REVIEW FOR WINTER EXAM

SC.L.14.1: THE CELL THEORY

All living things are composed of cells. They may be unicellular or multicellular.

The cell is the basic unit of life. Cells arise from pre-existing cells

All living things are composed of cells. They may be unicellular (single cell) or multicellular (multiple cells)

The cell is the basic unit of life

Cells arise from pre-existing cells (result from replication of pre existing cells).

Cells replicate the genetic information before dividing to form new cells.

SC.L.14.3: COMPARE AND CONTRAST PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS

ANIMAL CELL BOTH PLANT CELLCentriole Nucleus Chloroplasts

Cell membrane Cell WallMitochondria Central large vacuoleEndoplasmic ReticulumGolgi apparatusCytoplasmLysosomesRibosomes

SC.L.14.3: COMPARE AND CONTRAST PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS

SIMILARITIES:1. They both have DNA as their genetic material.2. They both have a plasma membrane (cell membrane)3. They both have ribosomes.4. They both have cytoplasm.4. They have similar basic metabolism .5. They are both amazingly diverse in forms.

SC.L.14.3: COMPARE AND CONTRAST PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS

DIFERENCES:1. eukaryotes have a nucleus, while prokaryotes do not2. eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotes do not. The organelles of eukaryotes allow them to exhibit much higher levels of intracellular division of labor than is possible in prokaryotic cells.3. Eukaryotic cells are, on average, ten times the size of prokaryotic cells.4. The DNA of eukaryotes is much more complex and therefore much more extnsive than the DNA of prokaryotes.5. Prokaryotes have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan, a single large polymer of amino acids and sugar . Many types of eukaryotic cells also have cell walls, but none made of peptidoglycan.6. The DNA of prokaryotes floats freely around the cell; the DNA of eukaryotes is held within its nucleus and associated with histones (proteins)7. Eukaryotes undergo mitosis; prokaryotes divide by binary fission (simple cell division)

PROKARYOTIC CELL BOTH EUKARYOTIC CELL

No nucleusDNA of prokaryotes floats freely around the cell

DNA NucleusDNA is held within its nucleus

No membrane bound organelles

Plasma membrane Membrane bound organelles

Primitive Cytoplasm ComplexDivide by binary fission Ribosomes Undergo mitosis

DNA is replicated before cell division

Have organelles that secrete proteins.

SC.L.14.7 : RELATE THE STRUCTURE OF EACH MAJOR PLANT ORGANS AND TISSUES TO PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES

Plant organs Plant tissues Plant structures

Physiological processes

RootsStemsLeavesFlowersFruitsCones.

MeristematicGroundDermalVascular

CambiumGuard cellsPhloem SeedStomataXylem.

PhotosynthesisCellular respirationTranspiration Reproduction

ANATOMY OF A LEAF

Leaf are the primary photosynthetic organs. Leaf are the primary site for light dependent reactions

STOMATA

Auxins cause a plant to respond to light (phototropism)

AUXINSAuxines produced in the apical meristem inhibit the growth of lateral buds. If the apical meristem is cut off the plant gets bushier.

SC.L.14.26: PARTS OF THE BRAINThe brain is the body’s main processing center.

It consists of three major parts: Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. The

capacity for learning, memory, perception, and intellectual function resides in the cerebrum

Cerebellum: The cerebellum regulates balance, posture, and movement

Brain stem: Regulates vital functions, such as heart rate, breathing rate, body temperature, homeostasis, and sleep.

PARTS OF THE BRAIN

The frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes are part of the cerebrum.

The Brain stem is made up of the Midbrain, Pons and the Medulla oblongata.

SC.L.14.36: FACTORS THAT AFFECT BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Blood pressure Blood volume Resistance Disease Exercise.

The human cardiovascular system is made up of:Blood Vessels: Arteries, Veins and CapillariesBlood: Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelesThe Heart

Together function to transport materials (nutrients and oxygen), remove wastes (carbon dioxide) , and distribute heat.

Blood vessels allow for the movement of blood to all cells in the body.

The pumping action of the heart, however, is needed to provide enough pressure to move blood throughout the body. The heart is made up mostly of cardiac muscle tissue, which contracts to pump blood.

Red blood cells carry oxygen. White blood cells fight infection and disease. Platelets help clot the blood and stop bleeding in a wound.

ATHEROSCLEROSISA diet high in cholesterol causes a disease known as atherosclerosis. Blood vessels become less elastic, which can lead to high blood pressure.

The fatty material is deposited in arteries. If a coronary artery is blocked by a blood clot is causes a heart attack, and if blockage is at the brain it causes a stroke.

Diabetes is one of the many medical conditions that slow down blood flow. In diabetes, there is an elevated level of sugar in the blood. This increase in glucose causes the blood to be viscous or thicker causing the flow to decrease.

Smoking causes vessels to constrict which increases blood flow through the body

A diet high in salt retains water which increases blood volume and the blood pressure increases.

If arteries lose their elasticity and become more rigid, blood pressure increases.

SC.L.14.52: BASIC FUNCTION OF THE HUMAN INMUNE SYSTEM

The body uses both Nonspecific immune response (INBORN): Do not target specific pathogens Specific immune response(ADQUIRED): Combat specific invading pathogensTo detect and destroy pathogens, thereby preventing or reducing the severity of infection.LINES OF DEFENSE1. Barrier to infections: Skin, sweat, mucus (nonspecific)2. Inflammatory response: Blood flow to the infection site increases, white blood cells attack and kill pathogens, special proteins kill or inhibit pathogen, the body temperature increases. (nonspecific)3. Immune Response (specific) : Four main kinds of white blood cells participate in the immune response: macrophages ( consume pathogens)cytotoxic T cells (attack and kill infected cells)B cells (make antibodies)Helper T cells (grow and divide, producing more helper T cells)

VACCINES AND ANTIBIOTICSVaccines are medications that are designed to stimulate the body's immune system to generate a response that will protect the individual from disease caused by the pathogen in question

Antibiotics are used to treat foreign pathogens