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Resource Management Act 1991

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Resource Management Act 1991

New Zealand Parliament

An Act to restate and reform the law relating to the use of land, air, and water.

Date ofRoyal Assent 22 July 1991

Date commenced 1 October 1991

Introduced by Simon Upton

Amendments

199, 199!, 199", 199#, 2$$2, 2$$, 2$$!, 2$$%

Related legislation

&rown 'inerals Act 1991

Status:&urrent legislation

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The Resource Management Act(RMA) passed in 1991 inNew Zealandis a significant, and at times, controversial ctof!arliament"The #$ promotes thes%staina&le managementof nat%ral and physical reso%rces s%ch as land, air and water" NewZealand's$inistry for the nvironmentdescri&es the #$ as New Zealand's principal legislation for environmental management"1*

s the #$ and the decisions made %nder it &y district and regional co%ncils and in co%rts affect &oth individ%als and &%sinesses inlarge n%m&ers, and often in very tangi&le ways, the #$ has vario%sly &een attacked for &eing ineffective in managing adverseenvironmental effects, or overly time+cons%ming and epensive and concerned with &%rea%cratic restrictions on legitimate economicactivities"-*

Contents

hide*

1 .ignificance

- #elated legislati on

/ 0eginnings

#eso%rce $anagement 2aw #eform

3 Final drafting of the #$

4 !art - !%rpose and !rinciples

o 4"1 5efinition of s%staina&le management

o 4"- !rinciples

o 4"/ 6nterpretation

7 #eso%rce consents

8 limate change decision s

o 8"1 .tratford gas thermal power station

o 8"- :tah%h% gas thermal power station

9 :pin ions

o 9"1 nvironment and conservation gro%ps

o 9"- 0%siness interes ts

o 9"/ $aor i

1; -;;7 assessment of #$'s performance

11 #$ refo rm

1- .ee also

1/ #eferences

1 F%rther reading

13 ternal links

Significance[edit]

The adoption of the #$ was significant for three reasons" Firstly, the #$ esta&lished one integrated framework that replaced themany previo%s reso%rce+%se regimes, which had &een fragmented &etween agencies and sectors, s%ch as land %se, forestry,poll%tion, traffic,

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The #$ replaced a large n%m&er of acts, reg%lations and orders" total of 49 cts and amended cts were repealed (.ee #$.ith .ched%le) and nineteen reg%lations and orders were revoked (.eventh .ched%le)" The nota&le acts repealed were the Townand o%ntry !lanning ct, the Water and .oil onservation ct, the .oil onservation and #ivers ontrol ct, and the $inerals ct"8*The mining and minerals regime was separated from the #eso%rce $anagement 0ill at the third reading stage and was enactedas therown $inerals ct 1991"9*

=owever, three of these stat%tes, provided important elements of the #$" The .oil onservation and #ivers ontrol ct 191provided the precedent for catchment+&ased entities and catchment &oards &ecame part of the new regional co%ncils" The Townand o%ntry !lanning ct 1977 provided the consenting and planning proced%res"1;*The Water and .oil onservation ct 1947

provided the consenting regime and case law for water"11*

Beginnings[edit]

Following theNational !arty'santipathy to environmental iss%es in the 198;s, as epressed in theThink 0igeconomic developmentpro?ects and theNational 5evelopment ct,theNew Zealand 2a&o%r !artywent into the198 electioncampaign with a platform ofreforming planning and local government instit%tions and adopting &etter environmental policies " 1-*The reform policy involvedcreating an integrated reso%rce decision making system to replace the eisting sectoral &ased system" The 2a&o%r !artyenvironment policy, s%ch as this >%ote from !art 6, paragraph /, owed m%ch to the 0r%ndtland ommission's concept ofs%staina&ledevelopment@1/*

to ens%re the management of the h%man %se of the &iosphere to yield the greatest s%staina&le&enefits to present generations while maintaining the potential to meet the goods and aspirations off%t%re generations

Resource Management Law Reform[edit]

6n the1987 electionthefo%rth 2a&o%r Aovernmentwon a second term in office and dep%ty prime ministerAeoffrey !almer&ecamethe$inister for the nvironment"!almer initiated a comprehensive reform pro?ect for New Zealand's environmental and planninglaws" This was the #eso%rce $anagement 2aw #eform or #$2#" !almer's o&?ectives eplicitly incl%ded giving effect to the Treatyof Waitangi,cost+effective %se of reso%rces, the World onservation .trategy, intergenerational e>%ity, and intrinsic val%es ofecosystems" !almer chaired a a&inet committee s%pervising a core gro%p of fo%r people s%pported &y the $inistry for thenvironment"The core gro%p developed policy thro%gh a series of /- working papers and thro%gh etensive p%&lic cons%ltation" 6n5ecem&er 1988, the reform proposals were p%&lished" 6n 5ecem&er 1989, !almer introd%ced the /1+page #eso%rce $anagement0ill to the!arliament of New Zealand"The .elect ommittee process was not completed &y the election of 199;,which 2a&o%r lost"=owever, the newNational$inister for the nvironment,.imon Bpton,contin%ed the law reform process leading to the enactmentof the #$"1*

Final drafting of the RMA[edit]

The new$inister,.imon Bpton,noted the divergent views of s%&mitters on the proposed p%rpose and principles of the 0ill"a&inetpaper of 1; $arch 1989 arg%ed that the overall o&?ectives and the &road philosophy of the 0ill sho%ld &e stated in ap%rpose section and clarified in a section on f%ndamental principles" fter the199; election,.imon Bpton appointed a #eviewAro%p to assess the p%rpose and principle cla%ses" The gro%p consisted ofCTony #anderson,a lawyer, as chair@ !r%e rosson (now!r%e Dap%a), a lawyer@ environmentalistA%y .almon@planner Den Tremaine@ and 0rent Wheeler, an economist"13*

The #eview Aro%p considered that the cla%ses had &ecome a conflicting 'shopping list' of matters advanced &y interest gro%ps, withno clear priority" That wo%ld res%lt in the 'trading off' or &alancing of socio+economic and &iophysical aspects" They re?ected s%ch a&alancing approach in favo%r of %se within &iophysical constraints" They considered that the 0ill sho%ld not have a p%rposeofs%staina&le developmentwith a foc%s on social ?%stice and wealth redistri&%tion" They concl%ded that p%rpose of the 0ill sho%ld&e 's%staina&le management' and that the critical aspect of that p%rpose sho%ld &e intergenerational e>%ity, that is, safeg%ardingnat%ral reso%rce options for f%t%re generations" second p%rpose of avoiding, remedying or mitigating adverse effects of activitieswas added" The p%rpose and principles sections were conse>%ently rewritten"

Finally, with the approval of a&inet, .imon Bpton added the third 's%staina&le management' p%rpose of 'safeg%arding the life+s%pporting capacity of air, water, soil and ecosystems'"14*

.imon Bpton stated in his third reading speech to !arliamentthat the p%rpose of the #$ was not concerned with planning andcontrolling economic activity, nor a&o%t trade+offs, &%t a&o%t s%staining, safeg%arding, avoiding, remedying, and mitigating theadverse effects of the %se of nat%ral reso%rces"

The 0ill provides %s with a framework to esta&lish o&?ectives with a &iophysical &ottom line that m%stnot &e compromised" !rovided that those o&?ectives are met, what people get %p to is their affair" ss%ch, the 0ill provides a more li&eral regime for developers" :n the other hand, activities will have to&e compati&le with hard environmental standards and society will set those standards" la%se setso%t the &iophysical &ottom line" la%ses 3 and 4 set o%t f%rther specific matters that epand on the

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onhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Salmonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Salmonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Minerals_Act_1991http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Resource_Management_Act_1991&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_Bighttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Development_Act_1979http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_general_election,_1984http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brundtland_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Resource_Management_Act_1991&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_general_election,_1987http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Palmer_(politician)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_for_the_Environment_(New_Zealand)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_for_the_Environment_(New_Zealand)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_for_the_Environment_(New_Zealand)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_general_election,_1990http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Uptonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Resource_Management_Act_1991&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_for_the_Environment_(New_Zealand)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Uptonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Cabinethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_general_election,_1990http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Randersonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Salmonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_New_Zealand

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iss%es" The 0ill has a clear and rigoro%s proced%re for the setting of environmental standards E andthe de&ate will &e concentrating on ?%st where we set those standards "17*

Part 2 Purpose and Principles[edit]

The res%lt ofBpton's inp%t was that #$ was enacted with a !art - consisting of three 'principles' (sections 4,7 8) in an%nam&ig%o%s hierarchy &elow the overarching p%rpose of 's%staina&le management', set o%t in section 3 "18*Bnder that section, the#$ has one specifically defined p%rpose@ to promote the s%staina&le management of nat%ral and physical reso%rces " 19*

Definition of sustainable management[edit]

The #$, in .ection 3, descri&es sustainable managementas

managing the %se, development and protection of nat%ral and physical reso%rces in a way, or at a ratewhich ena&les people and comm%nities to provide for their social, economic, and c%lt%ral well+&eingand for their health and safety while+

(a) .%staining the potential of nat%ral and physical reso%rces (ecl%ding minerals) to meet thereasona&ly foreseea&le needs of f%t%re generations@ and

(&) .afeg%arding the life+s%pporting capacity of air, water, soil, and ecosystem@and

(c) voiding, remedying or mitigating any adverse effects of activities on theenvironment"-;*

Principles[edit]

.ection 4 is a list of matters of national importance that shall &e 'recognised and provided for' in achieving the p%rpose of the #$ @ -1*

nat%ral character of the coastal environmentC

o%tstanding nat%ral feat%res and landscapesC

significant indigeno%s ha&itats and vegetationC

p%&lic access to water&odiesC

$aori c%lt%re, traditions, ancestral lands, water, sites, waahi tap%, and taongaC

historic heritageC

recognised c%stomary activities"

.ection 7 is a list of matters that all decisions 'shall have partic%lar regard to' in achieving the p%rpose of the #$@ --*

DaitiakitangaC

stewardshipC

efficient %se and development of nat%ral and physical reso%rcesC

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efficiency of the end %se of energyC

amenity val%esC

intrinsic val%es of ecosystemsC

>%ality of the environmentC

finite characteristics of nat%ral and physical reso%rcesC

ha&itat of tro%t and salmonC

climate changeC

renewa&le energy"

.ection 8 has the title GTreaty of WaitangiG and states that in achieving the p%rpose of the #$, 'acco%nt shall &e taken' of theprinciples of theTreaty of Waitangi"-/*

Interpretation[edit]

Bnder the #$ virt%ally all significant %ses of land, air, coastal, or water+related reso%rces are reg%lated &y provisions of the #$ or&y r%les in regional or district plans or &y decisions on consent applications"-*!lans are to achieve the p%rpose of the #$ which is's%staina&le management' of nat%ral and physical reso%rces" $ost r%le+making and decision+making is epressly related &ack to the'!%rpose and !rinciples' section, !art 66, which contains the stat%tory definition of 's%staina&le management' in section 3"-3*onse>%ently, the interpretation that is to &e placed on the definition of 's%staina&le management' will &e of considera&leimportance"

Hery soon after the enactment of the #$, Fisher (1991) wrote a s%&stantial legal analysis of the #$ showing that the definition of's%staina&le management' was possi&ly am&ig%o%s"-4*6n spite of the '&iophysical &ottom line' interpretation, as in.imon Bpton's thirdreading speech, &eing perhaps the most grammatically correct,-7*Fisher noted that a 'single integrated p%rpose' definition co%ld &emade where providing for h%man well &eing was e>%al with and not s%&ordinate to the '&ottom line' paragraphs a) to c) of s 3(-)" -7*

.ome si years after the enactment of the #$, several decisions on consent applications had &een appealed to the nvironmento%rtwhere s3 was given some degree of interpretation" 0y 1997, two interpretations of s3 were recognised, '&alancing ' and the'environmental &ottom line'"-8*=owever, the only common gro%nd among the varying interpretations was the lack of consistence inthe reasoning"-9*

=arris (-;;) states that the G&road overall ?%dgementG is most commonly accepted interpretation of s%staina&le management" /;*

.kelton and $emon (-;;-) reviewed the introd%ction ofs%staina&le developmentinto the #$ and the evol%tion of case law thathad led to the G&road overall ?%dgementG interpretation" They also criticised .imon Bpton and the$inistry for the nvironmentforinterpreting 's%staina&le management' in section 3(-) of the #$ as a matter of &iophysical environmental &ottom lines" .kelton and$emon concl%ded that the G&road overall ?%dgementG (a 'weighing', rather than a '&alancing' approach) is the interpretation of's%staina&le management' now favo%red &y the nvironment o%rt " /1*

The '&road overall ?%dgement' approach is not witho%t critics" Wheen (1997, -;;-) arg%es that the &road overall ?%dgementinterpretation red%ces 's%staina&le management' to a &alancing test with a &ias towards tangi&le economic &enefits over theintangi&le environmental concerns"/-*//*

Bpton et al" (-;;-) responded to .kelton and $emon's paper &y noting that the #eview Aro%p on the draft reso%rce management&ill had >%ite intentionally drafted section 3(-) to emphasise &iophysical constraints to move away from the overly &road and%nweighted list of socio+economic and environmental o&?ectives in the Town and o%ntry !lanning ct" They concl%ded@

6n o%r view, the plain wording of section 3 is easy eno%gh to %nderstand witho%t reco%rse to conceptslike s%staina&le development that are not referred to, or the insistence that an anthropogenic readingof the section m%st necessarily involve weighing %p everything against everything else"/*

Resource consents[edit]

Main article:Resource consent

The #$ re>%ires that certain %ses of nat%ral reso%rces re>%ire a specific a%thorisation &y areso%rce consent"s part of anapplication for reso%rce consent, an ssessment of nvironmental ffects (), a report similar to an nvironmental 6mpact

ssessment,is re>%ired" This assessment, in theory, incl%des all potential impacts on the environment, incl%ding those that are onlylong+term, with 's%staina&ility'as a strong, tho%gh not yet clearly legally defined part of the ct"

Climate change decisions[edit]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Resource_Management_Act_1991&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Uptonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Uptonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-Fisher_1991_p_17-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-Fisher_1991_p_17-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-Fisher_1991_p_17-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_Courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_Courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_Courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_for_the_Environment_(New_Zealand)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_for_the_Environment_(New_Zealand)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_for_the_Environment_(New_Zealand)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Resource_Management_Act_1991&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_consenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_consenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_consenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_consenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_consenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Impact_Assessmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Impact_Assessmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Impact_Assessmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Impact_Assessmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Resource_Management_Act_1991&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Resource_Management_Act_1991&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Uptonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-Fisher_1991_p_17-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-Fisher_1991_p_17-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_Courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_Courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_for_the_Environment_(New_Zealand)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Resource_Management_Act_1991&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_consenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_consenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Impact_Assessmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Impact_Assessmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki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The #$ as originally enacted classified greenho%se gases as contaminants and it allowed consent a%thorities to consider theeffects of glo&al warming ca%sed &y discharges of greenho%se gases" /3*6n 199, theFo%rth National Aovernmentregarded the #$as one of its policies to mitigate climate change"/4* n%m&er of decisions were made on that &asis"

Stratford gas thermal power station[edit]

6n 199/, thelectricity orporation of New Zealand(NZ) proposed to &%ild the.tratford !ower .tation,a ;; megawatt gas+firedpower station in .tratford, Taranaki" NZ applied for a reso%rce consentto discharge contaminants incl%ding car&on dioide to theatmosphere" The nvironment $inister.imon Bptonesta&lished a &oard of in>%iry %nder the#eso%rce $anagement ctto hearand advise him on the proposal" /7*

6n Fe&r%ary 1993, the &oard of in>%iry Report of the Board of Inquiry, roposed Tarana!i o"er #tation $ %ir &ischarge 'ffects()ebruary *++-/8*concl%ded that the power station's operation wo%ld significantly increase New Zealand's emissions of car&ondioide and make it more diffic%lt for the Aovernment to meet its o&ligation to red%ce the emission of greenho%se gases to their199; levels as committed to %nder theBnited Nations Framework onvention on limate hange"The &oard of in>%iryrecommended that NZ m%st esta&lish a car&on sink Gs%fficient to event%ally store in perpet%ity the e>%ivalent >%antity of car&onemitted from the site over the term of the permitG"/9*

6n $arch 1993, nvironment $inister.imon Bptonin &ecision of .on #imon /pton, Minister for the 'n0ironment, %ir &ischargeermit Tarana!i 1ombined 1ycle o"er #tation (Wellington, Ministry for the 'n0ironment, March *++-/8*accepted the &%lk of the&oard's report and approved the reso%rce consents" Bpton made the conditions re>%iring car&on se>%estration more flei&le" Theoffsetting condition wo%ld only apply when electricity sector :- emissions eceeded the vol%me emitted when the plant wascommissioned" The offsetting condition allowed either forests to create a car&on sink or greater efficiency elsewhere" /4*;*

The decisions of the $inister and the &oard of in>%iry set the precedent that %nder the #$ consent a%thorities can consider glo&alwarming to &e a relevant effect and can impose conditions on companies that limit their discharges of greenho%se gases or re>%iremitigation thro%gh offsetting or se>%estration in forest sinks"1*The N"Z" Forestry periodical noted that planting forests to mitigate:-emissions was a temporary sol%tion for a&o%t ; years that did not take into acco%nt : -emissions from the later harvestingstage"-*6n -;;1, $inister for the nvironment $arian =o&&s informed !arliament that NZ had never planted any forest forse>%estration of the .tratford !ower .tation :-emissions"/*

Otahuhu C gas thermal power station[edit]

6n -;;1,ontact nergyo&tained reso%rce consents for a new ;; $W gas+fired power plant at the eisting :tah%h% !ower.tationsite" 6n -;;-, thenvironmental 5efence .ociety(5.) appealed the consents to the nvironment o%rt"6n thedecision 'n0ironmental &efence #ociety (Incorporated- 0 %uc!land Regional 1ouncil and 1ontact 'nergy2, the nvironment o%rtagreed that the predicted ann%al emissions of 1"- million tonnes of car&on dioide wo%ld contri&%te to climate change via thegreenho%se effect" The nvironment o%rt agreed with the scientific consens%s on anthropogenic climate change and concl%dedthat the proposed :-emissions wo%ld &e an Gadverse effect of some conse>%enceG %nder the #$" =owever the co%rt declined to

grant the relief re>%ested &y 5." That was to impose conditions re>%iring the complete offsetting of the car&on dioide emissions&y planting new forests" The co%rt cited its concerns over its Gefficacy, appropriateness and reasona&lenessG of the offsettingconditions"*

Opinions[edit]

The ct has reg%larly made headlines since its introd%ction, receiving the &lame for the fail%re of a n%m&er of high profile pro?ects,s%ch as the!ro?ect >%ahydro dam"

!roponents of the #$ arg%e that it ens%res the s%staina&le %se of reso%rces for the foreseea&le needs of the present and f%t%regeneration, and also recognises the importance ofindigeno%s rightsin the mitigation process" 6n this respect, the #$ is apioneering act in the area ofs%staina&le development":ther advantages cited are the %m&rella f%nction, which (at least in theory)allows all consent decisions a&o%t a pro?ect to &e considered in one process, freeing applicants from the need to research and applyfor all the vario%s permits they wo%ld otherwise have to apply for their development" 6t is also noted that the #$ is 'effects+&ased'"6n other words, instead of a proposal needing to &e on a list of approved or permitted developments or activities, if the applicant canprove that the 'effects' of the development on the environment are %npro&lematic, then he or she is allowed to go ahead" 6n practicehowever, this proof is often el%sive, especially with new or contested activities or developments"

n!ironment and conser!ation groups[edit]

New Zealand's largest conservation organisation, the #oyal Forest and 0ird !rotection .ociety of New Zealandconsiders that@

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_Management_Act_1991&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_Corporation_of_New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford_Power_Stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_consenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Uptonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-wklr-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Uptonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-wklr-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-chap5-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-43http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Resource_Management_Act_1991&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otahuhu_Power_Stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otahuhu_Power_Stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Defence_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_Court_of_New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-44http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Resource_Management_Act_1991&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Aquahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Resource_Management_Act_1991&action=edit&section=15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Forest_and_Bird_Protection_Society_of_New_Zealand

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p%&lic participation is minimised as that 93I of all reso%rce consents are granted witho%t p%&lic notification,

less than 1I of applications for consents are declined ($f 1999E-;;; s%rvey),

&%sinesses e>%ate p%&lic participation with added costs, &%t the :5 considers New Zealand to have low environmental

compliance costs,

consenting is an %neven playing field, as developers have &etter access to legal, planning, scientific eperts than the p%&lic,

the a&sence of national environmental standards andnational policy statementshas led to inconsistency &etween co%ncils"3*

"usiness interests[edit]

ritics of the act arg%e that the reso%rce management process is a &arrier to investment, &eing %npredicta&le, epensive, protractedand often s%&?ect to %nd%e infl%ence from local lo&&y gro%ps, especially the indigeno%s $aoriiwi"4* typical &%siness viewpoint isepressed &y theNew Zealand 0%siness #o%ndta&le"7*

'The NZ0# has long epressed concerns that are widely shared in the &%siness comm%nity a&o%t the#$" 6t is a c%m&ersome, time+cons%ming and costly piece of legislation that adds considera&le%ncertainty to &%siness decision+making" 6t is a ma?or impediment to the co%ntry's economic growth"'

The 0%siness #o%nd Ta&le has also arg%ed that the #$ contains core concepts, s%ch as s%staina&le management, intrinsicval%es,Treaty principles,kaitiakitanga and the definition of the environment, which are 'hopelessly f%%ately take into acco%nt theinterests and val%es of New Zealand's indigeno%s people"3/*

200 assessment of RMA!s performance[edit]

#od :ram's paper 'The #$ now and in the f%t%re', presented at the -;;7 0eyond the #$ conference assessed the #$'sperformance over its first 14 years" The paper's main concl%sions were the followingC

'The effectiveness of the #$ is patchy" 6n r%ral areas it can cope with allocation and management of relatively a&%ndant

reso%rces" 0%t it cannot cope when reso%rces, partic%larly water, are f%lly allocated" Nor can it cope with c%m%lativeeffects"""" Bnder the #$ it is not easy for co%ncils to declare a halt to f%rther consents" nd in %r&an areas, the #$ workswell for small, local consents" 0%t it is inade>%ate for dealing with wide area, long+term and strategic iss%es of %r&andevelopment"'

'The efficiency of the #$ has increased"""" nd there may &e more gains to come from the -;;3 amendments, which p%t in

place mechanisms to %pskill co%ncil staff and for co%ncils to share knowledge" 0%t some -; co%ncils were still considered to

&e %nder+performing"""" nd there are still complaints &y consent applicants a&o%t varia&le >%ality of staff, decisions and

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timeliness" The contin%ing lack of national policy statements and environmental standards are widely considered detrimentalto the ct's administration"'

'The f%t%re of the #$ is highly %ncertain" lmost all the development effort that has gone into it has foc%sed on improving

process rather than refining p%rpose" Th%s, administration of the ct might have &ecome more efficient &%t the legislationhas failed to respond to greater press%res on the environment"""or greater demands from the p%&lic for higher standards andmore certain s%staina&ility'"3*

RMA reform[edit]

TheNational !arty,when in opposition to the government, made a promise to reform the #$ d%ring the -;;8 electioncampaign"fter winning the election a reform gro%p was anno%nced" They were given the following terms of referenceC 33*

raising New Zealand's rate of prod%ctivity and economic growth

increasing the flei&ility of the economy to facilitate ad?%stment and promote confidence and investment in response to theinternational economic crisis

providing for so%nd environmental policies and practices"

6n Fe&r%ary -;;9 the National+led Aovernment anno%nced the G#eso%rce $anagement (.implify and .treamline) mendment 0ill-;;9G aimed atC34*

1" #emoving frivolo%s, veatio%s and anti+competitive o&?ections

-" .treamlining processes for pro?ects of national significance

/" reating annvironmental !rotection %thority" 6mproving plan development and plan change processes3" 6mprovingreso%rce consentprocesses4" .treamlining decision making7" 6mproving worka&ility and compliance

2ocal Aovernment New Zealand said in its s%&mission to the local government and environment select committee that some of thechanges designed to simplify and streamline the #eso%rce $anagement ct were not well tho%ght o%t and may act%ally create moredelays and increase costs"37*

:considered that the 0ill will hinder the inp%t from comm%nities and to favo%r large pro?ects" 6t wo%ld also fast+track largedevelopments and make little difference to smaller pro?ects, a similar sit%ation to the controversialNational 5evelopment

ct(repealed in 1984)"38*

6n -;1/,!arliamentary ommissioner for the nvironmentKan Wrightcriticised planned amendments to the ct, saying it Gis not,and sho%ld not &ecome, an economic development actG" 39*4;*

See also[edit]

5istrict !lan,the main planning instr%ment of the #$ at 5istrict o%ncil level

nvironment o%rt,the co%rt dealing with #eso%rce $anagement ct matters

nvironment of New Zealand

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-54http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Resource_Management_Act_1991&action=edit&section=19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_general_election,_2008http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_general_election,_2008http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-56http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-56http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Authority_(New_Zealand)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Authority_(New_Zealand)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_consenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_consenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_consenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-57http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_and_Conservation_Organisations_of_Aotearoa_New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_and_Conservation_Organisations_of_Aotearoa_New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Development_Act_1979http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Development_Act_1979http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Development_Act_1979http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Development_Act_1979http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_Commissioner_for_the_Environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_Commissioner_for_the_Environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_Commissioner_for_the_Environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Wrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Wrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-60http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Resource_Management_Act_1991&action=edit&section=20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Planhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Planhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_Courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_Courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_of_New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-54http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Resource_Management_Act_1991&action=edit&section=19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_general_election,_2008http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-56http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Authority_(New_Zealand)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_consenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-57http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_and_Conservation_Organisations_of_Aotearoa_New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Development_Act_1979http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Development_Act_1979http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_Commissioner_for_the_Environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Wrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991#cite_note-60http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Resource_Management_Act_1991&action=edit&section=20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Planhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_Courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_of_New_Zealand

8/10/2019 Resource Management Act 1991

9/11

References[edit]

1" #ump up$$f(-;1;)"G#eso%rce $anagement ct 1991 (#$)G"$inistry for the nvironment" #etrieved 1 .eptem&er -;11"-" #ump up$!awson, ric (-4 Novem&er -;1;)"Gconomy and the environment E !age E #eg%lating economy and

environmentG"Te %ra $ the 'ncyclopedia of 3e" 4ealand" #etrieved 19 pril -;1-" The reso%rce management process wascriticised &y developers as time+cons%ming and epensive, and &y environmentalists as giving too m%ch enco%ragement todevelopers"

/" #ump up$Fisher, 5" " (1991), 'The reso%rce management legislation of 1991C ?%dicial analysis of its o&?ectives', in #eso%rce$anagement, 0rooker and Friend 2td, Wellington, Hol" 1, 6ntro 1E/;" p -, -nd p aragraph"

" #ump up$.mith, A" (1997)"'The #eso%rce $anagement ct 1991 E G &iophysical &ottom lineG vs Ga more li&eral regimeG@ adichotomyL'anter&%ry 2aw #eview 4C 99E3/8, p 3;1"

3" #ump up$=arris, 0" H" (199/)'.%staina&le management as an epress p%rpose o f environmental legislationC the New Zealandattempt'E ':tago 2aw #eview' 8C 31E74"

4" #ump up$Fisher, 5" " (1991), 'The reso%rce management legislation of 1991C ?%dicial analysis of its o&?ectives', p 11, -ndparagraph"

7" #ump up$Fisher, 5" " (1991), 'The reso%rce management legislation of 1991C ?%dicial analysis of its o&?ectives', p 11, firstparagraph"

8" #ump up$Frieder, K" (1997) 'pproaching .%staina&ilityC 6ntegrated nvironmental $anagement and New ZealandMs #eso%rce$anagement ct'" 6an ford (New Zealand) Fellowship in !%&lic !olicy, 1997" p 1-"

9" #ump up$!almer, A (1991)"G.%staina&ility E New Zealand's reso%rce management legislationG"Resources: the 3e"sletter ofthe 1anadian Institute of Resources 5a"(/)C 9"

1;" #ump up$0irdsong, 0" (1998)d?%dicating .%staina&ilityC The nvironment o%rt and New Zealand's #eso%rce $anagementct,!repared &y 0ret 0irdsong :cto&er 1998 copyright 6an ford (New Zealand) Fellowship in !%&lic !olicy, pages 3"

11" #ump up$$ilne, !" (-;;3)llocaton of !%&lic #eso%rces %nder the #$C 6mplications of the oraki Water Tr%st v $eridian"-;;3 .almon lect%re, !hilip $ilne, 1 K%ly -;;3, an address given at the K%ly -;;3 .almon 2ect%re held in %ckland &y the

%ckland 0ranch of the #eso%rce $anagement 2aw ssociation, page 131-" #ump up$Wheen, N" (-;;-) history of New Zealand environmental law" pp -41E-7, 6n 'nvironmental histories of New

Zealand', edited &y !awson, " and 0rooking, T" :ford Bniversity !ress, $el&o%rne, page -49"1/" #ump up$Fisher, 5" " (1991), 'The reso%rce management legislation of 1991C ?%dicial analysis of its o&?ectives', p -, fifth

paragraph"1"

#ump up$!almer, A", (1991)"'.%staina&ility E New Zealand's reso%rce management legislation"'#eso%rcesC the Newsletter ofthe anadian 6nstit%te of #eso%rces 2aw No /C 4 pp /E1;"13" #ump up$The 0eginnings of the #eso%rce $anagement ct,=on K%stice ! #anderson, '0eyond the #$', an address given

to the #eso%rce $anagement 2aw ssociation (%ckland 0ranch) at a seminar held on -8 %g%st -;;1 to cele&rate the 1;thnniversary of the nactment of the #$"

14" #ump up$Bpton, .", (1993)'!%rpose and !rinciple in the #eso%rce $anagement ct'Waikato 2aw #eview 1993 Hol /, pp 17E33" lso availa&le as'The .tace =ammond Arace 2ect%reC !%rpose and !rinciple in the #eso%rce $anagement ct'

17" #ump up$(K%ly 1991) 31& =ansard, #eso%rce $anagement 0ill Third #eading, /;18E/;-;"18" #ump up$Fisher, 5" " (1991), 'The reso%rce management legislation of 1991C ?%dicial analysis of its o&?ectives', p 8+1;"19" #ump up$#eso%rce $anagement ct, .ection 3(1) E !arliament of New Zealand, 1991-;" #ump up$G.ection 3G"The Resource Management %ct" !arliament of New Zealand" 1991" #etrieved -;11+;9+1"-1" #ump up$G.ection 4G"The Resource Management %ct" !arliament of New Zealand" 1991"--" #ump up$G.ection 7G"The Resource Management %ct" !arliament of New Zealand" 1991"-/" #ump up$G.ection 8G"The Resource Management %ct" !arliament of New Zealand" 1991"-" #ump up$Fisher (1991) 'The reso%rce management legislation of 199 1C ?%dicial analysis of its o&?ectives'"-3" #ump up$=arris (199/)" '.%staina&le management as an epress p%rpose of environmental legislationC the New Zealand

attempt'"-4" #ump up$Fisher (1991) 'The reso%rce management legislation of 199 1C ?%dicial analysis of its o&?ectives', p -8"-7" K%mp %p toCabFisher (1991) 'The reso%rce management legislation of 1991C ?%dicial analysis of its o&?ectives', p 17"-8" #ump up$Williams, 5""#" (1997)" 'nvironmental and reso%rce management law in New Zealand', -nd edition, 0%tterworths,

Wellington"-9" #ump up$.mith, A" (1997)" The #eso%rce $anagement ct 1991 Ga &iophysical &ottom lineG vs Ga more li&eral regimeG@ a

dichotomyL anter&%ry 2aw #eview 4C 99E3/8, p 3 -1"/;" #ump up$=arris, #" (-;;)" G5evelopment v !rotection, an introd%ction to #$ and related lawsG, page 37, hapter /, in

=arris, #o& (ed") (-;;)" .andboo! of 'n0ironmental 5a"(1st ed")" WellingtonC #oyal Forest and 0ird !rotection .ociety ofNew Zealand 6nc",6.0N ;+9397831+8+/"

/1"

#ump up$.kelton, !" and $emon, " (-;;-)" dopting s%staina&ility as an overarching environmental policy"#eso%rce$anagement Ko%rnal 1;(1), $arch -;;-, p 8+9"/-" #ump up$Wheen, Nicola # (1997)"GThe #eso%rce $anagement ct 1991C Areener 2aw for WaterG"3e" 4ealand 6ournal of

'n0ironmental 5a"%C 143E198" #etrieved 1- Fe&r%ary -;1-"//" #ump up$Wheen, N" (-;;-) history of New Zealand environmental law" pp -41E-7, 6n 'nvironmental histories of New

Zealand', edited &y !awson, " 0rooking, T" :ford Bniversity !ress, $el&o%rne" p -7/"/" #ump up$Bpton, .", tkins, =" and Willis, A" (-;;-)" .ection 3 re+visitedC a criti>%e of .kelton and $emon's analysis,

#eso%rce $anagement Ko%rnal 1;(/), Novem&er -;;-, p 1;+--"#$2 Ko%rnalandavaila&le on .imon Bpton's we&site/3" #ump up$#atnasiri et al(1- K%ne 1994)"G#eport on the in+depth review of the national comm%nication of New ZealandG"

BNF" #etrieved 13 K%ly -;1-"/4" K%mp %p toCab$f (-;;7)"Ghapter 3C #esponses to atmospheric changeG "#tate of 3e" 4ealand2s 'n0ironment *++7"

$inistry for the nvironment" #etrieved 13 K%ly -;1-"/7" #ump up$NZ!ONZ= (13 5ecem&er 1994)"GAreenpeace wants Bpton to &e witness at power stationG"The #oyal .ociety of

New Zealand" #etrieved 9 K%ly -;1-"/8" K%mp %p toCabBpton, .imon (1993)"G!%rpose and !rinciple in the #eso%rce $anagement ctG"Wai!ato 5a" Re0ie"&"

#etrieved 14 K%ly -;1-"/9" #ump up$NZ! (19 Fe&r%ary 1993)"G.tratford power station given >%alified go+aheadG "The #oyal .ociety of New Zealand"

#etrieved 9 K%ly -;1-";" #ump up$NZ!ONZ= (- $arch 1993)"G$erc%ry nergy plan to &%ild plant in %cklandG"The #oyal .ociety of New Zealand"

rchived fromthe originalon 9 K%ly -;1-"1" #ump up$richton, .arah (-/ $arch 1993)"Gar&on ta step closer after stratford decisionG"34%" The #oyal .ociety of New

Zealand" #etrieved 9 K%ly -;1-"-" #ump up$:'2o%ghlin, olin (%g%st 1993)"GThe .tratford power station decisionG "3848 )orestry" pp" /E" #etrieved 14

K%ly-;1-"/" #ump up$$inister for the nvironment $arian =o&&s (13 $ay -;;1)"G.coop =o%seC P%estions :f The 5ayG"#coop"

#etrieved14 K%ly -;1-" When .imon Bpton called in the .tratford !ower .tation he re>%ired the planting of trees, NZ later

discovered this was not necessary to red %ce emissions" #ump up$nvironmental 5efence .ociety (6ncorporated) v %ckland #egional o%ncil an d ontact nergy18/O-;;-NZnv /13@NZ#$ 9-@(-;;/) 9 2#NZ 1 (4 .eptem&er -;;-)

3" #ump up$$itcalfe, Date"GHal%ing :%r nvironment E The co sts of the #$G"Royal )orest and Bird rotection #ociety of 3e"4ealand"#etrieved 8 Fe&r%ary -;1;"dead lin!*

4" K%mp %p toCab''6t's Time to 5rive a .take Thro%gh the =eart of the #$'(!5F)E 'the free radical', K%neOK%ly -;;7" #ump up$'.%&mission on the #eso%rce $anagement (Waitaki atchment) mendment 0ill',New Zealand 0%siness #o%nd

Ta&le, Fe&r%ary -;;, paragraph -"18" #ump up$'ontest of nvironmental !olicy 6deas W elcome'&y #oger Derr, p%&lished in the :tago 5aily Times, -; :cto&er

-;;4"9" #ump up$GWe can find plenty of eamples where competing &%sinesses %se the ct to restrict competitionG s%ch as Gpetrol

stations and s%permarketsG" 0%siness New Zealand chief eec%tive .imon arlaw, >%oted in Ding, 5" (-;;/)" #$ a costly&%siness" #$ costly to development enterprises, say &%siness leaders" The !ress, hristch%rch, / K%ne -;;/"

3;" #ump up$Mayor "ants de0elopment ob9ections limitedEThe 3e" 4ealand .erald,Th%rsday -1 Fe&r%ary -;;831" #ump up$#eso%rce $anagement ct, .ection 1;(/)(a) E !arliament of New Zealand, 19913-" K%mp %p toCab:liver, !a%la (3 pril -;;)"G.peed %p #$, says &%sinessG"The 3e" 4ealand .erald"#etrieved3

Novem&er -;11"3/" #ump up$% Tangata Whenua erspecti0e on #ustainability using the Mauri ModelE $organ, Te Dipa Depa 0rian, -;;, paper

presented at the 6nternational onference on .%staina&ility ngineering and .cience, %ckland, New Zealand, 7E9 K%ly -;;3" #ump up$:ram, #" (-;;7)" The RM% no" and in the future , paper presented at the 0eyond the #$ conference,

nvironmental 5efence .ociety, %ckland, NZ, /;E/1 $ay33" #ump up$G#$ reform gro%p anno%ncedG"New Zealand government" 14 5ecem&er -;;8" #etrieved -;;8+1-+14"34" #ump up$G#eform tackles costs, %ncertainties and delays of #$G"New Zealand Aovernment" / Fe&r%ary -;;9"

#etrieved-;;9+;-+;/"37" #ump up$NZ! (-/ pril -;;9)"Ghanges to #$ co%ld have opposite effect than is intendedG " 3e"s" #etrieved1

%g%st -;1-"38" #ump up$Wee&er, 0arryC G#$ gets anti+comm%nity amendmentsG"ecolin!$archOpril -;;96..N117+;47139" #ump up$G#$ not economic tool E watchdogG" 3e"s 34" 1 $arch -;1/"

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