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This resource collection was originally developed by the Global Health Education and Learning Incubator at Harvard University. It is used and distributed with permission by the Global Health Education and Learning Incubator at Harvard University. The Incubator’s educational materials are not intended to serve as endorsements or sources of primary data, and do not necessarily reflect the views of Harvard University.
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Resource Pack
Polio Eradication 2017
Overview
This resource pack on polio eradication was curated by the Global Health Education and Learning Incubator. Materials cover key concepts about current polio eradication efforts, as well as information about infectious diseases and vaccination efforts more broadly. The resource pack also includes resources that describe pressing challenges that exacerbate the spread of the poliovirus, such as conflict and internal displacement. The multidisciplinary materials may be suitable for students at the undergraduate college and public health graduate school levels. Learning objectives and supporting materials will vary depending on how the material is used in a course. Brief annotations provide a cursory summary, and within each section, dated publications are listed in chronological order.
This resource pack includes:
Basic Reads
Reports and Books
Articles and Briefs
Data Portals
Fact Sheets and Country Profiles
Topic Portals
Infographics and Interactives
Multimedia and News
Teaching Cases
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Polio Eradication: Resource Pack
Selected Resources – At a Glance
BASIC RE AD S
Organization. Global Polio Eradication Initiative. http://polioeradication.org.
Report. Global Polio Eradication Initiative 2016. http://polioeradication.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/AR2016_EN.pdf.
RE PO RT S AND BO OK S
Report. Global Vaccine Action Plan 2011-2020. World Health Organization 2013. http://www.who.int/immunization/global_vaccine_action_plan/GVAP_doc_2011_2020/en.
Report. The Global Report 2016. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 2017. http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/the-global-report.html.
Report. Inter-Country Coordination Meeting on Wild Poliovirus Common Reservoirs in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Global Polio Eradication Initiative 2016; Sep 1. http://polioeradication.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Inter-country-coordination-meeting-WPVCommonReservoirs_September2016.pdf.
Report. Pakistan: National Emergency Action Plan for Polio Eradication 2016-2017. National Emergency Operations Centre 2016; Jul 19. http://polioeradication.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/NEAP2016-2017_Pakistan.pdf.
Report. Investment Case: Polio Eradication. Global Polio Eradication Initiative 2017; Mar 1. http://polioeradication.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/InvestmentCase.pdf.
Report. Enduring Outbreak. Global Polio Eradication Initiative 2017. https://poliok.it/library/Global_Communication_Guide:_Enduring_Outbreak_Scenario.
Report. 14th Independent Monitoring Board Report: Every Last Virus. Global Polio Eradication Initiative 2017; Jun 1. http://www.endpolio.com.pk/images/Stories/14th-IMB-report-final.pdf.
Report. Polio Communication Global Guide. Global Polio Eradication Initiative 2017. https://poliok.it/library/Polio_Communication_Global_Guide.
Report Collection. Technical Advisory Groups. Global Polio Eradication Initiative 2017. http://polioeradication.org/tools-and-library/policy-reports/advisory-reports/technical-advisory-groups.
ART IC LE S AND B RIE FS
Article Collection. The Infectious Diseases Collection. The Lancet. http://www.thelancet.com/collections/infectious-diseases?collexcode=114.
Article. Aylward B, Yamada T. The Polio Endgame. The New England Journal of Medicine 2011; 364: 2273-2275. http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1104329#t=article.
Article. Anis E et al. Insidious Reintroduction of Wild Poliovirus into Israel, 2013. Euro Surveillance 2013; 18(38). http://www.eurosurveillance.org/images/dynamic/EE/V18N38/art20586.pdf.
Article. Tebbens R et al. Expert Review on Poliovirus Immunity and Transmission. Risk Analysis 2013; 33(4): 544-605. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01864.x/full.
Article. Tebbens R et al. Review and Assessment of Poliovirus Immunity and Transmission: Synthesis of Knowledge Gaps and Identification of Research Needs. Risk Analysis 2013; 33(4): 606-646. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/risa.12031/full.
Article. Halloran ME, Longini IM. Emerging, Evolving, and Established Infectious Diseases and Interventions. Science 2014; 345: 1292-1294. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1254166.
Article. Jafari H et al. Efficacy of Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine in India. Science 2014; 345(6199): 922-925. http://science.sciencemag.org/content/345/6199/922.
Article. John J et al. Effect of a Single Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine Dose on Intestinal Immunity Against Poliovirus in Children Previously Given Oral Vaccine: An Open-Label, Randomised Controlled Trial. The Lancet 2014; 384(9953): 1505-1512. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014067361460934X.
Article. Kopel E et al. Lessons from a Public Health Emergency – Importation of Wild Poliovirus into Israel. The New England Journal of Medicine 2014; 371: 981-983. http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1406250#t=article.
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Polio Eradication: Resource Pack
Position Paper. Polio Vaccines: WHO Position Paper. World Health Organization 2014; 89(1), 73-92. http://www.who.int/wer/2014/wer8909.pdf.
Article. Bandyopadhyay A et al. Polio Vaccination: Past, Present and Future. Future Medicine 2015; 10(5). https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/full/10.2217/fmb.15.19.
Article. Cousins S. Syrian Crisis: Health Experts Say More Can Be Done. The Lancet 2015; 385(9972): 931-934. http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(15)60515-3/fulltext.
Article. Garon J et al. The Challenge of Global Poliomyelitis Eradication. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 2015; 29(4): 651-665. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0891552015000653.
Article. Kazi A, Jafri L. The Use of Mobile Phones in Polio Eradication. World Health Organization 2015; 94: 153-154. http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/94/2/15-163683/en.
Article. Agol V et al. Eradicating Polio: A Balancing Act. Science 2016; 351(6271): 348. http://science.sciencemag.org/content/351/6271/348.2.
Article. Garon J et al. Polio Endgame: The Global Switch from tOPV to bOPV. Expert Review of Vaccines 2016; 15(6): 693-708. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1586/14760584.2016.1140041.
Article. Hussain S et al. Eradicating Polio in Pakistan: An Analysis of the Challenges and Solutions to this Security and Health Issue. Globalization and Health 2016; 12(63). https://globalizationandhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12992-016-0195-3.
Article. Nasir U et al. Polio Elimination in Nigeria: A Review. Human Vaccines and Immunotherapies 2016; 12(3): 658-663. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21645515.2015.1088617.
Article. Tebbens R, Thompson K. The Potential Benefits of a New Poliovirus Vaccine for Long-Term Poliovirus Risk Management. Future Microbiology 2016; 11(12). https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/full/10.2217/fmb-2016-0126.
Brief. Gavi-GPEI Supply and Procurement Roadmap: Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV). Gavi, Global Polio Eradication Initiative 2017. http://www.gavi.org/library/gavi-documents/supply-procurement/ipv-roadmap-public-summary.
Article. SteelFisher GK et al. Understanding Threats to Polio Vaccine Commitment Among Caregivers in High-Priority Areas of Afghanistan: A Polling Study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2017 Aug 14. http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(17)30397-3/fulltext.
DAT A PUB LIC AT IO NS AN D PO RT ALS
Data Portal. Data and Monitoring: Polio Cases by Country. Polio Global Eradication Initiative: Every Last Child. Global Polio Eradication Initiative. http://www.polioeradication.org/Dataandmonitoring.aspx.
Data Portal. Global Health Observatory Data Portal. World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/gho/en.
Data Portal. HealthStats: Health, Nutrition and Population Statistics. The World Bank Group http://datatopics.worldbank.org/health.
Data Table. Circulating Vaccine Derived Polio Virus. Global Polio Eradication Initiative 2017. http://polioeradication.org/polio-today/polio-now/this-week/circulating-vaccine-derived-poliovirus.
Data Publication. 2017 World Population Data Sheet: With a Special Focus on Youth. Population Reference Bureau 2017. http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2017/2017-world-population-data-sheet.aspx.
Data Portal. DataFinder: PRB’s Hub for U.S. and International Data. Population Reference Bureau 2017. http://www.prb.org/DataFinder.aspx.
FAC T SHEET S AND C OU N T RY PROFILE S
Data Portal. Data and Monitoring: Polio Cases by Country. Polio Global Eradication Initiative: Every Last Child. Global Polio Eradication Initiative. http://www.polioeradication.org/Dataandmonitoring.aspx.
Country Profile. Country Cooperation Profile: Afghanistan. World Health Organization 2015. http://applications.emro.who.int/docs/CCS_Afgh_2015_EN_16725.pdf.
Country Profile. Health Systems Profile: Afghanistan. World Health Organization 2015. http://applications.emro.who.int/docs/Country_profile_2015_EN_16722.pdf.
Fact Sheet. The U.S. Government and Global Polio Efforts. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation 2016; Jun 10. http://www.kff.org/global-health-policy/fact-sheet/the-u-s-government-and-global-polio-efforts.
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Fact Sheet. Vaccine-Derived Polio Virus. Global Polio Eradication Initiative 2016; Mar 1. http://polioeradication.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/GPEI-cVDPV-factsheet_March-2017.pdf.
Fact Sheet. Poliomyelitis. World Health Organization 2017; Apr 1. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs114/en.
Fact Sheet. 10 Facts on Polio Eradication. World Health Organization 2017; Apr 1. http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/polio/en.
Country Profiles. WHO Vaccine-Preventable Diseases: Monitoring System – 2017 Global Summary. World Health Organization 2017. http://apps.who.int/immunization_monitoring/globalsummary.
TOPIC PO RT ALS
Organization. Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. http://www.gatesfoundation.org.
Organization. Gavi: The Vaccine Alliance. http://www.gavi.org.
Organization. Global Polio Eradication Initiative. http://polioeradication.org.
Organization. Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org.
Organization. Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre. Norwegian Refugee Council. http://www.internal-displacement.org.
Organization. Rotary International: End Polio. https://www.endpolio.org.
Organization. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. http://www.unhcr.org.
Topic Portal. Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals. World Health Organization 2017. http://www.who.int/immunization/en.
Topic Portal. Poliomyelitis (Polio). World Health Organization 2017. http://www.who.int/topics/poliomyelitis/en.
Topic Portal. Rhizome. Global Polio Eradication Initiative 2017. https://poliok.it.
INFOG RAPHIC S AND INT ERACTIV E S
Infographic. Afghanistan: Monthly Polio Snapshots. World Health Organization 2017. http://www.emro.who.int/afg/information-resources/polio-in-afghanistan.html.
Interactive. History of Polio. Global Polio Eradication Initiative 2017. http://polioeradication.org/polio-today/history-of-polio.
Infographic. Pakistan Polio Update. End Polio Pakistan 2017; May 1. http://www.endpolio.com.pk/images/polio-briefer/pakistan-polio-update-may-2017.PDF.
Interactive. UNHCR Map Portal. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 2017. http://maps.unhcr.org.
Interactive. Vaccine-Preventable Outbreaks Map. Council on Foreign Relations 2017. https://www.cfr.org/interactives/GH_Vaccine_Map/index.html
MULT IM EDIA AND NEWS
News. Aikins M. The Surge. Wired Magazine. https://www.wired.com/polio-vaccine.
News. McGirk T. Part 1: How the Bin Laden Raid put Vaccinators under the Gun in Pakistan. National Geographic 2015; Feb 25. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/02/150225-polio-pakistan-vaccination-virus-health.
News. Mullaney A, Hassan S. Part 2: He Led the CIA to Bin Laden – and Unwittingly Fueled a Vaccine Backlash. National Geographic 2015; Feb 27. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/02/150227-polio-pakistan-vaccination-taliban-osama-bin-laden.
News. McGirk T. Part 3: Taliban Assassins Target Pakistan’s Polio Vaccinators. National Geographic 2015; Mar 3. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/03/150303-polio-pakistan-islamic-state-refugees-vaccination-health.
News. Motlagh J. Part 4: Fighting Polio amid the Chaos of Syria’s Civil War. National Geographic 2015; Mar 5. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/03/150305-polio-syria-iraq-islamic-state-refugees-vaccination-virus-jihad.
Video. Saving Kids from Polio is an Islamic State. National Geographic 2015; Mar 5. https://youtu.be/MBAtjSWQu-4.
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Video Portal. Global Polio Eradication Initiative Videos. Global Polio Eradication Initiative 2017. http://polioeradication.org/news/multimedia/videos.
Video. The Art Lords. Global Polio Eradication Initiative 2017. http://polioeradication.org/news-post/painting-a-picture-of-the-benefits-of-polio-vaccination.
News. PolioNews. Global Polio Eradication Initiative 2017. http://polioeradication.org/news.
Newsletter. Polio Pipeline. Global Polio Eradication Initiative 2017. http://polioeradication.org/tools-and-library/research-innovation/polio-pipeline.
Video. The Polio Surveillance System. World Health Organization 2017. https://youtu.be/VkQtHY8G3MM.
News Series. This Week. Global Polio Eradication Initiative 2017. http://polioeradication.org/polio-today/polio-now/this-week.
News. WHO Afghanistan Monthly Program Update – April 2017: Emergency Humanitarian Action. World Health Organization 2017; Apr 1. http://www.emro.who.int/images/stories/WHO_Afghanistan_EHA_Monthly_Programme_Update_April_2017.pdf.
Video. Eradicating Polio: Reaching the Last Child. The Forum. Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health 2017; Oct 20. https://theforum.sph.harvard.edu/events/eradicating-polio.
TEACHING CASE S
Teaching Case. Levine R. Eliminating Polio in Latin America and the Caribbean. Center for Global Development 2007. http://www.cgdev.org/page/case-5-eliminating-polio-latin-america-and-caribbean.
Teaching Case. Ellner A et al. Polio Elimination in Uttar Pradesh. Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital 2011. http://www.globalhealthdelivery.org/case-collection/case-studies/asia-and-middle-east/polio-elimination-in-uttar-pradesh.
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Annotated Bibliography
BASIC READS
Global Polio Eradication Initiative Organization. Global Polio Eradication Initiative. http://polioeradication.org. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) works around the world with the goal of eradicating all types of polio, from wild to vaccine-related as well as Sabin polioviruses. The organization was founded in 1988 after the World Health Organization passed a resolution making the elimination of polio a global priority. GPEI is a public-private partnership led by national governments with five partners – the World Health Organization (WHO), Rotary International, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the United Nations Children’s Fund, and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. GPEI’s current countries of focus are Afghanistan, Nigeria, and Pakistan. Global Polio Eradication Initiative Annual Report 2016 Report. Global Polio Eradication Initiative 2016. http://polioeradication.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/AR2016_EN.pdf. This report by the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) summarizes global progress toward eradicating polio. Although wild poliovirus still circulates in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Nigeria, in 2016, fewer children were paralyzed by polio than in any other year in history. The report outlines advances in immunization efforts, and continued global commitment in financing eradication efforts.
REPORTS AND BOOKS
Global Vaccine Action Plan 2011-2020 Report. Global Vaccine Action Plan 2011-2020. World Health Organization 2013. http://www.who.int/immunization/global_vaccine_action_plan/GVAP_doc_2011_2020/en. This report from the World Health Organization (WHO) is the organization’s framework to prevent millions of deaths by 2020 through more equitable access to existing vaccines for people in all communities. The Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP) outlines the framework’s guiding principles, the GVAP World Health Assembly resolution passed by Member States, recommended indicators, stakeholder responsibilities, and costing and funding methodology and assumptions. The Global Report 2016 Report. The Global Report 2016. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 2017. http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/the-global-report.html. This report provides an overview of 2016 data on refugees worldwide from the United Nations High Commission on Refugees (UNHCR). UNHCR responds to a broad range of humanitarian situations involving forcibly displaced people: refugees, internally displaced people, returnees, stateless people, and others of concern. The website now offers regularly updated information about programs, operations, financial requirements, funding levels, and donor contributions. Inter-Country Coordination Meeting on Wild Poliovirus Common Reservoirs in Pakistan and Afghanistan Report. Inter-Country Coordination Meeting on Wild Poliovirus Common Reservoirs in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Global Polio Eradication Initiative 2016; Sep 1. http://polioeradication.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Inter-country-coordination-meeting-WPVCommonReservoirs_September2016.pdf. This report by the Global Polio Eradication Initiative focuses on the meetings between Pakistan and Afghanistan to “coordinate on supplementary immunization activities, surveillance for the poliovirus, and events such as new polio cases in the bordering areas and population movement due to different reasons.” The two programs meet on a six-monthly basis in order to keep track of the progress of epidemics and to continue the strides made to diminish the number of cases of polio. Because Pakistan and Afghanistan are among the last polio endemic countries, focusing on wild poliovirus transmission across the borders of the two countries remains critical.
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Pakistan: National Emergency Action Plan for Polio Eradication 2016-2017 Report. Pakistan: National Emergency Action Plan for Polio Eradication 2016-2017. National Emergency Operations Centre 2016; Jul 19. http://polioeradication.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/NEAP2016-2017_Pakistan.pdf. This report produced jointly by the Ministry of National Health Services and FATA Emergency Operations centre, taking into consideration the recommendations for the Technical Advisory Group with the goal of disrupting wild poliovirus in Pakistan. These goals include sustaining the progress made as well as building on successful approaches to ending the epidemic to continue the drastic declines from 306 confirmed cases in 2014 to only 13 cases being reported by June of 2016.
Investment Case: Polio Eradication Report. Investment Case: Polio Eradication. Global Polio Eradication Initiative 2017; Mar 1. http://polioeradication.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/InvestmentCase.pdf. This report from the Global Polio Eradication Initiative describes the success that polio prevention projects have had in the past. It continues to describe the need for continued funding in order to make the world polio free. In order for the remaining countries, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Nigeria, to go completely virus free, there would need to be an additional 1.5 billion US dollars in funding allocated to eradication efforts. Enduring Outbreak Report. Enduring Outbreak. Global Polio Eradication Initiative 2017. https://poliok.it/library/Global_Communication_Guide:_Enduring_Outbreak_Scenario. This report from the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) accompanies the Global Guide on Polio Communication, clarifying specific communication objectives for a country when a polio outbreak persists. An enduring outbreak is classified by GPEI as a situation where “initial response to an outbreak fails to interrupt the virus within six months or if polio transmission was never disrupted.” This guide is intended to aid users on how to effectively deal with an enduring outbreak of poliovirus through communication, barrier analysis, and audience analysis. 14th Independent Monitoring Board Report: Every Last Virus Report. 14th Independent Monitoring Board Report: Every Last Virus. Global Polio Eradication Initiative 2017; Jun 1. http://www.endpolio.com.pk/images/Stories/14th-IMB-report-final.pdf. This report from the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI)’s Independent Monitoring Board focuses on the ongoing polio epidemics in Pakistan Afghanistan, Nigeria, and now other areas in the African continent. GPEI continued to describe the viral status of each country, listing the number of new polio cases along with the dates of confirmed cases. Nigeria, once taken off of the list of endemic countries, returned to the list after four new cases emerged.
Polio Communication Global Guide Report. Polio Communication Global Guide. Global Polio Eradication Initiative 2017. https://poliok.it/library/Polio_Communication_Global_Guide. This report from the Global Polio Eradication Initiative is intended as a “how-to” manual for developing an effective mass media campaign with the ultimate goal being to eliminate polio. The guide focuses specifically on how to communicate with hard-to-reach populations, where the final cases of polio continue to appear.
Technical Advisory Groups Report Collection. Technical Advisory Groups. Global Polio Eradication Initiative 2017. http://polioeradication.org/tools-and-library/policy-reports/advisory-reports/technical-advisory-groups. These reports from the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI)’s technical advisory groups review progress towards polio eradication at country or sub-regional level and give technical advice on local strategy, priorities and program operations. They make recommendations on actions required to achieve success and review implementation of previous recommendations in Afghanistan and Pakistan, India, the Horn of Africa, and Nigeria.
Afghanistan and Pakistan: The Technical Advisory Groups reports on Pakistan and Afghanistan are released on an annual basis, concentrating on progress made over the previous months along with findings conducted by the surveillance systems in each country. The data presented ranges from the number of surveillance officers present and the prevalence of Polio virus type 1, 2, or 3, to the provinces in each country where the cases are present.
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Nigeria: This annual report produced by the Global Polio Eradication Initiative focuses on the re-emergence of polio virus in Nigeria, specifically in the Borno state. Four new cases were reported here as the result of inaccessibility due to security issues. Therefore, the children in these areas began to go unvaccinated, leading to the new outbreak just a short time after the country was declared virus free.
Horn of Africa: The Horn of Africa technical advisory group reviews the progress and to plan for the outbreaks of both wild and vaccine induced poliovirus in the region as well as to review further risks of outbreaks taking place. Countries included in this advisory group are: Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya, South Sudan, Yemen, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, and Djibouti.
ARTICLES AND BRIEFS
The Infectious Diseases Collection Article Collection. The Infectious Diseases Collection. The Lancet. http://www.thelancet.com/collections/infectious-diseases?collexcode=114. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11347 The Infectious Diseases Collection contains all related research articles, comments, seminars, and reviews from The Lancet family of journals including The Lancet, The Lancet Infectious Diseases, and The Lancet HIV. This Specialty Collection content may also be viewed by topic, such as anti-infective therapy, or HIV/AIDS. The Polio Endgame Article. Aylward B, Yamada T. The Polio Endgame. The New England Journal of Medicine 2011; 364: 2273-2275. http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1104329#t=article. This article from the New England Journal of Medicine describes the history of the global polio epidemic since the World Health Assembly declared an initiative to eradicate the virus. An in-depth analysis of the history of the epidemic is laid out, with both success and failures, as well as data describing the percent decrease of cases as the initiative gained support. The article continued by describing the need to move away from oral polio vaccine in order to prevent vaccine-derived polio virus and completely eradicate the disease. Insidious Reintroduction of Wild Poliovirus into Israel Article. Anis E et al. Insidious Reintroduction of Wild Poliovirus into Israel, 2013. Euro Surveillance 2013; 18(38). http://www.eurosurveillance.org/images/dynamic/EE/V18N38/art20586.pdf. This article from Euro Surveillance investigates the re-emergence of wild polio virus type 1 (WPV1) after twelve years of Israel being declared polio free in 2002. The article goes on to describe the countries response to the resurgence of the virus, from surveillance to vaccination methods, as well as data displaying the percentage of the population that has been covered by the vaccine. Expert Review on Poliovirus Immunity and Transmission Article. Tebbens R et al. Expert Review on Poliovirus Immunity and Transmission. Risk Analysis 2013; 33(4): 544-605. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01864.x/full. This article focuses on providing an analysis of 66 oral polio virus (OPV) challenge cases in order to understand both the up and downsides to transferring from OPV to inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). By convening a meeting of international experts to review literature, the US government’s Center for Disease Control can better understand the differences between the vaccine methods.
Review and Assessment of Poliovirus Immunity and Transmission: Synthesis of Knowledge Gaps and Identification of Research Needs Article. Tebbens R et al. Review and Assessment of Poliovirus Immunity and Transmission: Synthesis of Knowledge Gaps and Identification of Research Needs. Risk Analysis 2013; 33(4): 606-646. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/risa.12031/full. This article from Risk Analysis describes the research and quantitative findings needed in order to effectively eradicate poliovirus. The US government convened a group of experts on polio immunology and virology to explore the existing
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literature, while asking the key questions that need to be answered in order to push the eradication movement forward.
Emerging, Evolving, and Established Infectious Diseases and Interventions Article. Halloran ME, Longini IM. Emerging, Evolving, and Established Infectious Diseases and Interventions. Science 2014; 345: 1292-1294. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1254166. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11165 This article discusses how the shifting landscape of infectious diseases and interventions poses challenges. Planning, implementing, and evaluating interventions against infectious diseases depend on the nature of the infectious disease; the availability of intervention measures; and logistical, economic, and political constraints. Infectious diseases and vaccines—or drug-based interventions—can be loosely categorized by the degree to which the infectious disease and the intervention are well established. Pertussis, polio, and measles are three examples of long-known infectious diseases for which global vaccination has dramatically reduced the public health burden. Focused field epidemiology and surveillance are needed to provide the information required to make informed policy decisions about interventions to further global public health.
Efficacy of Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine in India Article. Jafari H et al. Efficacy of Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine in India. Science 2014; 345(6199): 922-925. http://science.sciencemag.org/content/345/6199/922. This article from Science examines the efficacy of inactivated polio virus (IPV) in its ability to increase mucosal immunity from the polio virus when accompanied with the oral polio vaccine (OPV). By using both vaccines, there was a significant decrease in viral shedding of polio while increasing the mucosal immunity. Effect of a Single Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine Dose on Intestinal Immunity Against Poliovirus in Children Previously Given Oral Vaccine: An Open-Label, Randomised Controlled Trial Article. John J et al. Effect of a Single Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine Dose on Intestinal Immunity Against Poliovirus in Children Previously Given Oral Vaccine: An Open-Label, Randomised Controlled Trial. The Lancet 2014; 384(9953): 1505-1512. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014067361460934X. This article from the Lancet explores the benefits from vaccinating children with both the oral polio vaccine (OPV) as well as the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), as OPV does not support immunity in the long term and needs follow up doses to remain effective. The random study, conducted with 450 one to four year olds in India, had 225 receive the inactivated polio virus intramuscularly while the other half did not receive the vaccine. It was found that those who received the IPV shed considerably less poliovirus than those who did not receive the vaccine.
Lessons from a Public Health Emergency – Importation of Wild Poliovirus into Israel Article. Kopel E et al. Lessons from a Public Health Emergency – Importation of Wild Poliovirus into Israel. The New England Journal of Medicine 2014; 371: 981-983. http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1406250#t=article. This article from the New England Journal of Medicine dives into the changes in surveillance methods and vaccination techniques in Israel before, during, and after the outbreak of wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1). The two major challenges faced by the country were the sustainability of the surveillance methods and whether to revaccinate populations with high inactivated polio vaccine coverage with the oral polio vaccine. Polio Vaccines: WHO Position Paper Position Paper. Polio Vaccines: WHO Position Paper. World Health Organization 2014; 89(1), 73-92. http://www.who.int/wer/2014/wer8909.pdf. This position paper produced by the World Health Organization is centrally focused around large-scale immunization programs. The paper summarizes information on polio, gives an epidemiologic background and provides information on treatment and diagnosis as well as going in depth on vaccines available. The position offered by the World Health Organization is as follows: “All children worldwide should be fully vaccinated against polio, and every country should seek to achieve and maintain high levels of coverage with polio vaccine in support of the global commitment to eradicate polio.”
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Polio Vaccination: Past, Present and Future Article. Bandyopadhyay A et al. Polio Vaccination: Past, Present and Future. Future Medicine 2015; 10(5). https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/full/10.2217/fmb.15.19. This article by Future Medicine goes into extensive detail surrounding the history and future of polio vaccination. Both live oral polio vaccines (OPV) and inactivated polio vaccines (IPV) are used to protect against the polio virus currently. But, on rare occasions, the OPVs can lead to vaccine-induced polio virus and IPVs will have to replace the oral vaccines after wild polio virus is eradicated. There are uncertainties, however, on whether IPV can produce the same intestinal immunity to polio as the oral vaccinations. Therefore, the article investigates research into the effectiveness of IPV and the gaps in knowledge that exist.
Syrian Crisis: Health Experts Say More Can Be Done Article. Cousins S. Syrian Crisis: Health Experts Say More Can Be Done. The Lancet 2015; 385(9972): 931-934. http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(15)60515-3/fulltext. This special article from The Lancet highlights the major health problems facing Syria as the country enters its fifth year of conflict. The article describes how violence has shattered Syria’s health care system, and led to the reemergence of polio in October 2013—14 years after the country had been declared polio-free. Although 27 million children across the region were targeted in a huge immunization campaign, many experts fear that lack of facilities, diagnostic tools, and methods for surveillance present roadblocks to addressing polio’s reemergence in Syria.
The Challenge of Global Poliomyelitis Eradication Article. Garon J et al. The Challenge of Global Poliomyelitis Eradication. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 2015; 29(4): 651-665. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0891552015000653. This article lays out the various challenges facing global polio eradication efforts, including mild symptoms, complex laboratory confirmation, political insecurity in endemic countries, political commitment, and immunization system quality.
The Use of Mobile Phones in Polio Eradication Article. Kazi A, Jafri L. The Use of Mobile Phones in Polio Eradication. World Health Organization 2015; 94: 153-154. http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/94/2/15-163683/en. This article by the World Health Organization describes the growing importance of mobile phones in health care. With more than 7 billion people having subscriptions to a mobile service, communication by phone and text messaging has become cheap and effective. The article gives case examples of the use of mobile devices in public health interventions. For example, in Pakistan, an SMS-based service was provided to allow parents to text and report locations that were missed by vaccinators.
Eradicating Polio: A Balancing Act Article. Agol V et al. Eradicating Polio: A Balancing Act. Science 2016; 351(6271): 348. http://science.sciencemag.org/content/351/6271/348.2. This article from Science challenges a previous editorial from the magazine, “eradicating polio”. The previous editorial focused on the fact that only 70 wild polio virus cases had been reported in 2015 and championed the World Health Organization for leading the charge. While this is quite an accomplishment, Agol argues that by ignoring the vaccine-derived poliovirus cases, the public is getting a one-sided view of a complex issue. The vaccine-derived virus can plague communities for years, effecting immunocompromised individuals, as well as existing under the radar in those who are asymptomatic. Complete eradication of the disease cannot be accomplished if vaccine-derived polio is ignored.
Polio Endgame: The Global Switch from tOPV to bOPV Article. Garon J et al. Polio Endgame: The Global Switch from tOPV to bOPV. Expert Review of Vaccines 2016; 15(6): 693-708. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1586/14760584.2016.1140041. This article from the Expert Review of Vaccines explores the methods used to transfer from trivalent oral polio vaccines (tOPV) to bivalent oral polio vaccines (bOPV) in order to reduce the number of OPV induced paralysis cases that occur, though rarely. The plan for the global switch is as follows: “tOPV campaigns to increase type 2 immunity prior to the switch, monovalent OPV2 stockpiling to respond to outbreaks should they occur, containment of both wild and vaccine
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type 2 viruses, enhanced acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and environmental surveillance, outbreak response protocols, and ensured access to IPV and bivalent OPV.”
Eradicating Polio in Pakistan: An Analysis of the Challenges and Solutions to this Security and Health Issue Article. Hussain S et al. Eradicating Polio in Pakistan: An Analysis of the Challenges and Solutions to this Security and Health Issue. Globalization and Health 2016; 12(63). https://globalizationandhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12992-016-0195-3. This article from Globalization and Health explores the challenges and solutions to the increase of polio cases in Pakistan during 2014. Considering the country is one of the few left with polio virus effecting its population, total eradication is dependent on Pakistan’s ability to address the numerous determinants that prohibit effective vaccination. These determinants range from religious and socioeconomic barriers to discrepancies in immunization and safety concerns. Polio Elimination in Nigeria: A Review. Human Vaccines and Immunotherapies Article. Nasir U et al. Polio Elimination in Nigeria: A Review. Human Vaccines and Immunotherapies 2016; 12(3): 658-663. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21645515.2015.1088617. This article in Human Vaccines and Immunotherapies reviews the pertinent literature on Nigeria’s challenges with completely eradicating polio. While the country fully eliminated the wild polio virus forms in August of 2015, Nigeria faces three main challenges that inhibit complete eradication. These three challenges are failure to vaccinate, failure of the oral polio vaccine (OPV), and epidemiology of the virus. There remains a need to address these issues in order to declare Nigeria completely polio free.
The Potential Benefits of a New Poliovirus Vaccine for Long-Term Poliovirus Risk Management Article. Tebbens R, Thompson K. The Potential Benefits of a New Poliovirus Vaccine for Long-Term Poliovirus Risk Management. Future Microbiology 2016; 11(12). https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/full/10.2217/fmb-2016-0126. This Future Microbiology article aims to measure the benefits of a vaccine with all of the advantages from both the oral and inactivated polio vaccines while disregarding the disadvantages. The purpose of this hypothetical scenario being to promote the continued research into new polio vaccinations as insurance against future outbreaks.
Gavi-GPEI Supply and Procurement Roadmap: Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) Brief. Gavi-GPEI Supply and Procurement Roadmap: Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV). Gavi, Global Polio Eradication Initiative 2017. http://www.gavi.org/library/gavi-documents/supply-procurement/ipv-roadmap-public-summary. This brief by Gavi and the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) describes the need and market for inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). According to the brief, IPV is essential to the ongoing polio eradication and immunization efforts. The document also shares short demand, supply, and gap analyses to illustrate the vaccine market.
Understanding Threats to Polio Vaccine Commitment Among Caregivers in High-Priority Areas of Afghanistan: A Polling Study Article. SteelFisher GK et al. Understanding Threats to Polio Vaccine Commitment Among Caregivers in High-Priority Areas of Afghanistan: A Polling Study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2017 Aug 14. http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(17)30397-3/fulltext. This Lancet Infectious Diseases article examines the knowledge, attitude, and experiences of caregivers in Afghanistan associated with oral polio vaccination. The authors focused on districts of Afghanistan at high risk for polio transmission and leveraged a poll using face-to-face interviews among caregivers of children under 5 years of age. Key findings from the study suggest an approach that buildings trust in vaccinators, provides facts about disease transmission, and shares positive messages to overcome rumors, and strengthen community support for vaccination.
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DATA PUBLICATIONS AND PORTALS
Data and Monitoring: Polio Cases by Country Data Portal. Data and Monitoring: Polio Cases by Country. Polio Global Eradication Initiative: Every Last Child. Global Polio Eradication Initiative. http://www.polioeradication.org/Dataandmonitoring.aspx. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11288 This data portal is provided by the Global Polio Eradication Initiative, which provides insight to a lasting polio-free world and beyond. The portal includes resources such as monitoring reports and eradication targets, as well as information on immunization coverage and surveillance. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative coordinates and supports an extensive program of research from a wide range of core scientific disciplines. The research program has two broad objectives: to identify, develop and evaluate new tools and tailored approaches to maximize the impact of eradication efforts, and to inform long-term policy for the post-eradication era. Global Health Observatory: Data Portal Data Portal. Global Health Observatory Data Portal. World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/gho/en. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11284 This data portal is the World Health Organization's (WHO) main health statistics repository. The Global Health Observatory (GHO) data repository provides access to over 1,000 indicators on priority health topics including mortality and burden of diseases, the Millennium Development Goals (child nutrition, child health, maternal and reproductive health, immunization, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, neglected diseases, water and sanitation), noncommunicable diseases and risk factors, epidemic-prone diseases, health systems, environmental health, violence and injuries, and health equity. In addition, the GHO provides on-line access to WHO's analytical reports on the current situation and trends for priority health issues, including its annual summary of health-related data for its member states, World Health Statistics. HealthStats: Health, Nutrition and Population Statistics Data Portal. HealthStats: Health, Nutrition and Population Statistics. The World Bank Group. http://datatopics.worldbank.org/health. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11268 This data portal is the World Bank’s database of Health, Nutrition and Population (HNP) statistics. World Bank portals are collections of freely available data and tools, and provide data dashboards on various topics and contain tables, charts, and maps as well as access to all the underlying data. This portal includes over 250 indicators on topics such as health financing, HIV/AIDS, immunization, malaria and tuberculosis, health workforce and health facilities use, nutrition, reproductive health, population and population projections, cause of death, non-communicable diseases, water and sanitation, with background information on poverty, labor force, economy and education. Users can access HNP data by country, topic, or indicator, and view the resulting data (and wealth quintiles) in tables, charts or maps that can be easily shared through email, Facebook and Twitter. Circulating Vaccine Derived Polio Virus Data Table. Circulating Vaccine Derived Polio Virus. Global Polio Eradication Initiative 2017. http://polioeradication.org/polio-today/polio-now/this-week/circulating-vaccine-derived-poliovirus. This data table from the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) summarizes the number of vaccine-derived polio cases globally between 2000 and 2017, by year. Vaccine-derived polio cases, while incredibly rare, are a product of genetic mutation of the live, weakened vaccine-virus in the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). 2017 World Population Data Sheet: With a Special Focus on Youth Data Publication. 2017 World Population Data Sheet: With a Special Focus on Youth. Population Reference Bureau 2017. http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2017/2017-world-population-data-sheet.aspx. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11620 The World Population Data Sheet, published annually by the Population Research Bureau (PRB), provides the latest data on key population, health, and environment indicators for the world, major regions, and more than 200 countries. The 2017 edition focuses on youth, and features nine special indicators and analytical graphics that explore the state of
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the world’s youth, defined as people ages 15 to 24. Supplemental online resources include an interactive data map, a multimedia “insights” feature, a chart tool, and a visualization of countries’ rates of population growth. A lesson plan with several activities geared toward students in grades 6-12 is also available. DataFinder: PRB’s Hub for U.S. and International Data Data Portal. DataFinder: PRB’s Hub for U.S. and International Data. Population Reference Bureau 2017. http://www.prb.org/DataFinder.aspx. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11413 This data portal is hosted by the Population Reference Bureau’s (PRB). Users can search hundreds of indicators that illustrate the latest international data on population, health, education, and environment. Additional data from the U.S. includes indicators informing income and poverty, housing, households and families and the labor force. Users can search by country, region or topic and can display maps, trends and bars to compare locations.
FACT SHEETS AND COUNTRY PROFIL ES
Country Cooperation Profile: Afghanistan Country Profile. Country Cooperation Profile: Afghanistan. World Health Organization 2015. http://applications.emro.who.int/docs/CCS_Afgh_2015_EN_16725.pdf. This country profile of Afghanistan documents the World Health Organization’s cooperative strategy within the country. The profile outlines a vision for WHO’s technical cooperation with Afghanistan, to support its national health policy, strategy, or plan. In addition to broadly summarizing the country’s primary health indicators, the Afghanistan profile identifies five strategic priority areas for collaboration with WHO: communicable diseases (including polio immunization, surveillance, and eradication activities); noncommunicable diseases, promoting health through the life course; health systems strengthening; and emergency preparedness, surveillance and response. Health Systems Profile: Afghanistan Country Profile. Health Systems Profile: Afghanistan. World Health Organization 2015. http://applications.emro.who.int/docs/Country_profile_2015_EN_16722.pdf. This country profile from the World Health Organization (WHO) provides an overview of Afghanistan’s health system, including demographic, workforce, coverage, financing, and service delivery trends. Of note, the profile documents the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and challenges for Afghanistan’s health system, and culminates with its priorities—many of which focus on strengthening the health care workforce, reduce household out-of-pocket spending on health, and improving infrastructure. The U.S. Government and Global Polio Efforts Fact Sheet. The U.S. Government and Global Polio Efforts. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation 2016; Jun 10. http://www.kff.org/global-health-policy/fact-sheet/the-u-s-government-and-global-polio-efforts. This fact sheet from the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation describes the current status of polio eradication efforts and, more specifically, United States funding and approach to this cause. This fact sheet also introduces effective interventions for polio, including routine immunization, mass immunization campaigns, ongoing surveillance, and targeted campaigns. Total U.S. government funding for polio has risen from $134 million in FY 2009 to $228 million in FY 2016, with most of the funding provided through the Centers for Disease Control (CDC)’s global immunization program.
Vaccine-Derived Polio Virus Fact Sheet. Vaccine-Derived Polio Virus. Global Polio Eradication Initiative 2016; Mar 1. http://polioeradication.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/GPEI-cVDPV-factsheet_March-2017.pdf. This fact sheet from the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) contextualizes vaccine-derived polio cases, types of poliovirus, and an overview of current polio vaccines. The oral polio virus (OPV) has reduced wild poliovirus cases by 99.9% since 1988; however, on rare occasions, the weakened virus in the OPV can mutate into what is called “circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV).” Only 5 cases of cVDPV occurred in 2016, compared to 35 cases of wild poliovirus.
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Poliomyelitis Fact Sheet. Poliomyelitis. World Health Organization 2017; Apr 1. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs114/en. This fact sheet from the World Health Organization (WHO) provides a snapshot of polio’s symptoms, global caseload, and current WHO efforts to eradicate the disease. Since the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) was launched in 1988, the number of polio cases has fallen by over 99 percent. As the fact sheet elaborates, however, failure to implement strategic approaches to eliminating polio has led to ongoing transmission of the disease.
10 Facts on Polio Eradication Fact Sheet. 10 Facts on Polio Eradication. World Health Organization 2017; Apr 1. http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/polio/en. This fact sheet from the World Health Organization (WHO) provides a snapshot of polio prevention efforts today. Although the global community is 99% of the way to eradicating the disease and cheap, effective vaccines exist, polio still continues to affect children worldwide. Large-scale vaccination rounds boost immunity, while work is still ongoing to strengthen routine immunization. The global effort to eradicate polio—the Global Polio Eradication Initiative—is the largest public-private partnership for public health. WHO Vaccine-Preventable Diseases: Monitoring System – 2017 Global Summary Country Profiles. WHO Vaccine-Preventable Diseases: Monitoring System – 2017 Global Summary. World Health Organization 2017. http://apps.who.int/immunization_monitoring/globalsummary. These country profiles from the World Health Organization reports the latest immunization data and cases of vaccine-preventable diseases by country. In addition to documenting vaccine coverage within the country, it also documents the presence or lack of immunization policy programs and measures.
TOPIC PORTALS
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Organization. Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. http://www.gatesfoundation.org. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11338 Guided by the belief that every life has equal value, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation works to help all people lead healthy, productive lives. In developing countries, it focuses on improving people’s health and giving them the chance to lift themselves out of hunger and extreme poverty. In the United States, it seeks to ensure that all people—especially those with the fewest resources—have access to the opportunities they need to succeed in school and life. Based in Seattle, Washington, the foundation is led by CEO Dr. Susan Desmond-Hellmann and Co-chair William H. Gates Sr., under the direction of Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett.
Gates Foundation uses a standard four-phase process to develop grants and contracts: concept development; pre-proposal; investment development; and, management and close. The duration of each phase depends on the complexity of the project as well as the capacity and geographic location of the prospective partner. The foundation's evaluation policy sets out parameters for evaluation. Gavi Organization. Gavi: The Vaccine Alliance. http://www.gavi.org. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11340 Created in 2000, GAVI is a unique public-private partnership that brings together United Nations agencies, governments, the vaccine industry, private sector institutions, and civil society to improve childhood immunization coverage in poor countries and to accelerate access to new vaccines. Results and evidence are shared publicly, including: goal-level indicators; countries approved for support; disbursements and commitments; evaluation studies; and progress reports. A comprehensive library is also available with a variety of documents, publications, and visuals.
Global Polio Eradication Initiative Organization. Global Polio Eradication Initiative. http://polioeradication.org. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) works around the world with the goal of eradicating all types of polio,
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from wild to vaccine-related as well as Sabin polioviruses. The organization was founded in 1988 after the World Health Organization passed a resolution making the elimination of polio a global priority. GPEI has aided countries in making huge progresses towards this goal.
Human Rights Watch Organization. Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11370 Human Rights Watch website provides access to information on children’s rights, women’s rights, arms and military issues, health and human rights, business and human rights, disability rights, international justice, terrorism and counter terrorism, refugees and displaced people, and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people’s rights. Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre Organization. Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre. Norwegian Refugee Council. http://www.internal-displacement.org. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11375 The Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) is the leading source of information and analysis on internal displacement, playing a unique role as a global monitor and evidence-based advocate to influence policy and action by governments, United Nations (UN) agencies, donors, international organizations and NGOs. IDMC was established in 1998 at the request of the Interagency Standing Committee on humanitarian assistance. Since then, IDMC’s unique global function has been recognized and reiterated in annual UN General Assembly resolutions. IDMC is part of the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC), an independent, nongovernmental humanitarian organization.
Rotary International: End Polio Organization. Rotary International: End Polio. https://www.endpolio.org. Rotary International is an organization of individuals committed to tackling some of the world’s most pressing issues. This organization is a collection of more than 35,000 clubs focusing on issues like promoting peace, fighting disease, providing clean water, sanitation, and hygiene, saving mothers and children, supporting education, as well as attempting to grow local economies. Rotary also works with the Gates Foundation in their commitment to eradicate polio and have collected donated more than 1.6 billion dollars to the cause. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Organization. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. http://www.unhcr.org. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11293 The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) is mandated to lead and coordinate international action to protect refugees worldwide. UNHCR was established on December 14, 1950 by the United Nations General Assembly. It strives to ensure that everyone can exercise the right to seek asylum and find safe refuge in another State, with the option to return home voluntarily, integrate locally, or to resettle in a third country. It also has a mandate to help stateless people. The UNHCR provides protection, assistance, emergency response, durable solutions and alternatives to camps for refugees, while also working to minimize the environmental impact of these operations.
Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals Topic Portal. Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals. World Health Organization 2017. http://www.who.int/immunization/en. This topic portal from the World Health Organization (WHO) documents the latest statistics, global strategy, campaigns, and news associated with immunization and vaccine progress and programming.
Poliomyelitis (Polio) Topic Portal. Poliomyelitis (Polio). World Health Organization 2017. http://www.who.int/topics/poliomyelitis/en. This topic portal from the World Health Organization (WHO) provides general information, data, and current events associated with polio eradication efforts globally. The portal also summarizes WHO’s ongoing work within polio immunization.
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Rhizome Topic Portal. Rhizome. Global Polio Eradication Initiative 2017. https://poliok.it. This online resource from the Global Polio Eradication Initiative includes a toolkit and a library of resources to support the eradication efforts of poliovirus. The interactive data portal is separated into four sections: the first to understand the problems surrounding the polio epidemic, the second to plan ways to target an audience, the third to act using effective communication tactics, and the fourth is a library intended to provide extra tools, templates, as well as training to reach identified objectives.
INFOGRAPHICS AND INTERACTIVES
Afghanistan: Monthly Polio Snapshots Infographic. Afghanistan: Monthly Polio Snapshots. World Health Organization 2017. http://www.emro.who.int/afg/information-resources/polio-in-afghanistan.html. This infographic from the World Health Organization gives a snapshot of the current polio situation in Afghanistan and is updated on a monthly basis. The infographic includes a map of Afghanistan where the current cases are located, the number of people reached by vaccinators, a history of the case count, as well as the WHO core priorities for the region for the 2016-2017 years.
History of Polio Interactive. History of Polio. Global Polio Eradication Initiative 2017. http://polioeradication.org/polio-today/history-of-polio. This interactive from the Global Polio Eradication Initiative provides a timeline of polio’s history from 1580 BC to present. The timeline traces the disease’s history from being one of the most feared diseases to one on the precipice of eradication.
Pakistan Polio Update Infographic. Pakistan Polio Update. End Polio Pakistan 2017; May 1. http://www.endpolio.com.pk/images/polio-briefer/pakistan-polio-update-may-2017.PDF. This infographic produced by End Polio Pakistan illustrates information about the current polio situation by displaying the polio cases on a map of Pakistan. The infographic also included information on the number of children targeted during the vaccination campaigns, the number of vaccinators, the percentage of people who accept the vaccination campaign, as well as information on the history of polio in the country. UNHCR Map Portal Interactive. UNHCR Map Portal. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 2017. http://maps.unhcr.org. This data interactive tool developed by the United Nations High Commission on Refugees (UNHCR), provides maps and geographic data on displaced populations. These resources depict information vital to the success of the UNHCR’s mission, including the locations of various refugee groups and the environmental impact their camps have on the surrounding regions. These maps are searchable by year and country, and are updated regularly as new data becomes available, ensuring that data presented are accurate within the last nine months.
Vaccine-Preventable Outbreaks Map Interactive. Vaccine-Preventable Outbreaks Map. Council on Foreign Relations 2017. https://www.cfr.org/interactives/GH_Vaccine_Map/index.html. This interactive by the Council on Foreign Relations visually plots global outbreaks of measles, mumps, whooping cough, polio, rubella, and other diseases that are easily preventable by inexpensive and effective vaccines. The Global Health Program at the Council on Foreign Relations has been tracking reports by news media, governments, and the global health community on these outbreaks since the fall of 2008 with the goal of promoting awareness of preventable problems.
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MULTIMEDIA AND NEWS
The Surge News. Aikins M. The Surge. Wired Magazine. https://www.wired.com/polio-vaccine. This in-depth investigative news report from Wired—accompanied by short audio podcasts and photo essays—documents the ongoing challenge to eradicate polio. In addition to describing the historical context, the controversial economics, and challenge of disease eradication, the author visits one of Afghanistan’s quarterly National Immunization Days to explore what polio eradication efforts look like on the ground.
National Geographic Polio Series News. National Geographic Polio Series.
Part 1: How the Bin Laden Raid put Vaccinators under the Gun in Pakistan News. McGirk T. Part 1: How the Bin Laden Raid put Vaccinators under the Gun in Pakistan. National Geographic 2015; Feb 25. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/02/150225-polio-pakistan-vaccination-virus-health. This article, first in a series from National Geographic, explores how the killing of al Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden in 2011 triggered a series of events that led to the resurgence of polio in Pakistan. The article describes how the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency leveraged a Pakistani Hepatitis B vaccination campaign to ascertain bin Laden’s location, and how that effort led to suspicion about—and even attacks on—polio vaccinators in the region. Amidst local doubt and jihadist restrictions on the polio vaccine, the disease started resurging in Pakistan.
Part 2: He Led the CIA to Bin Laden – and Unwittingly Fueled a Vaccine Backlash News. Mullaney A, Hassan S. Part 2: He Led the CIA to Bin Laden – and Unwittingly Fueled a Vaccine Backlash. National Geographic 2015; Feb 27. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/02/150227-polio-pakistan-vaccination-taliban-osama-bin-laden. This article, second in a series from National Geographic about polio in Pakistan, focuses on a Pakistani doctor’s role in identifying the location of al Qaeda’s Osama bin Laden for U.S. forces in 2011. Dr. Shakil Afridi—perceived as a traitor by some for his role in bin Laden’s death—led a hepatitis B vaccination campaign that allowed U.S. forces to locate and kill bin Laden, and questions still remain whether Afridi knew he was working with the Central Intelligence Agency. The article traces back the events that led to Afridi’s involvement, and later his imprisonment for his role.
Part 3: Taliban Assassins Target Pakistan’s Polio Vaccinators News. McGirk T. Part 3: Taliban Assassins Target Pakistan’s Polio Vaccinators. National Geographic 2015; Mar 3. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/03/150303-polio-pakistan-islamic-state-refugees-vaccination-health. This article, third in a series from National Geographic, discusses how the Taliban has targeted Pakistan’s health workers, many of whom are women. The Taliban started killing polio vaccinators the year after the CIA used a hepatitis B vaccination campaign to identify Osama bin Laden’s location. Continuing a longer historical struggle with polio eradication in Pakistan, those events made many citizens suspicious that the vaccine was a part of a Western plot. As killings increased, health officials had no choice but to stop otherwise effective large-scale vaccination campaigns. Part 4: Fighting Polio amid the Chaos of Syria’s Civil War News. Motlagh J. Part 4: Fighting Polio amid the Chaos of Syria’s Civil War. National Geographic 2015; Mar 5. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/03/150305-polio-syria-iraq-islamic-state-refugees-vaccination-virus-jihad.
This article, the fourth and final in a series from National Geographic, discusses polio vaccination in the context of Syria’s civil war. With the conflict beginning in 2012 translating to government-led denial of drugs to rebel-held regions of the country, polio has reemerged in Syria. The article discusses how Syrian doctors and volunteers have dodged violence to ensure Syrian children are vaccinated.
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Saving Kids from Polio in Islamic State Territory Video. Saving Kids from Polio in Islamic State Territory. National Geographic 2015; Mar 5. https://youtu.be/MBAtjSWQu-4. This video from National Geographic discusses polio vaccination during Syria’s ongoing civil war, which led to the reemergence of the disease in 2013. Syrian doctors and volunteers have dodged violence to ensure Syrian children are vaccinated. (Run-Time: 6:36)
Global Polio Eradication Initiative Videos Video Portal. Global Polio Eradication Initiative Videos. Global Polio Eradication Initiative 2017. http://polioeradication.org/news/multimedia/videos. This video portal from the Global Polio Eradication Initiative provides numerous videos on topics ranging from coffee with polio experts to animations on how to respond to a polio outbreak.
The Art Lords Video. The Art Lords. Global Polio Eradication Initiative 2017. http://polioeradication.org/news-post/painting-a-picture-of-the-benefits-of-polio-vaccination. This video depicts the Art Lords, an Afghan NGO funded supported by UNICEF to paint 250 giant murals portraying men and women vaccinating children against polio. The large-scale murals typically two days to complete the mural, starting at night with tracing the image before returning the next day to add color. Children in the neighborhood regularly join in to help with the painting. (Run-Time: 1:37) PolioNews News. PolioNews. Global Polio Eradication Initiative 2017. http://polioeradication.org/news. This news portal shares the latest, cutting-edge stories from around the globe about polio eradication. The news updates include behind-the-scenes reporting on effective vaccination strategies, visual snapshots of progress, and approaches to overcoming pressing obstacles to eradication. Polio Pipeline Newsletter. Polio Pipeline. Global Polio Eradication Initiative 2017. http://polioeradication.org/tools-and-library/research-innovation/polio-pipeline. Polio Pipeline is a newsletter from the Global Polio Eradication Initiative that provides updates on research and developments in the polio eradication efforts. The pipeline has publications dating back to the summer of 2008.
The Polio Surveillance System Video. The Polio Surveillance System. World Health Organization 2017. https://youtu.be/VkQtHY8G3MM. This video from the World Health Organization (WHO) explains the basics of a functioning polio surveillance system, to ensure that cases are found—and stopped. It explains the system that allows the poliovirus to be tracked from when any child is found with acute flaccid paralysis. (Run-Time: 4:09) This Week News Series. This Week. Global Polio Eradication Initiative 2017. http://polioeradication.org/polio-today/polio-now/this-week. This weekly update from the Global Polio Eradication Initiative shares the most recent data on current polio cases. In addition to breakdowns of new cases by country, the weekly update shares relevant news about upcoming journal series, health communication tools, and emerging polio viruses.
WHO Afghanistan Monthly Program Update – April 2017: Emergency Humanitarian Action News. WHO Afghanistan Monthly Program Update – April 2017: Emergency Humanitarian Action. World Health Organization 2017; Apr 1. http://www.emro.who.int/images/stories/WHO_Afghanistan_EHA_Monthly_Programme_Update_April_2017.pdf. This program update from the World Health Organization (WHO) describes key emergency humanitarian actions in Afghanistan, as well as ongoing health challenges due to conflict. With WHO support, over 22,000 children were vaccinated against polio and measles between mid-March and the end of April 2017. This particular update also focuses
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on the water, shelter, and sanitation needs of the increasing number of Afghan returnees and refugees returning to the country from Pakistan and Iran.
The Forum – Eradicating Polio: Reaching the Last Child Video. Eradicating Polio: Reaching the Last Child. The Forum. Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health 2017; Oct 20. https://theforum.sph.harvard.edu/events/eradicating-polio. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11993 This webcast seminar from The Forum at the T.H. Chan School of Public Health examines the factors that have contributed to the dramatic reduction in polio cases across the world, and the barriers that stand in the way of complete eradication. Once a global scourge, polio is tantalizingly close to eradication with only 11 wild poliovirus cases reported worldwide in 2017. This Forum event featured experts from the Government of Pakistan, UNICEF, Rotary International, and the Harvard Opinion Research Program who described the key roles of polling and data collection, community and family engagement, new communication efforts, and more in building trust to enable widespread vaccinations. Looking specifically at the latest findings from Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Nigeria, speakers explored what brought us to this last mile of polio eradication, and what needs to be done to fully eradicate this ancient, debilitating, and entirely preventable disease. This event was presented in partnership with NPR.
See also:
Resource Pack: Eradicating Polio, Global Health Education and Learning Incubator at Harvard University
Resource Pack: Health in Afghanistan, Global Health Education and Learning Incubator at Harvard University
TEACHING CASES
Eliminating Polio in Latin America and the Caribbean Teaching Case. Levine R. Eliminating Polio in Latin America and the Caribbean. Center for Global Development 2007. http://www.cgdev.org/page/case-5-eliminating-polio-latin-america-and-caribbean. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/10832 This case describes the introduction of the oral polio vaccine (OPV) campaign in Latin and the Caribbean to eradicate polio. Beginning in 1985, the Pan American Health Organization began a regional polio eradication campaign to complement routine immunization efforts of the newly formed Expanded Programme on Immunization. To bolster coverage in areas with weak vaccine distribution delivery, all children received a vaccination twice a year regardless of their previous vaccination history. During the final stages of the campaign community health workers went door-to-door in communities with existing polio cases or that had low coverage. Finally, surveillance was used to track outbreaks. By mid-2006 just four countries (instead of the 125 in 1988) were still endemic and only a total of 700 cases had been reported. This is Case 5 in the Center for Global Development’s online case series, “Millions Saved.”
Polio Elimination in Uttar Pradesh Teaching Case. Ellner A et al. Polio Elimination in Uttar Pradesh. Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital 2011. http://www.globalhealthdelivery.org/case-collection/case-studies/asia-and-middle-east/polio-elimination-in-uttar-pradesh. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/10723 This case describes key elements of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative's (GPEI) campaign in India. It particularly focuses on the challenges faced in eliminating polio from the northern state of Uttar Pradesh. Throughout the 1990s, India began implementing coordinated national polio immunization days to supplement routine immunization in health clinics in an effort to eliminate polio from the nation. The case provides contextual information about India and Uttar Pradesh as well as polio and polio vaccines. It then examines the roles of key partners in the GPEI, including Rotary International, the World Health Organization (WHO), the United States Centers for Disease Control (CDC), and UNICEF, and it describes the local operational challenges of the mass immunization campaign in Uttar Pradesh. The campaign has been unable to eliminate polio from this state, and the program leaders grapple with ways to improve the campaign's performance.
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Learning Objectives: To understand the political and operational challenges of implementing a nation-wide disease elimination program and to appreciate how local, contextual factors influence the delivery of health interventions.
The Global Health Delivery (GHD) Case Collection is a set of teaching case studies on various dimensions of health care delivery. GHD has researched, written, taught, and published these teaching cases with accompanying guides for instructors. The cases are available for all at no cost online through Harvard Business Publishing, GHDonline, and The Case Centre.