METABOLISME SEGALA PROSES REAKSI KIMIA YANG TERJADI DI DALAM MAKHLUK HIDUP, MULAI DARI YANG BERSEL SATU SAMPAI YANG SUSUNAN TUBUHNYA SANGAT KOMPLEKS

A metabolic pathway has many stepsThat begin with a specific molecule and end with a productThat are each catalyzed by a specific enzyme

Catabolic pathwaysBreak down complex molecules into simpler compoundsRelease energy contoh : respirasi seluler

Anabolic pathwaysBuild complicated molecules from simpler onesConsume energy contoh : Fotosintesis

EnergyIs the capacity to cause changeExists in various forms, of which some can perform workKinetic energyIs the energy associated with motionPotential energyIs stored in the location of matterIncludes chemical energy stored in molecular structure

Energy can be converted From one form to another

Thermodynamics

Is the study of energy transformationsfirst law of thermodynamicsEnergy can be transferred and transformedEnergy cannot be created or destroyed

Second law of thermodynamics: Every energy transfer or transformation increases the disorder (entropy) of the universe. For example, disorder is added to the cheetahs surroundings in the form of heat and the small molecules that are the by-products of metabolism.

Living systemsIncrease the entropy of the universeUse energy to maintain orderA living systems free energyIs energy that can do work under cellular conditionsThe change in free energy, G during a biological processIs related directly to the enthalpy change (H) and the change in entropy

G = H TS

Exergonic and Endergonic Reactions in MetabolismAn exergonic reactionProceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous

An endergonic reactionIs one that absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is nonspontaneous

The Structure and Hydrolysis of ATPATP (adenosine triphosphate)Provides energy for cellular functions

Energy is released from ATPWhen the terminal phosphate bond is broken

RESPIRASI SELULERPROSES PENGURAIAN GLUKOSA ATAU BAHAN ORGANIK LAINNYA (LEMAK DAN PROTEIN) YANG MENGHASILKAN ENERGIMERUPAKAN REAKSI OKSIDASI REDUKSI HSL OKSIDASI SEMPURNA DARI GLUKOSA ADALAH ENERGI, CO2, DAN H2O

In oxidationA substance loses electrons, or is oxidizedIn reductionA substance gains electrons, or is reducedDuring cellular respirationGlucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced

Respirasi adalah reaksi RedoksC6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energi (ATP)oksidasireduksi

Electrons from organic compoundsAre usually first transferred to NAD+, a coenzyme

If electron transfer is not stepwiseA large release of energy occursAs in the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen to form water

The electron transport chainPasses electrons in a series of steps instead of in one explosive reactionUses the energy from the electron transfer to form ATP

MITOKONDRIA

PROSES RESPIRASI SELULERRESPIRASI SELULER DENGAN BAHAN BAKAR GLUKOSA MELIBATKAN 3 TAHAP METABOLIK, YAITU: 1. GLIKOLISIS 2. SIKLUS KREBS 3. TRANSPORT ELEKTRON

C-C-C-C-C-C (Glukosa)

2 C- C- C (Asam piruvat) CO2 2 C-C (asetil CoA) 2 C C02Glikolisis (pada sitoplasma)Dekarboksilasi oksidatifSIKLUS KREB (pada mitokondria)

GLIKOLISIS

Glycolysis consists of two major phasesEnergy investment phaseEnergy payoff phase

MALAT-ASPARTAT SHUTTLE

GLISEROL-3-PHOSPHAT SHUTTLE

Before the citric acid cycle can beginPyruvate must first be converted to acetyl CoA, which links the cycle to glycolysis

SIKLUS KREBS

TRANSFER ELEKTRON