Chapter 16

Social Behavior – 8th Edition

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Social Psychology

Person perception

Attribution processes

Interpersonal attraction

Attitudes

Conformity and obedience

Behavior in groups

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Person Perception: Forming Impressions of Others

Effects of physical appearance

Cognitive/social schemas – Slide 4

Stereotypes

Prejudice and discrimination

Subjectivity in person perception

– Illusory correlation

Evolutionary perspectives

– Ingroup - outgroup

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XXXXXX Slide 4

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Attribution Processes: Explaining Behavior

Attributions – Internal vs. External

– Kelley’s covariation model

– Attributions in success and failure – Figure 16.1

Biases in attributions – Fundamental attribution error - Figure 16.2

– Defensive attribution

– Self-serving bias – credit self for success, blame situation for failure

Cultural influences – Individualism – collectivism

– Hokotede’s rankings - Figure 16.3

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Figure 16.1 Causes of Success and Failure: Attribution

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XXX16.2

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Close Relationships: Liking and Loving

Key factors in attraction

– Physical attractiveness

– http://www.faceresearch.org/demos/average

– Matching hypothesis

– Similarity, Reciprocity

– Romantic Ideals

Perspectives on love – Hatfield & Berscheid – Passionate vs. Companionate love

– Sternberg – Intimacy, commitment, & passion – Figure 16.4

– Hazen & Shaver – love as attachment - Figure 16.5

– Attachment styles – attachment anxiety/avoidance – F 16.5

Evolutionary perspectives

– Mating priorities

– Mate poaching – Buss

Internet and close relationships – F 16.7

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Facial Averaging and Physical Attractiveness

Instructions and Background

This is a little demonstration in which you generate several

examples of average faces from the several that are given at

this web address:

http://www.faceresearch.org/demos/average

1. Click on any four female or male faces, and form your impression of

the attractiveness of the composite (average) face.

2. Press "reset." Now click on any ten female or male faces, and form

your impressions now.

3. Do it one more time; this time using a very large number of faces to

make your composite.

4. You should observe increasing attractiveness the more faces are

used to form your composite face.

5. I hope you had fun with this.

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Figure 16.4 –

Sternberg’s view

of love over time

Figure 16.5

XXX

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Attitudes and Attitude Change

3 components – cognitive, affective, and behavioral – Figure 16.8

Factors in changing attitudes – persuasion

– source, message, channel, and receiver – Figure 16.9

Theories of attitude change – Learning theory

• Classical conditioning and advertising – Figure 16.10

– Dissonance theory – Festinger & Carlsmith (1959) – Figure 16.11

– Self-perception theory – Figure 16.12

– Elaboration likelihood model – Figure 16.13

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Figure 16.8 – Components of Attitudes

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XXX16.9

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Figure 16 - 10 - Classical conditioning

of attitudes in

advertising

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Figure 16.11 xxxxx

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Figure 16.12

Bem’s self-

perception theory

Figure 16.13

Elaboration

likelihoood model

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Yielding to Others: Conformity

Conformity – Solomon Asch (1950s)

– Group norm behavior

– Classic experiment - Figure 16.14

• Group size – increased conformity until 4 in incorrect

group then level, Figure 16.15

• Group unanimity

Compliance

– Conforming to requested behavior

• Foot-in-door

• Door-in-the-face

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Yielding to Others: Obedience

Obedience – Stanley Milgram (1960s)

– Controversial landmark experiment – Figure 16.16

• 65% gave highest shock level

• Many variations of basic experiment

– “I was just following orders”

• presence of a dissenter

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Behavior in Groups: The Power of the Situation

Social Roles

Stanford Prison Study – p. 692-693

http://www.prisonexp.org/

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Behavior in Groups: The Influence of Other People

The bystander effect - Darley and Latane (1968)

– Diffusion of responsibility

Group productivity and social loafing – Figure 16.17

Decision making in groups

Group Polarization - Figure 16.18

Groupthink

– Bay of Pigs

– NASA Shuttle disaster

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Figure 16.17

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Figure 16.18 XXXXXX

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Understanding Prejudice

Prejudice as an attitude – Figure 16.19

Prejudice and discrimination – Figure 16.20

Bias attribution of success and failure – Figure 16.21

Group competition – Sherif et al. (1961) study – field

experiment

Ingroups and outgroups

Threats to social identity – Figure 16.22

Table of Contents Figure 16.19 The three potential components of prejudice as an attitude

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Figure 16.20 Relationship between prejudice and discrimination

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Figure 16.21 Bias in the attributions used to explain success and failure by men and women