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Respiratory, Muscular and Skeletal Systems

Understanding Energy Transformations

2Specialized Tissues

» What are groups of similar cells called?

» What are the 4 basic types of tissue in animals?

» Tissues

1. Epithelial2. Connective3. Nervous4. Muscle

3Epithelial Tissue

» Define:

» Examples:

» Cells that line/cover internal & external body structures; includes glands

» Skin» Linings of blood vessels» Lining of digestive tract

4Epithelial Tissue

» Functions: » Protect tissues beneath

» Absorption of gases & nutrients

» Secretion of substances

» Provide sensation

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6Connective Tissue

» Define:

» Characteristics come from:

» What is the extracellular matrix?

» Provides support for the body & connects its parts

» The extracellular matrix

» Non-living tissue that surrounds/supports living cells

7Connective Tissue

» Examples: 1. Blood2. Bone3. Ligaments/tendons4. Cartilage5. Adipose (fat)6. Mesenteries

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9Connective Tissue

» What is the matrix of blood?

» What are the living cells of blood?

» Plasma – fluid part of blood; makes up 55% of blood volume

» Red blood cells» White blood cells» Platelets

10Connective Tissue

» What is the matrix of bone?

» What are the living cells of bone?

» Collagen protein» Calcium Phosphate

» Osteocytes

11Connective Tissue

» What is the matrix of cartilage?

» What are the living cells of cartilage?

» Collagen protein» Elastin fibers

» Chondrocytes

12Connective Tissue

» Why does bone heal so quickly?

» Why does cartilage heal slowly/not at all?

» Large blood supply

» No blood supply

13Nervous Tissue

» Define:

» Examples:

» Tissue that transmits nerve impulses throughout body

» Brain» Spinal Cord» Sensory & motor

neurons

14Muscle Tissue

» Define:

» Examples:

» Tissue that is made of “excitable” cells that are capable of contraction

» Most abundant tissue type in most animals

» Skeletal» Smooth» Cardiac

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16Respiratory System

» Function of system:

» Relationship to aerobic cell respiration:

» Brings about the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood, the air & the tissues of an organism

» Provides O2 to the cells so that glucose can be broken down/converted to ATP

17Respiratory System

» What is cellular metabolism?

» Importance of respiratory system to cellular metabolism:

» The chemical processes occurring with a living cell that are necessary for the maintenance of life

» Provides oxygen for the conversion of glucose to ATP to power the chemical processes

18Respiratory System

» What is anabolism?

» Energy is:

» Example:

» The building of larger molecules from smaller ones

» Used

» Photosynthesis

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» What is catabolism?

» Energy is:

» Example:

» The breaking down of larger molecules into smaller ones

» Released

» Aerobic cellular respiration

20Structures of Respiratory System

» What are the main organs?

» Actual place of gas exchange in lungs:

» Other structures:

» Lungs

» Alveoli (clusters of air sacs that look like grapes)

» Trachea» Left & Right Bronchi» Bronchioles» Diaphragm

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23Muscular System

» Function of system:

» What are 2 basic types of muscle action?

» To provide movement for and within body

» Voluntary˃ Example - skeletal

» Involuntary˃ Examples - smooth &

cardiac

24Muscular System

» What organelles are found in large numbers in muscle tissue?

» What 2 muscle types require a constant input of energy?

» What 2 muscle types might require a rapid input of energy?

» Mitochondria

» Cardiac» Smooth

» Cardiac» Skeletal

25Body Systems & Cellular Respiration

» Digestive System» Circulatory

System» Respiratory

System» Muscular

System» Nervous System

» Provides energy:» Transports nutrients, gases &

wastes to/from cells» Provides gas exchange

» Controls action of diaphragm/lungs

» Controls actions of all systems

26Skeletal System

» Functions: 1. Supports body2. Protects internal

organs3. Provides movement4. Stores mineral

reserves5. Site of blood cell

formation (marrow)

27Skeletal System

» What is a endoskeleton?

» Composition:

» Organisms with an endoskeleton:

» An internal skeleton

» Bones, cartilage, ligaments & tendons

1. Reptiles2. Amphibians3. Fish4. Birds 5. Mammals

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29Skeletal System

» What is an exoskeleton?

» Composition:

» Organisms with exoskeleton:

» Organisms with both:

» An external skeleton

» Chitin, bone, calcium carbonate

» Insects» Crustaceans » Mollusks

» Armadillo» Turtle

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31Skeletal System

» Where do bones meet?» What holds 2 or more

bones together?» What attaches muscle to

bone?

» Joints» Ligaments

» Tendons