review images #5: agricultural geography
TRANSCRIPT
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Review Images #5: Agricultural Geography
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Relationship to Agriculture?
As countries develop economically, a smaller percentage of their labor force is engaged in agriculture.
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Percent of Population Directly Engaged in Agriculture Is a Key
Development Statistic World = 36% of populationU.S. = <1% of population
Why does the U.S. have such a low percentage of its labor force engaged in agriculture?
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What is Agriculture?Raising of crops and livestock to
produce food, feed and fiber
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Animal Hearths
What is a hearth? How do things spread from a hearth?
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Crop Hearths
What is a hearth? How do things spread from a hearth?
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When And Where Did Agriculture Begin?
• Cultivation of root crops– S and SE Asia 14,000 years ago
• 1st Agricultural Revolution– Planned cultivation of seed crops
• SW Asia (Fertile Crescent) 10,000 years ago– Animal domestication
• SW Asia (Fertile Crescent) 8,000 years ago– Made permanent settlements possible– Led to population growth
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2nd Agricultural Revolution• 1600s - diffused from Europe• Innovations:
– British Enclosure Movement (from common open fields to individual enclosed fields)
– Mechanization– Crop rotation– Scientific breeding
• Innovations led to agricultural surpluses • Food surpluses freed people to move from farm to
factory, leading to Industrial Revolution
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3rd Agricultural Revolution or “Green Revolution”
• Began in mid-1900s - diffused from core to periphery– Genetically modified seeds, chemical fertilizers
and pesticides, irrigation systems– Improved crop yields– Greatest impact in Asia - eradicated famine in
India• Controversial
– Harmful environmental, human, animal effects– Too expensive for many subsistence farmers– Agribusinesses profit
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Norman Borlaug “Father of the Green Revolution”
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Animation Showing Growth In Ag Outputs 1970-2008
Follow the link to see the animation in motion.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agricultural_value_map_1970-2008.gif
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Impact of Colonialism on Agriculture Very Significant
• In colonial regions, Europeans tried to end subsistence ag, promote commercial ag– Monoculture: dependence on one ag commodity
• Europe became a market for imported ag products
• Europe manufactured and sold finished products made from imported raw materials
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Types of AgricultureSubsistence: growing for self and family
Shifting cultivation: relocating cultivation areas from year to year Slash and burn: clearing cultivation areas by cutting foliage and burning to replenish nutrients
Commercial: large-scale farming for profit
Plantation: large estates owned by individuals, families or corporations organized to produce cash crops
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Subsistence Agriculture Regions
Where is subsistence agriculture most common? Why?
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Types of Subsistence Agriculture
Shifting cultivation? Slash and burn? Pastoral nomadism?
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Types of Commercial Agriculture
Difference between subsistence and commercial?Mediterranean?
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Organic Agriculture
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Acres In Organic Agriculture
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Von Thunen’s Model - Know It!• 1826 - von Thunen -
German landowner• Assumptions:
– Flat terrain– Consistent soil and conditions– No transportation barriers
• Transportation costs determine location of ag activities– Closest to town, produce
most expensive to transport– Furthest from town, produce
cheapest to transport
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Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
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Agriculture on the Landscape
Regional differences? Why?
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Cadastral System (Land Survey System): Metes and Bounds
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Cadastral System:Township and Range
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Agriculture on the Landscape
Crop circles are actually lands irrigated with center-pivot irrigation systems … big “sprinkers” that rotate in a circle.
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Cadastral System: Longlots (Mississippi)
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Agriculture on the Landscape
•50% of world population lives in villages and rural areas
•Nucleated (clustered) settlement leaves more land open for agriculture
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Global Agricultural Patterns• Determined by climate, soil, agricultural methods,
technology, culture, government, history, economics, and much more …
• Impact of colonialism evident– Cotton, rubber, coffee plantations
• Advances in transportation and refrigeration critical• Large agricultural corporations (agribusinesses) have
HUGE influence on commodity chains• Many issues of concern: fossil fuel usage, illegal drugs,
overfishing, deforestation, erosion, pesticides, herbicides, pollution, antibiotics, growth hormones, etc.
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World Climate Map
Relationship between climate and agriculture?
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World Agriculture Map
Relationship between climate and agriculture?
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Wheat
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Tea
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Corn (Maize)
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Coffee Beans
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Cocoa Beans
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Rice
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Millet
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Sorghum
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Potato
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Cassava
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Sugar Beets
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Sugar Cane
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Tobacco
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Fishing and Aquaculture
About two-thirds of the fish caught from the ocean is consumed directly by humans, whereas the remainder is converted to fish meal and fed to poultry
and hogs.
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U.S. Crop GeographyLocation Factors To Consider
• Physical geography: climate (temperature & precipitation), soils, landforms, natural vegetation
• Population clusters: Megalopolis, Southern California, Chicago
• Agribusiness decisions: locations of key food processors that are vertically integrated
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Corn For Ethanol Means Less Corn For Food
Food for people, food for animals or food for cars?
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Fair Trade• Promotes payment of
fair prices and social and environmental standards for exports from periphery to core
• Coffee, chocolate, crafts, etc.
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Agribusiness Chain
Tightly organized supply chains and vertical integration
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In U.S., fewer farms, but larger farms
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Food Deserts
Where? Why there? What difference does it make?
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Where? Why there? What difference does it make?
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Food Waste
Where? Why there? What difference does it make?
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Diet For A More Crowded Planet
As countries develop
economically, consumers are
demanding more meat, poultry, eggs, milk. Challenge will
be to provide it without destroying
the planet.
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