Revision Paper 2- Optional Units- Final revision

Three questions- choose

Changing CoastsRetail and urban change

Tourism

State the meaning of.... (2)

Usually for definitions, data response, notice the marks, this indicates you

need to give an example.

Reason – to give a cause or justification.

Describe- say what it shows.

1. Describe the general pattern.2. Give figures, dates, place names.

3. Provide any exceptions.

Explain- say why it has happened.

Explanation questions usually carry 3 marks- think

Point

Consequence

Elaboration

Evaluate – to give the good and bad points

http://www.flickr.com/photos/silverxraven/2995854149/

Coasts

•Erosion – mechanical wearing away of rocks

•Corrasion – rocks hurled at the base of a cliff between high and low tide

•Attrition – rocks smashing and rubbing against each other become smaller over time

•Solution – rocks dissolve by the sea

•Hydraulic action – water forced into cracks, the pressure causes them to widen

•Long shore drift – the zigzag movement of material along a coastline (Swash and Backwash)

•Deposition - the dropping of rock

What happens when a wave breaks?

Prevailing wind.

Waves travel towards the beach at an angle driven by the prevailing wind-

moving material towards the beach- SWASH.

Waves runs back down at right angles to the beach-

following the steepest gradient under gravity-

called BACKWASH. Material will travel with it.

In this way material is transported along the coastline- called Long

Shore Drift (L.S.D).

Draw a diagram that illustrates the formation of a how a cliff retreat and the formation of a wave cut platform.

1.Between high and low tide rocks are hurled at the base of a cliff- corrasion.2.This forms a wave cut notch.3.Continued corrasion will cause the wave cut notch to expand.4.The rock above the wave cut notch becomes unstable and collapses into the sea.5.The cliff has now retreated.6.A wave cut platform is left behind- erosion cannot take place below low tide.

FORMATION OF A WAVE CUT PLATFORM

Draw a diagram that illustrates how a coastal stack forms.

The headland is made of chalk which is sedimentary, lines

of weakness run throughout it.

Between high and low tide corrasion

occurs.

Corrasion will continue to

undercut the cliff, forming a cave.

If two caves are formed either side

of a headland corrasion will erode them backwards till

they meet.

Continued corrasion undercuts the base of the arch, it will collapse to form a

stack.

Continued corrasion at the base of the

stack will undercut it; it will collapse to

form a stump.

Hydraulic action will exploit these

weaknesses, making the cracks larger.

Corrasion produces a wave cut notch at the base of the cliff.

Corrasion evacuates the cave so it

becomes larger and deeper.

When they meet an arch is formed.

Formation of a coastal stack

Draw a diagram that illustrates the formation of a spit.

7. The area behind the spit is now sheltered encouraging

greater deposition- over time a salt marsh may form.

6. Occasionally the wind direction may change- this will also change the

direction of LSD.- this cause the spit to curve.

‘With the aid of a labelled diagram, explain the formation of the spit at Blakeney Point.’

4. Here there is a change in direction of the coastline, this means the sea is quite

calm and shallow.

5. This encourages deposition to occur and a spit begins to form. LSD can

continue.

3. Material is moved along the beach in a zig-zag motion- called long shore drift.

1. Direction of the prevailing wind- North-East.

2. Swash transports material up the beach. Backwash transports material

down the beach.

8.Here the spit is limited from developing further by a river- which will

carry material away.

EROSION MANAGEMENT

Hard engineering techniques.

Controlled disruption of a natural process by using man-made

structures.

• Sea walls• Groynes• Gabions

Soft engineering techniques.

Use of environmentally sustainable strategies to reduce the impact of a

natural process.

• Beach nourishment

CASE STUDY OF A COASTAL MANAGEMENT- HOLDERNESS COAST, UK

Causes

•Soft clay cliffs.•Long fetch from North-East•2 metres of erosion per year.

Strategy

•Roll back policy.•Caravan parks moved 400 metres from the coast.•New developments must be 30-200 metres from the coast.•Only major settlements protected.Mappleton- 450 metres of cliffs protected. 61,500 tonnes of rock armour, two groynes and sloping revetment.

Protecting Against Coastal Flooding

Reasons for increased coastal flooding• Rising temperatures, leading to melting of land based

ice and thermal expansion.• Warmer seas leading to more intense tropical

storms, .i.e cyclones, resulting in storm surges and heavy rainfall.

• Coastlines are densely populated, increasing the ice of flooding.

Thames Barrier, London - Hard Engineering

• Open 1983• Current cost £1.6 billion• 10 gates raised within 30 minutes to stop storm

surges• Protects 80 billion pounds of assets• Protects 12 million people• No flood in central London since opening• Will need to be rebuilt in the future – 2030.

Bangladesh- Hard/Soft Engineering

• Afforestation along the coastline• Development of flood walls in some area• Public education about living next to the coast• Early warning system of potential flooding events• Cyclone shelters

Medberry, West Sussex- Soft Engineering

• U.K’s largest scheme- £28 million pounds• Original shingle beach unsustainable- required

maintenance each year- risk increase die to sea level change. Cost £300,000 a year. Breached 14 times since 1994.

• Sea will be allowed to flood, defences built further inland. 7km flood wall 2 km inland- protect from 1 in 1000 year flood

• Previous flood in March 2008 caused £5 million pounds of damage.

• 183 hectares of land.

EXAM QUESTION

Area Why at risk? Social impacts Economic Impacts Environmental Impacts

Bangladesh 25% only 12 metres above sea level

On Ganges Delta Experiences

cyclone activities Low GNP $1,800 -

therefore can’t invest in widespread hard engineering techniques

Densely populated 161 million people

Increase in standing water leading to disease i.e. Cholera

Food insecurity Estimated 4,600

deaths and 75,000 injuries per year by 2050

Predicted 20 million flooding refugees by 2050

Reduction in GNP due to damage to industry, estimated at $1 billion a year by 2050

Increased cost of flood protection, increased tax or debt- estimated at $17 million a year

Destruction of home and property estimated at $1.9 billion dollars per year by 2050

Pollution of fresh water supplies

Loss of fertile agricultural land, 830,000 hectares lost since 2000.

Resulting in food insecurity/ rising food prices

Estimated 30% of species to be lost due to flooding by 2030

Coastal Flooding

Area Why at risk? Social impacts Economic Impacts Environmental Impacts

London, U.K. Isostatic readjustment- South-East sinking into the sea

Extract of water from clay foundations resulted in subsidence.

Exposed to storm surges, due to funnelling water from between Channel and continent

City densely populated 12 million people

Building on Thames floodplain

Potential risk to 12 million people- loss of life and injury

420,000 homes at risk

Homelessness and loss of possessions

Flooding of sewers leading to illness

400 schools and 16 hospitals at risk

29% of Londoners have no insurance

£80 billion worth of real estate

Financial capital of world- impact on the value of stocks and shares across the world

Funding of flood defence schemes Thames Barrier needs replacing by 2030, estimated cost £4 billion

Likely to be publically funded by taxpayer

350 sq km of land at potential risk

55 sq km of habitat sites

3100 hectares of sensitive heritage sites

4 World heritage sites i.e. Westminster Abbey

Wide range of birds, i.e. Lapwings, and mammals, i.e. voles.

Coastal Flooding

EXAM QUESTION

Explain how erosion and deposition can change the shape of a coastline.Using your own knowledge, describe and explain how people make use of the coastline.Describe some of the threats that coastal erosion can bring. Explain how the coastline can be protected.Describe how corrasion (abrasion) erodes the cliffs.Draw an annotated diagram to explain the movement of sand and pebbles along a beach.Describe ways in which rapid erosion by the sea affects the lives of people who live along the coast.Explain two ways that could be used to protect the coastline from erosion. Use an example or examples to help your answer. Explain how hydraulic action erodes cliffs.Draw an annotated diagram to explain why processes of coastal erosion, other than hydraulic action, may result in cliff retreat.Explain the advantages and disadvantages of different strategies to manage the coastline. Use one or more examples you have studied to help your answer.Explain how named processes lead to the formation of one coastal landform. You must use one or more labelled diagrams to support your answer.Rising sea-levels pose a threat to many coastal areas. Explain how different coastal management strategies along the coastline can be used to reduce this threat. Refer to named places.

Describe how hard engineering strategies, like the use of groynes, can help protect the coastline from erosion by waves.

Evidence shows that coastal environments may need to be managed differently in the future. What do you think is the most sustainable way to manage coastlines in the face of rising sea level? Explain your reasons for recommending this strategy.

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

http://www.flickr.com/photos/carreon/462155740/

Factors influencing the growth of tourism.

Increase in leisure time.

Increase in disposable incomes.

Cheaper travel, increase in travel options.

Rise of global media.

Increased wealth and health of pensioners.

Exam question

TOURISM

BENEFITS DRAWBACKS

Employment Seasonal, low skill, low pay

Positive multiplier effect within community

Profits may leak abroad- foreign owned facilities

Cultural exchanges Clashes between differing lifestyles

Maintains cultural heritage Environmental damage by increased numbers

Develops local infrastructure May put a strain on local services/utilities

Growing market Destinations may become unpopular/unfashionable

Exam question

Location Why go? Positive Impact Negative Impacts

Sustainability

Nam Ha, Laos Ethically diverse -33 tribes

View village life

Deciduous forest

288 species birds/37 mammal species

8% income used for community projects

Slash and burn agriculture has reduced.

Hunters have been deterred by the presence of outsiders.

Some villagers are concerned about increasing materialism, including begging.

Some tourists have complained the village stays are somewhat voyeuristic.

Niche market

Small groups people

Live with locals

Low impact activities

Nam Ha, Laos

Location Why go? Positive Impact Negative Impacts

Sustainability

Peak District, Derbyshire

Visiting market townsVisiting historic housesCultural events i.e. well dressing.WalkingClimbingCyclingRock climbingCamping

Tourists spend £356 million a year.Generates employment, 2000 jobs in hotels and catering, though seasonal.

Employment brings skills in the tourist industry.

Multiplier effect, worth an additional £125 million

Towns have become dominated by tourist shops, at the expense of local needs, for example Bakewell.

Increased visitor numbers, increases, wear and tear on buildings and monuments.

The popularity of the area has encouraged the development of second homes

Soil erosion

Replace eroded areas with natural stone.

Reroute walkers from areas of heavy erosion.

Lay down geotextile mats

Ban walkers from some areas altogether.

Peak District, Derbyshire

Mark schemeLevel descriptorLevel 1 1-2 marksList or simple description of advantages/disadvantages.Information is communicated by brief statements. There is a basic structure. There is reasonable accuracy of spelling, punctuation and grammar.Level 2 3-4 marksOne or more advantages/disadvantages are described with some elaboration.May not be balanced between people and/or environment. Reference to MEDC region is generalised and lacks detail. Max 4 marks for an LEDCCommunication is clear and logical. Spelling, punctuation and grammar have considerable accuracy.Level 3 5-6 marksDescription / explanation of advantages and / or disadvantages of tourism on both people and the environment.Reference to an MEDC region is specific.Communication is clear, logical and has structure. Specialist terms are used with proficiency. Spelling, punctuation and grammar have considerable accuracy.Level 4 7-8 marksAdvantages and disadvantages of tourism on both people and the environment are explained with more than one example of elaboration.Reference to an MEDC region is specific and detailed.Communication is very clear, sophisticated and well structured. Specialist terms are used adeptly. Spelling, punctuation and grammar have consistent accuracy.

Explain why tourism can bring both advantages and disadvantages for

people and the environment of one MEDC region you have studied. [8]

James

I have studied the Peak District. An advantage of tourist going to the area is that they provide jobs

for local people at tourist attractions like Chatsworth House; this means that local people are

employed. If people are employed they are more likely to spend in the local area, this creates more

business for local traders- this is called the positive multiplier effect.

The disadvantage of these jobs are that they are often low paid and seasonal, this means that people

are likely to be out of work in the slower winter months and will need to find alternative employment.

Tourists often travel to the Peak District to walk, but this has created huge areas of erosion along the

Pennine Way. Hundreds of people walking off the paths remove the vegetation; the soil is then

washed away when it rains. As a result vegetation can’t regrow on these areas, this look unsightly.

Tourists thought also provide income that maintains the environment, without tourist receipts

historic locations like Chatsworth House could not be maintained as they are not funded by the

government.

Level Mark

Positives

Improvements

Peer assessment

Location Why go? Positive Impact Negative Impacts

Sustainability

Ibiza, Spain Beaches

Sun- over 2,700 hours of sunlight a

year

Warm temperatures in

summer reaching up to 30 degrees

Clubbing scene

Unemployed is only 4% compared to Spain’s 14%.Tourists spend in the local economy- positive multiplier effect

72% of Ibiza’s GDP is from tourism.

Mainly jobs are seasonal and low skill/low pay

Many jobs go to foreign nationals -13%

Farmers annoyed about tourists damaging crops within fields.

Focusing on more exclusive crowd of visitors- encourage the development on top end hotels. All new hotels have to be 5*

Local government is enforcing early closing of bars and clubs to limit noise pollution

Ibiza, Spain

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

Explain how any two natural factors can lead to the development of tourism in one region you have studied.

Explain how tourism can have a negative impact on the environment in an MEDC.

Why have LEDCs attempted to develop sustainable tourism? Why have these efforts been sometimes abandoned?

Give two reasons that help to explain why more people may decide to take their holidays in the UK instead of going abroad.

Explain why tourism can bring both advantages and disadvantages for people and the environment of one region you have studied.

Explain how tourism can have different impacts on one MEDC region you have studied.

Explain how tourism can be managed sustainably. Describe how tourism can be developed in a sustainable way.

Explain how tourism can bring disadvantages for people and the environment. Use a located example to help your answer.

Retail and urban change

How are city centres changing? Nottingham

• £3.5 billion pound private- public regeneration• Improving the city centre

• Market Place- £7 million pound make-over• Pedestrianisation of shopping areas• Use of heritagisation- Victorian signs and furniture• Attracting shops- allowing the redevelopment of Broadmarsh

shopping centre• Development of improved public transport links- new tram lines and improved train

station• Development of waterfront areas along the canals and the River Trent• Investment in inner city communities such as St.Anns and Sneinton

• Sneinton Market• Creating a creative quarter for the media industry.

• Improved environment in ex-industrial areas, i.e. Hockley, has lead to private gentrification. Area now focused upon nightlife and entertainment.

Remember you can also use Freiburg as an example of

urban change…

How are city centres changing? Nottingham- Impacts

Daytime- focus on retail

Negative PositiveMostly part-time, low

paid jobsJob creation 9/10 jobs

in servicesUnemployment below

national average

High cost of regeneration on local

population i.e. tax burden

Increased number of beggars and street crime 53 per 1000

compared to national average of 29

Retail generates £1,280 million in the

city

3rd largest shopping area in country

1300 outlets

Night time- focus on leisure and entertainment

Negative PositiveIncreased cost

of policingTop stag and

hen do destination

11 million night time visitors a

year

Disturbance to city residents

Increase in crime – 20%

crimes linked to alcohol

300 bars and clubs

Creation of jobs

Exam question

Changing shopping

Case study of an out of town shopping area: Meadowhall,

Sheffield

Internet shoppingi.e. Amazon

• £7 billion pounds profit, controversially no corporate tax paid in U.K

• Employs 20,000 people across 8 warehouses• Concerns over zero hour contracts, strict working

conditions – workers can walk up to 11 miles in 10.5 shift

• Concerns about impacts on high street i.e. decline of HMW etc…

Positives

24 hour access Wider range of goods Purchases can be made from across the world Delivered to your door

Negatives Waiting for deliveries to come, or not turn up You do not get to view the purchase beforehand Sometimes complex return processes Fraud!

AccessEx-industrial site- large12,000 car parking spaces300 coach spaces120 buses per hourTrain and train accessAll reduced friction of distance.Shopping233 stores, many multipleLonger opening hours

Shopping environmentUndercoverCCTVLight and brightVegetationLeisureWorld’s largest food court11 cinema screensSpecial events i.e. classical concerts and tea dances.

Changing shopping

Impact of out of town shopping

CBD Outskirts

Few shoppers Loss of greenfield land, urban sprawl

Increased vacant units, less choice for shoppers

Decline in shopping environment

Increased traffic congestion

Why have out of town shopping stores developed?

• Land is cheaper on the outskirts of cities• Large areas of land- allows large stores, larger

range of products.. Also allows a large car park.• Large area of land allows stores to be built on one

level• Better access for cars via roads- reduces the

friction of distance• Environment is often attractive on the outskirts of

a city.

Enhancing the High Street, IlkestonReplicate the conditions of OFT shopping• Pedestrianisation• CCTV• Undercover areas i.e. Albion Centre• Improving shop frontages• Greening – vegetation• Free car parking • Exploiting heritage

Why have our shopping habits changed?

• Cars allow bulk buying, reducing frequency of visits needed

• Monthly wage packets• Fridge and freezers allow bulk buying• Cheaper technology in the home and access to the

internet.

Exam question

Consumer choices

Case study, Cocoa farming in Ghana (Chocolate)

Ghana Cocoa farmers

• Low profit, price goes up and down

• Small farms• Labour

intensive-, including children, injury from snakes, using machete

• Poor quality of life, lack of healthcare, access to education

Fairtrade• Set price- covers

cost of production

• Paid upfront to farmer to allow planning

• Collective

• Consumer pays 20% - social premium used for quality of life projects

Case study, China- Apple

Social • 47,000 employee directly• 230,000 indirectly• Jobs for graduates in research and developmentEconomic • Supports 349 supplies- positive multiplier effect • Expanding stores from 13 to 25• Billion dollar investmentEnvironmental• Recycling of e-waste creates jobs

Social • Low paid long hours, 69 hrs a week $10 dollars a weekEconomic • Profits $1.3 billion leak abroad• Company exempt from first 15% of taxEnvironmental • 37 manufacturers known to be serious polluters• 70% of e-waste ends in China• Contamination of groundwater with heavy metals

You could also discuss the impact of buying

Cocoa Cola.

Consumer choices

Case study, tomato farming in Ghana Background Impact on Ghana.

E.U. produces 16 million tonnes of tomatoes each year. Second only to China.

E.U. provides £250 million pounds of subsidy each year to tomato farmers in Europe.

The EU currently puts an import tariff of 15% on tomatoes.

The impact of the subsidies is to reduce the cost of tomato paste and canned tomatoes by 65%.

As a result this makes E.U. tomatoes products cheaper.

The E.U. is therefore a major exporter of tomatoes.

If the subsidy was to be removed, this export market would collapse.

Imports would increase by 100%.

World prices would increase by 5%.

It currently generates 250 million Euros for the European economy.

Ghana adds a tariff of 25% for imported tomatoes. The World Bank has forced Ghana to remove import quotas

on tomatoes into the country, otherwise it wouldn’t receive loans.

The E.U. subsidies mean that the world price is depressed by up to 5%.

A European farmer’s tomato is half the cost of a Ghanaian farmer’s tomato.

Ghana farmers therefore get a very low price for their crop. As a result their quality of life is poor. Lack of healthcare,

nutrition and education. Crops are they left to rot in the field, if they can’t be sold. Domestic consumption has collapsed as Ghanaians purchase

cheaper imports. The country doesn’t have the factories to process the

tomatoes into secondary products which would command a higher price.

You could also reuse this case study as an example of the impact of trade and

consumer choice.

Consumer choices

Food miles Organic shoppingConsumers only purchase food locally. Technically locally is

within 25 miles- this is mostly impossible!

Positives Reduces carbon footprint of household. Less fossil fuel

used for transport. Supports local farmers and producers. Know source of your food and how it has been grown

or reared. Food is more nutritious, quality hasn’t declined during

transport. Negatives Reduced choice. Food may only be available in season. LEDC farmers may lose out; they tend to produce

primary foodstuffs. Food may be more expensive; UK farmers need to

maintain a fair quality of life. Food may be travelling a shorter distance, but

greenhouses may be needed to grow it within the UK, therefore increasing the carbon footprint of the products.

Consumers only buy food produced without the use of chemicals.

Positives Reduces carbon footprint of household, no chemicals

need to be manufactured and used during production. Chemicals do not leak into the environment, therefore

damaging it. Food is free from chemical residues. Safer for health? Some believe the food tastes better. Many organic farmers tend to be from LEDC countries;

therefore you are supporting their quality of life. Negatives Usually around 10% more expensive. Tends to be a smaller range of products. There is no evidence that organic products taste

better, or are better for your health. 70% of organic food is imported, increasing carbon

footprints.

Exam question

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONSExplain why C.B.D.’s contain many national chain stores.

Name two land-uses found within the C.B.D. .

Describe and explain how changing shopping habits have made out of town shopping areas popular. To what extent are these shopping centres a good development?

The shopping centre is next to the motorway. Using examples, explain the advantages of this type of location.

Explain why pedestrianisation, and other named recent changes, have attempted to make city centres more attractive to shoppers.

Explain why city centres present opportunities and problems for locals and visitors at night time.

To what extent could the increasing use of the internet be a concern for traditional retail outlets in town and cities?

Explain how global trade can have advantages and disadvantages for people in developing countries. Use one or more examples to help your answer.

Many people prefer to visit out of town shopping centres. Explain two factors why people prefer these locations to city centres.

Describe how changes in customer choice are having an impact on the global environment.

Explain the advantages and disadvantages linked to the regeneration of one European city centre. Use an example of a named place to help your answer.