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ECOSYSTEMS as HUMAN

ENVIRONMENT

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Chapter outline

Classifications of ecosystems

Scopes of Ecosystem-produced services

Law of tolerance

Human are a part of the biosphere How are human considering the earth

Human activities may affect the

ecosystems

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Classification of Ecosystems

Terrestrial (land): Rain forest, coniferous

forest, savanna, desert

Aquatic:- Marine : sea. oceans- Fresh water : lakes, rivers

Transition from land to aquatic (Wet land):Swamp, mangrove

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Terrestrialecosystems

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Land, transition and aquaticecosystems

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Two different ecosystems(based on input of energy)

Natural ecosystems:changes naturally withouthuman interferences

Man-made ecosystems:require human interferencesto manage and to add anenergy or matter for

maintaining a balanceecosystems (city, village,crop land etc.)

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Scopes of Ecosystem-produced

Services

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Ecosystem Services for human well-

being

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BIOSPHERE 2

a $200-million facility designed to be a self-sustaining lifesupport system designed to mimic the earths (Biosphere 1)

After 2 years numerous unexpected problems encounteredsuch as:

- Oxygen disappeared mysterously

- N cycling failed to function properly- CO2 concentration rise to levels that threatened to the

humans

- Most of animal and plant spescies become extinct (punah)

In brief: Biosphere 2 FAILED to maintain a life-support systemfor eight people.

Biosphere 2 Our World video.flv

http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/Biosphere%202%20Our%20World%20video.flvhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/Biosphere%202%20Our%20World%20video.flv

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Every ecosystems consist living

and non-living components Some need a hot environment and

others a cold

Each population in en ecosystem has arange of tolerance to variation of itsphysical and chemical environment

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Law of tolerance in nature

Each population in en ecosystemhas a range of tolerance tovariation its physical and chemical

environment:

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The existence, abundance, and distribution of a species in a ecosystemsare determined by whether the level of one or more physical orchemical factors fall within the range tolerated by that species

Law of tolerance

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Human tolerance to environment

Unlike other organisms, human couldenhance the range of their tolerance

due to the ability to think, to develop

technology and to modify/change thenature

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We are a part of the biosphere

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How are human considering the earth ? Gaia concept (Lovelock):

Biosfer adalah suatu kesatuan yang mengatur diri sendiri (self-regulating) dan mampu mempertahankan kondisi Bumi dengan

mengendalikan lingkungan kimiawi dan fisis. Jadi, Bumi adalah

suatu super-ekosistem dimana banyak proses dan umpan balik

saling berinteraksi untuk menjaga kondisi kimiawi dan fisis di Bumi.

Dalam hal ini, makhluk hidup memiliki peran penting peranterpenting dalam menjaga keseimbangan (homeostatis).

The earth as a aerospace aircraft (Odum 1989) :

Bumi dapat dianalogikan dengan suatu pesawat ruang angkasa

yang sangat besar karena merupakan suatu benda/kesatuan yangmelayang di angkasa luar, dengan sistem pendukung

kehidupannya sendiri (dalam bentuk udara, air, makanan, energi).

Dengan adanya tekanan penduduk, pencemaran, dan pengelolaan

yang buruk, maka sistem pendukung kehidupan ini menjadi

terancam:ibarat berkurangnya persediaan oksigen bagi astronot

dalam suatu pesawat ruang angkasa.

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Where is the human position?

In the ecosystem

human are top

consumers Human can change

their environment

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Human activities may affect the

ecosystems

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Human use of the biomass produced byphotosynthesis

At least 27% ofthe earths total

net primaryproductivity

have beendestroyed andaltered byhuman activities

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What causes ecosystems to change?

Changes caused by humans:

Water pollution

Air pollution

Land pollution

Construction

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Mining

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Hopes vs Disasters

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Sadness of Gaia The Earth Goddess looks on sadly, aware

that our human weaknesses will meanmany years of education to prevent the

ruin of our precious world.

The contents of her wings symbolise all

the creatures that need protection. As

always "Gaia" will be there to listen andto comfort, bringing with her the rainbow

of hope.

The clouds are gathering around our

world but she knows she must be strong

and work to rectify mans errors, in thebelief that he will one day understand that

our precious earth deserves our

protection.

Let us hope that one day soon "Gaia" will

look upon the earth and be satisfied thather lessons have been learnt!

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How can humans help to prevent

negative changes in ecosystems?Use resources wisely

Laws that control pollution

Clean up litter

Keep rivers and lakes clean

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