RESULTS OF PM AIR

POLLUTION BASELINE AND

SOURCE APPORTIONMENT

STUDY OF ULAANBAATAR CITY

OF MONGOLIA

S.Lodoysamba, S.Larssen, D.Shagjjamba, Li Liu, G.Gerelmaa J.Nygaard

Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar

1

• ESTABLISHMENT OF AN AIR QUALITY MONITORING AND HEALTH

IMPACT BASELINE (AMHIB) FROM AIR POLLUTION IN

ULAANBAATAR (UB) CITY, MONGOLIA.

World Bank Contract 7146873, 2008-2009

Projects

• АГААРЫН ЧАНАР БА БОХИРДОЛЫН ЗӨӨГДЛИЙГ СУДЛАХШинжлэх ухаан, технологийн сэдэв, 2006-2008

• АГААРЫН БОХИРДЛЫН ҮҮСГҮҮР, ТЭДНИЙ БОХИРДОЛД ОРУУЛЖБУЙ ХУВИЙГ РМ2,5, РМ10 АРГААР ТОДОРХОЙЛОХ СУДАЛГАА

Шинжлэх ухаан, технологийн сэдэв, 2009-2011

• RCA/ IAEA PROJECT IMPROVED INFORMATION ABOUT URBAN

AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT,

RAS/7/013, 2004-2007

• CHARACTERIZATION AND SOURCE IDENTIFICATION OF

PARTICULATE AIR POLLUTION IN THE ASIA REGION

RAS/7/015, 2007-2010

2

Sampling Sites

3

Sampling

site numberCharacteristics Site position

PM size

fraction

Height of

sampling head

from the

ground (m)

Remarks

1

Kosa Monitor (Japanese make),

Measures PM10 and PM2.5.

Beta absorption.. Continuous

monitoring. Gives hourly values.

106o54,704

47o55,220

PM10 and

PM2.520

2, 3

GENT Sampler, Schulberger

Model 250, Measures PM10-2.5

and PM2.5. Polycarbonate

(nuclepore) filters.

106o58,311

47o54,811

PM10-2.5

and PM2.51.6;6

Elemental

analysis, Black

carbon

determination

4, 7, 8

Dust Trak-8520, measures

PM2.5 or PM10. Laser light

scattering. Continuous

monitoring; Gives hourly values.

106o54,159

47o54,719PM2.5 3;2;3

5

Rotary Bebicon, Type 35RC-

28SD5 (Japanese make).

Measures PM10,

15 l/min, filter.

106o52,967

47o53,64PM10 3

Replaced by

EcoTech monitor

(beta absorption)

from Nov.2008

6

Partisol FRM-Model 2000,

Measures PM10, 16.7 l/min, filter

(nuclepore).

106o52,167

47o55,582PM10 4

Elemental

analysis, Black

carbon

determination

Used samplers

4

MonthsNAMHEM

(1)

NRC

(2)

Zuun ail

(3)

CLEM

(5)

3 khoroolol

(6)Average

Jun-08 28.9 160.2 154.3 120.0 187.3 130.2

Jul-08 7.2 126.7 112.5 17.6 56.4 64.1

Aug-08 238.0 179.1 27.9 85.4 132.6

Sep-08 8.0 221.4 131.4 38.8 70.4 94.0

Oct-08 37.7 223.1 127.6 79.6 161.2 125.8

Nov-08 128.5 365.8 673.2 112.9 800.8 416.2

Dec-08 277.5 180.2 926.8 61.4 693.5 427.9

Jan-09 173.7 200.1 1850.0 65.8 932.3 644.4

Feb-09 115.4 302.1 1007.3 86.0 463.7 394.9

Mar-09 62.5 205.2 488.6 63.7 358.2 235.6

Apr-09 34.0 316.0 300.2 59.8 272.8 196.5

May-09 32.5 501.2 739.3 33.6 183.1 297.9

Annual

average82.3 253.3 557.5 63.91 355.4 262.5

MonthsNAMHEM

(1)

NRC

(2)

Zuun ail

(3)

6 buudal

(4)

Bayan

hoshuu (7)

Airport

(8)

Avera

ge

Jun-08 16.9 29.0 25.5 84.6 169.3 65.1

Jul-08 1.2 21.7 13.3 12.1

Aug-08 5.7 64.9 48.7 39.7

Sep-08 8.0 18.8 37.9 37.3 47.0 37.6 31.1

Oct-08 38.1 46.3 38.7 281.3 498.3 184.7 181.2

Nov-08 81.4 121.6 330.6 527.3 567.5 406.3 339.1

Dec-08 224.5 106.9 575.5 1205.1 1421.2 892.9 737.7

Jan-09 138.3 121.3 1291.1 858.5 1536.1 514.5 743.3

Feb-09 99.6 141.4 358.1 342.4 971.3 413.3 387.7

Mar-09 45.3 80.1 345.5 179.3 321.0 207.3 196.4

Apr-09 25.2 128.8 119.6 93.9 137.3 91.8 99.4

May-09 24.3 279.3 370.8 41.9 58.9 52.9 138.0

Annual

average59.1 96.7 296.3 365.2 617.6 297.1 288.6

PM10, PM2.5 Concentrations

PM10 PM2.5

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PM 2.5 Concentration Time Series

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PM 10 Concentration

7

PM 2.5 Concentration

8

PM10 PM2.5

Monthly Average Concentrations

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Average Concentration Measured

Average Concentration Assessed

AreaРМ10 (µµµµg/m3)

РМ2.5 (µµµµg/m3) Exceedence

Central

part UB300 150 6

Ger area

UB350-900

300-

6207-18

Site No Site name PM2.5 PM10

2 NRC 96.7 253.3

3 Zuun ail 296.3 557.5

4 6 Buudal 365.2 -

6 3 khoroolol - 355.4

7 Bayanhoshuu 617.6 -

8 Airport 297.1 -

Average all

stations

334.6 388.7

Monthly Average Concentrations

10

Gers and Ger Area

Gers in countryside

Ger Area

Mongolian Ger 11

Annual Average Concentrations

350-900

12

Source PM10 SO2

Height of

emissions,

meters

Spatial distribution

Ger

households16,363 7,084 2-3 Throughout ger areas

HOBs 6,480 4,360 10-20Distributed over the ger areas

and along the east-west corridor

CHP 6,290 33,600 100-2503 point sources to the west of UB

centre

Vehicle

exhaust1,161 1,354 1

Throughout the city,

concentrated in central areas

Emissions inventory for combustion

sources (tons/year)

13

Chemical Analysis Set-up

Experimental setup of the New Zealand Institute of

Geosciences and Nuclear Sciences14

45%

34%

10%

11%

Source contribution PM10-2.5 NRC

Soil 1

Soil 2

Combustion

Road dust

3% 5%

91%

1%

Source contribution PM10-2.5 No3

Coal combustion

Motor vehicles+Road dust

Soil

Biomass burning

3%5%

3% 2%

87%

ContributionPM2.5 in site No3(Zuun ail)-a

Motor vehicles+Road dust

Combustion 1

Soil

Biomass burning

Combustion2

Pollution Source Apportionment

15

12%

16%

27%

45%

PM10 in 3 khoroolol

Soil

Biomass burning

Motor vehicles+Road dust

Combustion1

Pollution Source Apportionment PM10

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Source Apportionment Summary.

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Daily time Series of PM concentrations(Example TV site, GTZ station)

Working days Weekend

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� Main pollution sources are:

• PM10- Soil erosion, Combustion, Road dust, Biomass burning,

• PM2.5- Coal combustion, Motor Vehicle+Road dust, Biomass burning, Soil

� Ulaanbaatar is probably the most polluted capital city of the world;

� About 50% of the PM contribution from gers correspond to ignition phase (cold start) and reloading of stoves;

� There is presence of toxic elements: Hg, Ni, V, F, Cl, Br, As in the air;

� Pb in the air is below the standard;

� A health effects study is ongoing, based upon the monitored data and

collected health data

Conclusion

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Thank You

for Your Attention! 20