resistance in cotton and peanut

31
Resistance in Cotton and Peanut: One success story and one story not yet finished Jim Starr Dept Plant Pathology & Microbiology Texas A&M University

Upload: international-institute-of-tropical-agriculture

Post on 30-Apr-2015

802 views

Category:

Technology


1 download

DESCRIPTION

Effect of Resistance on Nematode,Introgression Pathway,Comparison of Pod Yields,Known Sources of Resistance to Root-knot in Gossypium hirsutum,Sources of Resistance to Meloidogyne incognita in Gossypium hirsutum,Development of cotton with resistance to M. incognita and R. reniformis

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Resistance in Cotton and Peanut

Resistance in Cotton and Peanut: One

success story and one story not yet finished

Jim Starr

Dept Plant Pathology & Microbiology

Texas A&M University

Page 2: Resistance in Cotton and Peanut

Resistance In Peanut

Prior to 1989, no high levels of resistance to Meloidogyne arenaria available or known in cultivated peanut

High levels of nematode resistance were identified in diploid wild Arachis species (S. C. Nelson et al., 1989)

A. cardenasii, A. diogoi, and A. batizocoi are highly resistant to M. arenaria

Diploid species are not cross-compatible with cultivated peanut

TxAG-6, a synthetic interspecific hybrid of nematode resistant diploid species, and cross-compatible with A. hypogaea(Simpson, 1991)

Page 3: Resistance in Cotton and Peanut

Introgression Pathway Developed by C. E. Simpson

A. cardenasii (AA) x A. diogoi (AA)

A. batizocoi (BB) x F1

F1 (AB)

colchicine

A. hypogaea cv. Florunner x TxAG-6

TxAG-7

(AABB)

(AABB)

A. hypogaea cv. Florunner x F1

(AABB)

(AABB)

(AA)

cv COAN released after 5 BC generations

cv NemaTAM released after 7 BC

generations

Page 4: Resistance in Cotton and Peanut

Effect of Resistance on Nematode

Population Densities

Page 5: Resistance in Cotton and Peanut

Comparison of Pod Yields

Flo

runner

Tam

run 9

6

CO

AN

Nem

aTA

M

Page 6: Resistance in Cotton and Peanut

Burow et al, 1996; Choi et al., 1999; Church, 2002

R

S

cDNA clone R2430E Linked to the

resistance locus

Page 7: Resistance in Cotton and Peanut

Current efforts - Peanuts

• Introgression of nematode resistance into genotypes that also have resistance to TSWV, Sclerotinia Blight, and the high O/L trait– Three backcross generations of NemaTAM or sister lines into

parents with these traits have been completed and yield testing has been initiated

– Hope to release multiple disease resistant peanut in 2010

Page 8: Resistance in Cotton and Peanut

Known Sources of Resistance to Root-knot

in Gossypium hirsutum

• Jackson Limbless (Orton, 1905)

• Clevewilt-6 (Jones et al., 1958)– Has been used as a source of resistance in breeding programs

• Wild Mexico Jack Jones (Minton, 1962)– Crossed with Clevewilt-6 to develop highly resistant Auburn and

M-series sources of resistance

• 18 Primitive race stocks (Shepherd, 1983)

• 5 accessions of G. hirsutum from the Yucatan region of Mexico (Robinson & Percival, 1997)

• Acala C-225 ( = Acala NemX) (Oakley, 1995)

Page 9: Resistance in Cotton and Peanut

Inheritance of Resistance to Root-

knot nematodes• Clevewilt – 6

– one recessive gene (Bezawada,2003)

– one dominant gene (Shen et al., 2007)

• Auburn and M-series– Auburn 623: More than 2 genes, incomplete

dominance, transgressive segregation (Shepherd, 1974)

– M240: 2 dominant genes (Zhou, 1999)

– M315: 1 dominant + 1 additive gene (McPherson et al., 2004)

– M78: 1 dominant gene (McPherson et al., 2004

• NemX– 1 recessive gene, transgressive segregation (Wang et

al., 2006)

Page 10: Resistance in Cotton and Peanut

CW WMJJ TX1174 TX1440 TX2076 TX2079 TX2107

DP90 X X X X X X X

CW X X X X X X

WMJJ X X X X X

TX1174 X X X X

TX1440 X X X

TX2076 X X

TX2079 X

Half-Diallele test to determine heritance and allelic relationships

among several sources of resistance to root-knot nematodes

TX 1174,TX1440, TX2076, TX2079, and TX2107 identified as resistant accessions

by Robinson and Percival, 1997.

Page 11: Resistance in Cotton and Peanut

Sources of Resistance to Meloidogyne

incognita in Gossypium hirsutum

Accession Collected Origin

Clevewilt-6 N/A N/A

Wild Mexico Jack

Jones

1951 Interior of Mexico

Tx1174* 1972 Veracruz, Mexico

Tx1440* 1979 Yucatan, Mexico

Tx2076* 1985 Tabasco, Mexico

Tx2079* 1985 Campeche, Mexico

Tx2107* 1985 Quintana Roos, Mexico

* Robinson and Percival, 1997

Page 12: Resistance in Cotton and Peanut

Half – Diallele Study

• 28 populations created

• Resistance measured as eggs/g roots from tests

conducted in a greenhouse

• Resistance was defined as a level of

reproduction that was significantly (p > 0.05)

lower than that of the susceptible control

• For each population, the two parents, the F1 and

the F2 generation was tested, along with a

susceptible control

– DP-90 was used as the susceptible control for populations for

which both parents were putatively resistant

Page 13: Resistance in Cotton and Peanut

DP 90

Clevewilt-6

Wild Mexico Jack Jones

Tx2107

Tx1440

Tx2079

Tx2076

Tx1174

2,000 4,000 6,000 8,0000 10,000 12,000

Mean eggs/g roots from seven tests

Reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita on Parental Lines

used in Half-Diallele Study

Page 14: Resistance in Cotton and Peanut

A B A

High level of reproduction on

F1 indicates recessive inheritance

Two recessive genes (9:7 ratio)

model gives best fit to observed

segregation in F2

DP90 Clevewilt F1

Eggs/

g r

oot

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

F2 individuals

Eggs/g

root

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

DP 90 x Clevewilt-6

2 genes 1 gene

Page 15: Resistance in Cotton and Peanut

B B A

High level of reproduction on

F1 indicates recessive inheritance

Two recessive genes model

gives best fit to observed

segregation in F2

DP-90 x Wild Mexico Jack Jones

DP90 WMJJ F1

Eg

gs/

g r

oo

ts

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

F2 individuals

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Eg

gs/g

ro

ots

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

2 genes 1 gene

Page 16: Resistance in Cotton and Peanut

A A A

Resistance of F1 is similar to that of

parents as expected for two resistant

parents with at least some of same

resistance genes in each parent.

That some of the F2 are highly

susceptible indicates that some of the

genes for resistance in Clevewilt are

different from those in Wild Mexico

Jack Jones.

F2 i

ndividuals

0 20 40 60

Eggs/g

root

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

CW WMJJ F1

Eg

gs/g

ro

ot

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Clevewilt-6 x Wild Mexico Jack Jones

Page 17: Resistance in Cotton and Peanut

DP 90 Clevewilt TX2076 F1

Eggs/g

root

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

Clevewilt x Tx 2076

A B BC C

That some of the F2 are highly

susceptible indicates that Clevewilt

and TX2076 have different resistance

genes

Resistance in F1 supports previous

conclusion that resistance is inherited

as a dominant trait.

F2 individuals

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Eggs/g

roots

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

Clevewilt x TX2076

Page 18: Resistance in Cotton and Peanut

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita in F1 individuals as

percentage of the susceptible parent DP90

Perc

enta

ge o

f D

P90

These data suggest that resistance in Texas accessions is inherited as a

dominant trait

Page 19: Resistance in Cotton and Peanut

Eggs/

g r

oots

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

F2 individuals

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Egg

s/g

roo

ts

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

DP90 Tx2107 Tx1440 F1

Tx2107 x Tx1440

In this cross of two moderately

resistant parents, the resistance in the

F1 generation is similar to that of the

parental lines. The resistance in the F2

generation shows a large variation but

all individuals show at least moderate

resistance. These data suggest that

the genes for resistance in Tx2107 and

Tx1440 may be identical and have

additive effects.

Page 20: Resistance in Cotton and Peanut

Eggs/g

roots

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

DP90 Tx1174 Tx2076 F1

Tx1197 xTx2076

In this cross of two highly resistant

individuals, the F1 generation is also

highly resistant. That no susceptible

individuals were detected in the F2

population suggests that the Tx1174

and Tx2076 have the same

resistance gene(s) .

F2 individuals

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Eggs/g

roots

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Page 21: Resistance in Cotton and Peanut

Preliminary Conclusions

• Resistance in Clevewilt and Wild Mexico Jack

Jones is inherited as a recessive trait

• Resistance in the Texas accessions is inherited

as a dominant trait

• These resistant accessions appear to have at

least some unique genes for resistance

• Because cotton is an allotetraploid, inheritance

of resistance in these genotypes does not

conform to models based on a diploid system

Page 22: Resistance in Cotton and Peanut

Preliminary Conclusions, Cont’d

• The cotton germplasm pool has numerous

genes for resistance to M. incognita

• These sources of resistance should be

useful to the cotton breeding community

for developing cotton cultivars with a broad

base of resistance

Page 23: Resistance in Cotton and Peanut

Resistance to R. reniformis

• Resistance to R. reniformis in cotton not well characterized

– Only moderate resistance known in G. hirsutum

– G. hirsutum an allotetraploid with an AD1 genome

• Some accessions of G. barbadense resistant

– G. barbadense an allotetraploid with an AD2 genome

• G. longicalyx immune, but a diploid species

Page 24: Resistance in Cotton and Peanut

Development of cotton with resistance

to M. incognita and R. reniformis

• G. hirsutum M315 (Shepherd et al, 199?)

as source of resistance to M. incognita

• G. barbadense Tx110 (Yik & Birchfield,

1984) as source of resistance to R.

reniformis

• Used a pedigree breeding strategy

– selected for day neutrality in F2 generation

– selected for resistance to R. reniformis in F3

and F4 generations

Page 25: Resistance in Cotton and Peanut

Resistance in F1 generation to Root-knot

and Reniform nematodes

0

1

2

3

4

0

20

40

60

80

100M. incognita R. reniformis

Crosses made by E. Zhou

Page 26: Resistance in Cotton and Peanut

Development of resistance to reniform nematodes– means

of each F4:5 family not different from mean of Tx110

G. b

arb

ad

en

se

Tx11

0

G. h

irsu

tum

M3

15

F4:5 families

K. Ripple, MS Thesis 2003

Page 27: Resistance in Cotton and Peanut

F7 line

M315 RNR11 RNR10 RNR14 RNR1 RNR9 RNR13 RNR12 RNR2

R.

reniform

is/5

00 c

m3 s

oil

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

Resistance to Reniform And Root-knot in F7 generation

M315 F6 DP90

Gall

index (

0-5

)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

Page 28: Resistance in Cotton and Peanut

Effect of aldicarb treatments on populations of reniform

nematodes on resistant and susceptible cotton

genotypes

Reniform

nem

ato

des/1

00 c

m3

soil

Page 29: Resistance in Cotton and Peanut

Effect of aldicarb on seed cotton yield of cotton genotypes

resistant and susceptible to the reniform nematode in a

nematode infested field

Seed c

otton (

g)/

3 m

row

lenght

Page 30: Resistance in Cotton and Peanut

Conclusions

• Pedigree breeding program to introgress

resistance to Reniform nematode yields

moderate success

– Resulting germplasm has moderate

resistance and poor yield

– Likely to be difficult to use in a breeding

program

• Also trying a backcross breeding progam

Page 31: Resistance in Cotton and Peanut

Colleagues –

C. E. Simpson

T. A. Lee, Jr.

A. Paterson

C, W. Smith

Post-doctoral Scientists -

M. Burow

I. Bendezue

E. Moresco

Support staff –

S. McBride

E. Tomaszewski

E. Morgan

L. Torrez

A. Grim

Graduate Students -

Peanut - Cotton -

T. Wheeler E. Zhou

S. Nelson K. Ripple

S. Abdel-Molmen T. Faske

M.Y. Shim

K. Choi

G. Church

Funding –

Cotton Incorporated

National Peanut Board

Texas Peanut Producers

USDA- NRI

Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board