resumo da revista "robótica" 88

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SECÇÃO INST

RUM

ENTA

ÇÃO

29

robótica

Um exemplo de aplicação prática desta

lei é a utilização de contactos de latão ou

cobre, para interligação do termopar ao

cabo de extensão no cabeçote.

T1

T1

T1

T2

T2

T3

T3

EAB

(T1-T

2)

EAB

(T1-T

2)

EAB

(T1-T

2)

B

B

B

A

A

A

C

C

C

T2

T2

T2

T2

T2

T2

Figura 4. Lei dos metais intermediários.

Lei das temperaturas sucessivasA f.e.m. gerada por um TC com as suas

junções às temperaturas T1 e T

3 respetiva-

mente, é igual à soma algébrica da f.e.m.

deste TC, com as junções às temperatu-

ras T1 e T

2 e da f.e.m. do mesmo TC com as

junções às temperaturas T2 e T

3 (Figura 5).

538º C 38º C 24º CA

B

BB

A

AE2

E3

E1

Figura 5. lei das temperaturas intermediárias.

Exemplo:

T1 = 24º C ; T

2 = 38º C ; T

3 = 538º C

(T3 > T

2 > T

1)

E1,3

(538 – 24) = E2,3

(538 – 38) + E1,2

(38 – 24)

Um exemplo prático da aplicação desta

lei é quando se pretende utilizar uma

temperatura de referência diferente de

zero graus Celsius. A título de exemplo

suponha-se que se utiliza um termopar

para medir a temperatura da fornalha da

caldeira em que a junção de medida es-

tará no interior da fornalha, normalmen-

te protegida por uma bainha, e a junção

de referência encontra-se normalmente

numa sala de controlo com ar-condicio-

nado (20º C). Nestas condições, a f.e.m.

ET,20

do termopar virá mais baixa do que

a f.em. ET, 0

se a junção de referência esti-

vesse a 0º C:

ET, 0

= ET, 20

+ E20,0

tipos e caraterísticas dos termoparesA seleção dos metais utilizados no fabri-

co de termopares obedece a diversos

critérios nomeadamente: que tenham

elevada resistência à corrosão, oxidação

e redução; que desenvolvam uma f.e.m.

alta, sejam estáveis, de baixo custo e

baixa resistência eléctrica; que a rela-

ção temperatura/f.e.m seja o mais linear

possível.

– O termopar tipo T, de cobre-cons-

tantan, tem uma elevada resistência

à corrosão por humidade atmosféri-

ca ou condensação e pode utilizar-se

em atmosferas oxidantes ou reduto-

ras. Usado normalmente na medição

de temperatura de -200 ~ 260º C;

– O termopar tipo J, de ferro-cons-

tantan, é adequado para atmosferas

com baixo teor de oxigénio. A oxi-

dação do fio de ferro aumenta rapi-

damente acima dos 550º C, sendo

necessário um maior diâmetro do fio

até uma temperatura limite de 750º C;

– O termopar tipo K, de cromel-alumel,

recomenda-se em atmosferas oxi-

dantes e a temperaturas de trabalho

entre 500 ~ 1000º C. Não deve ser

usado em atmosferas redutoras nem

sulfurosas a menos que esteja prote-

gido com um tubo de proteção;

– Os termopares tipo R e S, de Pt/Rh-

Pt, utilizam-se em atmosferas oxidan-

tes e a temperaturas de trabalho até

1500º C. Se a atmosfera não é oxidan-

te, o termopar deve ser protegido

com um tubo cerâmico estanque.

A Tabela 1 mostra a composição dos ter-

moelementos que constituem os termo-

pares tipo J, T, K, R e S.

Na Figura 6 indicam-se as tensões de sa-

ída destes termopares. Repare-se na não

linearidade da resposta, um pouco mais

acentuada nos termopares usados em

temperaturas elevadas, ou quando se

usa um campo de medida muito amplo.

As Tabelas 2.7 e 2.8 mostram os valores da

f.e.m. em função da temperatura de acor-

do com as normas DIN/BS/IEC, com a jun-

ta de referência à temperatura de 0º C.

(Nota: Estas tabelas podem ser visuali-

zadas no website, www.robotica.pt).

Tabela 1. Composição química dos termopares.

Termo ElementoComposição Química (%)

Cr Fe Mn Si Ni Cu Al Pt Rh

Jp (Ferro) 99.5 * * * * *

Jn,Tn (Constantan) 45 55

Tp (Cobre) 100

Kp(Cromel) 10 90

Kn(Alumel) 2 1 95 2

Rp (Platina/Ródio) 87 13

Sp (Platina/Ródio) 90 10

Rn,Sn (Platina) 100

*Enxofre e Fósforo; (1) Marca Hosklins Manufacturing Co.

Figura 6. Curvas de f.e.m. / temperatura de diversos tipos de termopares.

Tipo E90

70

50

30

80

60

40

20

10

-10-250 -20 250 5000

0

Tipo K

Tipo R

Tipo B

Tipo J

Tipo T

Temperatura /º C

Tens

ão /

mV

S

750 1000 1250 1500 1750

http://www.robotica.pt/tab88

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resumo da revista "robótica" 88

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