respiratory system infections

5/19/2018 Respiratory System Infections

1/44

Respiratory System Infections


2/44

Dear Loving and Compassionate God

Giver of all gifts we pray especially today for the mercy and love you give

us.

Open our hearts and minds to you. Give us the grace to accept your

mercy.

As we live each day we pray for those less fortunate especially those who

are hurting and whose wounds need to be healed.

Help us become involved in ways that show them how deeply we care.

Give us the personal courage to listen to their concerns and help them

find the solutions to which they are entitled

as your children and our brothers and sisters.

Glory be ...


3/44

Describe the anatomy ofupper and lower respiratory

tract.

Describe the importantopportunistic pathogens that

commonly inhabits the

respiratory system.

Identify the causative agent,pathogenesis, symptoms,

treatment and prevention of

common respiratory

infections.


4/44


5/44


6/44


7/44

Normal Flora

Staphylococcus

Corynebacterium

Moraxella Haemophilus

Bacteroides

Streptococcus


8/44

Strep Throat

Streptococcus pyogenes

Sore, red throat with pus, enlargement and

tenderness of lymph nodes

Sequelae: Rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis Direct contact, droplet infection, ingestion of

contaminated food

P&T:

Avoidance of crowding Ventilation

10 days of Penicillin or Erythromycin


9/44


10/44

Diphtheria

Corynebacterium diphtheriae (toxin-producing)

Sore throat, fever, fatigue

Membrane forms on tonsils and throatmay

obstruct breathing Paralysis, heart and kidney failure

Droplet transmission, direct contact, indirect

contact via fomites

P&T: Immunization (DPT)

Antitoxin

Erythromycin


11/44

Pseudo

membrane


12/44

BULL NECK

APPEARANCE


13/44

Common Cold

Rhinovirus

Scratchy throat, nasal

discharge, malaise,

headache, cough

Droplet transmission,

contaminated fingers, lack

of care of nasal secretions

P&T: Handwashing

Avoid crowded places

Antivirals: Pleconaril


14/44

The United States Food and Drug Administration(FDA) recommends that over-the-counter cough

and cold medications not be used in children

younger than 2 years of age because serious and

potentially life-threatening side effects can occur.

Do not use aspirin or aspirin containing

medications in children or teenagers because it

has been associated with a rare potentially fatal

condition called Reye's syndrome.


15/44

What is Reyes Syndrome?

Reye's syndromeis a potentially fatal diseasethat causes numerous detrimental effects to many

organs, especially the brain and liver, as well as

causing hypoglycemia.

The disease causes fatty liver with minimal

inflammation and severe encephalopathy (with

swelling of the brain). The liver may become

slightly enlarged and firm, and there is a change

in the appearance of the kidneys.

Early diagnosis is vital; while most children

recover with supportive therapy, severe brain

injury or death are potential complications.


16/44

Adenoviral

PharyngitisAdenoviruses

Droplet transmission

Fever, very sore throat,severe cough, swollen

lymph nodes, pus on

tonsils and throat

P&T: Relief of symptoms

Antibacterial meds


17/44

PNEUMONIAPneumococcal Klebsiella Mycoplasmal

CA Streptococcuspneumoniae

Klebsiella

pneumoniae

Mycoplasma

pneumoniae

Symptoms Cough, fever, rust-colored sputum,

shortness of breath,chest pain

Fever, chills, bloody

mucoid sputum

Gradual onset of

cough, fever,

sputum production,headache, muscle

ache

Transmission Droplet Droplet Droplet

P&T VaccinePenicillin

Erythromycin

No vaccine

Cephalosporin

No vaccine

Erythromycin

Avoid crowded

places


18/44


19/44


20/44


21/44

Pertussis

Bordetella pertussis

Runny nose followed by

violent coughing

(whooping cough),vomiting and convulsions


P&T:

Vaccines

Erythromycin


22/44

Tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Chronic fever, weight loss, cough, sputumproduction


P&T:

BCG vaccination

Mantoux test

Anti tubercular meds: INH, Rif

Rifampicin

Isoniazid

Pyrazinamide

Ethambutol

Streptomycin

TB-DOTS


23/44


24/44

Misconception Correct concept

1 TB is infectious.Hence, TB patients

should not return to work or school, and

should be isolated. ()

The great majority of TB patients can be

rendered non-infectious soon after

commencement of treatment. Hence, they can

return to work or school soon aftercommencement of treatment. ( )

2 All TB patients should be admitted to

hospital for isolation.()

The great majority of patients can be treated

as an outpatient. ( )

3 After taking anti-TB treatment for a few

weeks, the drugs can be stopped if the

symptoms have disappeared. ()

The whole course of anti-TB treatment last for

at least 6 months. The treatment course

should be completed even if the symptomshave disappeared. Otherwise, the disease

may not be cured and relapse may occur. ( )

4 BCG vaccination can offer 100%

protection for the children. ()

The protection offered by BCG vaccination is

only partial. Maintenance of good bodily health

and leading a healthy lifestyle are essential

preventive measures. ( )

5 After completion of anti-TB treatment

for the disease, the patient can have

life-long immunity against the disease.

()

After completion of anti-TB treatment, the

chance for relapse of TB should be low.

However, the patient should still maintain good

bodily health and lead a healthy lifestyle to

prevent relapse of the disease.( )

6 TB patients should be separated from

household members during meals. ()

TB is transmitted by breathing in small air

droplets containing the germs. It is notgenerally transmitted through the mouth. ( )


25/44


26/44


27/44

TB-DOT (Directly Observed

Treatment)

DOT is the process, during which the TB patienttakes every dose of the medication under the

direct observation of health-care staff.

DOT is strongly recommended by authoritative

bodies like the World Health Organization (WHO)and the International Union Against Tuberculosis

And Lung Diseases (IUATLD) as a most

effectivemeasure in the control of tuberculosis.

By using DOT, TB patients can be provided the

necessary support to complete the whole course

of treatment, so that treatment failure, emergence

of drug resistance and spread of the disease can

be avoided.


28/44

Mantoux Test

Tuberculin Skin Testing

Purified Protein Derivative


29/44

This is the x-

ray of a 40

year oldwoman

previously

treated for

tuberculosis.

Her left lung

is fibrotic and

there isradiologic

evidence of

bullae and

cavitations.


30/44


31/44

Legionnaires Disease Legionella pneumophila

Muscle ache, headache, fever,

cough, shortness of breath,

chest & abdominal pain,

diarrhea

Ingestion of warm water

contaminated with other

microorganisms

Air-conditioning systems P&T:

Avoid contaminated water with

aerosols

Regular cleaning and disinfection


32/44

A milder infection caused by the same type of

Legionella bacteria is calledPon tiac Fever

. Thesymptoms of Pontiac Fever usually last for 2 to 5

days and may also include fever, headaches, and

muscle aches; however, there is no pneumonia.

Symptoms go away on their own without treatment

and without causing further problems.

The Legionella bacteria are found naturally in the

environment, usually in water. The bacteria grow

best in warm water, like the kind found in hot tubs,cooling towers, hot water tanks, large plumbing

systems, or parts of the air-conditioning systems of

large buildings.


33/44

Influenza

Influenza virus Fever, muscle aches, lack of energy, headache,

sore throat, nasal congestion, cough


P&T:

Vaccine

Amantidine, Rimantidine for prevention of type A

virus


34/44


35/44


36/44


37/44

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

Infection RSV

Runny nose, cough, fever, wheezing, difficulty of

breathing, dusky color Epidemics during cool months


Injections of immune response

No satisfactory antiviral treatment


38/44

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome Sin Nombre and related hantavirus

Fever, muscle ache, vomiting, diarrhea, cough,shortness of breath, shock

Inhalation of air containing dust contaminated

with urine, feces, saliva of infected rodents

Zoonosis

P&T:

Avoid contact with rodents

Seal access to food supplies Good ventilation

Avoid dust

Use disinfectants

C idi id i (V ll


39/44

Coccidioidomycosis (Valley

Fever)

Cocciodioides immitis Fever, cough, chest pain, loss of appetite, loss of

weight

Painful nodules on extremities, pain in joints; skin,

mucous membranes, brain and internal organs


P&T:

Dust control methodsAmphothericin B

Fluconazole


40/44

Histoplasmosis Histoplasma capsulatum

Mild respiratory symptoms,

fever, chest pain, cough,

chronic sores

Inhalation of contaminatedbat and bird droppings

P&T:

Avoidance of soils

contaminated with chicken,bat or bird droppings

Amphothericin B

Itraconazole


41/44


42/44


43/44


44/44

Thank you so much!

respiratory system infections

Documents