respiratory system what life process does the respiratory system help to carry out? how?
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
What life process does the respiratory system help to
carry out? HOW?
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Human Respiration• Works together with the circulatory
system
• Exchange of gases between atmosphere, blood, and cells
• If respiratory system and/or circulatory system fails, death will occur
• Cells need O2 to make ATP; release CO2 as a waste product
• Accumulation of excess CO2 is toxic to cells and MUST be removed
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Working Together…
Respiratory System
• Intakes oxygen
• Releases carbon dioxide waste
Circulatory system
• Transports gases in blood between lungs and cells
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Respiratory Structures and Organs
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Respiratory Structures and Organs• Nose – made of cartilage and bone and is
designed to warm, moisten, and filter air as it comes into the system
• Pharynx – (throat) conducts food and air; exchanges air with Eustachian tube to equalize pressure
• Larynx – (voice box)
connects the pharynx
and the trachea;
made of cartilage; contains vocal cords
nasal cavity
pharynxlarynx
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Respiratory Structures and Organs
• Epiglottis – flap of tissue that covers trachea; ensures food travels down the esophagus
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• Trachea – (windpipe) tubular passage way for air; carries air to the lungs, C-shaped cartilage rings, divides at end
• Bronchi – pair of tubes that branch from trachea and enter lungs; have cartilage plates; lining is ciliated & secretes mucus
Respiratory Structures and Organs
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
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bronchiolesmooth muscle
•The nervous system dilates and constricts the bronchioles
•This allows you to breath without consciously thinking about it.
Systems Working Together
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• Alveoli – cup shaped structures at the end of the bronchioles that resemble bunches of grapes; are in direct contact with capillaries (gas exchange)
Respiratory Structures and Organs
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Alveoli
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Lungs
•Paired, cone-shaped organs that are surrounded by a pleural membrane, made of elastic tissue, and divided into lobes
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Mechanics of Breathing• Inhaling– When air moves in.
• This is an active process, why??
• Gases move from an area of high pressure to low pressure
• During inspiration – diaphragm pulls down and lungs expand
• When lungs expand, it INCREASES the VOLUME, which DECREASES the PRESSURE inside lungs
• Lung pressure is lower than outside pressure, so air moves in
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• Exhaling – when air moves out of the lungs.
• This is a passive process, why?
• Diaphragm and muscles relax
• Volume in lungs and chest cavity decreases, so now pressure inside increases
• Air moves out because pressure inside is HIGHER than OUTSIDE atmosphere
Mechanics of Breathing
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Gas Exchange• Earth’s atmosphere is about 78%
Nitrogen and about 21% O2
• What happens to the air when we inhale?
• 300 million alveoli in a healthy lung
• Hemoglobin can hold four O2 molecules
GAS INHALED EXHALED
O2 20.71% 14.6%
CO2 .004% 4.0%
H2O 1.25% 5.9%
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Gas Transport in Blood• Carbon dioxide
• 70% as bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) dissolved
in plasma
• 23% bound to hemoglobin
• 7% as CO2 dissolved in plasma
• Oxygen
• 99% bound to hemoglobin
• 1% as O2 dissolved in plasma
• Carbon monoxide poisoning occurs because CO binds to hemoglobin more readily than O2
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Respiratory System Disorders• Asthma – muscles of bronchioles
constrict, drastically reducing ventilation
• Emphysema – destruction of alveoli
• Tuberculosis – highly contagious bacterial infection
• Lung cancer – 90% of lung cancer victims have a history of smoking
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