review for midterm 1 2010

8/8/2019 Review for Midterm 1 2010

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AP European History

Review for Midterm #1

The High Middle Ages

The effects of the Plague on Europe:y People lost rationalityy People fled citiesy People wouldnt attend funeralsy People lost faith in God and blamed Jews.y Many cases in which Jews were burned, drowned, or buried alive, and the Pope later

defended them and claimed they were not the problem.y 1347-1352 the plague spread from Sicily to Moscow with areas usually having 40-60%

mortality rates.y Women and children were more susceptible and 2/3 of the infected died, and its

expected that a total of1/3 of Europe died.

Results:y Shortage of labor, but more job opportunities. Caused slight social mobility.y Peasants demand better conditions and higher wagesy Surplus of food which then improved economic and health status in Europe.

The Hundred Years War:y French and English had disagreements over holdings in southwest francey King Charles IV (France) died without a son and his heir was supposed to be Edward III

of England who claimed he should be king of both France and England, French found away around this and named Philip VI the king of france but allowed the English to keepsome of their territories

y Philip VI seized England land in France, Edward III reasserted his claim to the Frenchthrone, France allied with Scotland

y Initially patriotism gave a lot of support to the war, lesser nobles saw it as a way toincrease their status

y Clash between French feudal fighting system (knights v. longbow men) and Britishy Battle of Crecy (1346)- outnumbered, English longbow men hold the high ground and

kill over10,000French soldiers and lose only hundredsy Poitiers (1356)- English longbow men have another victoryy Agincourt (1415)- Henry V (England) takes over as the general and king of England, he

got his troops all riled up and they gained control of Normandy, Paris, and other parts ofFrance

y Treaty of Troyes (1420)- Henry V married Catherine, daughter of Charles VI ofFrance,declares that Henry and Catherines son would be the king of England and France.

Charles VIs son claimed to be illegitimate to the French throne.y Joan of Arc- gets an audience with future king Charles VII (France), claimed God sent

her to save France. She won battle at Orleans but was captured in 1430 and burned in1431 in England

y Joan of Arc helps persuade Charles VII get coroneted as the rightful king ofFrance.y Battle of Castillon (1453)- ended the war and removed England completely from Francey Results:

o Heavy losses on both sides


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o Economically, France was damaged more because war fought on home turf, sothey lost farms and towns.

o Returning soldiers had trouble readjusting at homeo English nobles explored parliament in which the power was in the hands of the

people because they didnt like the war taxation.o France solidified central power.

Decline in prestige, power, and influence of the Church and the papacy, failed crusading

attempts The Babylonian Captivity of the papacy, the Great Schism, the ConciliarMovement, the Pragmatic Sanction of 1438:

y 1309-1376- Pope resided in Avignon and damaged prestige because their extravagantlifestyle and lack of holiness.

y King Philip the fair and Pope Boniface VIII had a political feud and King Philipkidnapped the Pope after he was excommunicated. After Boniface dies, Clement Vbecomes pope and chooses Avignon as his home.

o Rome loses prestige and power because of losing the pope and the city fell intoeconomic depression.

y Clement V continued extravagant lifestyle w/ entourage of writers and artists, thusAvignon becomes a huge economic center and the Papacy cares more about wealth thanpiety or religious matters.

y 1377- Gregory XI wants to take Papacy back to Rome but he finds that Rome is tootattered and goes back to Avignon. He dies there.

y Cardinals pick new Italian Pope, Urban VI, who attacked cardinals and members of thepapacy for not being holy and thus lost support from his electors. French cardinalsdecided to disregard Urban, and they elected Clement VII and he was dubbed the anti -pope, and he lived in Avignon. Since the pope had so much religious authority inreligious matter, peoples faith was weakened by the presence of two popes, and politicsdetermined which pope an empire would support. This was known as the Great Schism.

y England supported Urban VI, while France and Spain supported Clement VII. The HRErecognized Urban VI.

y Conciliarist movement believed that the church could be reformed through a periodicassembly, the popes authority was derived from the Christian community, favored aconstitutional church government, and more radicals believed that the church was belowthe state and that it should own no property, followers were known was lollards. Famousconciliarists were John Wyclif and Marsiglio.

y At the council at Pisa in 1409, neither pope resigned. A successor pope was assigned sothere were now 3 technical popes. Anti-Pope John XXIII called on Emperor Sigmund toconduct a conference from 1414-1418 in Constance, the council deposed John XXIII andthe two other current Popes (Gregory XII and Benedict XIII). Made Martin V the newpope, but Martin failed to reform and crushed the conciliar movement

y Pragmatic sanction-1438- gave French control over the appointment of bishops and itaffirmed the special rights of the French crown over the French church which helpedcentralize authority of the French crown

Plight of the peasants, the Peasants Revolt of 1381:y Peasants lives centered on marriage (many Europeans had thriving sex lives and most

marriages were forced for economic ties) and religion, but the plague, tax increases, andgovernment control all angered peasants in the 14th and 15th century.


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y Parents had to pay a merchet (fine for marriage) to lord for losing a female worker.But, because men married older than women, prostitution was common and accepted, butnot respected. No divorce allowed.

y 1381 Peasants Revolt preceded by 1320-1325 Dutch peasant revolt; where the highlyurbanized Flanders allowed the first mass movements of the 14th century. Caused becauseof high French taxes and monastic fees angering citizens, combined with the widening

social gap developing.y 1381 British Peasants Revolt lasted 5 weeks, and was caused primarily because the

plague had wiped out a large fraction of the labor force. This meant that workers/peasantsdemanded higher wages and better conditions despite the parliamentary Statute ofLaborers of1351 which attempted to freeze wages and social mobility. Thus, the laboringclass and the upper class were both unwilling to back down and the laborers, havingstrength in numbers, rebelled. 1380 head tax on all adult males was the final string beforerevolt erupted.

y Most revolting occurred in the commercial south and east, and King Richard II trickedthe peasants with false agreements and then ruthlessly crushed the peasants. But, theseeds for serfdom had disappeared and England peasants had slightly more freedom.

RenaissanceWhy is it considered a period of rebirth?Because it was a return to emphasis on the classics of Greece and Rome.Why was Italy the birthplace?Italy had a thriving economy because of trade during the Crusades, meaning it had the money tosupport the movement.Important city-states:Florence, VeniceChanges in artistic technique:Humanism, secularism, individualism.changes in status of artists:Rockstars of their time, patrons wanted their portraits done by the best artists.The Medicis:Aristocrats ofFlorence, controlled the government, extremely wealthy.Machiavelli:Wrote The Prince and was Italian. The Prince detailed the manner in which an individual was tokeep power over the masses, described human nature as being inherently cruel, selfish, andcowardly.Petrarch:Considered two centuries of the Roman Empire to represent peak of human civilization. Calledthe Middle Ages the Dark Ages. Called Renaissance rebirthPico della Mirandola:Philosopher, Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486), importance of human quest for knowledge,inspired by Plato.

Masaccio:Painter, talented in creating life-like figures and movements, convincing sense of3d. The

Expulsion, Adam and Eve being expelled from Garden of EveBrunelleschi:Pioneered perspective in painting (linear representation of distance in space on a flat surface)Donatello:Sculptor. Statues showed appreciation for variety in human nature


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da Vinci:science, art,Mona Lisa, Last Supper, Merivingean ManCastiglione:Book of the Courtierdefinitive account of Renaissance court life, talks about human nature,women, love, etc.Raphael:

Painted School of Athens extremely secularMichelangelo:

Pieta, Sistine Chapel, Last JudgmentLorenzo the Magnificent:Medici, statesman, de facto ruler of the Florentine Republic, patron of scholars, artists, and poets,death marked the end of the Golden Age ofFlorencePope Julius II:Tore down old St. Peters Basilica and began work on present structure, encouraged theRenaissance in ChurchGutenberg:Moveable type printing pressErasmus:

Dutch Renaissance humanist, Catolic priest, Theologian, classic scholar with Latin style,prepared new Latin & Greek editions of New Testament, publicly criticized popular Christianbelief.Thomas More:Ambassador to Flanders under Henry VIII, wrote Utopia, said society was responsible forcorruption and war.van Eyckflemish painter, early artist to use oil-based paints successfully, showed flemish love of detail,great detail and remarkable attention to human personalityPopolo:Non noble people, disenfranchised and heavily taxed, wanted to replace the communalgovernment, so used violence to take over city government. Tried to establish fair government but

excluded classes below themSignori:One person who rules a city stateOligarchies:Small groups (sometimes families) who ruled city-statesThe Ciompi Revolt:Revolt in Florence by wool-carders (Ciompi) who rose up in 1378 to demand a voice in thecommunes ordering because had no representation in any guild.HumanismStudy of human natureSecularismFocus away from religion and onto life on earth

IndividualismFocuson individual achievements rather than the wholeHumanistsRecovered old manuscripts to understand human nature instead of revealing God, moreconcerned with form than contents, more interested in expression than validityEffects of the printing press:Ideas could be spread faster/propaganda,eventually led to increased literacyNorthern Renaissance:More Christian influence, meshed Italian Renaissance with religion.


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Christian Humanists:Valued life on earth as long as it followed Christian faith

Problems in the Church: clerical immorality, priests frequently violated their vows of celibacy,accused of drunkenness, gambling; clerical ignorance, many priests could barely read or write;absenteeism and pluralism, higher-level Church officials often absent from sees, many held more

than one office at time, bout offices

Protestants: Luther maintained that Gods grace alone, without any element of individual goodworks, saved people, Luther held that religious authority resided in Scripture alone, not Scripturein combination with traditional Church teachings. Luther asserted that the Church consisted of thewhole community of believers, not just the clergy. Luther argued that all vocations were equallyholy, and that monasticism was not a higher vocation. Luther emphasized the invisible Church ofall believers, not the visible hierarchy culminating in the Pope. Luther argued that there were onlythree, not seven, sacramentsbaptism, penance, and the Eucharist. Luther argued forconsubstantiationthat Christ was really present in the host in spirit, but that the bread and winewere not transformed, recognized the doctrine of separation of church and state as pointingtoward a secular society, and they persecuted Anabaptists

Catholics: The Catholic Church claimed transubstantiationthat is, that the bread and wine of theEucharist literally became Christs body and blood, recognized the doctrine of separation ofchurch and state as pointing toward a secular society, and they persecuted Anabaptists,indulgences pardon sin, considers full communion with the Bishop of Rome an essential elementof CatholicismWycliffe: followers are known as Lollards, a somewhat rebellious movement, which preachedanticlerical and biblically-centered reforms, a precursor to the Protestant Reformation, one of theearliest opponents of papal authority influencing secular powerHus: is famed for having been burned at the stake for heresy against the doctrines of the CatholicChurch, including those on ecclesiology (the branch of theology concerned with the nature,constitution and functions of a church), the Eucharist (a Christian sacrament commemorating the

Last Supper by consecrating bread and wine), key predecessor for Protestant Movement andteachings strong influence on Martin Luther and European states

Luther: Luther rejected the notion that good works, such as donating money to the Churchthrough an indulgence, could lead to salvation. He was disturbed that Church friars weremisleading the common people and wrote to his archbishop in protest.

Pope Leo X: was the last non-priest to be elected Pope. He is known primarily for the sale ofindulgences to reconstruct St. Peter's Basilica and his challenging of Martin Luther's 95 ThesesTetzel: sold indulgences, angered Protestants, could at advertisementHRE Charles V: declared Luther an outlaw, inherited Spain, and Spanish possessions in Italy,Sicily, and Sardinia, in addition to the lands mentioned above, believed that it was his duty to

maintain the unity of Christendom, focused his attention elsewhere, and he needed the help ofProtestant princesfor example, to fight off the Turkish attack on Vienna in 1529, Between 1521and 1555 Charles V fought a series of wars with France over Burgundy. The French supportedLutheran princes within Germany against Charles, In the Peace of Augsburg (1555) Charlesaccepted the religious status quo in GermanyZwingli: a Swiss priest, joined the Reformation in 1519, denouncing indulgences, monasticism,and celibacy. Like Luther, Zwingli insisted the laity should read the Bible, Zwingli argued thatthe Eucharist was a memorial of the Last Supper and nothing more


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Calvin: believed with Luther in consubstantiation, the founder of Calvinism, John Calvin,concluded that human beings could do nothing to save themselves. God decided at the beginningof time who would be saved and who would not (predestination), Predestination did not lead tofatalism. Rather, Calvinists, convinced they were saved, were ready to endure great hardship inthe struggle against evil, Calvin and the city government of Geneva attempted to regulatepeoples conduct in order to create a godly city on earth. Card playing, dancing, and so on were

banned, The Genevan government prosecuted heretics, burning fifty-eight at the stake between1542 and 1546, including the Spanish heretic Servetus, The Calvinist ethic of the callingglorified all vocations as pleasing to God. This doctrine encouraged hard work and vigorousactivism, recognized the doctrine of separation of church and state as pointing toward a secularsociety, and they persecuted AnabaptistsServetus: was the first European to describe the function of pulmonary circulation, Condemnedby Catholics and Protestants alike, he was arrested in Geneva and burnt at the stake as a hereticby order of the Protestant Geneva governing council in coordination with John CalvinKnox: a minister who studied in Geneva with Calvin, was instrumental in getting the ScottishParliament to set up a Calvinist church as the official state church of Scotland (Presbyterianism).Mary Queen of Scots: Mary had previously claimed Elizabeth's throne as her own and wasconsidered the legitimate sovereign of England by many English Catholics, including participants

in the Rising of the North. Perceiving her as a threat, Elizabeth had her arrested. After19 years incustody in a number of castles and manor houses in England, she was tried and executed fortreason for her involvement in three plots to assassinate ElizabethHenry VIII In 1534, in order to legitimize his divorce and subsequent marriage to AnneBoleyn, English King Henry VIII convinced Parliament to approve the Act of Supremacy,making him head of the English Church. Later, Henry seized monasteries and distributed theirlands to the upper classes.Tyndale-- first to translate considerable parts of the Bible into English, for a public, layreadership. Tyndale's was the first English translation to draw directly from Hebrew and Greektexts, and the first to take advantage of the new medium of print, which allowed for its widedistribution. This was taken to be a direct challenge to the hegemony of both the Catholic Churchand the English church and state.

Coverdale-- translator who produced the first complete printed translation of the Bible intoEnglish.

Cranmer He helped build a favorable case for Henry's divorce from Catherine of Aragon. Hesupported the principle of Royal Supremacy, in which the king was considered sovereign over theChurch within his realm.

Catherine of Aragon-- was Queen of England as the first wife ofKing Henry VIII of Englandand Princess ofWales as the wife to Arthur, Prince ofWales.

Anne Boleyn Henry VIII married her to try to have sons after divorcing his previous wife.

Thomas More-- He was an important counselor to Henry VIII of England and for three yearstoward the end of his life he was Lord Chancellor. He is also recognized as a saint within theCatholic Church and in the Anglican Communion.[2] He was an opponent of the ProtestantReformation and of Martin Luther and William Tyndale.

Thomas Cromwell-- was an English statesman who served as King Henry VIII's chief ministerfrom 1532 to 1540.


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Bloody Mary-- was Queen regnant of England and Queen regnant of Ireland from 19 July 1553until her death. She was the eldest daughter of Henry VIII and only surviving child of Catherineof Aragon. As the fourth crowned monarch of the Tudor dynasty, she is remembered for restoringEngland to Roman Catholicism after succeeding her short-lived half brother, Edward VI, to theEnglish throne. In the process, she had almost 300 religious dissenters burned at the stake in theMarian Persecutions, earning her the sobriquet of "Bloody Mary".

Elizabeth I-- (r. 15581603), daughter of Henry VIII, steered a middle course betweenCatholicism and the Puritans who wanted a pure church free of Catholic influences.

Indulgences-- the full or partial remission of temporal punishment due for sins which havealready been forgiven. The indulgence is granted by the Catholic Church after the sinner hasconfessed and received absolution.[Abuses in selling and granting indulgences were a major pointof contention when Martin Luther initiated the Protestant Reformation (1517).

Heretics -- The heretics were those who were unfaithful to religion after the catastrophe in thelate middle ages, where 3 popes were elected all at once. The religious people wanted to eliminatethese heretics, which was one of the fundamental reasons for the reformation.

Sacrament-- Examples of sacraments would be Baptism and the Eucharist."[1] Therefore asacrament is a religious symbol or often a rite which conveys divine grace, blessing, or sanctityupon the believer who participates in it, or a tangible symbol which represents an intangiblereality

Simony-- the crime of paying for sacraments and consequently for holy offices or positions inthe hierarchy of a church.

Lay Investiture-- the appointment of bishops, abbots, and other church officials by feudal lordsand vassals.

Tithes --paid as a (usually) voluntary contribution or as a tax or levy, usually to support areligious organization

Pluralism-- a loosely defined expression concerning acceptance of various religions

Absenteeism people held multiple offices but did not show up to do the job.

Eucharist: a Christian sacrament commemorating the Last Supper by consecrating bread andwine

The Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards]were written in 1395 by followers of John Wycliffe.

The text was presented to the Parliament of England and nailed to the doors ofWestminsterAbbey and St Paul's Cathedral

Council of Constance: Condemned and executed Jan Hus

95 Theses Against the Sale of Indulgences: was written by Martin Luther in 1517 and is widelyregarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. The disputation protests againstclerical abuses, especially in regard to indulgences.


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Diet of Worms: 1521, Charles V ordered Luther to recant

Edict of Worms: 1521, HRE Charles V. To protect the authority of the pope and the Church, aswell as to maintain the profitable sale of indulgences, church officials convinced Charles V thatLuther was a threat and persuaded him to authorize his condemnation by the Empire

Consubstantiation: In the Eucharist, the bread and wine undergo spiritual changes. Luther

Transubstantiation: In the Eucharist, the bread and wine become the actual body of Christ.Catholics

Diet of Speyer: was a Diet of the Holy Roman Empire 1526 in the city of Speyer, Germany.Makes manifest the Edict ofWorms.

Peace of Augsburg: 1555. German Princes in the HRE can choose either Lutheranism orCatholicism as their religion.

Luthers view on women: marriage was the institution established by God for the expression ofhuman sexuality, the bible says to be fruitful and multiply

Institutes of the Christian Religion: The over-arching theme of the book and Calvin's greatesttheological legacy is the idea of God's total sovereignty, particularly in salvation and election.

Anabaptists- believed in adult-baptism, love sometimes messianicMennonites- Anabaptist group preached nonviolenceQuakers-founded by George Fox (Society ofFriends), women preachers, all members can realizespiritual truth, pacifists, no titles, and no oathsAmish- founded by Jacob Amman/ split from Mennonites b/c Amman wanted to be able to shunpeople, live very simple lives (adult baptism)

Act of Supremacy-King of England is head of Episcopal ChurchAnglican Church- founded by Henry VIII(Defender ofFaith title placed on him by pope forhis Book defense of the seven sacraments) when divorced Catherin married Anne BoleynBook of Common prayer- English prayer book with some Catholic traditions (angered Scots b/cthey are Presbyterians)Baptists-believers baptism through faith alone/ focus on scripture

Counter Reformation (Catholic Reformation)

Early calls for reform: The conciliatory movement in the 1400s was the one of the earlier signsof people wanting to reform the church. They wanted the ultimate power to come not from thepope and but from individual people. Martin Luther also called for reform but the Catholic

Church failed to address his concerns as different forms of Protestantism developed.

Goals of C-R: The two main goals were to stop the spread of Protestantism and to reform theCatholic Church itself.

Thomas More (Utopia): He was a Renaissance thinker who lived from 1478 to 1538. He wasexecuted by the English government because he refused to take the oath of supremacyrecognizingKing Henry VIII as the leader of the church in England. He wrote Utopia, whichdescribed an ideal society where people continue to learn throughout their entire lives. Money is


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not used in the society so there is no corruption, saying that the problems in society are all causedby greed.

Erasmus (Praise of Folly): He lived from 1466 to 1536. He used humanistic learnings to studyand explain the Bible. He urged everyone to read the New Testament in the vernacular. One ofhis most famous works, Praise ofFolly, was a satire of all worldly possessions and ambitions.

Gasparo Contarini: He was an Italian cardinal who wanted to talk with the Protestants to come toan agreement after the reformation.

Pope Paul III (1468-1549): Was the pope from 1534 to his death in 1549. He was the first of thereforming pope, breaking away from his Renaissance predecessors. He called the Council ofTrent in 1537. He also authorized the Jesuits in 1540 and established the inquisition in the Papalstate.Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556): founded Society of Jesus, former Spanish soldier, gave up hismilitary career to become a soldier of Christ, had a powerful international role in resisting spreadof Protestantism, converting Asians and Latin American Indians and spread Christian educationall over Europe, wrote Spiritual Exercises (1548), directed individual imagination and will to the

reform of life and a new spiritual piety, after studying at universities in Salamanca and Paris, hegathered a group of6 companions. In 1540, secured papal approval of the new Society of Jesus,who were called Jesuits, first Jesuits saw Reformation as a pastoral problem, caused by peoplesspiritual condition, Society of Jesus was a tight-knit organization that promised to live life in amonastery, Jesuits were confessors and spiritual directors to kings, and exerted great politicalinfluence, carried Christianity overseas

Cardinal Carafa (Pope Paul IV) : headed the Holy Office, which was established by Pope Paul III.The Holy Office had jurisdiction over the Roman Inquisition, which was a powerful instrument ofthe Counter Reformation. Under Cardinal Carafa, it attacked heresy. He wrote, No man is tolower himself by showing toleration towards any sort of heretic, least of all a Calvinist, showingreligious intolerance, introducedIndex librorum prohibitorum to crack down the growing threat

of Protestantism.

Humanism: an approach in studying philosophy that focuses on human values and concernsSecularism: belief that government, lifestyles, or other entities that should be separate fromreligion

Flagellation: whipping oneself as a penance for sins

Oratory of the Divine Love: a Catholic brotherhood formed in 1497 by a man named EttoreVernazza. First set up in Genoa, Italy, but soon spread across the country. Main aims were to helpcountry from disease and poverty and spread the word of God.

Theatine Regular Clerics: Founded in the 1520s by a group of men after Pope Paul IVs death,this group was based in southern Italy. Its goals were to encourage an edifying life in the clergyand restore laity to the practice of virtue. Many rich and powerful men were attracted to thisgroups vow of poverty and strict moral codes. Many beautiful churches were built, includingone by Cardinal Mazarin. They created foreign colonies for the papacy and would continue tothrive until the 19th century.

Council of Trent: Pope Paul III summoned a council in 1537 but was unable to meet until 1545because of wars between France and the HRE, and continued to meet until 1563. All Christian


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faiths were invited to attend, yet there was very low attendance which showed the lack of unity inthe church. The main issues were Luther and his followers and whether or not to limit papalpower and reform the church. Many bishops were influenced by their secular nationalmonarchs. The pope kept his power and maintained unity. Since reconciliation with theProtestants was impossible, few concessions were made beyond defining the seven sacramentsand the Catholic doctrine. Transubstantiation, confession, and absolution were reaffirmed. Many

ideas like purgatory, monasticism and celibacy were maintained. They reformed the concept ofindulgences and pluralism was put in check. Marriage became a public event. Steps were put inplace to educate the priests and create higher standards for the clergy. Ultimately, reconciliationwas not achieved, reform was not immediately instituted, but the doctrines established wouldserve as a baseline for Catholic practice.

St. Jeromes Vulgate: The Council of Trent decided that this translation of the Bible into Latinby St. Jerome in the 4th century was the only official version of the Bible that could be taughtfrom.

The Somaschi Order of Regular Clerics: Founded in the 16th century by St. Jerome Emiliani, thisorder focused on helping fallen women and encouraging community care.

Capuchins-Encouraged by theF

ranciscan order. They sought to be primitive and findsolitude. They wore hoods called capuccios, and sported beards. They took a vow of poverty andwere not allowed to be involved in any financial activity. Initially facing obstacles, the order wasunder suspicion of heresy and many were persecuted. Ultimately they grew and undertookmissions in the Americas.

Order of the Barnabites: Founded by three Italian men in 1530. The order met alternatelyin Rome and Milan, and decided that each member should be pious, chaste, impoverished,obedient, and to never seek a position of dignity or power. They engaged in missionary projectsin China and Brazil.

The Angelice- This was created by the Barnabites as a female branch of the order. They followedthe same rules as the Barnabites.

The Society of Jesus (Jesuits) -1540 Loyola and 6 contemporaries formed a group recruitingmainly upper, middle class citizens. 2 yr. novitiate.

Ursuline Order (Angela Merici) - Mericis order of nuns, education of women

Carmelites of the Strict Observance (Theresa of Avila)-140 nuns obsessed by social prestige andfear of Hell

Congregation of the Inquisition/Holy Office/Roman Inquisition- oversees the Catholic DoctrinePope Paul IV in 1542

Index librorum prohibitorum: The Index ofForbidden Books, which was a catalogue of forbiddenreading, published by the Holy Office. It was meant to protect the faith and morals of thefaithfuls by preventing the reading of immoral books and works containing theologicalerrors.


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The Great Witch Hunt (1400-1700) targeted widows/unmarried women between 50-70 years,causes: economic (inflation, enclosure of land), demographic (more late marriages), sociological(women status), between 50000 and 100000 executed in 16th and 17th centuryKramer & Sprenger The Hammer of Witches, authority on how to try witchesThe Thirty Years War

1) Defenestration of Prague (1618) 2 Catholic officials underFerdinand of Styria

(new Catholic King of Bohemia)2) The Bohemian Phase (1618-1625) civil war, Catholic League (Ferdinand IItrying to bring Counter-Reformation) vs. Protestant Unionunder Prince Frederick V (ofthe Palatinate), Protestants defeated at White Mountain (1620)3) The Danish Phase (1625-1630) Christian IV (Lutheran king of Denmark) enteredconflict to support Protestants, Albrecht von Wallenstein (with the Catholic army)defeated Christian (Protestants),Edict of Restitution (1629) all Catholic properties lostto Protestantism since 1517 were restored, only Catholics and Lutherans allowed toexercise faith angered Protestants, highest peak of Habsburg power4) The Swedish Phase (1630-1635) Sweden arrives under Gustavus Adolphus tosupport Protestant cause, Protestants defeat Catholics at Breitenfield and Lutzen5) The French Phase/International Phase (1635-1648) French officially enter on side

of Protestants, 1635 Richelieu declares war on Spain, Germany becomes battleground(looted and burned)6) Peace ofWestphalia (1648) conflicts fought over religious tensions ended,recognized sovereign authority of300+ German princes, Habsburgs Empires powerlimited, United Provinces of Netherlands independent, French territory increases(Alsace), Sweden gets cash and some German territory along Baltic Sea, pope notallowed to participate in German religious affairs, Augsburg agreement of1555 to standpermanently (but includes Calvinism)7) Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659) ends private war between France and Spain(1635-1659) that was initially part of The Thirty Years War, France gained Flanders

Age of Exploration/Expansion

Motives- God, Gold, & Glorycaravel a ship with large square sails for moving forward and small triangular sails for sailingdiagonally into a headwind, could travel across the wind in a zig-zag pattern, astrolabe- aninstrument, developed by Muslim navigators in the twelfth century, that allowed mariners to plottheir latitude by determining the altitude of the sun and other celestial bodies, cartography theart of making maps, recreating the Earth on a flat surface, added grids that eventually becamelatitude and longitude lines, improved shipbuilding better hull construction, different sails,magnetic compass- Chinese invention that allowed sailors to determine their position anddirection at sea; astrolabe Muslim instrument enabling navigators to plot latitude or position northand south of the equator, Treaty of Tordesillas 1493/94 Pope Alexander VI divided the worldwith Spain getting everything 370 leagues west of the Azores and Portugal getting everything to

the east Spain got most of America (except Brazil) and Portugal got Africa, India, and the EastIndies (obviously the English, French and Dutch were totally in agreement with this),conquistadors led military forces and conquered land for Spain or themselves, established aSpanish presence through force in theNew World Mundus Novus, coined by AmerigoVespucci to describe the land reached by Columbus, encomenderos Spanish administrators inthe New World charged with overseeing land, resources, and natives, many used nativeAmericans to mine precious metals or work the fields (sugar cane, etc.), Columbian Exchange exchange of goods (plants and animals, people, diseases, even ideas) between Europe and theNew World


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Viceroyalties- for administrative purposes, Spanish possessions in the Americas were divided into 4 units called viceroyalties. The viceroy (imperial government) held broad civil and militaryauthority and was assisted by a council of12-15 judges, the audiencia, which held the highest judicial authority.At the local level, officials called correqidores had military and judicial authority.price revolution- economic theory that the flood of South American bullion into Europe created

widespread inflation or price rise; much disputed by scholars.

y John Cabot (c. 1450-1499) - Italian explorer. Discovered Newfoundland and claimed itfor the Kingdom of England.

y Bartholomeu Dias (c. 1450-1500) - Portuguese explorer. He sailed from Portugal andreached the Cape of Good Hope.

y Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) - Italian explorer. Sailed in 1492 and discovered the"New World" of the Americas.

y Amerigo Vespucci (c. 1454-1512) - Italian explorer. Sailed in 1499 and 1502. Heexplored the east coast of South America.

y Juan Ponce de Len (c. 1460-1521) - Spanish explorer. He explored Florida whileattempting to locate a Fountain of Youth.

y Piri Reis (c. 1465/1470 1554/1555) - Ottoman explorer.y Pedro lvares Cabral (c. 1467- c. 1520) - Portuguese explorer, generally regarded as

first European discoverer of the sea route to Brazil.y Vasco da Gama (c. 1469-1524) - Portuguese explorer. He sailed from Portugal to India

by rounding the Cape of Good Hope.y Vasco Nez de Balboa (c. 1475-1519) - Spanish explorer. The first European to cross

the Isthmus of Panama and view the Pacific Ocean from American shores.y Francisco Pizarro (c. 1475-1541) - Spanish explorer. Conquered the Inca Empire.y Juan Sebastin Elcano (1476-1526) - Spanish explorer. Completed the first

circumnavigation of the globe in a single expedition after its captain, Magellan, waskilled.

y Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521) - Portuguese explorer. Initiated the firstcircumnavigation of the globe in a single expedition. Sailed through Strait of Magellanand named Pacific Ocean. Died in the Philippines after claiming them for Spain.

y Giovanni da Verrazzano (c. 1485-1528) - Italian explorer. Explored the northeast coastof America, from about present day South Carolina to Newfoundland.

y Hernn Corts (1485-1545) - Spanish explorer. Conquered the Aztec Empire for Spain.y Jacques Cartier (1491 1557) -French explorer. Discovered Canada.y Hernando de Soto (c. 1496-1542) - Spanish explorer. Explored Florida, mainly

northwest Florida, and discovered the Mississippi River.y Francisco Vsquez de Coronado (c. 1510-1554) - Spanish explorer. Searched for the

Seven Cities of Gold and discovered the Grand Canyon in the process.y SirFrancis Drake (c. 1540-1596) - English explorer. The first Englishman to sail around

the world and survive.y Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa (1532-1592) Spanish explorer of the Pacific.y Alvaro de Mendaa de Neyra 1541-1596 Spanish explorer of the Pacific.y Pedro Fernandes de Queirs 1565-1614 Portuguese navigator. Explored the Pacific in the

service of the Spanish Crown.y Henry Hudson (1570-1611) - English explorer. Explored much of the North Atlantic,

including Labrador, the coast of Greenland, and Hudson Bay. Presumed dead in a 1611mutiny of his own crew.


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y Vitus Bering (1681-1741) - Danish explorer. Explored the Siberian Far East and Alaskaand claimed it for Russia.

y James Cook (1728-1779) - English naval captain. Explored much of the Pacificincluding New Zealand, Australia and Hawaii. ( I wont tell you where this list came

from )

Henry IV: king ofFrance from (1589-1610)- He inherited throne when France was in a poorstate and promised a chicken in every pot and genuinely cared about the people. He Convertedto Catholicism and issued the Edict of Nantes but still instated devout protestant, Maximilien deBthune, the Duke of Sully as his chief minister. He decreased taxes for peasants and requiredthat royals pay apaulette, a fee paid by royal officials to ensure that their office would beinherited by their children.Duke of Sully: He decreased taxes but revenues went up in France because trade was revived. Hesubsidized the Company for Trade with the Indies and started a highway system across the nation.The Duke of Sully and Henry IV gave order to France and laid down its economic foundationsLouis XIII: king ofFrance from (1610-1643). Became King when he was a boy so Marie deMedici headed the government and Cardinal Richelieu had a big influence on him. Marie de Medici: She was essentially the head of the French government when her son, LouisXIII was a boy king.Cardinal Richelieu: He was appointed by Marie de Medici and quickly became the firstminister. He encouraged Louis XIII to be the embodiment of the French State. He curbed thepower of the nobility by eliminating powerful people from the royal council, demolishing castlesand war fortifications of nobles, and stopped any conspiracies by executing the plotters. He alsoset up a system in which the country was divided up into thirty - two sections in which a noblewas appointed to perform royal orders.Cardinal Mazarin: He was Richelieus successor and continued his policies but with lesssuccess. His failures lead to the Fronde.Louis XIV: King ofFrance (1643:1715), He was traumatized by being a prisoner during theFronde and thus believed that absolute monarch was necessary to put down anarchy. He believedthat God had endowed him with the responsibility of ruling the nation. He had a large effect onthe French culture. He domesticated the French nobility by making bourgeois his counselors,requiring nobles to go to Versailles and obsess in his court culture he made there, and by reducingthe taxes of the nobles greatly. He led a campaign to repress the Huguenots. He was fond ofpeople acting obsequiously to him. He had a lot of trouble collecting taxes because he had to getparliaments consent as well as the consent of local rulers. Also, he barely taxed the nobility orthe clergy, the two richest groups, so the monarchy primarily received income from the peasantswhich did not give them enough money. This was especially bad because of the constant warLouis waged but he could spend the money however he wanted to.Colbert: He was a big supporter of mercantilism and applied it to his dealings with the economyin France. He tried to get France to export a lot of goods but not import anything so it couldbecome self-sufficient and did so by strengthening local industries and created the merchantmarine to transport valuable goods around. Unfortunately peasants moved because of the harshtaxes and the monarchy lost people who they could tax.Intendants: established by Cardinal Richelieu, administrative system that divided France into 32districts each headed by a royal intendant responsible for financial, judicial, policingmatters. Required to be new nobility and not natives of their districts. Directly responsible tomonarchy, extended the kings power by enforcing royal orders and weakening the power ofregional nobility Fronde: Because France won the final battle at Rocroi against the Spanish in


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1643 people thought they were at peace and that taxes were unnecessary. Thus, many regions didnot even pay taxes. Also, nobles felt as if they were losing power to the French Monarchy. Therewas intermittent rebellion for the next few years lead by various nobles. Fronde: A French civil war (1648-1653) that pitted the peasants against the nobility. Itultimately resulted in the decline of the nobilitys power on a regional and national level,strengthening the absolute monarchy.

Versailles: It was the lavish palace that Louis XIV made for himself. It reflected the grandeur ofthe monarchy in Louis XIVs age.Revocation of the Edict of Nantes: Louis the XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes. He tore downchurches, baptized Huguenots, and exiled Calvinist pastors. He did this because he wanted Franceto be more united and it is part of his absolutist philosophy. Religious also toleration made somearistocrats angry; thus, Louis wanted to appease them to keep his power. All the people that leftthe nation due to this revocation hurt the economy and spread hate for Louis to protestant parts ofEurope.Mercantilism: the theory that a nations wealth would increase if it exported more than itimported and vice-versa.War of Spanish Succession: Charles II of Spain could not produce an heir so his successor wasin question. Louis XIV wanted his grandson, Philip of Anjou to be King and Holy Roman

Emperor wanted his son to be King. There were also some territorial disputes that played a role inthis war. The rest of Europe did not want for Philip of Anjou to be King or forFrance to have toomuch power in its overseas empire so they formed the Grand Alliance of the English, Dutch,Austrians, and Prussians. Eugene, Prince of Savoy, from the H.R.E. and John Churchill, Duke ofMarlboro, from England lead key victories in the war. The war was eventually ended by thepeace of Utrecht.Peace of Rijswijk: Ended the War of the League of Augsburg a.k.a. Nine Years War. France losta few towns but retained Alsace with Strasbourg. France also got Saint-Domingue (Haiti),Pondicherry, and Nova Scotia. France also had to recognize William III as King of England.

Peace of Utrecht: representative of the effectiveness of Balance of Power, ended War ofSpanish succession, completed Spains decline, ended French expansionist policy. Chief

provisions: Philip of Anjou became Philip V of Spain under stipulation that his successors couldnever hold French throne, Savoy got Sicily, HRE got Spanish Netherlands, Naples, Sardinia,Milan, Britain got Gibraltar and Minorca, Asiento (slave trading contract), Newfoundland,AcadiaJames I: Elizabeths successor, Scottish import, politically shrewd however ostracizedin England due to his bad manners, Scottish accent, devoted to theory of Divine Right which puthim in constant opposition with Parliament, no financial knowledgeCharles I: Proponent of Divine Right, dissolved Parliament in 1629 after quarreling about kingsright to raise taxes, next parliament sat from 1640-1660 (Long Parliament) attempted to limitmonarchys power through legislation, Parliament refused Charles an army to put downrebellions in Scotland and Ireland, consequentially Charles raised his own army in opposition toParliamentary forces and the English civil war was started

Oliver Cromwell: devout Protestant, became military leader of Parliamentary forces in late 1640,had difficulty controlling England and ultimately attempted to govern solo as the Lord Protectorunder the Institute of Government, England was governed under military rule with Cromwell andhis regime of major generalsRichard Cromwell: second Lord Protector of England from 3 September1658 until 25 May1659. Throughout his reign he had two chief problems, a lack of respect from the army due to hisnon military background, and a precarious financial situation for England. To right Englandsfinancial affairs he called Parliament however it quickly reverted back to its old ways causingfriction with the army and leading to Cromwells demise.


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Charles II: determined to get along with Parliament, appointed advisors (Cabal) to act as a gobetween, Parliament however didnt give the King enough revenue to remedy this Charles signedthe Treaty of Dover with France, Anti Catholic fear was sweeping Europe, English people werecaught up in the hysteria and grew incredibly worried when Charles was succeeded by hisCatholic brother James IIJames II: Confirmed English fears upon ascension to throne by appointing Catholics to public

positions, not following the law, reverting to absolutism, granted religious freedom to all whichwas opposed by Parliament, when Jamess wife produced a male heir England responded byoffering the throne to William and MaryWilliam and Mary: Mary, daughter of James II, and husband the Dutch William of Orange wereoffered the throne following the birth of Jamess heir in the Glorious Revolution. Beforeaccepting power they were forced to accept the Bill of Rights and recognize the supremacy ofParliament, which was significant because it established that the king ruled with the consent ofthe governedThomas Hobbes: English, lived 1588-1697, believed humans were incapable of self governmentand thus must surrender their rights to an absolute ruler who job it is to lend order, Hobbes wasopposed to the glorious revolutionJohn Locke: English, lived 1632-1704, believed man has basic rights among them, life, liberty,

property, the purpose of government is to protect mans rights, people have the right to overthrowa tyrannical governmentEnglish Civil War: Caused by inability of English kings to compromise with Parliament,featured the Kings cavaliers composed of Anglican landed nobles from Northern England, againstthe Puritan Roundheads who represented the southern middle class and gentry, ended in 1649with Charles I being beheadedTriennial Act:King must call Parliament every three years, consequence of Charles Is actionsCavaliers: royal supporters ofKing Charles I in the English Civil War. Usually were privilegedmembers of the nobility; sought to keep the king in power and preserve the status quo.Roundheads: Supporters of Parliament during the English Civil War; also known asParliamentarians. Initially supported a constitutional monarchy instead of Charless absolutistrule, but became more radical in their beliefs as the war progressed. By the end of the war,

Roundheads wanted a republican government, which was partially realized under CromwellsCommonwealth.New Model Army: formed by the Parliamentarians in 1645; dissolved 1660. It was unique inthat its members were professional soldiers, not merely part-time militiamen. It was also anational army, not tied to any specific town or garrison. Composed of the most radical Englishcitizens, the Army had no qualms about challenging the authority of either Parliament or theCrown, resulting in its short-lived rule under Cromwell.Rump Parliament: the Parliament that remained after the Long Parliament was purged in 1648.Ensured the completion of the trial and execution ofKing Charles. Refers to the parliamentremaining after the legitimate parliament was gutted by the revolutionary, anti-Crown faction.Leviathan: A landmark book on political and governmental thought authored by ThomasHobbes. The first appearance of the idea of a social contract, or accord between a government

and its subjects; however, it was in stark contrast to the social contract proposed by Locke threedecades later. Leviathan argued that people must consent to be ruled absolutely in order to avoidchaos and war and attain security, sacrificing personal freedoms for national safety.Protectorate: The English government, 1653-1659. Ruled by a Lord Protector, first OliverCromwell, then his son Richard, before the Restoration of Charles II in 1660. The Protectoratewas, in theory, a product of popular sentiment for a non-absolutist ruler, but Cromwell ruled viamilitary, not legislative, power, absolute to nearly the same extent as previous kings.


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Instrument of Government: Constitution of England, Scotland, and Ireland, penned in 1653 byJohn Lambert. Granted executive power to an elected Lord Protector, advocated for appointmentand election of officials by the people. Basis for English Bill of Rights, US Constitution.Navigation Act of 1651: Essentially mandated that trade between England and her colonies beconducted with English vessels. Goods imported to England could not be carried by ships undera foreign flagthis was primarily intended to harm the Dutch, Englands commercial nemesis.

Though repealed with the fall of Charles I, similar policies continued under numerous NavigationActs for centuries, including the acts that stimulated American discontent.Restoration: In 1660, after nearly a decade of military rule and widespread trouble, the Englishrejected the Commonwealth and returned to monarchial rule with the reinstatement of Charles IIof Tudor to the throne. The royalist Long Parliament was similarly restored.Test Act of 1673: A series of English laws that penalized Catholics and non-conformists,preventing them from public employment. Reaffirmed consubstantiation through an oath againsttransubstantiation. Many non-conformists skirted these rules; Catholics, however, werepersecuted for centuries.Interregnum: The period between the execution of Charles I and the return of Charles II, aperiod of eleven years. Divided into four phases: Commonwealth, Protectorate under OliverCromwell, Protectorate under Richard Cromwell, second period of Commonwealth. Military rule

was the norm, and many daily activities such as entertainment were highly restricted.Glorious Revolution: The overthrow of James II in 1688 by Parliamentary forces, who invitedDutch rulerWilliam of Orange to invade. He was then granted the throne as King William III,and his wife as Queen Mary II, of England after agreeing to the English Bill of Rights in 1689.Absolutism would never return to England.Stuarts: the royal family of Scotland, 1371-1603, then of united England and Scotland underCharles I/II and James II. Continued with Queens Mary II and Anne until the transfer to theHouse of Hanover in 1707.Constitutional monarchy:While absolutist kings ruled much of the Continent, the English,following their tradition established by Magna Carta in 1215, eliminated absolutist rule after theGlorious Revolution in 1688. Parliament, elected by the citizens, gained power while themonarch saw his influence decrease steadily over the centuries.

Decline of Spain: Increase in Dutch and English trade with Spanish colonies combined with thedeath of the Indian workforce led to a decline in Spanish metal, Spain responded by devaluing itscurrency and inflation was the result. Additionally Spanish society was not as capitalist orientedas the Dutch or English, the middle class was very small, the expulsion of the Jews and Moorsfurther hurt the economy, another huge problem was the decline of the Spanish monarchy due toinbreeding; the government was politically and financially mismanaged.Treaty of the Pyrenees: Ended the fighting between France and Spain, Spain recognized Frenchterritorial gains from the Peace ofWestphalia, French withdrew support from Portugal, renouncedclaim to Barcelona, arranged Maria Theresa, daughter of Philip IV of Spain to be married toLouis XIV

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