje uegzjfn pjrjjrt`sjkj, mny `scjsn `k ejs cnbukgfjf`sWsmgr `k ej znkj f` Djmj Kìrj f`dgfn j ejfgsbgkucgk f` dnsqu`s y ej cnks`cu`kt`sndr` cns`cmj, sìk rèjtjk ejs buh`r`sjrt`sjkjs f` sus cnbukgfjf`s. Ej jcvgfjf

f` cne`ctj f` nrj `s r`jegzjfj pnr ejs bu -h`r`s jrt`sjkjs f` ej cnbukgfjf, qug`k`sduscjk ej bjt`rgj prgbj fè dnsqu`, sè`c-cgnkkfnej f` jcu`rfn j ens pns f` usn

(Agi. 0). @k pjejdrjs f` ukj f` ejs jrt`sjkjsWsmgr ... f`sjpjr`c` e dnsqu`, f`sjpjr`cèj bjt`rgj prgbj, kn pnf`bns f`sjrrneejr-kns, p`rf`bns gkir`sn pnr ej v`ktj f` ej jr-t`sjkj. Ej bjt`rgj prgbj pjrj ej jrt`sjkjf`p`kf` `k uk =?% f` en qu` è dnsquè`s prnv``.

Mgstrgcjb`kt`, tjbdgk `s gbpnrtjkt`b`kcgnkjr qu` mjk bjkt`kgfn ukj rèj-cgk `sp`cgje cnk è jiuj8 snk cueturjs fèjiuj, fnkf` ej fgvgkgfjf, sìk b`kcgnkj

S`qu`rj (4??1), f`knbgkjkfn j ejs jiujsf` eeuvgj Nss`r entn, ejirgbjs f` ens Ns-s`rn phjrns f` ejs tnrb`ktjs. Fè jiuj`xtrj`k sus kub`rnsns r`cursns, jpjrt` fèj p`scj pnr `h`bpen, `stjde`c`k sus sgns

f` cjc`rj k ejs pncjs f` furj s`quj y f`cnkc`ktrjcgk f` jkgbje`s.

EJ AGKCJ W SPS T@CPTSNS

Ej vì`tjcgk f` Vndgcm s` cnbpnk` f`vjrgjs cnbukgfjf`s kjturje`s, cnbn snk eDnsqu` k _je`ncjuc`s (:07,=? Mj)< e Dns-qu` B`snx`rtn Djhn (4.40?,6 Mj)< e Dns -qu` B`snx`rtn k trjksgcgk cnk pjebjr

(469,3 Mj)< è Dnsqu` B`snx`rtn Jetn

(:.103,: Mj)< y ej Sjdjkj _jebjr (630 Mj),f` fnkf` ens pu`dens `xtrj`k fgv`rsjs `s-p`cg`s, bucmjs f` eejs pjrj usn fnbscn

y b`fgcgkje. Ens gkv`ktjrgns anr`stje`s r`jeg-zjfns mjk jrrnhjfn bs f` 36 `sp`cg`s r`-pr`s`ktjvjs, ktr` ejs qu` s` pu`f`k cgtjr8

è Zu`drjcmn cnenrjfn (Scmgknpsgs djejk-sj ), è Zu`drjcmn dejkcn (Jspgfnsp`rbjqu`drjcmn-dejkcn), Iujhjgvg (Cnrfgj jb`-rgcjkj), Iujhjyvg rg(Sgf`rnxyenk ndtusgan-egub), Iujyjck (Cj`sjepgkgj pjrjiujrg`k-sgs), _jen Tnsj (Jspgfnsp`rbjpyrganegub),_jen dejkcn (Cjeycnpmyeeub buenrub),Kgn jznt`(Cjeegjkfrj tw``fg`g), Sjktj Tgtjfè Cmjcn (Dnuijgkvgee`j spp.), Prukf`y(Jstrnkgub djejksj ), Jeijrrndn dejkcn(_rnsnpgs jedj) (Agi. 1), _jen Sjktn (Duek`-sgj sjrbg`ktng), Ljrjkfjy(Cnp`rkgcgj jedj)(Agi. 9), Iujgiug pgr`(Sjetj trgnrj) (Agi. =),`ktr ntrns (Iuyrj _jrjiujy 4?::). Cu`ktjkens rèjtns Wsmgrsndr` è jeijrrndn kìrn,qu` `s è rdne jer`f`fnr fè cuje s` huktjkejs jebjs xtrjvgjfjs f` ens kgns duscjkfn

è huin f` ej vgfj. @k jeiukns bgtns è je-ijrrndn `s è rdne f` ukgk `ktr` ej `rrj

y è rbjb`ktn, cujkfn è cgèn `rj kìrn,

sgk `strèejs y sgk ens smjbjk`s, qu` au`rnkens cr`jfnr`s f` vì`tje`s y mnbdr`s (GF@J4??6). Fè jeijrrndn s` mjcj tjbdgk ej


5/13


_JTJZPJTGJ KJVPTJE

T`S`TvJ F` _JtTGbnKGn Fè _u`den WSmGT8 tndGCm KtT` en SJiTJFn W en _TnaJKn

jenhj Nsgmynr`, sbdnen bxgbn f` gkvgtj-cgk ktr` jef`js.

Ens r`cursns ajukscns snk giujeb`kt`

vjrgjfns y jdukfjkt`s, ajvnr`cgfns pnrej cnk`cvgfjf qu` bjk`k` cnk ntrjs

r`js kjturje`s. @k rè`vjbg`ktns dgneig-cns r`jegzjfns `k è jn 4?::, s` nds`rv

pnr `h`bpen rjstrns y s`je`s f` ej pr`s`k-cgj fè tjtu cjrr`tj (_rgnfnkt`s bjxgbus),`sp`cg` jetjb`kt` jb`kjzjfj y rjrj f`nds`rvjr. Ens dnsqu`s f` trjksgcgk, ensdnsqu`s `stjcgnkjeb`kt` gkukfjfns, enspje`ncjuc`s mb`fns tjbdgk ajvnr`c`kè f`sjrrneen f` pndejcgnk`s f` m`rdvnrnscnbn tjpgr (V. t`rr`strgs), v`kjfns (Bjzjbjspp.), tjylj (V. p`cjrg), y lur`g (_. tjhj-cu). @stn tjbdgk ajvnr`c` è f`sjrrneenf` ukj cnbukgfjf f` cjrkvnrns qu` gk-ceuy` je hjiu`r`t` (_. nkcj), pubj (_ubjcnkcnenr), hjiujr`t`g (E. pjrfjegs), znrrns,

cnj`s, y murnk`s. Su pnsgcgk `k è `xtr`-bn knrt` fè pjs, en jsncgj cnk ukj au`rt`trjksgcgk `ktr` è Cmjcn y è _jktjkje, enqu` jf`bs ajvnr`c` ej jpjrgcgk f` `sp`-cg`s pncn cnbuk`s pjrj ej ajukj fè r`stnfè pjs. _nr `h`bpen, t`k`bns è cjsn f``sp`cg`s f` jrfgeejs, burcgejins (Fèj `tje.4??=), bnkns n ljg yiu(Cjeegc`dus

pjee`sc`ks) y r`pe`s cnbn è vgdnrk (Frj-cj`kj pjrjiujy`ksgs), y ej giujkj (Giujkjgiujkj) sìk ens `stufgns f` rè`vjbg`ktnf`sjrrneejfns k e prny`ctn.

GB_NTVJKCGJ F@ EJ

T@S@TQJ F@E

_JVTGBNKGN WSMGT

Ejs trjksanrbjcgnk`s f` ens pjgsjh`s kjtu-rje`s cnkstuy`k ukj irjk jb`kjzj sndr`

jquèens pu`dens qu` tnfjvj f`p`kf`k fèns dnsqu`s cnbn uk b`fgn f` vgfj snst`-kgde` (Cmjbd`rs y Cnkwjy :774). @e rgtbnf` p`rfgfj `k ej gbpejktjcgk f` pjsturjspjrj ukj ijkjf`rj xt`ksgvj s ej cnkstjk-t` qu` pr`fgc` ukj bu`rt` jkukcgjfj fèns dnsqu`s fè knrt` fè Cmjcn (Mujki `t

je. 4??7, Cjefjs `t je.4?:3), y bs jk `kej znkj fè t`rrgtnrgn fè pu`den Wsmgr (Agi.7). @k ejs pr`fgccgnk`s r`jegzjfjs pnr Ijr-cj (4?:3), pnr b`fgn fè snwjr` EjkfCmjki` Bnfè`r, b`kcgnkj qu` ej prfg-fj f` cnd`rturj `k è F`pjrtjb`ktn Jetn_jrjiujy pjrj ens jns 4?34, 4?0? y 4:??,

s`rj f e 6:,01 % 30.19 % y 3?,4?% r`sp`c-vjb`kt` f` ej sup`rcg` dnscnsj tntje fè

F`pjrtjb`ktn, cnbpe`b`ktjkfn jsg è `s-tufgn r`jegzjfn pnr Cjdjee`rn (4?::) `k èFgstrgtn f` Djmj Kìrj. Ens gkc`kvns cn-kbgcns qu` s` `kcu`ktrjk pnr f`trs f``st` jpr`surjfn prnc`sn f` cnkv`rsgk f`dnsqu`s `k `rrjs f` pjsturjs pjrj ijkj -f`rj xt`ksgvj snk buy au`rt`s, jsncgjfn jprnc`sns f` cjbdgns f` pjgsjh`s ijkjf`rnsj cuevns f` irjkns `k tnfj ej rìgk fè

Cnkn Sur (Wjknsly 4?:3)

Ej T`s`rvj f` _jtrgbnkgn Wsmgrf` Vndgcmp`rbjk`c`rcnbn ukj Gsej f` dgnfgv`rsg-fjf n uk Jrcj f` Kn f` jcu`rfn j ejspr`fgccgnk`s b`kcgnkjfjs, i`k`rjkfnukj sndr`cjrij `k uk prgb`r p`rgnfn f``bpn sndr` ej ajukj sgev`str`, pjrj pnst -rgnrb`kt` gkir`sjr gk`xnrjde`b`kt` k ukprnc`sn f` fìrjfjcgk f` ej dgnfgv`rsgfjfcnkc`ktrjfj `k è sgn. @st` m`cmn ee`vj-rj j ejrin pejzn j ej `xkcgk f` bucmjs`sp`cg`s `k ej cjf`kj jegb`kcgj. Ej prn-t`ccgk f` Vndgcm cnbn uk dgnt`rrgtnrgn,`st gktìrjfn `cnsgstbgcjb`kt` cnk èpje`ncjuc` qu` en jtrjvg`sj (Agi. :?) y eeìjmjstj e rn _jrjiujy. @st pje`ncjuc `sbuy gbpnrtjkt` yj qu` st sgcjb`kt` gk-tìrjfn j ukj f` ejs r`f`s f` pje`ncjuc`sbs xt`ksjs fè Cmjcn pjrjiujyn, yj qu`gkir`sj je pjs `k ej T`s`rvj @e Cjrb`k ys` `x`kf` `k fgr`ccgk n`st` knrn`st`

pnr tnfn e t`rrgtnrgn cmjqu`n mjstj Djmj

Kìrj. @stn au` gf`kcjfn cnbn ukn fèns cnrr`fnr`s dgneigcns bs gbpnrtjkt`sfè Cmjcn (CNKJF@TKJ 4?:6). @st` pje`n-cjuc` cubpe` ukj aukcgk f` rìuejcgk m-frgcj prgbnrfgje, jegb`ktjkfn ej pejkgcg` f`gkukfjcgk fè _jktjkje _jrjiujyn, fjkfnvgfj j ej ajukj y nrj, jsg cnbn tjbdg`k j

pndejcgnk`s pr`s`kt`s, y j su v`z i`k`rjk-fn b`fgns f` vgfj encje.

@e prny`ctn f`sjrrneejfn pnr Iuyrj _j-rjiujy y è _u`den Wsmgr f`bnstr qu` s`pu`f`k i`k`rjr npnrtukgfjf`s f` cnk-s`rvjcgk f` ejs fgb`ksgnk`s cueturje`sjrrjgijfjs j ej dgnfgv`rsgfjf, j trjvs f` eji`k`rjcgk y pejkgcjcgk f` ukj T`s`rvj

f` _jtrgbnkgn Gkfi`kj. @e cnkc`ptn jsn-cgjfn j `stj iurj `s cueturje y dgneigcn,

gbpegcj ukj tnbj f` f`cgsgnk`s sndr` èbjk`hn fè r`j uegzjkfn ens è`b`ktns

cueturje`s, ej cnsbnvgsgk, bgtns y e`y`kfjsqu` e pu`den f`s`j cnks`rvjr pjrj sus i`-k`rjcgnk`s auturjs (Iuyrj _jrjiujy 4?:3).@stn en fga`r`kcgj f` ejs f`bs r`s`rvjs s-tjde`cgfjs, fnkf` ej bjynr jccgk f` bj-k`hn s kn mjc`r kjfj, s f`cgr bjkt`k`rej prnpg`fjf sgk jcvgfjf`s sjevn ejs cns`-cmjs f` ajukj y nrj qu` stjcgnkje n trjfg-

cgnkjeb`kt` r`jegzjk. @ktnkc`s pnr f`kg-cgk, ej T`s`rvj f` _jtrgbnkgn Gkfi`kj, kprgb`r trbgkn snk cueturje`s-dgneigcjs, y`k sìukfn trbgkn snk f` cjrct`r xtrjc-vjs, n f` usns trjfgcgnkje`s f` sus r`cur-sns kjturje`s. @stn cnkee`vj qu` è bjk`hnf` ej r`s`rvj s` pu`f` jfjptjr j fns cjt`-inrjs pnsgde`s8 Cjtìnrj GQ, qu` `s ej f`T`s`rvj f` T`cursns Bjk`hjfns fnkf`s` p`rbgt` è usn sust`ktjde` f` ens r`cur-sns kjturje`s, y ej Cjtìnrj Q, f _jgsjh s_rntìgfns, fnkf` s` stjde`c` ukj f`t`r-bgkjfj ajccgk fè pjgsjh` qu` s` f`s`jcnks`rvjr, djhn jriub`ktns f` bjkt`k`rcjegfjf f` spjcgns r`cr`jvns, n cnbn k

`st` cjsn, è f` bjkt`k`r `spjcgns dgn-cueturje`s cnbn è cjsn f` Vndgcm cnbnuk kcnrj cueturje jsncgjfj j ej vgsgk Wsmgrf` su bukfn kjturje y spgrgtuje.

_nr en tjktn, Vndgcmf`d` s`r ej pg`zj gkgcgjef` cnkanrbjcgk f` uk pjgsjh` dgncuetu-rje r`cnk`ctjkfn ejs r`js kjturje`s quèj cnksy`k y mjk cnkstugfn sg`bpr` è

dgnt`rrgtnrgn fè pu`den Wsmgr.

JITJF@CGBG@KVNS

Pk jirjf`cgbg`ktn p`rsnkje je `qugpn fè_rny`ctn T@FF _jktjkje f` ej JsncgjcgkIuyrj _jrjiujy/YEV, js cnbn j ens ef`r`sy rà`r`kt`s qu` cnkanrbjk ej Pkgk f`Cnbukgfjf`s Gkfi`kjs f` ej Kjcgk Wsmgr(PCGKW). Vjbdgk j ens cnbpj`rns f` vgj-

h`s y f` fgenins f` sjd`r`s, Jkfrs Nzukjy Ckfgfn Bjrk`z, js cnbn tjbdgk j

Nscjr Tnfjs, Jed`rtn Wjknsly y BjrgjkèjQègeej, pnr sus jpnrt`s y e`cturj fè fncu-b`ktn, y `k `sp`cgje j _g`r Cjccgjeg pnr sussui`r`kcgjs.

T@A@T@KCGJS

Jqugkn-Smust`r, J. E., B. Bn` y I. S` -qu`rj. :77:. Tèjcgk fè gkfi`kjCmjbjcncn cnk ej m`rp`tnajukj fèJetn _jrjiujy. Dne`k fè Bus`n Kj-cgnkje f` Mgstnrgj Kjturje fè _jrj-iujy :?8::-44.

Dnrrgkg-A`y`rjd`kf, I., J. Lntmjrg y I.Nvg`fn. 4??6. Gkfgi`knus jkf encjecnbbukg`s jkf prnt`ct`f jr`js8

Vnwjrfs `qugty jkf `kmjkc`f cnk-s`rvjnk. Ynref Cnbgssgnk nk _rn-t`ct`f Jr`js/ Gkt`rkjnkje Pkgnk anr

Cnks`rvjnk na Kjtur`. D`st _rjcc`

_rnt`ct`f Jr`j Iugfe`gk`s S`rg`s Kn.::, Cjbdrgfi`. ::4pp.

Drnclgkitnk, F., H. Gin` y L. Scmbgft-Sne-tju. 4??1. Cnks`rvjnk, mubjk

rgimts, jkf pnv`rty r`fucnk. Cnk-s`rvjnk Dgneniy 4?(:)840?-404.

Cjdjee`rn, H. N. 4?::. Fgkbgcj `spjcgn-t`bpnrje f` ej cnd`rturj vì`tjekjturje `k è Fgstrgtn f` Djmj Kìrjb`fgjkt` ej jpegcjcgk fè bnfènEjkf Cmjki` Bnfè`r. V`sgs Gki`kg`-rj Jbdg`ktje. _jrjiujy, Kjcgnkje f`Jsukcgk (PKJ). Jsukcgk.

Cjefjs, B. B., F. Innfgk, S. Sm`rwnnf,H. B. Cjbpns Lrju`r jkf S B. Ygs ey.4?:3. Ejkf-cnv`r cmjki` gk tm`_jrjiujyjk Cmjcn8 4??? 4?::,

Hnurkje na Ejkf Ps` Scg`kc`. FNG8

:?.:?=?/:969643].4?:3.=?93:6.

Cmjbd`rs, T. y I. Cnkwjy. :774.Sustjgkjde` rurje egvègmnnfs8 _rjccje

cnkc`pts anr tm` 4:st c`ktury(B`fgns f` vgfj rurje`s snst`kgde`s8cnkc`ptns prccns pjrj e sgien ]]G).

Fncub`ktn f` f`djt` sndr` è GFS471. Drgimtnk.

CNKJF@TKJ 4?:6. B`sj f` trjdjhnsndr` cnrr`fnr`s dgneigcns fèCmjcn. Gkanrb` kn pudegcjfn.

F@ej, I., G. Bnrj, _. By`rs, jkf T.Nw`k. 4??=. K`w jkf knt`wnrtmyr`cnrfs na Tnf`kj (@r`tmgznkfj`,

Scgurgfj`, jkf Crgc`fj`) arnb

_jrjiujy. Xnn tjxj :9=68 3709

Ijrcj, B. 4?:3. Jkegsgs Buet`bpnrje

fè cjbdgn f` usn f` ej `rrj `k è

F`pjrtjb`ktn f Jetn _jrjiujy,_jrjiujy. V`sgs Gki`kg`rj Jbdg`ktje._jrjiujy, Kjcgnkje f` Jsukcgk(PKJ). Jsukcgk.

Iuyrj _jrjiujy. 4?::. Vm _jrjiujyAnr`st Cnks`rvjnk _rnh`ct .

T`fucnk na IMI `bgssgnks arnb

fànr`stjnk jkf anr`st fìrjfjnk

gk tm Cmjcn-_jktjkje `cnsyst`b._FF. Qjegfjnk ukf`r Cegbjt`,

Cnbbukgty jkf Dgnfgv`rsgty Jeegjkc`( 4kf. fgt. ) Stjkfjrfs.

Iuyrj _jrjiujy `t je. 4?:3. _ejk f`Bjk`hn Vrjfgcgnkje f` ej T`s`rvj f`_jtrgbnkgn Wsmgr f` VNDGCM, Fgstrgtnf` Djmj Kìrj, F`pjrtjb`ktn fèJetn _jrjiujy. Iuyrj _jrjiujy/YEV/S_N PCGKW. (gkfgtn/`k prnc`sn f`

èjdnrjcgk).

Mujki, C., S. Lgb, L. Snkij, H. T.I.Vnwksm`kf, _. Fjvgs, J. Jetstj, N.

Tnfjs, J. Wjknsly, T. Cejy, C. H. Vucl`rjkf H. Busgksly. 4??7. Jss`ssb`kt na_jrjiujys anr`st cnv`r cmjki` usgkiEjkfsjt nds`rvjnks. Iendje jkf

_ejk`tjry Cmjki`. Qne. 19(:)8 ::4.

GF@J, 4??6. Wsmgr, ukj cueturj qu`sndr`vgv`. Gkstutn f` F`r`cmn y

@cnknbj Jbdg`ktje. Jsukcgk.

S`qu`rj, B. 4??1. Snst`kgdgegfjfjbdg`ktje `k è bdgtn rurje. @k8B`bnrgjs fè _rgb`r Cnkir`sn

_jrjiujyn f` _ndejcgk8 :7=-4?6.Ankfn f` _ndejcgk f` ejs Kjcgnk`sPkgfjs (PKA_J) Jsncgjcgk

_jrjiujyj f` @stufgns f` _ndejcgk(JF@_N). Jsukcgk. 34? pp.

Vnek, J. y ]. Ejstrj. 4??=. Ens `spjcgnskjturje`s prntìgfns. Cnkc`ptn,`vneucgk y sgtujcgk jctuje `k@spjj. T`vgstj @e`ctrkgcj f`

B`fgnjbdg`kt` 08:-40.

Qzqu`z, A. 4??1. V`rrgtnrgn y _ndejcgk8ku`vjs fgkbgcjs rìgnkje`s `k è_jrjiujy. Jsncgjcgk _jrjiujyj f`@stufgns f` _ndejcgk (JF@_N)

PKA_J IVX. Jsukcgk. :76pp

Qgr, S. 1 A. Qgeejedj. 4?:4. Jrt`sjkjsgkfi`kjs f e _jrjiujy. Kjturj Qgtj,Jsukcgk. 4?4pp.

Wjknsly, 4?:3. _jrjiujys cmjee`ki`na cnks`rvgki kjturje mjdgtjts jkfdgnfgv`rsgty wgtm iendje bjrl`tsf`bjkfgki anr prnfucts. Gk8 Snfmg, K.S. `t je. 4?:3. Cnks`rvjnk Dgneniy8

Qngc`s arnb tm` Vrnpgcs. Hnmk Yge`y &Snks, Etf. Enkfnk. _p8 ::3-::7.

a. :.Bjpj f` encjegzjcgk f` ej r`s`rvj f` pjtrgbnkgn Wsmgr f` Vndgcm. S` pu`f` nds`rvjr e rpgfn prnc`sn f` cjbdgnf` ens pjgsjh`s kjturje`s pjrj stjkcgjs ijkjf`rjs.



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_JTJZPJTGJ KJVPTJE


a. 4. Cmjbjk fjkzjkfn pjrj curjr ka`rbns cnk sus fns pnf`rnsns peubjrgns. (_gkturj fè jrstj pescn Wsmgr Niwj)

Agi. 3.Nsn Mnrbgiu`rn (Byrb`cnpmjij trgfjctyej) n _ytykkn sìk ej knb`kcejturj Wsmgr.

Agi. 6. Iu`bd` (_mgenf`kfrnk tw``fgjkub), buy uegzjfn pnr ej cueturj Wsmgr.


Agi. 0._rnc`sn sè`ccggk, cne`ctj (gzqug`rfj) y jtjfn pjrj trjkspnrt` (f`r`cmj) f` ej rjz fè I`bd (_mgenf`kfrnk tw``fgjkub), pnrukj jrt`sjkj Wsmgr.


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_JTJZPJTGJ KJVPTJE 07_JTJZPJTGJ KJVPTJE 0=

_JTJZPJTGJ KJVPTJE


Agi. 1.Jeijrrndn (_rnsnpgsspp.).

Agi. 9. Dnsqu` f` Ljrjkfjy (Cnp`rkgcgj jedj).

a. =. Iujiug pgr` (Sjetj trgnrj) k nrjcgk.

Agi. 7. Antnirjj jr`j f` ens cjbpns ijkjf`rns qu` rnf`jk pjuejkjb`kt` j ej T`s`rvj Vndgcm, znkj f` Djmj Kìrj. Ejs pjrcèjsr`ctjkiuejr`s snk pjsturjs gbpejktjfjs sndr` ej r`bncgk f` rdne`s fè dnsqu` kjvn, f`hjkfn jctujeb`kt` sen è 3?% f` ens

rdne`s k pg`.



8/13

_JTJZPJTGJ KJVPTJE 1:_JTJZPJTGJ KJVPTJE 1?

CJDTJE 4?:6

Fgstrgducgk fè ik`rnJtrjctus (Yj, :=4=) (s-, Fjffj) pjjj, j jfjf j.

MPIN CJDTJE:, 4

: Jsncgjcgk Iuyrj _jrjiujy.Ij`tjkn Bjrkn 4:0. Jsukcgk, _jrjiujy.

4 Gkstutn f` Gkv`sijcgk Dgneigcj fè _jrjiujy,

Fè @scufn :1?9, Jsukcgk. muiugtncjdrjeOibjge.cnb

T`cgdgfn8 46 f` huegn f` 4?:6

Jc`ptjfn8 47 f` knvg`bdr` f` 4?:6

F` ens jutnr`s.Cnk egc`kcgj xceusgvj j Iuyrj _jrjiujy.Cjdrje 4?:6. Fgstrgducgk fè ik`rn Jtrjc-tus(Yjie`r, :=4=) (S`rp`kt`s, Fgpsjfgfj`)`k _jrjiujy, cnk cnb`ktjrgns sndr` susjkgfjf`s `cneigcjs.

_jrjqujrgj Kjt.4(4)8 1: - 10www.iuyrj.nri.py

_JTJZPJTGJ KJVPTJE


a. :?. Gbji`k jr`j f` ej T`s`rvj Vndgcm bnstrjkfn e dnsqu` b`snx`rncn y e dnsqu` b`snx`rncn djhn, k ej znkjf` eejkurj y e jetn, jsncgjfn je pje`ncjuc`.

T@SPB@K

Jtrjctus `s uk ik`rn f` s`rpg`kt`s `kfbgcjs fè

K`ntrpgcn, f` mdgtns bjynrb`kt` ansnrgje`s qu`

jed`rij ukjs :3? `sp`cg`s. @k _jrjiujy s` cnknc`k

pncns rìgstrns f` tr`s `sp`cg`s, Jtrjctus pjrjiuj-

y`ksgs,J. r`cuejtusy J. tmje`sfè`bjg. @k `st` trj-

djhn s` pr`s`ktjk fjtns f` `scjbjs y b`fgcgnk`s f`

ens `h`bpejr`s f`pnsgtjfns `k cne`ccgnk`s pjrjiuj-

yjs. Ejs `sp`cg`s fè ik`rn `k _jrjiujy pr`s`ktjk

rìgstrns `k ejs @cnrrìgnk`s Cmjcn Mb`fn, _jrj-

iujy C`ktrje y Dnsqu` Jtekcn, sg`kfn `stj ebj

ej kgcj qu` cu`ktj cnk rìgstrns f` tnfjs ejs `sp`-

cg`s. S` `xpjkf` è rjkin f` `scjbjs v`ktrje`s pjrj

J. pjrjiujy`ksgsmjstj :1=, pjrj J. tmje`sfè`bjgs` `x`kf` è rjkin bkgbn f` v`ktrje`s j :13 `s -

cjbjs y s` rìgstrj ej m`bdrj cnk bjynr EMC pjrj J.

r`cuejtuscnk 66: bb. Sg dg`k ej bu`strj jkjegzjfj

`s p`qu`j, ens rjkins f` m`bdrjs cngkcgf`k cnk ej

egt`rjturj qu` jrbjk qu` `xgst` fgbnrsbn s`xuje

`ktr` bjcmns y m`bdrjs fè ik`rn.

_JEJDTJS CEJQ@S8Dgni`nirjj, @cnrrìgnk`s, tj-

xnknbj, skjl`s.

JDSVTJ CV

Jtrjctus gs j s kjl` i`kus `kf`bgc tn tm` K`ntrnpgc,

bnst na tm`b wgtm anssnrgje mjdgts jkf :3? sp`cg`s r`-

cnrf`f. Gk _jrjiujy, j sbjee kubd`r na r`cnrfs `xgst

anr tmr`` sp`cg`s, Jtrjctus pjrjiujy`ksgs, J. r`cu-

ejtus jkf J. tmje`sfè`bjg. Vmgs pjp`r pr`s`kts fjtj

nk pmnegfns`, b`jsur`b`kts jkf cnenigcje jkg`s

na sp`cgb`ks bjgktjgk`f gk _jrjiujyjk cnee`cnks.

Vm`s` sp`cg`s mjv` d``k r`cnrf`f gk tm` Mubgf Cmj-

cn, C`ktrje _jrjiujy jkf Jtejkc Anr`st `cnrìgnk,

tm` ej`r d`gki tm` nkey wgtm r`cnrfs na tm` tmr``

sp`cg`s. Vm` rjki` na v`ktrje scje`s gs `xpjkf`f anr

J. pjrjiujy`ksgs tn :1=, anr J. tmje`sfè`bjg tm`

bgkgbub rjki` na v`ktrje scje` gs :13 jkf tm` a`bje`

wgtm tm` enki`st SQE anr J. r`cuejt`s gs r`cnrf`f wgtm

66: bb. Jetmnuim tm` jkjeyz`f sjbpe` gs sbjee, tm`

rjki` d`tw``k a`bje`s bjtcm`s wgtm tm` egt`rjtur`

wmn stjt` tmjt `xgst s`xuje fgbnrpmgsb d`tw``k

bje`s jkf a`bje`s.

L@W YNTFS8 Dgni`nirjpmy, @cnrìgnks, tjxnknby,

skjl`s.

GKVTNFPCCGK

Jtrjctus s uk ik`rn f` s`rpg`kt`s k`ntrnpgcje`s, qu` cnbpr`kf`jer`f`fnr f` :3? `sp`cg`s, fgstrgdugfjs f`sf` _jkjb mjstj èknrt` f` Jri`kkj (_`t`rs y Nr`hjs-Bgrjkfj :79?, C`g :773,

Igrjufn 4??4, _jssns `t je. 4?:?). @e ik`rn `s acgeb`kt`r`cnkncgde` `k Sufjbrgcj pnr ej pr`s`kcgj f` uk sen pjr f``scjbjs iuejr`s, cnej cnrtj, tjbjn fè cu`rpn p`qu`n j b`fgjkn

y cjd`zj kn fga`r`kcgjfj fè cu`rpn (Igrjufn 4??4). Ejs rèjcgnk`seni`kcjs fè i`k`rn rjk pncn cejrjs (Cjfe` :7=6, Xjm`r :777),

mjstj r`cg`kt`s jkegsgs qu` f`bu`strjk ej bnknegj fè irupn,

sg`kfn I`npmgs è irupn m`rbjkn, `stjkfn jkgfjfn `k ej AjbgegjFgpsjfgfj` (Xjm`r `t je. 4??7, Irjzzgntnk `t je. 4?:4).

Vr`s `sp`cg`s `stk rìgstrjfjs pjrj e _jrjiujy (Cjccgjeg 4??7).Cjccgjeg `t je. (4??9) pr`s`ktjk uk p`qu`n r`cu`ktn sndr` ensrìgstrns fè ik`rn k e pjs, gkfgcjkfn qu` ej prgb`rj b`kcgk au`m`cmj pnr S`rg (:7:0) sndr` uk spcgb`k f` Jtrjctus r`cuejtussgk fjtns f` encjegfjf sp`cgcj. F`spus, Y`rk`r (:746) f`scrgd`

J. pjrjiujy`ksgs `k djs je `spcgb`k KBY 43663 f _jrjiujy,tjbdgk sgk fjtns `sp`ccns cnbn cnk J. r`cuejtus. Ej t`rc`rj`sp`cg` k _jrjiujy au` rìgstrjfj pnr Cjccgjeg `t je. (4??9) cnbn

J. ljkiu`ry`ksgs, pu`stj `k ej sgknkgbgj f` J. tmje`sfè`bjgpnr_jssns `t je. (4?:?).

Ej bjynrj f` ejs `sp`cg`s fè ik`rn `k`k mdgtns ansnrgje`s

(A`rkjkf`s y _unrtn :773) sg`kfn fgcge f` rìgstrjrejs. Bucmjs

`sp`cg`s snk cnkncgfjs snejb`kt` pnr ukn n jeiukns pncns`h`bpejr`s, y xgst` buy pncj gkanrbjcgk sndr` ej vjrgjcgk f` ejs`sp`cg`s (Igrjufn 4??4). @e cnkncgbg`ktn rèjcgnkjfn j ej bjynrjf` ejs sp`cg`s f`Jtrjctus (mgstnrgj kjturje, fgstrgducgk, vjrgjcgkbnraneigcj) s djstjkt` scjsn (Xjm`r `t je. 4??0). @k st` trjdjhns` pr`s`ktjk ens rìgstrns fè ik`rn Jtrjctus `k _jrjiujy, s`drgkfj gkanrbjcgk sndr` ej vjrgjcgk bnraneigcj (b`fgfjs,fgbnrsbn s`xuje, anegfnsgs, `tc.) y ejs jkgfjf`s `cneigcjs f`

cjfj sp`cg` f` jcu`rfn j su fgstrgducgk k e pjs.

BVNFN

S` jkjegzjrnk sp`cb`k`s f` ejs sgiug`kt`s gkstucgnk`s8 BKMK_

(Bus`n Kjcgnkje f` Mgstnrgj Kjturje fè _jrjiujy Sjk Enr`kzn,

_jrjiujy) y CXC@K (Cne`ccgk Xnneigcj f` ej Ajcuetjf f` Cg`kcgjs@xjctjs y Kjturje`s f` Jsukcgk, Pkgv`rsgfjf Kjcgnkje f` Jsukcgk- Sjk Enr`kzn, _jrjiujy). Jcrnkgbns k e t`xtn sgiu`k j Sjdjh _r`z(4?:3). S` ndtuvg`rnk fjtns f` Igrjufn (4??4) sndr` b`fgcgnk`s ycnkt`n f` `scjbjs f` `h`bpejr`s f` _jrjiujy f`pnsgtjfns `k ejABE (Aukfjcgk Bgiuè Egeen).

Cjfj rìgstrn au` i`nrrà`r`kcgjfn y fgigtjegzjfn `k uk bjpjusjkfn è prnirjbj JrcIgs :?. Ej fgstrgducgk f` ejs `cnrrìgnk`ssgiu` j Fgk`rst`gk `t je.4??0 cnk ej gkceusgk f` ens _jszje`s fèj B`snpntjbgj m`cmn pnr Fè Cjseen y Cejy (4??0) y _jrjiujy

C`ktrje n Sèvj C`ktrje m`cmn pnr L`è `t je. (:773).

_jrj e cnkt`n f` scjbjs v`ktrje`s s` sgiu` j Fnwegki (:70:). @k e

cnkt`n f` sudcjufje`s kn s` gkceuy` je pjr k cnktjctn cnk ej cenjcjkg ej `spgkj jpgcje. @structurjs pjr`s (gkarjejdgje s, suprjejdgje`s,t`bpnrje`s, tc.) snk pr`s`ktjs k s`kfn gzqug`rfj/f`r`cmj.

@e ejrin mncgcn-cenjcj (EMC) au` tnbjfn f`sf` ej puktj fè mncgcnmjstj è dnrf` pnst`rgnr f` ej `scjbj jkje, y f`sf` jm mjstj ejpuktj f` ej cnej au` tnbjfj ej enkigtuf cjufje (EC). @e ejrin tntje`s ej subj f` ejs fns b`fgfjs. Ejs b`fgfjs au`rnk tnbjs cnk ukjcgktj btrgcj.

T@SPEVJFNS

@k ej Vjdej : s` bu`strjk ens rìgstrns f` ejs `sp`cg`s `k ejs`cnrrìgnk`s fè _jrjiujy, y k ej Agiurj : s` bu`strjk ej tntjegfjff` rìgstrns pjrj è pjs. @k ej Vjdej 4 s` pr`s`ktjk ens fjtnscnbpe`tns f` b`fgcgnk`s y e`pgfnsgs.


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_JTJZPJTGJ KJVPTJE

FGStTGduCGK Fè iK`TnJVTJCVPS K _JTJiuJW

Jtrjctus pjrjiujy ksgsY`rk`r, :746

@stj `sp`cg` s` fgstrgduy` `k è knrt`f` Jri`kkj, sur f` Drjsge (Igrjufn y

Scrnccmg 4???, I grjufn 4??4, _jssns `t je.4?:?). @k _jrjiujy `st pr`s`kt` `k ensF`pjrtjb`ktns f` Cnrfgee`rj, ``bducy Sjk _`frn, jsncgjfn j ejs `cnrrìgnk`sCmjcn Mb`fn, _jrjiujy C`ktrje yDnsqu` Jtekcn, `stjs `cnrrìgnk`s

bu`strjk è mdgtjt pgcn f` ej `sp`cg`,

jsncgjfn j dnsqu`s x`rncns jsncgjfns

cnk pjszje`s, mub`fje`s, y dnsqu`s

rgd`r`ns cnk è`vjcgnk`s `ktr` 3?-:???

b (Igrjufn 4??4, _jssns `t je. 4?:?)._jssns `t je. (4?:?) udgcj j ejs pndejcgnk`sf` J. tj`kgjtusf` Jri`kkj y Drjsge `k ejsgknkgbgj f J. pjrjiujy`ksgs.

Ens `h`bpejr`s f` _jrjiujy pr`s`ktjk ejs

sgiug`kt`s cjrjct`rscjs< pnstncuejr`s 4/4,t`bpnrje`s :+4/:+4, gkarjejdgje`s 9/9, è`h`bpejr ABE 143= pr`s`ktj 1 gkarjejdgje`s`k e ejfn gzqug`rfn fè :rnje 6tn k cnktjctncnk ejs iuejr`s, suprjejdgje`s 9/9, ej 3`rjy 6tj `k cnktjctn cnk ej rdgtj, `scjbjsfnrsje`s `k :0-:0-:0, `scjbjs v`ktrje`s`ktr :09-:1=, sudcjufje`s 44-46 `scjbjspjr`s. @e ejrin mncgcn-cenjcj vjrj `ktr`:67-400.1 bb y e ejrin f` ej cnej ktr` :6-3? bb. Cnk rèjcgk je fgbnrsbn s`xuje

ens r`suetjfns cngkcgf`k cnk en `xpu`stnpnr _jssns `t je. (4?:?) fnkf` ejs m`bdrjs`k` cnejs prnpnrcgnkjeb`kt` bs cnrtjs

`ktr` 7.3-:6.=% fè EMC.

Bjt`rgje `xjbgkjfn8 Cnrfgee`rj8 SjkD`rkjrfgkn (CXC@K ?96?)

Jtrjctus r`cuejtus(Dnue`ki`r, :==0)

@stj `sp`cg` `k` ukj jbpegj fgstrgducgk

f`sf` Bgkjs I`rjgs `k Drjsge, knrt` f`Jri`kkj, Pruiujy (Igrjufn y Scrnccmg

4???, Dje`strgk y Fg-D`rkjrfn 4??0, Cjrr`grj`t je. 4??0, _jssns `t je. 4?:?) jsncgjfj jpjszje`s, dnsqu`s y znkjs f` trjksgcgk

`ktr` `stns pns f` vì`tjcgk (Igrjufn

4??4, _jssns `t je. 4?:?). @k _jrjiujy `stfgstrgdugfj `k ens F`pjrtjb`ktns f` Jetn_jrjk ` Gtjpj jsncgjfn j ej `cnrìgnkDnsqu` Jtekcn (Cjccgjeg `t je. 4??9). Ejprgb`rj cgtj pjrj _jrjiujy au` m`cmj pnrS`rg (:7:0) sgk encjegfjf `sp`ccj. Euìn

@et`r (:7=4) ej cgtj pjrj _u`rtn D`rtnkg `kè F`pjrtjb`ktn f` Jetn _jrjk. @e ntrnrìgstrn cnrr`spnkf` j @stjkcgj Sjk Gsgfrn`k e F`pjrtjb`ktn f` Gtjpj f`ktrn f` ensebgt`s fè _jrqu` Kjcgnkje Sjk Tjajè.

Ens `h`bpejr`s jkjegzjfns pr`s`ktjk 4/4pnstncuejr`s, è `h`bpejr BKMK_ 7113cnk t`bpnrje`s :+:/:+: y e BKMK_ 70=4:+4/:+4, gkarjejdgje`s 1/1 pjrj è BKMK_7113 y 9/9 pjrj BKMK_ 70=4 jbdnsfè :rn je 3rn `k cnktjctn cnk ejs iuejr`s,suprjejdgje`s 9/9 ej 3`rjy 6tj `k cnktjctncnk ej rdgtj, `scjbjs fnrsje`s `k s`rg`s:0-:0-:0, :67-:1? `scjbjs v`ktrje`s y4:-41 sudcjufje`s pjr`s. @e Ejrin mncgcn-cenjcj `s 446-66: bb y ejrin f` ej cnej f`44-60 bb. Ejs m`bdrjs `k`k pr`s`ktjk

knrbjeb`kt` ej cnej cnrtj n f` uk tjbjn

bnf`rjfn, sgk s`r buy ejrijs sg`kfn surjkin ktr` 9.=-:3.0% fè EMC, sgk bdjinej m`bdrjs `kf`k j t`k`r è cu`rpn

bs ejrin qu` ens bjcmns `k rjkins qu`

CJDTJE4?:6

a. :. Tìgstrns fè ik`rnJtrjctus`k _jrjiujy sndr` ejs `cnrrìgnk`s. Vrgkiuens,Jtrjctus pjrjiujy`ksgs< Cujfrjfns,J. r`cuejtus) gbpeygki tm fnudt tmjt wjsnrgigkjeey `xpr`ss`f dy D`re`pscm (:==9) wmn mgbsèa prnvgf`f kndjsgs anr tm` suppnsgnk. Ejudbjkk (:737) mgimegimt`f tm` ejcl na

sudstjkjt f r`cnrfs tn tmjt pngkt, egski D`rtnkg (:7:6), Mèebjyr

(:734) Stùee`t & F`ju`r (:731) jkf _gktn (:73=) js pudegcjnkstmjt gkceuf`f _jrjiujy wgtmgk tm` fgstrgdunk na tm` sp`cg`s, jee

wgtmnut jky sp`cgc f`tjges. Igv`k tm` ejcl na jffgnkje gkanrbj -nk prnvgf`f dy jky na tm`s` jutmnrs gt wnuef s``b prndjde` tmjt

tm` snurc` na jee na tm`s` cgtjnks cjk d` trjc`f djcl tn tm` sjb`

pngkt.

Mjy`s (:770) cgt`f Ejudbjkk (:737) gk cnksgf`rgki tm` sp`cg`smypntm`cje, dut knt`f tmjt gt bjy pnt`kjeey nccur js jk justrje

bgirjkt. Iuyrj _jrjiujy (4??6) egst`f tm` sp`cg`s js knt `vjeujt`fd`cjus` na tm` jds`kc` na f`tjges na r`cnrfs d`gki jvjgejde`. K`g-tm`r na tm`s` r`c`kt gbpnrtjkt wnrls cgt`s Scmjf` & Bjsg _jeejrs(:719) sp`cgcjeey gk rèjnk tn tm`s` f`sgikjnks `v`k tmnuim gt

cejgbs tm` xgst`kc` na j sp`cgb`k.

Scmjf` & Bjsg _jeejrs (:719) egst tm` sp`cg`s wgtm tm` aneenwgkif`scrgpnk v`ktrjeb`kt` dejkcn, cjd`zj kìruzcj jzuejfj, fnr-sjeb`kt` pjrfn cejrn, sp`hn y rjdjfgeej dejkcns (v`ktrjeey wmgt`,m`jf deu`-dejcl, fnrsjeey pje` drnwk, sp`cueub jkf rubp wmgt`).

Ymge` tm` cnbdgkjnk na wmgt` rubp jkf

sp`cueub gs tm`nr`cjeey fgjiknsc, tm`

f`scrgpnk ajges tn knt` ntm`r gbpnrtjkt

jkf pr`subjdey cnkspgcunus cmjrjct`rgs-cs na tmgs sp`cg`s sucm js tm` dejcl scje`f

dr`jst, tm` drnjf wmgt` mjea-bnnk smjp`nk tm` ajc` jkf tm` ruanus-cm`stkut jkls

(Bjfi` & Durk :7==). Pkanrtukjtèy tm`sp`cgb`k rà`rr`f tn gk tm` t`xt jkf sup-pns`fey encjt`f gk tm` Bus`n Scmjf` cnuefknt d` trjc`f. Aurtm`rbnr` tm` pr`s`kc` nasnb` `xnc sp`cg`s gk tm` cnee`cnk rjgs-`s fnudt js tn wm`tm`r tm` sp`cgb`k, v`kga gt cnuef d` encjt`f, cnuef k`c`ssjrgey d`jssub`f tn d` na _jrjiujyjk nrgigk wm`kkn encjegty wjs prnvgf`f.

Igv`k tmjt kn f`tjges na tmgs sp`cg`s `v`rnccurrgki gk _jrjiujy jr` jvjgejde`, tmjttm` Scmjf` sp`cgb`k cjkknt d` trjc`f jkftmjt jee ntm`r b`knks na tm` sp`cg`s gk tm`

cnuktry cjk eglèy d` trjc`f djcl tn j mypn-

tm`cje egski (D`re`pscm :==9) tmjt wjstr`jt`f wgtm ukwjrrjkt`f c`rtjgkty dy sud-s`qu`kt jutmnrs, w` suii`st tmjt tmgs sp`-cg`s d` r`bnv`f arnb tm` egst na knt `vjeu-jt`f sp`cg`s js p`r Iuyrj _jrjiujy (4??6)jkf jff`f tn tm` egst na fnudue sp`cg`s.

Jzur`-wgki`f Vjkji`rVmrjupgs cyjknpt`rj

Scmjf & Bjsg _jeejrs (:79:) stjt tmjtVmrjupgs cyjknpt`rj gs jebnst gkfgsk-iugsmjde` arnb Vmrjupgs sjyjcj ndscurj,`xc`pt anr j bnr` i`k`rje turqungs` js-p`ct, pnssgdey djs`f jt e`jst gk pjrt nk crg-t`rgj f`vgs`f dy Kjubduri (:746) wmn mjfcnkaus`f tm` twn sp`cg`s. T``cki tm`

cnkausgnk gk tm` egt`rjtur` d`tw``k tm`s`twn sp`cg`s, Gm`rgki (:7?6) mjf `jreg`r `x-pr`ss`f tm` npgkgnk tmjt Jzjrjs Kubd`r74 wjs `vgf`ktey tmgs sp`cg`s jkf knt V.sjyjcj(js D`re`pscm mjf tmnuimt) d`cjus`na tm` cnktrjski deu` cnenurjnk na tm`

wgki cnv`rts.

Tègjde` èf cmjrjct`rs anr V. cyjknpt`rjw`r` knt `stjdegsm`f uke Dusmèe (:770)

knt`f tmjt suppns`f drgimtk`ss na smnue-f`rs jkf wgki `figkis wjs ar`qu`ktey mjrftn fgsc`rk, dut tmjt tm` dejclgsm sbufi`nk tm` enr`s cnbdgk`f wgtm j tmgcls`t dgeejkf fjrl `y` ijv` j fgskcv` jkf ukgqu`

ajcgje pj`rk tmjt wjs cnkstjktey vgsgde`. V.sjyjcjnk tm` ntm`r mjkf `xmgdgts cnksgf-`rjde` vjrgjnk wgtmgk j sgkie` pnpuejnk

gk t`rbs na tm` deugsm tnk` na tm` peubji`,wgtm snb` sp`cgb`ks jpprnjcmgki tm`Deu`-ir`y Vjkji`r V.`pgscnpus gk tm` e`vèna cnenurjnk jkf ntm`rs bucm fuee`r jkf

ir`y`r nv`rjee (Gse`r & Gse`r :777, T. Cejy gkeg.). Cnks`qu`ktey wgki cnenurjnk jenk`

cjkknt d` cnksgf`r`f fgjiknsc.

Mjvgki tr`jt`f tm` sp`cg`s js mypntm`cje

gk tm` rst fgnk na mgs Cjtenins (D`rtn-kg :7:6), D`rtnkg suds`qu`ktey b`knk`f

tm` sp`cg`s anr _jrjiujy jt _u`rtn D`rtn-kg (D`rtnkg :741) stjki drg`y tmjt tm`

sp`cg`s jrrgv`f jkf `stjdegsm`f gtsèa gkjpprnxgbjtèy :7:7. Mnw`v`r gt wjs tm`kejt`r tr`jt`f js mypntm`cje jijgk gk mgs

upfjt`f Cjtenins (D`rtnkg :737), pr`sub-jdey gkfgcjki j r`trjcnk na tmjt gf`k-cjnk. Mjy`s (:770) jkf Iuyrj _jrjiujy

(4??6) dntm egst tm` sp`cg`s js fnudue, dut

k`gtm`r na tm`s` l`y wnrls b`knks tm` x-gst`kc` na suppns`f sp`cgb`ks (Scmjf` &Bjsg _jeejrs :79:).

Vm` aneenwgki :9 sp`cgb`ks gf`k`f js

V. cyjknpt`rj w`r` encjt`f gk tm` Bus`nScmjf`8

K ::1, = Knv :71:, Sjk Enr`kzn

K 166, 47 Jprge :719, Sjk Enr`kzn

K 190, 9 Huk :719, Sjk Enr`kzn

K 939, 43 Juiust :719, Sjk Enr`kzn

K 96?, 46 Juiust :719, Sjk Enr`kzn

K 991, 49 Nctnd`r :719, Sjk Enr`kzn

K 716, 49 Bjy :71=, Sjk Enr`kzn

K :3?1, 4= Juiust :717, Sjk Enr`kzn

K :6?9, :4 Knv`bd`r :717, Jsukcgk

K :1?6, 4? Juiust :79:, Sjk Enr`kzn

K :943, :? Knv`bd`r :79:, Sjk Enr`kzn

K 4?==, 46 S`pt`bd`r :793, Sjk Enr`kzn

K 4:?9, : Jprge :796, Sjk Enr`kzn

K 4:90, 4 S`pt`bd`r :791, Sjk Enr`kzn

K 4:=9, :0 S`pt`bd`r :791, Sjk Enr`kzn

K 4:==, :0 S`pt`bd`r :791, Sjk Enr`kzn

K 44:7, :4 Juiust :799, Sjk Enr`kzn

Jee na tm`s` sp`cgb`ks jr` mnw`v`r rà`r-jde` tn drgimtey bjrl`f gkfgvgfujes na V. sjy-jcj. Cnks`qu`ktey, igv`k tmjt kn uk`qugv-ncje rà`r`kc`s tn tm` sp`cg`s gk _jrjiujy`xgst jt jee w` r`cnbb`kf tmjt V. cyjknp-t`rjd` ègbgkjt`f arnb tm` _jrjiujy egst

cnbpe`tèy jkf d` cnksgf`r`f `kf`bgc tntm` mgee anr`sts na @spgrgtn Sjktn jkf knrtm-`rk Tgn Irjkf` fn Sue, Drjzge (Gse`r & Gse`r:777).

JCLKNYE@FI@B@KVS

Vmjkls tn Tnd Cejy anr fgscussgki snb` e`-b`kts na tm`s` cjs`s wgtm us jkf sp`cgjeeytn Jecgf`s Bnrkginjkf Jdègkn Iugeek anrjcc`ss tn jkf gkanrbjnk jdnut tm` cnee`c-nk jt Bus`n Scmjf`.

T@A@T@KC@S

D`re`pscm, M. vnk. :==9. Jpp`kfgx syst`b-jscm`s v`rz`gcmkgss gk f`r T`pudegl

_jrjiujy dgsm`r d`ndjcmt`t`k vn-ièjrt`k. - Hnurkje aur Nrkgtmnenig` 308

::3:36.

D`rtnkg, J. f Y. :7:6. Ajukj _jrjiujyj.Cjtenins Sgst`bcns f` ens Q`rt`-drjfns f e _jrjiujy. Ircj B. Drnssj,

Jsukcgk. =0pp.

D`rtnkg, J. f` Y. :7:7. @sp`cg`s f` jv`sku`vjs pjrj e _jrjiujy. - @e Mnrk`rn :8 400-40=.

D`rtnkg, J. f` Y. :741. Jpukt`s nrkgtneig-cns. - @e Mnrk`rn38 371-6?:.

D`rtnkg, J. f Y. :737. Cjtenins sgst`b-cns f` ens v`rt`drjfns f e _jrjiujy.- T`vgstj f` ej Sncg`fjf Cg`kcj fè

_jrjiujy 68 31?.

Dusmèe, C. :770. Gf`kcjnk na

Jzur`-smnuef`r`f Vjkji`r Vmrjupgs cy-jknpt`rj. - Cnkij 68 3:-34.

Iuyrj _jrjiujy. 4??6. Egstj Cnb`ktjfj fèjs Jv`s f e _jrjiujy. Iuyrj _jrjiujy,Jsukcgk. 4??pp.

Mjy`s, A.@. :770. Stjtus, Fgstrgdunk jkfDgni`nirjpmy na tm` Dgrfs na _jrjiujy.Jb`rgcjk Dgrfgki Jssncgjnk Bnkn-irjpms gk Agèf Nrkgtmneniy :, Jedjky,K`w Wnrl. 43?pp.

Mèebjyr, C.@. :734. Vm` dgrfs na Cmge`. -Agèf Busùb na Kjturje Mgstnry _udeg-cjnk 3?=, Xnnenigcje S`rg`s :78 :-694.

Gm`rgki, M. vnk. :7?6. Js jv`s fn _jrjiujg`b cnbpjrjn cnb js f` Sn _juen. T`vgstj fn Busù _juegstj 18 3:?-366.

Gse`r, B.E. jkf _.T. Gse`r. :777. M eb Gf`k -cjnk Iugf`s8 Vjkji`rs. Cmrgstnpm`r

Mèb, Enkfnk. 6?1pp.

SBGVM W TNS FJX 4?:6


12/13

_JTJZPJTGJ KJVPTJE 1=

Ejudbjkk, J. :737. Fg` Qiè vnk _jrj-iujy G. Str`cl`r ukf Scmrf`r Q`reji,Stuijrt. 460pp.

Bjfi`, S. jkf M. Durk. :7==. Ygefanwe8 JIugf` tn tm` Fucls, I``s` jkf Swjksna tm` Ynref. Cmrgstnpm`r Mèb, Enk-fnk. 47=pp.

Kjubduri, @.B.D. :746. Vmrjupgs sjyjcjjkf gts jeeg`s. - Jul 6:8 :?0-::1.

_gktn, N.B. f N. :73=. Cjtjenin fjs jv`sfn Drjsge egstj f` x`bpejr`s qu` jsr`pr`s`ktjb kn Busù _juegstj. - T`-vgstj fn Busù _juegstj 448 :-011.

_nfjiugk, D. :76:. Cjtenin sgst`bcn

f` ejs jv`s fè _jrjiujy. Jub`ktjfnpnr ejs cnktrgducgnk`s je cnkncgbg`ktnf` ej nrkgtnenij pjrjiujyj. - T`vgstjf` ej Sncg`fjf Cg`kcj fè _jrjiujy

0(0)8 :-:?7.

_nfjiugk, D. :766. Cjtenin sgst`bcn

f ejs jv`s f e _jrjiujy. Jub`ktjfnpnr ejs cnktrgducgnk`s je cnkncgbg`ktnf` ej nrkgtnenij pjrjiujyj. - T`vgstjf` ej Sncg`fjf Cg`kcj fè _jrjiujy

1(3)8 9-:4?.

_nfjiugk, D. :760. Cjtenin sgst`bcn

f ejs jv`s f e _jrjiujy. - T`vgstj fèj Sncg`fjf Cg`kcj fè _jrjiujy

1(1)8 13-=?.

Sjevjfnrg, V. :=70. Cjtjeniu` na Dgrfs gktm` Drgsm Busùb Qneub` 49. Cm`-knbnrpmj` (_jejb`f`j`, _mn`kgcnp-t`rg, Jks`r`s), Crypturg jkf Tjtj`.

Drgsm Busùb na Kjturje Mgstnry,

Enkfnk. 9?4pp.

Scmjf , A. jkf T. Bjsg _jeejrs. :719. EjsJv`s f e _jrjiujy :j _jrt . - T`vgstj_jrjiujyj f` Bgcrndgnenij 48 94-=0.

Scmjf , A. jkf T. Bjsg _jeejrs. :79?. EjsJv`s f e _jrjiujy 4j _jrt . - T`vgstj_jrjiujyj f` Bgcrndgnenij 38 =1-:?0.

Scmjf , A. jkf T. Bjsg _jeejrs. :79?. EjsJv`s f e _jrjiujy 3j _jrt . - T`vgstj_jrjiujyj f Bgcrndgnenij 68 99-71.

Scmjf , A. jkf T. Bjsg _jeejrs. :79?. EjsJv`s fè _jrjiujy y uk gkfgc` 6j _jr-t . - T`vgstj _jrjiujyj f Bgcrndgnen-ij 08 30-0=.

Scmjf , A. jkf T. Bjsg _jeejrs. :79:. EjsJv`s fè _jrjiujy y uk gkfgc` 0j _jr-t . - T`vgstj _jrjiujyj f Bgcrndgnen-ij 18 :?3-:4=.

Stùee`t, J.D. jkf @.J. F`ju`r. :731.

Cjtenin sgst`bcn f` ejs jv`s f` ej

T`pdegcj Jri`kkj, sìukfj ktrìj

(Cgcnkgganrb s, Jks`rganrb`s y Ajecn-kganrb`s) - Ndrj fè Cgkcu`kt`kjrgnf e Bus`n f Ej _ejtj :8 409-674.

QGSGKS`r uk rà`r`kt` `k fgv`rsgfjf dgneigcj y su usn sust`ktjde , `kancjfn `k ejs jv`s `k pjrtgcuejr y sus jbdg kt`s.

BGSGKCnks`rvjr y prnbnv`r e usn sust`ktjde` f` ej fgv`rsgfjf dgneigcj, cnk kajsgs k ejs jv`s cnk jctgvj y r`spnksjde`

pjrtgcgpjcgk f` ej sncg`fjf.

CNB_TNBGSN SNCGJEIuyrj _jrjiujy `ktg`kf` qu` _rnbnv r ej Gkv`stgijcgk y è F`sjrrneen Sust`ktjde` `s è crgt`rgn pjrj ej p`rbjk`kt` dsqu`fj f`

ukj b`hnr cjegfjf f` vgfj f` ej pndejcgk. @e cnbprnbgsn p`rsnkje f` cjfj gktìrjkt` f` Iuyrj _jrjiujy, s`j bpe`jfn, fgr`ctgvn,

bg`bdrn, sncgn n jbgin, `s gkfgsp`ksjde` pjrj è enirn f` ens knde`s prgkcgpgns qu` gkspgrjk ku`strj cjusj. @s pnr èen qu` duscjbns

Je`ktjr cnkstjkt`b`kt` e sprgtu f` qugpn trjdjhjkfn k jegjkzj cnk ntrjs nrijkgzjcgnk`s , gf`ktgckfnkns tnfns qug`k`s

cnkanrbjbns Iuyrj _jrjiujy, cnk ens prgkcgpgns f` e j cjegfjf, xcè`kcgj y tgcj prna`sgnkje`s, prnpgcgjkfn ejs cnkfgcgnk`s pjrj qu`

ens bpr`kfgbg`ktns qu` kcjrjbns, stk sg`bpr` djsjfns k g kanrbjcgk cg`ktcj, v`rjz y npnrtukj pjrj uk f`sjrrneen

jrbkgcn y sust`ktjde` fè pjs y ej rìgk

B@BDT@SJ JKPJE

_JTJZPJTGJ KJVPTJE

SCmJF` _JTJiuJW S_`CGb`KS


13/13

QNE 4 KPB 4

0:

04

1:

11

Kntj f` ens `fgtnr`s.

S`CCGK JTtCuenS

T@S@TQJ F@ _JVTGBNKGN F@E_P@DEN WSMGT8 VNDGCM @KVT@ ENSJITJFN W EN _TNAJKN

@krgqu` Drjijyrjc, Hns E. Cjrt`s.

S`CCGK KntJS

FGSVTGDPCGK F@E IK@TN JVTJC-tus YJie`r, :=4= s`rp`kt`s,FgpsJFgFJ` `k pJrJiuJy, cnkCNB@KVJTGNS SNDT@ SPS JAGKG-FJF@S @CNEIGCJS.

Muin Cjdrje

NK C@TVJGK S_@CGB@KS T@_NTV-@F ANT _JTJIPJW DW A. SCMJF@& T. BJSG _JEEJTS8 SNPVM@TKYgi`nkJKJS SGDGEJVTG]Jv`s8JkJtgFJ JkF Jzur`-Ygki`FVJKJI@T VMTJP_GS CWJKN_V@TJJv`s8 tmrJupgFJ`

_jue Sbgtm, S`rign F. Tns Fjz

revista de ciencia y desarrollo sostenible en paraguay - paraquaria - diciembre 2014 - vol 2 num 2 -...

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