PRESENT TENSE

VERB TENSESDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringFaculty of EngineeringUniversity of Riau2010REVIEW :NOUNADVERBADJECTIVESPREPOSITIONSVERBARTICLES

What is Tense?When we are talking about the English language, tense is all about time.

Tense is used to show the relation between the action or state described by the verb and the time, which is reflected in the form of the verb.

NOWFUTUREPASTWe deliver the goods nowWe delivered the goods last monthWe shall deliver the goods next month

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Use 1

Use the Present Simple to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do.

USE 1: Repeated ActionsI go to school everyday (habit);He usually eats an egg for breakfast (habbit); He drinks tea at breakfastThey watch television regularly

.

Adverb of Frequency/Time:SometimesOftenEverydaySeldomOnce a weekUsuallyNeverEvery MorningOnce in a whileAlwaysUSE 2: Facts or Generalizations The Present Simple can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and will be true in the future. It is not important if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about people or things.

examples: Snow falls in the December in Minnesota. Water boils at 100 degrees CelsiusYou walk for two hundred metres, then you turn left.

USE 3: to give instructions or directions

You take the No.6 bus to Watney and then the No.10 to Bedford.

Open the packet and pour the contents into hot water.

-Your exam starts at 09:00.

USE 4: to express fixed arrangements, present or future:

-The bell rings at 8:00.The bus arrives at 7:00USE 5: to express future time, after some conjunctions: after, when, before, as soon as, until:

- He'll give it to you when you come next Saturday - Our holiday starts on the 26th March.

- She'll see you before she leaves. Pattern:Kalimat Verbal:I/We/You/They + Infinitive He/She/It + Infinitive +s/es

Kalimat Non VerbalSubject + to be (is/am/are) + Object Pattern(+) S + V1 (-s/-ss)e.g. She works every dayI take a bus to go to school(-) S + do/does + not + V1e.g. She does not work every dayI do not take a bus to go to school(?) Do/Does + S + V1 ?e.g. Does she work every day? Do I take a bus to go to school?

- I tennis. - She play tennis. The train every morning at 8 am.

- The train leave at 9 am. She goes to work everyday They always eat lunch together

Subject + (Verb) + (s, es) + Objectplaydoes notleavesdoes notPresent Simple, third person singularNote:he, she, itin the third person singular the verb,always ends in :she wantsshe needsGrammatical ViewA:Addesto verbs ending in:ssxshchhe passshe catchhe fixit pushB. oesesesesHe goes

Verbs ending iny;the third person changes thetoiesflyflcryC:yiescriesException:If there is a vowel before the :

ysprayplayplaypraysNegative and question forms use DOES (=the third person of the auxiliary'DO') + the infinitive of the verb.He wants. Does he want? He does not want.

1.Third person singular with s or es

a. He goes to school every morning.b. She understands English.c. It mixes the sand and the water.d. He tries very hard.e. She enjoys playing the piano. Examples:

Affirmative

Interrogative

Negative

I think

? Do I think

. I do not think

You think

? Do you think

. You don't think

he, she, it think(s)

? Does he, she, it think

. He, she, it doesn't think

We think

? Do we think

. We don't think

You think

? Do you think

. You don't think

2. Present Simple, form:Example: to think, present simple

They go to school every morningThey do not go to school every morningDo they go to school every morningHow do they go to schol every morning?Do not they go to school every morning?Why do not they go to school every morning?

He goes to school every morningHe does not go to school every morningDoes he go to school every morningHow does he go to school every morning?Does not he go to school every morning?Why does not he go to school every morning?

He is lazyBudi and Andi are not lazyIs not he lazy?Are they lazy?

Customs- True/False_____ People in Thailand always takes their shoes off before entering a house._____ A woman usually covers her face in Saudi Arabia._____ In the U.S., a student dont stand up when a teacher enters the room.Put verbs into Present Simple.1. They [swim] every evening.2. Nancy [fly] to London every year.3. The sun [rise] in the east and. [set] in the west.4. I ..[go] to the park on Sundays.5. They [be] good police.6. There [be] some water in this jug.

Put verbs into Present Simple.7. My parents always[drive] to Pekanbaru.8. Their father often ..[fix] his car.9. Mother .[fry] fish today.10. Sue and I .[do] projects every night.11. I .[be] a good student.12. That baby always ..[cry] at night.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

The Present Progressive This tense is used to describe an action that is occurring right now (at this moment, today, this year, etc.). The action has begun and is still in progress.

She is typing a paper for her class.He cant talk. He is fixing the sink right now.They are studying English nowThe Present Progressive The present progressive can also be used to describe an action that is occurring in the present, but is temporary.

John is living in Modesto, but he might move soon.She is reading now but she will write soonPattern:Subject + to be (is/am/are) + Present Participle (Ing-Form)Time Markers :NowAt the momentAt presentThis timeNote: We may note use these verb to indicate present continuous tense:KnowUnderstandHaveBelieveHate

They are studying english nowThey are not studying english nowAre they studying english now?Where are they studying english now?Are not they studying english now?Need Hear Love Appear See Like Seem Smell Want Taste Wish Sound Own

The wrong usage:X : we are understanding nowX: They are having a car nowX: I am liking you now(+)Ali and Andy are playing badminton now(-)Ali and Andy are not playing badminton now(?)Are Ali and Andy playing badminton now?Note: We may note use these verb to indicate present continuous tense:

Verbs of emotion ; like, dislike, refuse, wantVerbs of senses ; feel, hear, see, smellVerbs of thought or opinion ; believe, expect, forget, know, prefer, realize, thinkVerbs of posession ; own, belong, owe

Example:

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

The Present Perfect The present perfect is used to talk about an event that began in the past and continues up to the present.He has lived in Pekanbaru for two years. (He began living in Pekanbaru two years ago and he still lives there.)The Present Perfect The present perfect is also used to talk about an event that was completed in the past, but the specific time of the event is not important.I have seen that movie before.He has already visited Vietnam.(Specific dates and times are not mentioned.)

39What do you need the Present Perfect for ?to tell what you have done recently/ lately.to tell what you have just or already done.to tell what you have never/ ever done.to tell what you have done so far/ up to now.to tell what you have done today/ this week/ this month/ this year.

Pattern:Kalimat Nominal

Subject + has/have + been + complement

ex; He has been in Surabaya before He has not been in Surabaya before Has he been in Surabaya before?

Kalimat Verbal

Subject + has/have + V3 + Object/Complement

41How can you form the Present Perfect?

Time marker:- Since ..... : since last week, since 1912- For ...........: for three months, for two days- Already , Just, not yet, three times, so far- Up to present time- Recently

43Why dont you try some exercises?

44Choose the correct answer.Peter ........never watched Si Bolang.A) hadB) haveC) hasD) none of thesePeter ........ has never watched Si Bolang.

Congratulations!

45How about this?Lidka hasnt ........to Majorka yet.A) hadB) seenC) droveD) none of theseNone of theseLidka hasnt been to Majorka .Precisely!

46Try the next question.....you ever smoked?A) hasB) doC) haveD) none of theseHave you ever smoked?

Good!

47Choose the correct answer again.She hasnt ..........the dinner already.A) cooksB) cookedC) makeD) none of theseShe hasnt cooked the dinner already

Very well!

48Can you do this one ?He hasnt ........ a shower today.A) takeB) tookC) takedD) none of theseNone of theseHe hasnt taken a shower today.

Well done!

49Try this one !...........Joan ever...........a shark? A) has J. eatB) does J. eatenC) has J. eatenD) none of theseHas Joan ever eaten a shark?

Not bad! Keep on trying

50Choose the correct answer...........you ever ......... your head ?A) have..........lostB) do............loseC) did...........loseD) none of theseHave you ever lost your head ?

Right again!

51Choose the best answer again !Tom and Arthur ........................a dog so far.A) dont buyB) hasnt boughtC) havent boughtD) didnt buyTom and Arthur havent bought a dog so far.

Excellent!

52

Whats the right answer now?

.................Peter and Mat ............... abroad before?

Has..............beenHave............seenHave............beenNone of theseHave Peter and Mat been abroad before ?You are absolutely right !

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Present Perfect Progressive This tense is used to describe the duration of an action that began in the past and continues into the present.He has been studying grammar for an hour.She has been cooking all day.(He is still studying and she is still cooking.)

Present Perfect Progressive This tense is also used to describe events that have been in progress recently and are rather temporary.She has been living in Taiwan for the last two months, but she plans to move soon.

Pattern:I/We/You/They + Have + Been + Present ParticipleHe/She/It + Has + Been + Present Participle

Example:We have been learning english for ten yearsThe baby has been sleeping for two hoursThey have been sleeping since eight oclockTime marker:Since .....: since I was a child, since five years agoFor....... : for three years, for the last five yearsPresent perfect simple.Present perfect continuous.Present perfect simple and present perfect continuous.

EXERCISESPut the verbs into the correct form (present perfect simple).Since classes began, I (have, not)_____ much free time. I (have)____ several big tests to study for.The science of medicine (advance)______ a great deal in the 19th century. We (have)_____ three major snowstorms so far this winter. I wonder how many more we will have.I (write)______ them three times, but I havent received a reply.The telephone (ring)_________ four times in the last hours, and each time it has been for my office mate.A: What are you going to order for dinner? B: Well, I (have, never)________ vegeterian pizza, so I think Ill order that.Bill (be)_________ here since 22nd.So far this week, I (have)_________ two tests and a quiz. Alex is an artist. He (draw)______ many beautiful pictures in his lifetime.Fatima (see, never)_________ snow in her entire lifetime.

Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect progressive).He (work)___________ in this company since 1985. I (wait)_____ for you since two o'clock. Mary (live)_________ in Germany since 1992. Why is he so tired? He (play)_____ tennis for five hours. How long (learn / you)______ English? We (look for)_______ the motorway for more than an hour. I (live)____________ without electricity for two weeks. The film (run / not)_________ for ten minutes yet, but there's a commercial break already. How long (work / she)_________ in the garden? She (not / be)_________ in the garden for more than an hour.

Put the verbs into the correct tense. (present perfect simple or present perfect progressive)

I (play)_________ football for five years.My team (win / only)_________ two matches so far. The others (be / always)________ better. Are we not there yet? We (walk)________ for hours. But we (cover / only)__________ an area of five miles so far. I (finish/just)_______ my homework. I (work)________ on this essay since two o'clock. Jane (go out)______ with Bob for seven years. Martin (date)________ three girls this week. How long (wait / you)_________ for us?

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

The Simple Past We use the simple past to indicate exactly when an action or event took place in the past.

I visited my sister yesterday.We went out to dinner last night.The Simple Past The simple past is used to describe actions and/or events that are now completed and no longer true in the present.

I attended MJC in 1998. (I no longer attend MJC.)I saw a movie every weekend when I was a teenager. (I dont see movies very much anymore.)You form the simple past of a verb by adding -ed onto the end of a regular verb but, irregular verb forms have to be learned.

To beStatements+To beStatements-Questions ?I was.I wasn't.Was I?He was.He wasn't.Was he?She was.She wasn't.Was she?It was.It wasn't.Was it?You were.You weren't.Were you?We were.We weren't.Were we?They were.They weren't.Were they?Regular Verb (to work) Statements+Regular Verb (to work) Statements-QuestionsShort answer +Short answer-I worked.I didn't work.Did I work?Yes, I did.No, I didn't.He worked.He didn't work.Did he work?Yes, he did.No, he didn't.She worked.She didn't work.Did she work?Yes, she did.No, she didn't.It worked.It didn't work.Did it work?Yes, it did.No, it didn't.You worked.You didn't work.Did you work?Yes you did.No, you didn't.We worked.We didn't work.Did we work?Yes we did.No, we didn't.They worked.They didn't work.Did they work?Yes they did.No, they didn't.

Simple past timelineFor example:

"Last year I took my exams."

"I got married in 1992."It can be used to describe events that happened over a period of time in the past but not now.

For example:

"I lived in South Africa for two years."

The simple past tense is also used to talk about habitual or repeated actions that took place in the past.

For example:"When I was a child we always went to the seaside on bank holidays."Pre-Test (Affirmative Sentences)Select the best answer.__ 1. My family and I ___ in Mexico last summer. (A) were (B) are (C) was __ 2. The office door ___ closed this morning. (A) is (B) were (C) was

__ 3. Teresa ___ absent to work yesterday. (A) is (B) was (C) were

__ 4. We ___ very tired after our long walk in the country. (A) are (B) was (C) were

__ 5. Pedro and Susan ___ at the cinema last night. (A) was (B) were (C) are 71Pre-Test (Negative Sentences)__ 6. The weather ___ pleasant yesterday. It was raining all day. (A) wasnt (B) isnt (C) werent __ 7. You ___ at the meeting this morning. What happened? (A) arent (B) werent (C) wasnt __ 8. Endangered animals ___ as important many years ago as they are today. (A) wasnt (B) arent (C) werent __ 9. E-mail communication ___ common ten years ago. (A) arent (B) werent (C) wasnt __10. I ___ at home this past weekend. I was visiting my family. (A) am not (B) wasnt (C) werent

72Pre-Test (Yes/No Questions)__ 11. ___ Kenneth sick two days ago? (A) Is (B) Were (C) Was __ 12. ___ Alex and Joseph on a basketball team last year? (A) Were (B) Are (C) Was

__ 13. ___ your car at the mechanic last week? (A) Was (B) Is (C) Were

__ 14. ___ the Tano Indians intelligent and hardworking? (A) Was (B) Were (C) Are

__ 15. ___you born in the United States? (A) Are (B) Was (C) Were 73Pre-Test (Information Questions)__ 16. Why ___ the policemen at your house last night? (A) was (B) are (C) were

__ 17. When ___ your grandfather in the US Army? (A) were (B) was (C) is

__ 18. Where ___ the boys last weekend? (A) are (B) were (C) was

__ 19. Who ___ Martin Luther King, Jr.? (A) was (B) is (C) were

__ 20. What ___ your favorite game when you were a child? (A) is (B) were (C) was 74Pre-Test Answer Key 1. A 11. C 2. C 12. A 3. B 13. A 4. C 14. B 5. B 15. C 6. A 16. C 7. B 17. B 8. C 18. B 9. C 19. A10. B 20. C75Verb To BE Past TenseThe Verb To BE is used to express:state of being ( I was an excellent student in high school.)location ( We were in Costa Rica last summer.)feelings ( The child was sad when he lost his toy.) descriptions ( The flowers were fresh and vivid a week ago.)health ( Danny was sick with the flu last month.)conditions ( The buildings were modern, now they are old.) weather ( Yesterday was a windy day.)time ( It was 3:00 AM when the party ended.)nationality ( Celia Cruz was a great Cuban singer.) colors ( My hair was blonde when I was a child.)sizes ( Ten years ago, I was size 10, now Im size 16.) dates ( Puerto Rico was discovered on November 19,1493.) moods ( Laura was angry when her friends played a trick on her.)prices ( Lands and houses were less expensive ten years ago.)etc 76Verb To BE Past TenseThe Verb To BE has two forms inthe Past Tense: waswere 77Verb To BE Past Tense Time Expressionsthis morningyesterday morning afternoon evening nightthe day before yesterday last night last Monday last week last weekend last month last May last year last semester last summer

78Verb To BE Past Tense Time Expressions five seconds ago ten minutes ago two hours ago two days ago four weeks ago two weekends ago one month ago two summers ago a few years ago many years ago five years ago a little while ago in 1990 79Affirmative SentencesMore Examples: 1. Mary was nine years old when she moved to the USA. 2. We were at the airport yesterday morning. 3. Last summer, Fred and Gina were in Italy. 4. The concert was cancelled because of bad weather. 5. The phone was busy when I called you last night. 6. The children were sick last week. 7. I was very shy when I was a teenager. 8. Record players were popular thirty years ago. 9. My dog was trained to protect the house. 10. Years ago, carbon and wood were used for cooking.Negative SentencesMore Examples: 1. Mary was not nine years old when she moved to the USA, she was five. 2. We were not at the airport yesterday morning. 3. Last Summer, Fred and Gina were not in Italy. 4. The concert was not cancelled because of bad weather. 5. The phone was not in service when I called you last night. 6. The children were not sick last week. 7. I was not very talkative when I was a teenager. 8. CD players were not popular thirty years ago. 9. My dog was not trained to save lives. 10. Years ago, stoves were not used for cooking because they werent invented.Verb To BE Contractions in the Past TenseContractions: A contraction is the combination of two words into one. In contractions, letters are replaced with an apostrophe ().82Verb To BE Contractions in the Past TenseImportant:You cannot make contractions in Affirmative Sentences in the Past Tense,but you can make contractions in Negative Sentences.Language NotesWe cannot make a contraction with the subject pronoun + was or were. Examples: No Contraction He was at the Mall yesterday. No Contraction They were silent during class.

We cannot make a contraction with there + was or there + were. Examples: No Contraction There was a fire in the store last month. No Contraction There were two great movies on TV last night.Language NotesWe can make a contraction with the negative form of was and were.

Examples: (1) I was not a hyperactive child. (was not) I wasnt a hyperactive child. (contraction wasnt)

(2) We were not nervous at the job interview. (were not) We werent nervous at the job interview. (contraction werent) Verb To BE Contractions in Negative SentencesComplete FormContraction I was not I wasnt You were not You werent He was not He wasnt She was not She wasnt It was not It wasnt You were not You werent We were not We werent They were not They werentVerb To BE Contractions in Negative Sentences1. I was not nervous on the first day of class.

2. You (usted) were not well dressed for the job interview yesterday.

3. Janet was not in the same school as her brother last year.

4. Joseph was not ready for his oral report last Tuesday.1. I wasnt nervous on the first day of class.

2. You werent well dressed for the job interview yesterday.

3. Janet wasnt in the same school as her brother last year.

4. Joseph wasnt ready for his oral report last Tuesday.Verb To BE Contractions in Negative Sentences5. The Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) in the university was not in service yesterday afternoon.

6. You (ustedes) were not in the library when I went by this morning.

7. Ralph and I were not satisfied with the final decision.

8. The exercises in the last English lesson were not difficult.

5. The Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) in the university wasnt in service yesterday afternoon.

6. You werent in the library when I went by this morning.

7. Ralph and I werent satisfied with the final decision.

8. The exercises in the last English lesson werent difficult.

Wh-Questions (Information Questions)Question WordQuestionsAnswers Who (person)Who was the first woman pilot?Amelia Earhart was the first woman pilot. What (thing)What were yesterdays workshops about?They were about new computer software and programs . When (time)When was the flight to Boston cancelled? It was cancelled fifteen minutes ago. Why (reason)Why were the children sad at the park?They were sad because it was time to leave. Where (place)Where were David and Elaine last night?They were at the gym. How (description/health) How was your day at work this morning?It was very busy but interesting. Whose (possession)Whose historical house was this years ago?It was poet Luis Pals Matos house.89Wh-Questions (Information Questions) More Examples:

1. (Q) When was Daniel promoted to sales manager? (A) He was promoted last month.

2. (Q) Where were you and your friends last Saturday? (A) We were in Old San Juan taking photos for our History class.

3. (Q) Who were you with at the jazz festival? (A) I was with my nephews and nieces.

90Wh-Questions (Information Questions)4. (Q) How was the English exam yesterday? (A) It was easy but too long.

5. (Q) Why were the airports in Chicago and New York closed last week? (A) They were closed because of the snow storms and the terrible weather.

6. (Q) What was the problem with your car? (A) It was a problem with the air conditioning system.

Practice Exercises (Affirmative Sentences)Select the best answer.

__ 1. Francine and Jacob ___ in Italy last Christmas. (A) are (B) were (C) was

__ 2. My mother ___ a model when she was young. (A) were (B) is (C) was

__ 3. We ___ very busy at home this past weekend. (A) were (B) was (C) are

__ 4. Our dog ___ at the veterinarian yesterday afternoon. (A) was (B) is (C) were

__ 5. Many homes ___ destroyed when the hurricane passed through the city. (A) are (B) was (C) were 92Practice Exercises (Negative Sentences)__ 6. Cell phones ____ invented when my parents were teenagers. (A) arent (B) werent (C) wasnt

__ 7. The hotel we stayed in ____ near public transportation. (A) isnt (B) wasnt (C) werent

__ 8. Mr. Huertas ____ alone when the accident occurred. (A) isnt (B) arent (C) wasnt

__ 9. Years ago, women ____ permitted to vote until the 1950s. (A) werent (B) wasnt (C) arent

__10. The Internet service ____ available last night. (A) wasnt (B) isnt (C) arent 93Practice Exercises (Yes/No Questions)__ 11. ____ the certified letter received on time? (A) Is (B) Was (C) Were

__ 12. ____ the toll way costs in Puerto Rico raised last year? (A) Were (B) Are (C) Was

__ 13. ____ your first grade teacher nice? (A) Is (B) Was (C) Were __ 14. ____ your old friends in the past class reunion? (A) Was (B) Are (C) Were

__ 15. ____ a college education difficult to obtain fifty years ago? (A) Were (B) Is (C) Was94Practice Exercises (Information Questions)__ 16. A: How ____ your past weekend? B: It was wonderful. (A) were (B) is (C) was

__ 17. A: What ____ the conference about ? B: It was about Studying Habits. (A) is (B) was (C) were

__ 18. A: Where ____ the criminals captured? B: They were captured in the park. (A) are (B) were (C) was

__ 19. A: Who ____ Elvis Presley? B: He was the king of Rock and Roll. (A) was (B) is (C) are

__ 20. A: Why ____ Paul and Patricia in trouble with the police? B: They were in trouble because they didnt have a drivers license. (A) are (B) were (C) was 95Practice Exercise Answer KeyB 11. B C 12. A A 13. B A 14. C C 15. C B 16. C B 17. B C 18. B A 19. A A 20. B

96Post Test (Affirmative Sentences)Select the best answer.__ 1. My family and I ___ in Mexico last summer. (A) were (B) are (C) was __ 2. The office door ___ closed this morning. (A) is (B) were (C) was

__ 3. Teresa ___ absent to work yesterday. (A) is (B) was (C) were

__ 4. We ___ very tired after our long walk in the country. (A) are (B) was (C) were

__ 5. Pedro and Susan ___ at the cinema last night. (A) was (B) were (C) are 97Post Test (Negative Sentences)__ 6. The weather ___ pleasant yesterday. It was raining all day. (A) wasnt (B) isnt (C) werent __ 7. You ___ at the meeting this morning. What happened? (A) arent (B) werent (C) wasnt __ 8. Endangered animals ___ as important many years ago as they are today. (A) wasnt (B) arent (C) werent __ 9. E-mail communication ___ common ten years ago. (A) arent (B) werent (C) wasnt __10. I ___ at home this past weekend. I was visiting my family. (A) am not (B) wasnt (C) werent

98Post Test (Yes/No Questions)__ 11. ___ Kenneth sick two days ago? (A) Is (B) Were (C) Was __ 12. ___ Alex and Joseph on a basketball team last year? (A) Were (B) Are (C) Was

__ 13. ___ your car at the mechanic last week? (A) Was (B) Is (C) Were

__ 14. ___ the Tano Indians intelligent and hardworking? (A) Was (B) Were (C) Are

__ 15. ___you born in the United States? (A) Are (B) Was (C) Were 99Post Test (Information Questions)__ 16. Why ___ the policemen at your house last night? (A) was (B) are (C) were

__ 17. When ___ your grandfather in the US Army? (A) were (B) was (C) is

__ 18. Where ___ the boys last weekend? (A) are (B) were (C) was

__ 19. Who ___ Martin Luther King Jr.? (A) was (B) is (C) were

__ 20. What ___ your favorite game when you were a child? (A) is (B) were (C) was 100Post Test Answer Key 1. A 11. C 2. C 12. A 3. B 13. A 4. C 14. B 5. B 15. C 6. A 16. C 7. B 17. B 8. C 18. B 9. C 19. A10. B 20. C101

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

The Past Progressive The past progressive is used to talk about an activity that was in progress at a specific point of time in the past. The emphasis is on the duration of the activity in the past.

I was studying for an exam while my mother was cooking dinner.We were walking in the park around 7 p.m. last night.The Past Progressive The past progressive is often used with the simple past to show that one action was in progress when another action occurred.I was taking a bath when the doorbell rang.They were eating dinner when the neighbors stopped by for a visit.

PAST PERFECT TENSE

The Past Perfect This tense describes completed events that took place in the past before another past event.The Titanic had received many warnings before it hit the iceberg.I had already eaten when my friend stopped by to visit.

had receivedhad eatenit hitmy friend stopped by

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Past Perfect Progressive This tense is used to emphasize the duration of an action that was completed before another action or event in the past.She had been driving around the city for three hours before she finally found the right office.

had been drivingshe found the right office

The Future Will and be + going + to are often used to describe future actions.Thomas will graduate in June.Maria is going to go to Mexico next week.

The Future The simple present and present progressive are also used to express future time. These are often used used in connection with schedules.She is meeting a new client at eleven oclock.The train leaves at 6:00 a.m. tomorrow.

The Future Progressive This tense is used to describe an event or action that will occur over a period of time at a specific point in the future.I will be teaching ESL 40 at 10 a.m. tomorrow.They will be moving their furniture out of the house by the time you arrive tomorrow.

at 10 a.m. tomorrowby the time you arriveThe Future Perfect This tense is used to describe an event or action that will be completed before another event or time in the future.We will have finished the exam by the time class ends tomorrow.

will have finished the examclass endsFuture Perfect Progressive This tense describes an action that has been in progress for a duration of time before another event or time in the future.By the time he finishes law school, we will have been living in the U.S. for eight years.

finishes law schoolwill have been living in the U.S. for eight yearsSingular and Plural Verb Forms of Have for First, Second and Third Person PP 10-5SingularPluralFirst PersonI (have) (had) we (had) (have) Second Personyou (have) (had) you (have) (had) Third Personhe, she, it (has) (had) They (have) (had) Mary (has) (had) Mary and Tom (have) (had) Positive sentenceI, you, we , they, have done

he, she, it, has worked

Negative sentenceI, you, we , they, havent done

he, she, it, hasnt worked

QuestionHave I, you,we, they, done?Has he, she, it worked?