Name __________________________________ Date ______________ Period _______

Biology Semester FinalStudy Guide

Chapter 1: Biology: The Study of Life1. What are the characteristics that scientists use to define a living organism? Define each characteristic.

H =

O =

M =

E =

R =

G =

2. Identify the manipulated, responding, and controlled variable(s) in each experiment.

Scientists were trying to determine if junk food would cause a mouse to gain weight. The diet of mice was varied. Some mice were given junk food. Others were given Mouse Chow. The mice were weighed daily. All mice were the same sex, the same age and the same type of mouse.

Manipulated Variable =

Responding Variable =

Controlled Variable =

Controlled Variable =

A scientist was trying to determine if the shape of hot air balloons would affect how high they went. The shape of 10 hot air balloons was varied. Some were oval; some were round. The altitude (how high they went) was measured. The scientist tested them on the same day so the weather conditions would be the same. The balloons were all the same size.

Manipulated Variable =

Responding Variable =

Controlled Variable =

Controlled Variable =

Chapter 2: Principles of Ecology3. Define the terms:

a. Biosphere _________________________________________________________________________

b. Ecosystem _________________________________________________________________________

c. Community ________________________________________________________________________

d. Population _________________________________________________________________________

4. Fill in the chart for the different relationships that two organisms can have with each other in a community.

5. When two different bird species temporarily occupy the same niche, they would most likelya. change their nesting behaviorsb. not affect one anotherc. interbreed to form a new speciesd. compete with one another

Explain your answer:

6. Create a food web or food chain to help put the following events in the most probable order.a. Predatory birds poisoned by insecticide. b. Trees sprayed with insecticide. c. Earthworms eat leaves, which fall from trees. d. Predatory birds eat small birds. e. Beetles damage trees by spreading a virus. f. Insecticide absorbed by tree leaves. g. Small birds eat earthworms.

Name __________________________________ Date ______________ Period _______

7. The figure below shows three simple food chains for land production.

In which of the three situations is the most energy available to people? Explain.

What percentage of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next? Where does the lost energy go?

8. The carbon atoms in gasoline were originally carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. Draw the carbon cycle to help trace the carbon atoms from CO2 in the atmosphere to octane (C8H18) in gasoline. Make sure to label the major processes that move carbon through the ecosystem. Include as many steps and as much detail as you can.

What is the impact of combustion on the carbon cycle?

What is the impact of deforestation on the carbon cycle?

Chapter 4: Population Biology9. Why does the exponential growth curve produce a “J-shaped” curve instead of a straight line?

10. Why is an exponential growth curve rarely seen in nature? Give examples of when it is likely to occur.

11. What types of environmental and population factors would regulate population size?

12. What happens to a population when the number of individuals approaches carrying capacity?

13. What are some human activities that decrease our own carrying capacity further?

14. Recently, the bison population in Yellowstone National Park declined significantly. This was due in part to a particularly harsh winter. State some reasons why a harsh winter would have this negative effect on the bison population.

Chapter 6: The Chemistry of Life15. According to the periodic table, the atom of what element has 4 protons, 5 neutrons, and 4 electrons?

a. beryllium b. boron c. fluorine d. aluminum

16. Use a periodic table to determine how many of the following a neutral atom of Carbon has:

Protons ________ Neutrons ________ Electrons ________

How many electrons can it share to form bonds? ________

Draw a picture of the atomic structure of carbon to the side

Name __________________________________ Date ______________ Period _______

17. Label and briefly explain the types of bonding shown in these two diagrams.

18. What is a hydrogen bond? How does it form and how is it different from a covalent bond?

19. Why is H bonding so important to water’s properties?

20. Define polarity and explain why water is a polar molecule.

21. Label which PROPERTIES OF WATER are illustrated in each diagram. Explain why each occurs.

A. ___________________________________ B. ___________________________________

C. ___________________________________ D. ___________________________________

E. ___________________________________ F. ___________________________________

Name __________________________________ Date ______________ Period _______

22. Fill in the blanks for the measurements of the pH scale using the following terms: acidic, basic, neutral

1-6 = ___________ 7 = ______________ 8-14 = ____________

23. Consider the graph. Which statement best summarizes the information in the graph?a. The cells survive best under acidic conditions. b. The cells survive best under basic conditions. c. These cells would survive better in distilled water. d. The survival of these cells does not affect pH.

24. Ethanol burns in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water as shown by the equation:

Circle the reactants and underline the products in this equation.

25. Fill in the blanks for the following information on macromolecules.Carbohydrates

Building Blocks: ____________________________

Functions:

__________________ (sugars in all organisms)

_________________________ (starch in plants)

Examples:

Lipids

Functions:

_________________________ (fats in animals)

_________________ (phospholipids in all cells)

______________________ (steroids in animals)

Examples:

Proteins

Building Blocks: ____________________________

Many functions determined by their ____________

Examples:

Nucleic Acids

Building Blocks: ____________________________

Function: __________________________________

Examples:

Chapter 7: A View of the Cell26. What happens when a collection of phospholipids molecules are placed in water?

27. The cell membrane is selectively permeable. What does that mean?

Which molecules easily cross the membrane?

How are molecules transported that do not easily cross the membrane?

28. What are the three features all cells have in common?

29. Compare and contrast the structures of plant and animal cells.

30. What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

31. Explain how the following organelles work together to perform the life functions of the cell.

Nucleus and ribosomes:

Vacuoles and lysosomes:

Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies and vesicles:

Chloroplasts and mitochondria:

Name __________________________________ Date ______________ Period _______

Chapter 8: Cellular Transport32. Define the following:

Diffusion ________________________________________________________________

Facilitated Diffusion________________________________________________________

Osmosis ________________________________________________________________

Hypotonic _______________________________________________________________

Hypertonic _______________________________________________________________

Isotonic _________________________________________________________________

33. Plant cells would shrivel up and die in what kind of aquatic environment?

34. Animal cells would swell up and even explode in what kind of aquatic environment?

35. How do active and passive transport differ?