revealing the cultural significance of historic urban landscapes: valparaiso as case study
DESCRIPTION
This book starts with introducing several recent notions dedicated to the protection and management of world heritage cities. It introduces and discussess the gaps in the field of heritage impact assessment, with particular attention for cultural significance assessments and their methods. A practical framework is defined to perform cultural significance assessments in historic urban landscapes. To illustrate its application, Valparaiso is taken as case study, revealing the evolution of its cultural significance in time, and throughout the varied official documents.TRANSCRIPT
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BOOK 1 OF 2 - RESEARCH REPORT
“REVEALING THE CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE OF HISTORIC URBAN LANDSCAPES: VALPARAISO AS CASE STUDY“
By Nils J. G. Molen
SERIES
BOOK 1 - RESEARCH REPORT
by Nils J. G. Molen
BOOK 2 - DESIGN PROPOSAL
by Nils J.G. Molen
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educational institution EINDHOVEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, DEPARTMENT OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
study MASTER IN ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND PLANNING
Course 7XX37 FINAL PROJECT
graduation studio CULTURAL HERITAGE AND SUSTAINABILITY;
WORLD HERITAGE CITIES AS A CASE STUDY
case study VALPARAISO, CHILE
research group LORETO BECERRA WENGER & NILS MOLEN
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COLOFON © Augustus 2013 This is a publication within the framework of the graduation studio Cultural Heritage and Sustainability: World Heritage cities as case study, initiated by the chair of Architecture, History and Theory and led by Bernard Colen-brander, Ana Pereira Roders and Loes Veldpaus. Front cover and back cover: A dislay of all the attributes conveying the cultural significance in Valparaiso.
Photo credits: If not indicated otherwise, all pictures were provided by the author.
Authors Nils Johan Gustaf Molen [email protected] Eindhoven, the Netherlands 0031 6 47 41 37 24 Eindhoven University of Technology Den Dolech 2 5612 AZ Eindhoven 0031 40 247 9111
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This research report “Revealing the cultural significance of historic urban landscapes: Valparaiso as case study” is the first book out of two. It is an extended version of the eponymous article. The book is the result of five months of research on the UNESCO World Heritage Site “The Historic Quarter of the Seaport of Valparaíso” located in Valparaiso, Chile. It was made as part of the final project of the master “Architecture, Building and Planning” of the Eindhoven University of Technology in academic year 2012/2013 and produced as part of graduation studio “Cultural heritage and sustainability; World Heritage Cities as a case study” which is supervised by prof. dr. B. Colenbrander, dr. A. Pereira Roders and MSc. L. Veldpaus.
The material presented here has been developed with the aid of the supervisors and fellow students. The Heritage Management Office (Direccion de Gestion Patrimonial) in direction of Paulina Kaplan Depolo has provided workspace, which made it possible to have access to archives, advice of involved professionals and to perform fieldwork. In particular I want to thank Carolina Peñaloza Pinto for the constant help and endless patience with the linguistic difficulties. Also I want to thank Marcela Artigas Bolívar for the practical assistance and Loreto Becerra Wenger for preparing the project and performing fieldwork togheter with me. It is hoped that the booklet dedicates to better protection of heritage and inspires to examine current management affairs.
Preface
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This book starts, as the article, with introducing several recent notions dedicated to the protection and management of world heritage cities. It introduces and discussess the gaps in the field of heritage impact assessment, with particular attention for cultural significance assessments and their methods. A practical framework is defined to perform cultural significance assessments in historic urban landscapes. To illustrate its application, Valparaiso is taken as case study, revealing the evolution of its cultural significance in time, and throughout the varied official documents. This is part of a broader research, targeting a better understanding of (incremental) change agents and their impact in the cultural significance of historic urban landscapes. The importance of the official documents, including the statement of Outstanding Universal Value, and regular evaluation of the state of conservation of properties are stressed. A focus is made on the attribute vernacular architecture where through fieldwork is made an attempt to reveal its state of authenticity and integrity. With the goal to dedicate to a better protection of heritage the relevance of the research is for society and science.
Added to this book are results of fieldwork in the form of maps and photos which were used for the article. During fieldwork maps were produced with GIS concerning structural conditions, state of conservation, qualification, heights, land use and materiality. From photos included in the 2003 Nomination File, of almost each building within
the UNESCO protection zone, were made newer ones from almost the same position to be able to make comparisons.
Keywords
World heritage cities, cultural significance assessment, outstanding universal value, historic urban landscape, Valparaiso, vernacular architecture
Summary
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35, 110, 235
221, 145, 24
135, 135, 135
0, 160, 81
255, 95, 174
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Contents
1. Introduction
11 Background
12 Cultural Heritage (Impact) assessment
2. Valparaiso as case study
15 State-of-the-art
16 Objectives
17 Scope of research
3. Methodology
page 23
4. Results
27 Attributes inventory
30 A focus on the vernacular
37 State of authenticity and integrity of vernacular architecture
37 Revealing the vernacular
55 Decrease of vernacular integrity
57 Heights
59 Land use
5. Observations & discussion
page 61
6. Conclusions
65 Recommendations
References
page 69
Appendix
73 Building sample in picture
91 Tables
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Cultural significance is what – attributes – and why – cultural values – certain cultural goods are designated as heritage. Attributes in this sense can be intangible, such as social customs or the locus of the place, or of tangible nature, like buildings and monuments, the latter often a direct expression of the Outstanding Universal Value of the property. Attributes may convey a range of values. Cultural values can be, as described in the Burra Charter from 1999, of aesthetic, historic, scientific, social or spiritual value for past, present or future generations which are embodied in the place itself (ICOMOS, 1999b). However, in this research will be worked with a broader range of values1, (Pereira Roders, 2007).
The concept of Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) is used by UNESCO to refer to the cultural or natural significance of a place. It is defined as “cultural and/or natural significance which is so exceptional as to transcend national boundaries and to be of common importance for present and future generations of all humanity” (UNESCO, 2012a, page. 24). Also are defined ten criteria2 to determine if a certain property conveys OUV, and therefore can be inscribed on the World Heritage List (WHL). Inscription of the property on the WHL means that: ‘Protection and management of World Heritage properties should ensure that their Outstanding Universal Value, including the conditions of integrity and/or authenticity at the time of inscription, are sustained or enhanced over time’ (UNESCO 2012a, p. 25).
However, to assign OUV to a property it must also meet the conditions of authenticity and/or integrity. Properties may be understood to meet the conditions of authenticity if their cultural values are truthfully and credibly expressed through a variety of attributes (UNESCO 2012a, p. 22). The statement of authenticity should assess the degree to which authenticity is present in, or expressed by, each of these significant attributes (UNESCO 2012a, p. 22). Integrity is a measure of the wholeness and intactness of the natural and/or cultural heritage and its attributes, which should be described in the statement of integrity (UNESCO 2012a, p. 22).
The concept of Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) considers “the rapid and frequently uncontrolled development” caused by proceeding urbanization on “an unprecedented scale in the history of humankind” which may affect urban heritage (UNESCO, 2012b, p. 50). The historic urban landscape is the urban area understood as the result of a historic layering of cultural and natural values and attributes, extending beyond the notion of “historic centre” or “ensemble” to include the broader urban context and its geographical setting (p. 52). With the larger goal of sustainable development of the existing attributes as a manner of protection, rather than solely restoring values.
1.1 Background
This gradution project makes part of a larger research program “Outstanding Universal Value, World Heritage cities and sustainability: Surveying the relationship between Outstanding Universal Value (OUV), assessment practices and the sustainable development of World Heritage (WH) cities” operational since 2009 and continuing to 2014, leaded by the Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), in the Netherlands, and UNESCO World Heritage Centre, in France.
1. An attribute conveys a certain cultural value, these can be organized as: social, economic, political, historic, aesthetical, scientific, age orecological. (Pereira Roders, 2007)
2. Ten selection criteria to determine if a certain property conveys OUV, namely when the property meets one or more of these criteria: I. To represent a masterpiece of human creative genius; II. To exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscape design; III. To bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living or which has disappeared; IV. To be an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in human history; V. To be an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, land-use, or sea-use which is representative of a culture (or cultures), or human interaction with the
1. Introduction
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The over-arching goal of this research is to facilitate sustainable development to occur in WH cities without endangering their OUV for which these cities were inscribed onto UNESCO’s World Heritage List. For this purpose, the research is aiming to put forward a ground-breaking OUV assessment process (methods and tools), to help States Parties, national and local authorities, and related departments and institutions appraise and monitor the impact of sustainable development projects on the OUV of WH cities, based on their “best practices” (Pereira Roders & van Oers, 2010).
Previous case studies where amongst others Willemstad, Curaçao (2009/2010), The Stone Town, Zanzibar and Gall, Sri Lanka (2010/2011) and Island of Mozambique, Mozambique (2011/2012). An additional goal is to collect these and current case studies on the online platform Protected Urban Planet3 (PUP).
This particular case study research was conducted in co-operation with the local authorities in Valparaiso, including the Heritage Management Office “Dirección de Gestión Patrimonial” of the Illustrious Municipality of Valparaiso. The research team consisted of students Loreto Becerra Wenger (Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus) and Nils Molen (TU/e), coordinated by Pereira Roders, Veldpaus and Colenbrander (TU/e).
1.2 Cultural Heritage (Impact) Assessment
The statements of OUV, –Authenticity and –Integrity describe respectively the essence or being, to what extent, and the measure of the wholeness and intactness of the cultural significance of a World Heritage Site. These statements with significance descriptions result from a cultural heritage assessment of the property made by the State Party as preparation for nomination. In the
Burra Charter (1999) is recognized the possible change of the understanding of this cultural significance throughout time because of the continuing history or new information about the place. This fact therefore indicates the importance of the statements regarding the exact reasons of nomination to the World Heritage List by the then prevailing understanding of values. And these reasons should be considered when making a cultural heritage assessment after inscription. Regarding values at time of inscription and a later stage allows comparative analysis which provides insight in the continuing evolution of the property.
An explanation to recent changes to the understanding of cultural significance may be found in the trend towards a more interdisciplinary approach of decision making process in the conservation of the built environment. Although traditionally the involved professions concerned with heritage have been architectural historians, urban planners and conservation specialists, recently these extent to the complete presence of economic, social and environmental fields. This trend has meant a more holistic approach (Pereira Roders and Hudson, 2011), and is visible in latest concepts as the Historic Urban Landscape (2011) approach and the Burra Charter (1999). Both documents recognize that cultural significance is not limited to the physical presence of a building or site but also “includes social and cultural practices and values, economic processes and the intangible dimensions of heritage as related to diversity and identity” (UNESCO, 2012b, p. 52) and “cultural significance is embodied in the place itself, its fabric, setting, use, associations, meanings, records, related places and related objects” (ICOMOS, 1999b). Also this trend is the reason for a values-based management process where is introduced a broader range of cultural values and which handles the field of all involved professions.
environment especially when it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change; VI. To be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance. (The Committee considers that this criterion should preferably be used in conjunction with other criteria); VII. To contain superlative natural phenomena or areas of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance; VIII. To be outstanding examples representing major stages of earth’s history, including the record of life, significant on-going geological processes in the development of landforms, or significant geomorphic or physiographic features; IX. To be outstanding examples representing significant on-going ecological and biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial, fresh water, coastal and marine ecosystems and communities of plants and animals; X. To contain the most important and significant natural habitats for in-situ conservation of biological diversity, including those containing threatened species of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science or conservation (UNESCO 2012, p. 20). The State Party (Chile) opted for inclusion to the World Heritage List based on criteria II, III and V. Finally, the Historic Quarter of the Seaport City of
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Though, Pereira Roders and Hudson (2011) state that cultural values do not change in time. The so-called non-traditional cultural values such as the economic and political have always existed since the beginning of our civilization (p. 5). What does changes is the importance or weight each cultural value is given. After a comprehensive enumeration of previous research on the use of values follows the introduction of eight cultural values: social, economical, political, historic, aesthetical scientific, age and ecological. Noticed is that some cultural values are found to be referenced much more than others.
After inscription as World Heritage there may be at least two events which require cultural heritage assessment: the State of Conservation (SOC) desired by UNESCO and Heritage Impact Assessments (HIAs) in case of major interventions in the protected built environment.
As part of the six-year term periodic report, adopted in 1999 (UNESCO, 1999), is requested by UNESCO the State of Conservation report. The report is to provide, in first instance, an assessment “as to whether the Outstanding Universal Value of the properties inscribed on the World Heritage List is being maintained over time (UNESCO, 2012a, p.65)” and secondly to provide up-dated information to record changing circumstances and its state of conservation. Noted is the data gathered in the reporting process on the State of Conservation is highly variable in consistency and detail, and therefore unsuitable for comparative temporal or spatial analysis (Patry, 2005).
Central to the Burra Charter is the principle that when dealing with cultural heritage assets it is necessary to understand its cultural significance before undertaking any development project (Pereira Roders and Hudson, 2011). So as discussed previously the ability to understand
the cultural significance requires a broad scale of values related to the wideness of involved professional fields. In this way a building can be conserved (i.e. changed, without affecting the OUV) in a sustainable manner regarding present requirements and future interest. Proposals for change or new constructions in the historic environment will cause impact on the cultural significance present. Decision making processes about development proposals need therefore to include an Heritage Impact Assessment. A proposal is evaluated in terms of potential damage or benefits, and in some cases alternative proposals may be compared to see which makes the least impact (Pereira Roders and Hudson, 2011). Impacts may have a positive effect, an example mentioned by Pereira Roders and Hudson (2011) is work that gives the general public better access and understanding of a site. A negative impact is when the changes made cause a loss of cultural significance.
Finally, the practice of scientific methods for the assessment of cultural heritage is of great importance for the conservation and management of cultural significance. Although the reporting process on the State of Conservation of World Heritage properties has made some progress in recent decades, still no systematic and standardized assessments is being followed worldwide ( Turner et al, 2011). The importance of systematic and standardized practices which meet globally recognized methods give the possibility to relate comparative temporal or spatial analysis among properties.
Valparaiso was inscribed on criterion III.
3. http://www.protectedurbanplanet.net
14Figure 2.1. Map of Valparaiso region with World Heritage site. The highlighted area corresponds to buffer (red) and core zone (blue). Map is without scale (Source: NF, 2003).
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The Historic Quarter of the Seaport City of Valparaiso (figure 2.1 and 2.2) was included to the World Heritage List in 2003, under criteria (iii). The evaluation of ICOMOS on the third criterion followed “The built heritage represented by Valparaíso is an expression of the early phase of the globalisation in the world. It also refers to the network of trade routes, particularly in the eastern Pacific, that were created as a result of the development of technology and new resources. There will be no doubt about the universal nature of the globalisation itself. Due to the lack of development and, consequently, relative lack of change compared with other port cities, Valparaíso has retained various features that bear witness to its functions in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Such references need to be searched not only in the building stock, but also especially in the infrastructures, particularly those related to harbour activities, e.g. quays, storage facilities, and customs buildings (The harbour area also has various sunken shipwrecks). To this should be added the systems of transport built in the town, such as the tramlines and ‘elevators’. (UNESCO, 2003a)”.
According to ICOMOS the authenticity and integrity of “The city is the result of spontaneous development, partly vernacular housing, partly based on more academic design. It is a city with a strong urban life and related problems. The vernacular buildings reflect continuity in land use and construction techniques. The character
of the city is in the continuing response to the cultural landscape, the maintenance of the picturesque, natural amphitheatre of the site, the mixture of different types of buildings, and the persistence of characteristic urban features, such as passages, stairs, elevators, etc. The spontaneity of construction has resulted in a relatively heterogeneous ensemble, the city has many problems to solve in relation to conservation and planning control. As a whole, the city has retained its character deriving from the economic boom of the last decades of the 19th century. This concerns particularly the harbour facilities, transportation systems, power supply infrastructures, and typical urban service and control systems of the period. The physical character of the period is also expressed in the variety of building types reflecting the needs and possibilities of the various classes.”
2.1 State-of-the-art
Valparaiso knows a long history of protection and involved management of its cultural significance. Already from 6 October 1971 were adopted several protection zones for Valparaiso. And ever since the UNESCO nomination the protection zone was extended. Currently, the area subjected to protection legislation is more than ten times larger than the UNESCO core and buffer zone together (PDGP, 2011). Previous research devoted to the World Heritage in Valparaiso is often limited to religious buildings and monumental architecture, and recent studies are dedicated to the theme of natural hazards. After the last earthquake in 2010, which had a magnitude of 8.8 (Saavreda, 2010), there has been a remarkable encouragement by the Chilean government, to improve the standards of heritage conservation (MIDEPLAN, 2010). There has been a special interest in studies towards churches, regarding their behavior during seismic events (Indirli et
2. Valparaiso as case study
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al, 2011; G.E. Valdebenito et al, 2012). Noted is that these studies consider monuments and their vulnerability, they do not mention how this vulnerability may affect the OUV.
In the previous paragraph on the cultural significance written by ICOMOS, vernacular architecture and its value is mentioned. During preliminary research this attribute was found throughout the texts several times corresponding to a range of values. Although mentioned in the texts, there was not found recent, let alone any research on the vernacular constructions. By three authors (Oliver, 2003; Rudofsky, 1964; Trebbi, 1985) has been defined as a continuing process highly motivated under the idea of protection. The charter on the built vernacular heritage from 1999 states that “Vernacular building is the traditional and natural way by which communities house themselves. It is a continuing process including necessary changes and continuous adaptation as a response on social and environmental constraints. (ICOMOS, p. 1)”. Also they state “The survival of this tradition is threatened world-wide by the forces of economic, cultural and architectural homogenization.” and “Due to the homogenization of culture and of global socio-economic transformation, vernacular structures all around the world are extremely vulnerable, facing serious problems of obsolescence, internal equilibrium and integration.”. In this charter are further formulated points to recognize the vernacular4, principles of conservation and guidelines in practice.
2.2 Objectives
The overarching objective of this paper is to illustrate, by the use of a case study, the application of a methodology available for cultural heritage assessments. It aims to contribute to the monitoring and decision making processes
ongoing at the Heritage Management Office in Valparaiso. There will be started with the aim to understand the cultural significance of Valparaiso at time of inscription (first stage), after which further elaboration will focus on vernacular architecture (second stage). There was made the attempt to reveal the vernacular building stock in Cerro Concepcion to answer the question “What is the state of authenticity and integrity of vernacular architecture?”.
The problem of distinguishing the vernacular starts in the Nomination File, since the lack of maps which categorize the different architecture existing in Valparaiso, besides this, notes can be made on the descriptive texts. The description of values is not continuous in its quality. In general, there is no section on this particular topic, with a concise explanation of its essence or the substantial value and its related characteristics. However, small clues are found throughout the text. The sentences which contain a value description are general or not substantiated well enough, for instance in the next quotation: “Valparaiso managed to consolidate itself in a difficult milieu thanks to its inhabitants’ creativity and intercultural exchange, which combined knowledge, techniques and styles of both vernacular and foreign, spontaneous and academic origin.” (Nomination File, page 15). From the viewpoint of vernacular architecture the combination of knowledge, techniques and styles from different architectonic backgrounds is valued. But questions arise: What is the contribution of the vernacular architecture and what proportion has the vernacular in this blending? What is the foreigners influence found in the vernacular? And to what extent of buildings does this apply? Another value found is the presence of stylistic elements: “…although the introduction of stylistic elements is also part of the vernacular tradition of the seaport’s inhabitants.” (Nomination File, page 14). So what exactly are these stylistic elements?
4. In the Charter on the built vernacular heritage by ICOMOS’ CIAV from 1999 is stated that examples of vernacular architecture may be recognized by: a) a manner of building shared by the community; b) a recognizable local or regional character, responsive to the environment; c) coherence of style, form and appearance, or the use of traditionally established building types; d) traditional expertise in design and construction which is transmitted informally; e) an effective response to functional, social and environmental constraints; f) the effective application of traditional construction systems and crafts (CIAV, 1999).
5. The eight allocted sectors are:Sector 1: Alegre and Concepcion Hill; sector 2: Anibal Pinto square - A. Montt street; sector 3: Prat street - Esmeralda – Ross passageway; sector 4: Sotomayor square - Justice; sector 5: Cordillera Hill; sector 6: Echaurren square - Serrano; sector 7: La Matriz - Santo Domingo; and; sector 8: Márquez ravine.
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And are they present in all of the vernacular buildings?
So the general objective here is to reveal the vernacular part of the building stock of Cerro Concepcion, its substantial values and characteristics. Also, to reveal the state of authenticity and integrity of vernacular architecture and evolution throughout time, to contribute to a better understanding and perhaps better protection.
2.3 Scope of research
The protection zone adopted at time of inscription, comprises a core zone area of 23.2 hectares, while encircled by a buffer zone with an area of 44.5 hectares (figure 2.3). As a reference, the urban area of the city of Valparaiso consists of 2,579.7 hectares (UNESCO, 2003a, p.9). Distinctive for this World Heritage site is the appointment of eight allocated sectors5 that cover the entire core zone as well as buffer zone, each having their own character (figure 2.4). Following the descriptions in the Nomination File and Advisory Body Evaluation, the vernacular is present in sector 1: Cerros Alegre and Concepcion (the Alegre and Concepcion Hills). Regarding the fact that Cerro Concepcion is entirely located in the core zone, while Alegre is mostly located in buffer zone, we limited our research to this neighborhood. Traditionally (apart from the UNESCO zoning) the limits of Cerro Concepcion are the lower streets Prat, Esmeralda and Plaza Anibal Pinto and the ascending streets Urriola and Almirante Montt which enclose the area at hillside (Sáez Godoy). This implies we included a part of sector three as well. The total amount of items included in the fieldwork is 184 plots, whereof 181 buildings.
18Figure 2.2. Map of Valparaiso. World Heritage Site is indicated with buffer zone in red and core zone in blue. Map is without scale (Source: NF, 2003).
19Figure 2.3. Map of World Heritage Site with buffer (red) and core zone (blue). Map is without scale (Source: NF, 2003).
20Figure 2.4. Map of World Heritage Site with eight different sectors. Map is without scale (Source: NF, 2003).
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Figure 3.1. Building sample “Cerro Concepcion”: 181 buildings.
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The first stage of this research was focused on the official documents6 prepared to inscribe the property onto the World Heritage List, namely the Nomination File by the State Party, the Evaluation (ABE) on this document, by ICOMOS, and the Decision Report by UNESCO (part of these documents is also a management plan, but it was not considered in this part of the research). With the goal revealing the cultural significance, thus the reasons why the property was listed on the WHL, we analyzed the documents on the existing attributes and associated values. This resulted in an inventory of attributes, where these were classified as tangible or intangible, and with one or more cultural values: social, economic, political, historical, aesthetical, scientific, age and ecological (Pereira Roders, 2007). From this inventory we managed to compare the Nomination File and Advisory Body Evaluation in amount of attributes mentioned, their weight in relation to one other, and the proportions of cultural values they attributed.
The second stage, at location in Valparaiso, included a traineeship at the Heritage Management Office to obtain experience in World Heritage Management and to gain access to information from stakeholders and archives. But the overarching goal was to perform fieldwork, to reveal the current state of the cultural significance. More specifically, we assessed the degree to which the authenticity and integrity is currently present in the property. A limited time frame was
decisive to focus our research to a single attribute (vernacular architecture). In this way we were able to assess a decent sample of the building stock of Valparaiso, namely entire Cerro Concepcion (181 buildings: figure 3.1), and make valid statements in the end.
To reveal the vernacular part of the building stock of Cerro Concepcion we used the points4 for recognizing examples of vernacular architecture from the Charter on the built vernacular heritage by ICOMOS’ CIAV from 1999. Moreover, there was studied additional literature on vernacular architecture by Oliver, Rudofsky and Trebbi. In agreement with the heritage architects involved, we added on our fieldwork survey form a set of rules to which the vernacular must comply: 1. the used building technique for structural system is adobe, adobe-wood (Adobillo), Quincha (variant adobe-wood), or just wood, and to level the slope of the hillside a rock foundation, a base made of masonry-bricks or a pillar structure of wood can be used; 2. the façade is cladded with plancha ondulada or metal sheets, adobe-stucco, Chilean- or concrete-stucco (reinforced) or wooden cladding; 3. the application of simple ornaments, if any, these are of meaningless character found on functional parts of the building; 4. the transparency of the façade has to be less than 25%; 5. replacements, because of alterations or extensions to the building, are made of materials or parts with a “non-aesthetical” purpose; and; 6. The buildings program indicates an original residential purpose: its land use is housing. To be vernacular the presence of all these points is mandatory, however the latter two points may deviate from state of conservation at time of inscription. Besides this we assessed the land use, heights, materiality (if deviating from the vernacular rules) and structural conditions of support structure, wall cladding and roof.
6. Official documents for this property prepared for inscription: 2003, Nomination File (State Party) 2003, Manage-ment plan (Instructivo de intervención)(State Party); 2003, Advisory Body Evaluation (ICOMOS); and; 2003, Decision Report (WHC). Official documents after inscription: 2010, De-cision Report (assistance request after earthquake)(WHC) and 12 March 2013, was submitted by the State Party the first State of Conservation (SOC) including i.a. the Plan for the Management of Urban Heritage in Valparaiso Phase II (Plan Director de Gestión Patrimonial - Fase 2) prepared by the Heritage Management Office.
Figure 3.1. Building sample “Cerro Concepcion”: 181 buildings.
3. Methodology
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To be able to make the comparison between the state of authenticity and integrity in current state and at moment of inscription we used the Evaluation of the State of Conservation of the Buildings within the area of Valparaiso Nominated for Inclusion in the World Heritage List and its its Buffer zone7 made by the Architectural Heritage Office, Department of Architecture of the Ministry of Public Works in 2001. This evaluation was made for the purpose of the nomination and inserted in the Nomination File. It consists of five plans of the nominated area and its buffer zone, and 920 record cards8 describing all the buildings in the area (UNESCO, 2003a, p. 43). The plans were made corresponding to the buildings state of conservation9, the qualification, heights, land use and materiality. The record cards provide information regarding its resistant structural material, wall cladding and roof construction and an assessment of its state of conservation, rated in good, average and bad. Also of almost each building a photo was included (168 out of 181 buildings).
By using the original plans of land use, height and materiality from 2001 we could figure out the original land use of the vernacular, and changes in heights and materiality could indicate that a certain building had changed in time and was still vernacular while the property was enlisted. Even more convincing in the process of tracing the vernacular building stock at time of inscription was
the use of photo comparison. Of the 167 buildings with photos from 2001 we retook the picture from the same location to discover alterations in the buildings. There was sought for changes that were made in the cladding materials and its colors, the presence of stylistic elements, removal of façade elements or transparency and adaptations or extension which might have affected the original structure. Besides this there was kept an eye on new constructions, destroyed and renovated buildings and dissonant decoration in the form of graffiti and billboards or any combinations. Also part of tracing the vernacular was archival work where was sought for evidence of involvement of architect or engineer in the building, which will indicate a building is not vernacular.
In the end, all the information gathered in the database was linked with a Geographical Information System (GIS) to accomplish the reproduction of the 2001 plans, besides displaying the 2013 fieldwork data. In this way the data became comparable and trends relative to their location perceptible. For constructing the database was used Access (Microsoft Windows) and for visual output Quantum GIS (version Lisboa).
7. Evaluación del Estado de Conservación de la Edificación del Area de Postulación de Valparaiso como Sitio del Patrimonio Mundial y de su Zona de Amortiguación.
8. However, in the published online version of the Nomination File this inventory of 920 is not complete and has just 681 record cards. An additional part was collected from the Ministry of Public Works of Valparaiso. In the end, we gathered 176 out of 184 buildings in the sample (Cerro Concepcion). Neither, the original five plans are attached, however, four are shown in lower quality in the management plan. The “state of conservation” plan was reconstructed using the record cards which allocate good, average and bad, respectively yellow, green and purple. Besides the missing record cards, some do not have included a photo: in total 10 building did not have a photo included. Note: the original printed nomination file is missing from the archive.
9. The state of conservation. Good
corresponds to those constructions which
maintain their architecture, are harmoniously
integrated in the ensemble, are used for purposes
in accordance with their architecture and whose
structure is in good conditions; average are those which are in good
conditions, but whose original architecture has
been notoriously subjected to intervention to the
detriment of their value. And those which
maintain their original architecture, but are used for purposes which are adequate in this regarding; and; Bad are those which present serious structural problems or irrecoverable damaged. And also whose original architecture has been subjected to a severe intervention which has deprived them of their architectonic value. Also new
constructions which do not respect the ensemble.and; Bad are those which present serious structural problems or irrecoverable damaged. And also whose original architecture has been subjected to a severe intervention which has deprived them of their architectonic value. Also new constructions which do not respect the ensemble.
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26
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18%
28%
only in ABEonly in NFboth in NF and ABE
54%
77 Attributes
138 Attributes138 Attributes
4.1 Attributes inventory
Table 4.1 (appendix) shows all attributes found both in Nomination File (NF) and Advisory Body Evaluation (ABE) concerning the Historic Quarter of the Seaport City of Valparaiso in its entirety (figures 4.2 and 4.3 show a selection of attributes in urban-scale mentioned more than four times). These are rated in being tangible or intangible, the number of times mentioned and the cultural value these convey. From the 77 attributes found in the ABE, 30 are mentioned exclusively in this document. In the case of the NF were found 138 attributes, whereof 91 unique regarding the document. In other words, from these 168 attributes there are only 47 found in both documents (figure 4.4). More than 80% of the attributes are tangible, and only 10% intangible, where remains about 10% the description was too general or vague to make a valid decision. The attributes in the NF refer 541 times to a cultural value, against 201 times in de ABE. However, the NF counts 33 pages, against 6 pages of ABE. Considering the amount of text used to write the ABE and NF, the latter about five times more, one can conclude that the ABE is written more concise and more to the point. In both cases the cultural values are well presented, apart from the fact there is put more emphasis in the NF on social, historic and ecological values. In figures 4.5 and 4.6 is shown the proportions of each cultural value in percentages and number of times mentioned of NF, respectively ABE. In both documents
the aesthetical value is mentioned far out most. Nonetheless, the presence of all the cultural values is in line with a trend towards a more hollistic approach of heritage assessment (Pereira Roders and Hudson, 2011). The two documents are placed next to each other in figure 4.7.
Figure 4.4 The proportions of attribute in percentages and number of times mentioned in the ABE
4. Results
28
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
12
9
5
12
9
6
12
7
22
30
22
75
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0
Figure 4.2. The 30 urban-scale attributes, mentioned more than four times (in both documents).
Figure 4.3. The 15 urban-scale attributes with related attributes, mentioned more than four times (in both documents).
29
10%
9%12%
10%social
economic
10%
9%
8%
11%
34%
6%
12%
10%social
economic
political
historic
aesthetical
scientific
age
ecological
NF
34%
age
ecological
14%
4%4%5%
4%
14% social
economic
political
historic
aesthetical
4%
14%
41%
5%political
historic
aesthetical
scientific
age
ecological
10%
9%12%
10%social
economic
10%
9%
8%
11%
34%
6%
12%
10%social
economic
political
historic
aesthetical
scientific
age
ecological
NF
34%
age
ecological
14%
4%4%5%
4%
14% social
economic
political
historic
aesthetical
4%
14%
41%
5%political
historic
aesthetical
scientific
age
ecological
10%
9%12%
10%social
economic
10%
9%
8%
11%
34%
6%
12%
10%social
economic
political
historic
aesthetical
scientific
age
ecological
NF
34%
age
ecological
14%
4%4%5%
4%
14% social
economic
political
historic
aesthetical
4%
14%
41%
5%political
historic
aesthetical
scientific
age
ecological
20
17
16
17
16
23
69
12
2525
19
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250
74
21
23
74
222
74
222
28
22
77
0255075100125150175200225250
125150175200225250
0255075100125150175200225250
0255075
100125150
20
17
16
17
16
23
69
12
2525
19
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250
74
21
23
74
222
74
222
28
22
77
0255075100125150175200225250
125150175200225250
0255075100125150175200225250
0255075
100125150
20
17
16
17
16
23
69
12
2525
19
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250
74
21
23
74
222
74
222
28
22
77
0255075100125150175200225250
125150175200225250
0255075100125150175200225250
0255075
100125150
Figure 4.5. The proportions of each cultural value in percentages and number of times mentioned in the NF.
Figure 4.6. The proportions of each cultural value in percentages and number of times mentioned in the ABE.
Figure 4.7. A comparison in NF and ABE between attributes designated with the cultural value they convey.
Figure 4.2. The 30 urban-scale attributes, mentioned more than four times (in both documents).
Figure 4.3. The 15 urban-scale attributes with related attributes, mentioned more than four times (in both documents).
30
4.2 A focus on the vernacular
This section will further elaborate on the attribute “vernacular architecture”. This attribute is related in a more or lesser extent to attributes “vernacular buildings”, “spontaneous architecture”, “buildings on hillsides”, “communal buildings”, “application of high-quality constructive techniques”, “roof as fifth façade”, “terraced hillside”, “wood and corrugated metal as building material” and “use of color”. The vernacular architecture described in this section is found exclusively on the hill of Cerro Concepcion and accounts for 45,3% of the building stock. This section explains the characteristics of the vernacular related to the fieldwork results, but following the most prominent points of the set of (six) rules to qualify the vernacular. That is to say, the requirements with respect to materiality, façade cladding, stylistic elements and land use, the ones that are mentioned in the Nomination File. Then, on the end of this section the remaining two points or requirements are explained, and substantiated with photos. In following section 4.3 of this chapter are located the vernacular buildings and is discussed their evolution throughout time. Also are shown the three maps and corresponding photos, which resulted in the tables (appendix)that are refered to in this section.
The vernacular buildings are found throughout whole Cerro Concepcion, along the hillsides and at the more plane top part of the hill, where they are adopted to the inclined terrain (ABE, p. 936). As expected there were no vernacular buildings found at the foothill, included as part of sector three, along Prat street and Esmeralda. The adaptation to the inclined terrain is conform the second point in the Charter on the built vernacular heritage where it is “an effective response to functional constraints”. The buildings also reflect continuity in land use, at time of inscription no less than 95,4% is housing (Appendix: table 4.9)
and construction techniques (ABE, p. 938).
The construction techniques used, partly originates from a Spanish tradition, where is applied adobe for construction. Traditionally these were handcrafted blocks, made of a mixture sand, clay, water and some organic material like straw or manure, then shaped in a frame and dried in the sun they become durable blocks which have advantages in hot climates because of their thermal mass. Here, the blocks are fabricated using machines and make part of a building system where each block has fixed dimensions and can be inserted to a primary construction. This construction which is another industrial influence, is called balloon framing: an emerging technology imported from North-America (MINVU, 2005). The merging of indigenous vernacular traditions as adobe with this emerging technology, commonly known as “Adobillo” (figure 4.11), is also valued
Figure 4.11
31
in itself: “During its four and a half centuries of history, and particularly from about the middle of the 19th century, when Valparaiso turned into the main American South-Pacific seaport, the city welcomed immigrants coming from Europe, North America and the Chilean rural world. Thus was configured a dynamic society which blended the vernacular contribution with idiosyncrasies and ways of living from all over the world, as well as with the knowledge and advances from the industrialized world.” (NF, page 18). By performing fieldwork we have confirmed the continuity in construction techniques, namely 96,3% of the vernacular building stock has an Adobillo construction (Table 4.8).
However, additional value and advantage is allocated regarding earthquake resistance “Regarding both the monumental and more modest architecture, this mutual and collective enrichment resulted in the application of high-quality constructive systems which allowed people to deal with the ever present risk of earthquakes, as well as to live in the steep hillsides.” (NF, page 19). To come back to the points for recognition of the vernacular, where earlier was recognized these buildings are adapted to a geographical setting, its adaption to earthquake danger is also an “effective response to environmental constraints” (CIAV, 1999).
The “Adobillo” structural system is found throughout Valparaiso and is not limited to vernacular architecture. In the whole building sample of Cerro Concepcion is found that 63,0% of the buildings has an Adobillo structural system (Table 4.10). Besides that it is valued because it bears a blending of vernacular contribution with modern technology, withal originated in intercultural setting of the harbor, the significant value is found in the detailing of this system. In Cerro Concepcion are found the finest
examples of the application of the “Adobillo” system: “There are buildings which are examples of academic architecture, with fine historicist façades, generally designed by professional architects, while others are the work of highly skilled building craftsmen, lacking formal education. The architecture of this quarter has been influenced by European models and by the workmanship of North American master carpenters.” (Nomination File, page 27). Here, the highly skilled master carpenters delivered quality work in the (attribute) “application of high-quality constructive systems (NF, p. 19)”. And moreover, they applied imported construction materials, as American Oregon pine wood, which had better properties than the Chilean version. Although the research did not included an assessment on the particular detailing, confirmed is with the 63,0%, that this applied high-quality constructive system is Adobillo indeed. And on the other hand just two cases (1,1%) of the adobe variant “Quincha” were found in Cerro Concepcion (Table 4.10). The fact this World Heritage property is located seaside and used to be the main harbor of the South-Pacific is determined for the essence of the vernacular. It is the harbor which accounts for the “recognizable local character” of the vernacular (CIAV, 1999). Here, imported buildings materials would arrive, often as a ballast on ships from England (ABE, page 148). Besides wood used for the structural system, also metal sheets used as wall cladding were imported, and for the wall openings were even ordered prefabricated guillotine-style windows from England (MINVU, page 152). Very characteristic for this neighborhood is the wall cladding with metal sheets. This cladding is found in monumental and traditional architecture as (51,9%) in the vernacular building stock, where no less than 87,8% is covered with metal sheets (Tables 4.8 and 4.10). To be noted is not all these sheets are original, and variations with other textures as limestone or brickwork exist: 2,4%.
Figure 4.11
32
Furthermore, these metal sheets were painted presumably with residual paint from the harbor and shipyards to protect them from rust caused by the salty sea winds. In this way every building has its own distinctive color (more explanation in chapter five).
Another expression of the blending of different cultures in the dynamic society is the introduction of stylistic elements which “…is also part of the vernacular tradition of the seaport’s inhabitants. (NF, page 14)”. The “coexistence of different stylistic elements of both academic and vernacular architecture (NF, page 18)” is in a way the deviating property of this architecture, looking at the main significance of the vernacular: to provide shelter. Consequently this point is not mentioned in the Charter on the built vernacular heritage. During this research we revealed the underlying assets which belong to the stylistic elements. Firstly, a decorative set was defined: an almost symmetrical
façade; rhythm in façade openings (the mounting of the metal sheets, which are placed randomly, do not make part of the “classical” composition.); decorated classical lists (adding another industrialized building material: “decorative tin was sold by the linear meter, along with protectors for wooden pieces.” (MINVU, page 152)); and; prefabricated guillotine-style windows (which were ordered from England (MINVU, page 152)). The second, “undecorated” set, means the existence of an almost symmetrical façade and rhythm in façade openings as well, but the lists are made of wood and are not decorated. The nature of the stylistic elements found in the vernacular is hard to classify, though it appears to be to a neo-classical influence, but where also unknown motives and decoration are profiled. During fieldwork the buildings were categorized in ones that convey all four decorated stylistic elements, descending to others which only bear one out of four; ones that convey to the undecorated
Figures 4.12a-f.
a | building 78 b | building 69 c | building 35
33
set; and; which have no stylistic elements. Table 4.8 shows that the vernacular building stock of Cerro Concepcion incorporates 96,3% of stylistic elements (39,0% buildings which have four out of four elements, 19,5% which have three out four; 7,3% with two out four; 1,2% with one out four; and; 29,3% is categorized in the undecorated set).
4.2.2 Transparency and replacements
These two rules are not mentioned in the Nomination File, but emerge from experience. Unlike the four rules described in the previous text, these two do not relate to an interesting map with classification of different characteristics, because a building is only assessed on yes or no. Following, the explaination of the concepts of transparency and replacements through the use of photos.
Figure 4.12a shows a vernacular façade which
complies with the rule that the transparency has to be less than 25%. The photo shows that the closed surface is several times greater than the open parts. In figure 4.12b is shown the same kind of façade which complies as well, but the building is not vernacular because of it does not comply with the remaining rules. The next photo (4.12c) shows a vernacular building of which its facade incorporates a simple (exterior) veranda and meets the rule. Figure (4.12d) shows a vernacular building where the the righter facades open parts only cover around 10% of the surface. An example of traditional architecture is figure 4.12e where the buildings advanced volumetric design incorporates a veranda with interior space behind a large open part. As last, on the next page, figure 4.12f, a vernacular building which shows a large closed surface.
The rule about replacements considers if changes made to the building are made because for
Figures 4.12a-f.
d | building 44 e | building 115 f | building 109
34
aesthetical purpose or for the need of protection: reparing works, for better living quality or to improve security. Aesthetical reasons for changes to a building are commonly found to be involved with prevaling ideas or ideals, in architectural fashion or styles, different from the original building period. But it can also be seen as a process in the transition of vernacular architecture to traditional architecture, where the building method becomes is elaborated and optimised, and more room is left for decoration. In figure 4.13a is shown a vernacular building which deviates from its equal neigboring (repeated model) building because former window is replaced by a garage door. Although the intervention (before 2003) is not vernacular, it is solely functional. Figure 4.13b shows a building which was damaged because of the 2010 earthquake. Although the damage is repaired with a deviating material, it fulfills its function: to make the building inhabitable.
In building 114 (figure 4.13c) the original door- and windowframes are removed to make place for “chic” glass panels. Here is occured a loss of value, since these windows are valued as a stylistic element. On the ground floor of building 73 (fig. 4.13d) on opposite side, the windows are fitted with bars for protection against intruders. Figure 4.13e shows a building which lost its vernacular quality (before 2003) because of the removal of three stylistic windows and change to a modern conceptual façade aimed on framing views. The later construction of the veranda on building 44 can be percieved as an improvement of living quality, since it was not original. This building complies with all rules, except with transparency on this elevation, however in the whole this open part is relatively small related to the closed part.
c | building 114 d | building 73
35
Figures 4.13a-f.
a | building 106 b | building 146
f | building 44e | building 23
36
Rule 1. MaterialityFigure 4.14a. Materiality (1:2500)
37
adobe-wood (photo 14c)
adobe-wood (adobe removed) (photo 14d)
adobe-wood + masonry seperation walls
masonry base + adobe-wood (photo 14e)
rock/brickwork base + adobe-wood + steelprofiles (photo 14f)
masonry + wood
wood
Quincha (photo 14g)
masonry
concrete
steel
adobe (photo 14b)
4.3 State of authenticity and integrity of vernacular architecture
4.3.1 Revealing the vernacular
The set of rules, consisting of six points that qualify the vernacular, resulted in a situation where we as it were could position the corresponding six maps on top of each other and filter the vernacular buildings out. Figures 4.14-20 shows the maps involved with materiality, façade cladding, stylistic elements and land use. The last two rules about transparency and replacements are not illustrated in maps, but were described with references to images.
This section show the maps that were used to substantiate the text of previous section. The maps are linked, through its legends, with photos which display the sometimes unclear terms that are used. These photos are located at page 48.
Figure 4.14a. Materiality (1:2500)
38
Rule 2. Façade claddingFigure 4.15a. Façade cladding (1:2500)
39
ccs* (photos 15b-e)
css + Chilean stucco (photo 15f)
css deviating texture (photos 15g)
css + wood (photo 15h)
wood
Chilean stucco (photo 15i)
wood + Chilean st.
concrete
steel
fine stucco
*= corrugated steel sheets (plancha ondulada)
Figure 4.15a. Façade cladding (1:2500)
40
Rule 3. Stylistic elementsFigure 4.16a. Stylistic elements (1:2500)
41
4 out of 4 d.s.
3 out of 4 d.s.
2 out of 4 d.s.
1 out of 4 d.s.
undecorated set
excluded
Decorative set1. an almost symmetrical façade; (figure 16b)2. rhythm in façade openings; (figure 16c)3. classical lists or cornice at (figure 16d-e) floors and roof made of tin;4. prefabricated guillotine-style (figure 16f) windows/ classical doors and windows
Undecorated set1. an almost symmetrical façade;2. rhythm in façade openings;3. undecorated wooden lists. (figure 16g)Figure 4.16a. Stylistic elements (1:2500)
42
Rule 6. Land use (2003)Figure 4.17. 2003 land use (1:2500)
43
commerce
commerce-housing
commerce-office
commerce-hotel
religious
housing
hotel
office
education
transport
public services
culture
parking
unbuiltFigure 4.17. 2003 land use (1:2500)
44
Rule 6. Land use (2013)Figure 4.18. 2013 land use (1:2500)
45
Figure 4.18. 2013 land use (1:2500) Figure 4.19. Changes between 2003 and 2013 in land use (1:2500)
Transparent
Transparent
46
Transparent
Transparent
47
commerce
commerce-housing
commerce-office
commerce-hotel
religious
housing
hotel
office
education
transport
public services
culture
parking
unbuilt
48
Figures 4.14b-g.
b c d
e f g
49
Figures 4.15b-i.
b c d
e f
50
g h
i
51
Figures 4.16b-g.
b c
d e
52
f
g
53
54
Table 4.21 Decrease in integrity
Properties of vernacular buildings Difference on
2003 2013 total buildings1. Materialityadobe-wood 63 58 -2,80% -6,60%2. Facade claddingcss 68 65 -1,70% -2,80%Chilean stucco 11 9 -1,10%3. Stylistic elementsdecorated 4 of 4 33 32 -0,50% -1,60%decorated 3 of 4 17 16 -0,50% -1,70%decorated 2 of 4 7 6 -0,50%undecorated 26 24 -1,10%
Vernacular buildingsFigure 4.20. Vernacular buildings (1:2500)
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Table 4.21 Decrease in integrity
Properties of vernacular buildings Difference on
2003 2013 total buildings1. Materialityadobe-wood 63 58 -2,80% -6,60%2. Facade claddingcss 68 65 -1,70% -2,80%Chilean stucco 11 9 -1,10%3. Stylistic elementsdecorated 4 of 4 33 32 -0,50% -1,60%decorated 3 of 4 17 16 -0,50% -1,70%decorated 2 of 4 7 6 -0,50%undecorated 26 24 -1,10%
4.3.2 Decrease of vernacular integrity
After understanding the authenticity of the vernacular architecture, found in 2013 during fieldwork, and the positioning of results next to the value descriptions in the original documents will be discussed the integrity. Now the current vernacular building stock is revealed, existing out of 82 buildings (figure 4.20), we can reconstruct what was the vernacular building stock at time of inscription, by using the original plans of land use, height and materiality from 2001 and collection of comparable photos from 2001 and 2013. There can be said with certainty that in 2003 there were actually an additional 5 vernacular buildings, thus at time of inscription the vernacular part of Cerro Concepcion were 87 buildings, corresponding to 48,1% (a difference of 2,8%).
An additional 7 vernacular buildings (Figure 4.19) were are found to be involved with adaptations or extensions, and a single time a total collapse due to the 2010 earthquake, which due to their severity may have led to irreversible damage to the OUV (Table 4.21). In all cases these led to damage to the adobe-wood structural system, two times to the corrugated steel sheets and four times it affected the stylistic elements. The following results proceed with data on the state of the vernacular building stock as it was at time of inscription in 2003.
Figure 4.20. Vernacular buildings (1:2500)
not vernacular
vernacular
was vernacular in 2003
56
Alterations to buildingsFigure 4.22. Alterations to buildings (1:2500)
57
vernacular
other
extra floor
adapted/extendedFigure 4.22. Alterations to buildings (1:2500)
4.3.3 Heights
Of the total of 181 buildings (three unbuilt plots) has been found a vernacular part of 87 buildings, this corresponds to 48,1%. In 2003 the vernacular buildings are 65.5% two storey and 26.4% three storey high. After the 2003 inscription of these 181 buildings, 11 buildings were heightened (figure 4.22) i.e. the construction of a whole new floor (or even two: figure 4.24) or a roof terrace. This is 6,1% of the total building stock, and corresponds to 5,7% of the vernacular building stock (5 buildings). This heightening is realized throughout the whole Cerro Concepcion and does not seem to concentrate on a single point where it makes part of strategy or trend (figure 4.9). However, the single change in height located along the plain is exception rather than rule. Of these 10 buildings there are six cases, or 60%, of land use changes involved: from housing (91%) to hotel (3), commerce-hotel (2), commerce (1). In two occasions this affects a vernacular building, against three case of a vernacular building which is heightened regardless of land use.
Figure 4.24. Intervened building (Google Earth).
58
Changes in land useFigure 4.23. Changes in land use (1:2500)
59
vernacular
hotel
commerce
commerce-housing
commerce-hotel
commerce-office
education
office
otherFigure 4.23. Changes in land use (1:2500)
4.3.4 Land use
At moment of inscription Cerro Concepcion is clearly a residential area existing of 82,9% housing, supported by a primary school and two churches to practice religion. After the 2003 inscription no less than 29,3% (figure 4.23) of the total building stock was subject to changes in land use (whereof 88,7% originally housing). The vernacular part had a share of 25,3% in these changes (22 buildings out of 53). Currently 58,0% of the total building stock is housing. There has been found a clear trend to economic functions as hotels, commerce (commerce-housing, -hotel, -office) and office, which are not original to this neighborhood (96,2% of changes in land use). No less than 24 hotels or hostels are or destined to be exploited (10 in vernacular buildings), and 18 commerce locals which are usually restaurants (8 in vernacular buildings). The changes in land use or found mostly in the top part of the hill, distributed over the rectangular building blocks in the orthogonal layout. Some blocks being severely exposed to
changes in land, others virtually untouched. A high concentration of changes has been found in the centre of Cerro Concepcion, where these blocks are surrounded by infrastructure and are no blind alleys. Especially the buildings along the edge of the hill, along Uriolla street and along the foothill remain their land use (figure 4.23).buildings).
60
61
Although the fieldwork assessment included more details, such as structural conditions, materiality and reassessing the qualification of buildings, than used above, we are convinced that the established relations are sufficient for valid conclusions on the state of authenticity and integrity. Particular because the relations are involved with land use: “vernacular buildings reflect continuity in land use and construction techniques (ABE, p. 938)”. And regarding the integration of buildings in their ensemble is valued, including the heights of buildings: “This city developed on a natural amphitheater and displaying a unique harmony regarding the adaptation and integration of its man-built forms. These constructions, erected in terrain reclaimed from the sea, of homogeneous heights and connected between each other, are examples of the coexistence of academic and vernacular architecture (NF, p. 21)” and “In the neighborhoods it is possible to appreciate an attempt to control the nature of the local surroundings through the following measures: the homogenization in the height of buildings, most of them of no more than three to four levels (NF, p. 19)”. Moreover the changes in land use and height are the responsibility of the local authorities in therefore in a way controllable. Much less is this the case for the state of the structural conditions related with maintenance of the buildings, of which the majority is private property. Besides this natural hazards such as earthquakes and storms affect these properties.
The research also revealed that 37,9% of the vernacular building stock was subject to changes in color (22 buildings changed overall color; 7 was changed in color and subject to graffiti; and; 4 buildings were found graffiti as dissonant decoration). Originally the residual paint from the harbor was used to cover the metal wall cladding, therefore colors should be kept original. Although there is recognized a problem regarding graffiti (mainly located in alleyway Galvéz and along stairways in the routings from plain to hill) and the trend towards the use of vivid, presumably not authentic, colors, it is hard to make statements since the colors in 2001 might not have been original already. Noted is the dedication of the “Programa Recuperación de Fachadas” in these, to recover and return the facades to original state, executed from 1990 within the program of recovery and urban development of Valparaiso (Programa de recuperación y desarrollo urbano de Valparaiso).
Then there is found during fieldwork the removal (6,1%) of adobe from the balloon framing construction in vernacular buildings. In the description in paragraph 4.2.1 about the cultural significance is emphasized the importance of the blending of inherit vernacular traditions with techniques influenced by the industrial advances. Although the balloon framing is found throughout the whole building stock of Valparaiso including monumental and traditional building, the separation of these two elements affects the authenticity of vernacular architecture.
Currently 82 or 45,3% buildings are found to be vernacular. During the fieldwork however appeared that a large amount of the remaining part of the building stock of Cerro Concepcion was originally vernacular as well. In other words this percentage of 45,3% was higher before 2003 inscription as well. In many cases the building
5. Observations and discussion
62
would comply with the set of rules we applied, however the buildings have for example a historicist façade which is representative incorporating classical motives or the building was affected severely by inserting a new steel or concrete structural system behind the old façade. In these cases was stated “modified vernacular” which means actually due to loss of vernacular quality not vernacular anymore. However, among the identified vernacular part of the building stock of Cerro Concepcion exist buildings which have been subjected to changes or extensions, but in a functional way, that is to say with the need to be inhabitable rather than for aesthetical reasons.
Finally, there is observed that the official documents and materials (original documents are absent) prepared for nomination and intended for future protection are not used by the local authorities. This is due to a governmental change, where with the installation of a new administration, the previous Heritage Technical Unit (HTU) was changed for current Heritage Management Office (HMO). As a result, the proposed the “Site Monitoring Annual Plan”, which would be based on the 2001 evaluation and carried out by the HTU is never put into operation. This plan would have been carried out with the aid of the Arc-view Geographical Information System (NF, p. 93). Neither are used the original record cards, part of the evaluation and used for this research. On the other hand, the HMO uses another model for record cards which includes more details and values-based assessment regarding a more gradual scale instead of a binary scale in 2001 record cards. Although these record cards do not exist of all buildings within the UNESCO zone. Other changes in managing this property is the extension of the UNESCO protection zone, or locally called the typical zone, after inscription on WHL in 2003. The current typical zone is ten times as large as in 2003. And the ten proposed
sectors are changes as well, since the boundaries are shifted. This enlargement and zoning might be an advantage regarding the abandonment and domestic migration of local communities. However it remains the question of this zone is not too large for its manageability. Besides this, several levels of governments are involved in these zones which could cause conflicts. In the renewed management plan “Plan Director de Gestion Patrimonial (PDGP)” is still not used a proper GIS system used for monitoring. And finally, the first Periodic Report (six years term) with a state of conservation was delivered during the execution of this research.
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64
65
The research revealed a domestic vernacular building stock in Cerro Concepcion of 45,3%. There is confirmed a decrease of 2,8% in vernacular buildings since 2003 inscription, when the vernacular part was still 48,1%. The vernacular buildings continuity in construction techniques is confirmed with 98,8% adobe-wood or “Adobillo” structural system. The character of the vernacular in Cerro Concepcion is also determined by the 87,8% façade cladding of corrugated steel sheets or plancha ondulada. Besides this 11,0% is cladded with Chilean stucco, a thick (reinforced) cement cover of approximately 40-100 millimeters. Wooden façade cladding is barely found in Cerro Concepcion, let alone the application of the inferior quality system “Quincha”, which is a vernacular system, but does not bear a blending with industrial influence. This confirms the presence of high-quality constructive systems in Cerro Concepcion. Almost the complete vernacular building stock (98.7%) is characterized by the incorporation of stylistic elements. In 67% of these buildings are found decorated principles, against 29,3% of a more basic appearance without decorations. Regarding the point for recognition by CIAV (1999) the appliance of stylistic elements is the peculiar aspect of this vernacular architecture, especially when decorated. It shows the influence of classical architecture and it is the only direct expression of the blending of different cultures in a dynamic society. A systematic decline of the presence of stylistic elements in the façades of vernacular buildings was not found, instead the
conditions of those are found good. The continuity in land use is decreased from 95,4% housing in 2003 to 73.2% in 2013. This trend is found most problematic.
The gathered data evidences a trend in exploitation of hotel and commerce related functions, presumably caused by tourism pressures. The change of land use does not have to imply directly a decrease of authenticity of vernacular qualities and thereof loss of integrity. This is however only the case if changes to the building required for a new program does not affect its significance. Noted is that the interiors of vernacular buildings, regarding the spatial and programmatic organization are no assets. But the structural system however is a substantial value. The removing of adobe from its primary construction is encountered in vernacular buildings which used to be housing, but were transformed to commerce and hotel. Programs such as these often require a more spacious and lighted interior and therefore the adobe is removed. This is will diminish the authenticity and integrity of vernacular architecture.
Although the heightening does not have a direct relation with vernacular architecture, no less than 61,5% of the total building stock of Cerro Concepcion is heightened due to a change of land use: hotel or commercial. If this trend continues it is likely vernacular buildings will be affected because of leveling up a storey. Such an intervention will likely damage the original structural system.
6.1 Recommendations
The original Nomination File was prepared not only with the goal to subscribe the property to the World Heritage List, but also to provide a basis of future protection. Since currently it is not used
6. Conclusions
66
anymore, and the fact of a marked decline of the vernacular we recommend to assess future heritage impacts on basis of the official documents. Besides this an attribute list which revealed the weighing of each attribute and values amongst each other is a good way to keep the management on one line, and makes sure equal attention to the attributes. Even amongst the involved architects with heritage may interpreted the heritage in another way, perhaps because of their specialization on a specific type of building or location. In a versatile and rich place as Valparaiso the cultural significance is conveyed in a wide range of accessories. The Burra chapter recognizes that “Conservation of a place should identify and take into consideration all aspects of cultural and natural significance without unwarranted emphasis on any one value at the expense of others. (p. 4)”. Since the decrease of integrity and the authenticity of a part of the vernacular building stock of Valparaiso we recommend annual monitoring using GIS so that the evolution over time becomes insightful and weaknesses can be detected earlier.
67
68
69
References
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CMN (2010a) Instructivo de intervención “Zona tipica área historíca de Valparaíso”. 2th edition. Santiago: MINEDUC, Government of Chile.
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ICOMOS (2002) Vernacular architecture. Munich: Lipp GmbH
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Indirli M. et al. (2011) Hazard Evaluation in Valparaiso: the MAR VASTO Project. Pure Appl. Geophys. 168, pp. 543–582
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Oliver, P. (2006) Built to meet needs. cultural issues in Vernacular Architecture. London: Architectural Press.
Patry, M (2005) The State of Conservation of World Heritage Forests. Proceedings of the 2nd World Heritage Forest Meeting, Nancy, France, March 11-13, 2005
Blondet, M and Garcia G. (2003) Adobe construction. Peru: Catholic University of Peru.
Ciudad y Arquitectura CA (2006) Terremotos ¿Definen nuestra Identi-dad? 126th edition. Santiago: Ed. Colegio de Arquitectos de Chile A.G.
Ciudad y Arquitectura CA (2010) Terremoto 1968-2010. 145th edi-tion. Santiago: Ed. Colegio de Arquitectos de Chile A.G.
CMN (2010a) Instructivo de intervención “Zona tipica área historíca de Valparaíso”. 2th edition. Santiago: MINEDUC, Government of Chile.
CMN (2010b) Salvemos lo salvable, medidas de urgencia para monumentos, iglesis y edificios históricos (available online http://www.monumentos.cl [accessed 15/03/2013]). Santiago: MINEDUC, Government of Chile.
Elgueta Strange, H. A. (2005) Arquitectura vernácula en madera en los cerros de Valparaiso. Saarbrücken: Editorial Académica Española.
ICOMOS (1965) The Venice Charter for the Conservation and Resto-ration of Monuments and Sites. Venice, Italy: ICOMOS.
ICOMOS (1988) Guidelines to the Burra Charter: Cultural Signifi-cance. Australia: ICOMOS
ICOMOS (1999a) Charter on the built vernacular heritage. Mexico: CIAV.
ICOMOS (1999b) The Burra Charter. Australia: ICOMOS
ICOMOS (2002) Vernacular architecture. Munich: Lipp GmbH
70
ICOMOS (2005) Threats to World Heritage Sites 1994-2004: An anal-ysis. Paris: ICOMOS
ICOMOS (2011) Vernacular architecture: a bibliography. Paris: UNES-CO-ICOMOS Documentation Centre.
Indirli M. et al. (2011) Hazard Evaluation in Valparaiso: the MAR VASTO Project. Pure Appl. Geophys. 168, pp. 543–582
MINVU, Government of Chile (2005) Valparaiso, an architectural guide. Santiago: MINVU.
Oliver, P. (1969) Shelter and society. New York: Praeger Publishers.
Oliver, P. (1987) Dwellings: the house across the World. Oxford: Phaidon.
Oliver, P. (1997) Encyclopedia of vernacular architecture of the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Oliver, P. (2006) Built to meet needs. cultural issues in Vernacular Architecture. London: Architectural Press.
Patry, M (2005) The State of Conservation of World Heritage Forests. Proceedings of the 2nd World Heritage Forest Meeting, Nancy, France, March 11-13, 2005
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71
UNESCO (2013) WHC-13/37.COM/7B (State of Conservation) (Availa-ble online http://whc.unesco.org/archive/2013/whc13-37com-7B-en.pdf)
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72
73
Building sample in picture
All upper photos, in case of superposition, or left photos, when placed side by side, are included in the Nomination File and were taken, in preparation of the inscription of Valparaiso to the World Heritage List, in the period 2001-2003. The photos positioned below or on the right side, were made in December 2012 and January 2013 from almost the same position. Of the 167 buildings with photos from 2001 we retook pictures to discover alterations in the buildings. The buildings following are only a selection of the total, and are related with changes found in the maps “alterations to buildings” (figure 4.22). Buildings 79, 120 and 123 are not included since the original photo was not encountered. There was sought for changes that were made in the cladding materials and its colors, the presence of stylistic elements, removal of façade elements or transparency and adaptations or extension which might have affected the original structure. Besides this there was kept an eye on new constructions, destroyed and renovated buildings and dissonant decoration in the form of graffiti and billboards or any combinations.
Appendix
74
Building 7
75
Building 21
76
Building 37
77
Building 46
78
Building 47
79
Building 48
80
Building 51
81
Building 60
82
Building 77
83
Building 99
84
Building 109
85
Building 114
86
Building 154
87
Building 157
88
Building 176
89
90
91
Tables
Appendix
92
93
Att
IDT/
IA
ttrib
ute
Qua
ntity
tota
lV
alue
s
12
34
56
78
1T
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Table 4.1. Attributes of the Historic Quarter of the Seaport City of Valparaiso conveying its OUV.
94
73T
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95T
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x97
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101
TP
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8x
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TS7
xx
104
TS
TAIR
WA
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4x
104
TS
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4x
105
TA
LLE
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108
TS
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8x
109
TP
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110
TS
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111
TP
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3T
AR
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114
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115
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119
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121
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122
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125
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127
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128
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129
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130
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131
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133
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1x
138
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1x
139
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141
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xx
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142
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146
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150
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154
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156
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158
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159
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9T
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xx
160
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4x
xx
xx
161
TB
AB
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LAC
E5
xx
162
TB
AV
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BU
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5x
xx
163
TFI
SC
HE
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2x
164
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LS A
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LIC
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CH
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CH
6x
xx
x16
5T
GE
RM
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GE
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CH
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7x
xx
166
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Tabl
e 4.
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he H
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96
Table 4.8 Results on set of rules to reveal the vernacular building stock
Vernacular buildings in 2013 percentage of buildings(82 vernacular buildings)
1. Materiality (Construction techniques)adobe-wood 70,7% 58adobe-wood (adobe removed) 6,1% 5adobe-wood + masonry seperation walls 12,2% 10masonry base + adobe-wood 9,8% 8rock/brickwork base + adobe-wood + steel 3,7% 3wood 2,4% 2masonry + wood 1,2% 1Quincha (discovered as secondary structure) 2,4% 22. Facade claddingcss 79,3% 65css + Chilean stucco 6,1% 5css deviating texture 2,4% 2css + wood 0,0% 0wood 1,2% 1wood + Chilean stucco 0,0% 0Chilean stucco 11,0% 93. Stylistic elementsdecorated 4 of 4 39,0% 32decorated 3 of 4 19,5% 16decorated 2 of 4 7,3% 6decorated 1 of 4 1,2% 1undecorated 29,3% 24no stylistic elements 2,4% 24. Transparency5. Replaced partsA. Land usehousing 73,2% 60commerce-housing 6,1% 5hotel 6,1% 5commerce-hotel 3,6% 3commerce 9,8% 8office 1,2% 1
Table 4.9 Reconstruction of the vernacular in 2003
Vernacular buildings in 2003 percentage of buildings(87 vernacular buildings)
1. Materiality (Construction techniques)adobe-wood 72,4% 63adobe-wood (adobe removed) 6,1% 5adobe-wood + masonry seperation walls 12,2% 10masonry base + adobe-wood 9,8% 8rock/brickwork base + adobe-wood + steel 3,7% 3wood 2,4% 2masonry + wood 1,2% 1Quincha (discovered outside main structure) 2,4% 22. Facade claddingcss 78,2% 68css + Chilean stucco 6,1% 5css deviating texture 2,4% 2css + wood 0,0% 0wood 1,2% 1wood + Chilean stucco 0,0% 0Chilean stucco 12,6% 113. Stylistic elementsdecorated 4 of 4 37,9% 33decorated 3 of 4 19,5% 17decorated 2 of 4 8,0% 7decorated 1 of 4 1,1% 1undecorated 29,9% 26no stylistic elements 2,3% 24. Transparency5. Replaced partsA. Land usehousing 95,4% 79commerce-housing 3,6% 3hotel 0,0% 0commerce-hotel 0,0% 0commerce 0,0% 0office 0,0% 0
Table 4.8
97
Table 4.8 Results on set of rules to reveal the vernacular building stock
Vernacular buildings in 2013 percentage of buildings(82 vernacular buildings)
1. Materiality (Construction techniques)adobe-wood 70,7% 58adobe-wood (adobe removed) 6,1% 5adobe-wood + masonry seperation walls 12,2% 10masonry base + adobe-wood 9,8% 8rock/brickwork base + adobe-wood + steel 3,7% 3wood 2,4% 2masonry + wood 1,2% 1Quincha (discovered as secondary structure) 2,4% 22. Facade claddingcss 79,3% 65css + Chilean stucco 6,1% 5css deviating texture 2,4% 2css + wood 0,0% 0wood 1,2% 1wood + Chilean stucco 0,0% 0Chilean stucco 11,0% 93. Stylistic elementsdecorated 4 of 4 39,0% 32decorated 3 of 4 19,5% 16decorated 2 of 4 7,3% 6decorated 1 of 4 1,2% 1undecorated 29,3% 24no stylistic elements 2,4% 24. Transparency5. Replaced partsA. Land usehousing 73,2% 60commerce-housing 6,1% 5hotel 6,1% 5commerce-hotel 3,6% 3commerce 9,8% 8office 1,2% 1
Table 4.9 Reconstruction of the vernacular in 2003
Vernacular buildings in 2003 percentage of buildings(87 vernacular buildings)
1. Materiality (Construction techniques)adobe-wood 72,4% 63adobe-wood (adobe removed) 6,1% 5adobe-wood + masonry seperation walls 12,2% 10masonry base + adobe-wood 9,8% 8rock/brickwork base + adobe-wood + steel 3,7% 3wood 2,4% 2masonry + wood 1,2% 1Quincha (discovered outside main structure) 2,4% 22. Facade claddingcss 78,2% 68css + Chilean stucco 6,1% 5css deviating texture 2,4% 2css + wood 0,0% 0wood 1,2% 1wood + Chilean stucco 0,0% 0Chilean stucco 12,6% 113. Stylistic elementsdecorated 4 of 4 37,9% 33decorated 3 of 4 19,5% 17decorated 2 of 4 8,0% 7decorated 1 of 4 1,1% 1undecorated 29,9% 26no stylistic elements 2,3% 24. Transparency5. Replaced partsA. Land usehousing 95,4% 79commerce-housing 3,6% 3hotel 0,0% 0commerce-hotel 0,0% 0commerce 0,0% 0office 0,0% 0
Table 4.8 Table 4.9
98
Table 4.10 Properties total building sample
All buildings in Cerro Concepcion in 2013 percentage of buildingsSet of rules for vernacular 181 buildings
1. Materiality (Construction techniques)adobe-wood 48,6% 88adobe-wood + masonry seperation walls 7,2% 13masonry base + adobe-wood 5,0% 9rock/brickwork base + adobe-wood + steel 2,2% 4wood 6,6% 12masonry + wood 5,0% 9Quincha (adobe-wood variant) 1,1% 2masonry 8,8% 16concrete 13,8% 25steel 2,2% 42. Facade claddingcss 41,4% 75css + Chilean stucco 6,1% 11css deviating texture 2,2% 4css + wood 2,2% 4wood 3,3% 6wood + Chilean stucco 1,1% 2Chilean stucco 19,9% 36concrete 9,9% 18steel 1,7% 3fine stucco 9,4% 173. Stylistic elementsdecorated 4 of 4 18,2% 33decorated 3 of 4 12,7% 23decorated 2 of 4 7,2% 13decorated 1 of 4 3,9% 7undecorated 15,5% 28no stylistic elements 38,1% 694. Transparency5. Replaced partsA. Land usehousing 56,9% 103
Table 4.10
99
Table 4.10 Properties total building sample
All buildings in Cerro Concepcion in 2013 percentage of buildingsSet of rules for vernacular 181 buildings
1. Materiality (Construction techniques)adobe-wood 48,6% 88adobe-wood + masonry seperation walls 7,2% 13masonry base + adobe-wood 5,0% 9rock/brickwork base + adobe-wood + steel 2,2% 4wood 6,6% 12masonry + wood 5,0% 9Quincha (adobe-wood variant) 1,1% 2masonry 8,8% 16concrete 13,8% 25steel 2,2% 42. Facade claddingcss 41,4% 75css + Chilean stucco 6,1% 11css deviating texture 2,2% 4css + wood 2,2% 4wood 3,3% 6wood + Chilean stucco 1,1% 2Chilean stucco 19,9% 36concrete 9,9% 18steel 1,7% 3fine stucco 9,4% 173. Stylistic elementsdecorated 4 of 4 18,2% 33decorated 3 of 4 12,7% 23decorated 2 of 4 7,2% 13decorated 1 of 4 3,9% 7undecorated 15,5% 28no stylistic elements 38,1% 694. Transparency5. Replaced partsA. Land usehousing 56,9% 103
Table 4.10