results from combustion tests and energy balances
TRANSCRIPT
Results from combustion
tests and energy balances
Dr. Lutz Bühle
University of Kassel
Combustion tests
Fuel types
Gornja
Radgorna
Kysucký Lieskovec
Ascha Zlin
Poznan
Mantova
Irnfritz
GödöllőDonners-kirchen
Combustion tests
Fuel types
Gornja
Radgorna
Kysucký Lieskovec
Ascha Zlin
Poznan
Mantova
Irnfritz
GödöllőDonners-kirchen
biolib.cz
Combustion tests
Fuel types
biolib.cz
Origin Dominant species
Fuel type I Slovakia Agrostis capillaris,
Holcus lanatus,
Achillea millefolium
Fuel type II Germany Carex disticha
Phragmites australis
Holcus lanatus
Fuel type III Poland Phalaris arundinacea
Carex acutiformis
Carex gracilis
Combustion tests
Production of briquettes
Combustion tests
Briquette quality
Fuel type I Fuel type II Fuel type III
Dry matter of silage:55 %
Dry matter of silage:62 %
Dry matter of silage:40 %
Combustion tests
Firing system:
ÖKOTHERM® -Compact C1L boiler (120 kW)
Combustion tests
Experimental design
Parameters of investigation
• Technical evaluation (inflammability, flying sparks, slagging, ash removal)
• Emissions (Particulate matter, CO, NOx, SO2)
Operation modes
• Heat-up phase
• Partial load (50% of nominal output)
• Full load (100% of nominal output)
Combustion tests
Technical evaluation
• Fast ignition
• Full and bright flame
• Flying sparks observed without influence on PM in the flue gas
• Light slagging
• Unhampered air flow
• Ash was crushed by ash slide
• Unhampered discharge ofthe ash
• Full power of 120 kW waspermanently achieved
Combustion tests
Emissions
PM CO NOx SO2
mg/m3 (reference: 11% O2)
Fuel type I Minimum 52,7 5,0 267,0 0,0
Maximum 61,6 584,0 473,0 87,0
Average 55,4 36,2 357,2 34,9
Fuel type II Minimum 42,3 19,0 362,0 0,0
Maximum 57,9 822,0 556,0 91,0
Average 49,6 173,9 467,7 40,7
Fuel type III Minimum 25,0 4,0 187,0 0,0
Maximum 38,4 933,0 492,0 173,0
Average 30,3 94,6 349,5 70,8
Combustion tests
Emissions
PM CO NOx SO2
mg/m3 (reference: 11% O2)
Fuel type I Minimum 52,7 5,0 267,0 0,0
Maximum 61,6 584,0 473,0 87,0
Average 55,4 36,2 357,2 34,9
Fuel type II Minimum 42,3 19,0 362,0 0,0
Maximum 57,9 822,0 556,0 91,0
Average 49,6 173,9 467,7 40,7
Fuel type III Minimum 25,0 4,0 187,0 0,0
Maximum 38,4 933,0 492,0 173,0
Average 30,3 94,6 349,5 70,8
Limit (Germany) 50 250 500 -
Combustion tests
Emissions
PM CO NOx SO2
mg/m3 (reference: 11% O2)
Fuel type I Minimum 52,7 5,0 267,0 0,0
Maximum 61,6 584,0 473,0 87,0
Average 55,4 36,2 357,2 34,9
Fuel type II Minimum 42,3 19,0 362,0 0,0
Maximum 57,9 822,0 556,0 91,0
Average 49,6 173,9 467,7 40,7
Fuel type III Minimum 25,0 4,0 187,0 0,0
Maximum 38,4 933,0 492,0 173,0
Average 30,3 94,6 349,5 70,8
Limit (Germany) 50 250 500 -
Combustion tests
Emissions: Reduction of air flow
Combustion tests
Emissions
PM CO NOx SO2
mg/m3 (reference: 11% O2)
Fuel type I Minimum 52,7 5,0 267,0 0,0
Maximum 61,6 584,0 473,0 87,0
Average 55,4 36,2 357,2 34,9
Fuel type II Minimum 42,3 19,0 362,0 0,0
Maximum 57,9 822,0 556,0 91,0
Average 49,6 173,9 467,7 40,7
Fuel type III Minimum 25,0 4,0 187,0 0,0
Maximum 38,4 933,0 492,0 173,0
Average 30,3 94,6 349,5 70,8
Softening Flow
Obs
erve
d te
mpe
ratu
re [°
C]
0
1050
1100
1150
1200
1250
1300
1350
1400 SilagePress cake
Characteristic temperature
Combustion tests
Ash melting behaviour
Energy balances
Energy balances
Methodology
Energy balances
Methodology
Gross saving of CO2 equivalent by the substitution of fossil based energy supply (= credit)
[GWh/year]
Emissions of CO2 equivalent by the operation of bioenergy plant
Net CO2equivalent saving
0
Gross saving of primary energy by the substitution of fossil energy carriers
Consumption of primary energy by the operation of the bioenergy plant
Net saving of primary energy
Energy balances
Biomass feedstock
Project region in … Grassland Green cut Leaves Total Briquetteproduction
t DM/year t DM/year t DM/year t DM/year t FM/year
Austria (Waldviertel) 400,00 350,00 750,00 703,00
Italy 1165,45 192,50 1357,95 1272,98
Slovakia 424,50 32,80 10,00 467,30 438,57
Slovenia 3000,00 3000,00 2811,57
Austria (Lake Neusiedel) 8000,00 8000,00 7497,52
Czech Republic 295,99 10,00 305,99 286,80
Poland 5000,00 5000,00 4685,95
Energy balances
Transport distances
Project region in … Transport distance (km)
Grassland Green cut and leaves Briquettes
Austria (Waldviertel) 10,00
20 30
Italy 15,00
Slovakia 15,00
Slovenia 20,00
Austria (Lake Neusiedel) 10,00
Czech Republic 15,00
Poland 15,00
Energy balances
Input data
Electrical units kWh/t TM
Dosing I, Defibration (QZ)and bale press 109,07
Dosing II 2,78
Mashing 26,25
Screw press 41,00
Drying 47,26
Briquetting 117,64
Others 10,00
Sum 353,99
Thermal capacity oM [kJ/(kg K)] 2,10
Thermal capacity ash [kJ/(kg K)] 0,75
Thermal capacity biomass [kJ/(kg K)] 1,99
Thermal capacity water [kJ/(kg K)] 4,19
Mashing temperature [°C] 40,00
Silage temperature [°C] 8,00
Mash liquid temperature [°C] 25,00
Heat demand [kWh/kg biomass] 0,10
Heat demand [kWh/t biomass] 101,22
Heat demand mashing [kWh/t DM] 337,39
Heat demand drying [kWh/kg water] 1,10
Electricity Heat
Energy balances
Fossil reference data
Project region in … Primary energy demand
Heat(national mix)
Electricity(national mix)
TJ/TJ heat TJ/TJ electricity
Austria 1,49 2,39
Italy 1,41 2,41
Slovakia 1,44 2,84
Slovenia 1,50 2,47
Austria 1,49 2,39
Czech Republic 1,46 3,01
Poland 1,24 2,71
Energy balances
[GWh]
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10
Poland
Czech Republic
Austria (Lake Neusiedel)
Slovenia
Slovakia
Italy
Austria (Waldviertel)
Heat creditElectricity creditDiesel inputHeat inputElectricity inputNet saving
Project region in ...
Conclusions
Combustion tests:
•Very good technical performance
•Emissions are below thresholds, but additional filter required
Energy balances:
•Mainly dependent on local biomass availability
•Fossil energy consumption of up to 3000 inhabitants per project region could be replaced by renewables
Thank you very much
for your attention!