reservoir limnology of arid regions: problems with predictability
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Reservoir Limnology of Arid Regions: Problems with Predictability. . David Walker Ph.D. University of Arizona. Compared to North-Temperate Regions. Increased drainage area size. Flashy hydrology . Watersheds prone to increased disturbance. Elevation gradients. Wildland Fire. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Reservoir Limnology of Arid Regions: Problems with Predictability. David Walker Ph.D.University of Arizona
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Compared to North-Temperate Regions. Increased drainage area size. Flashy hydrology. Watersheds prone to increased
disturbance. Elevation gradients. Wildland Fire.
More productive with fewer bio-available nutrients.
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More Prone to the Effects of Climate Change Thinner snowpacks.
Relicts from last Pleistocene will dwindle. Increased frequency and intensity of
erosive events. Increased nutrient loading in aging
reservoirs.
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From Meta- to Micro- Scale. Phytoplankton assemblages are
extraordinarily patchy. Overall biomass is difficult enough to
model! Knowing what assemblage types to
expect under any given set of conditions is extraordinarily difficult.
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Large-Scale Models Based on “mean-field” approaches.
Ecological patchiness is smoothed Advantages:
Tractability Few parameters Clear interpretation
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Disadvantages Patchiness is smoothed out(!) Micro-scale dynamics are impossible to
ascertain. Yet these are often the metrics we are
most concerned about. The effect of the multitude of possible
disturbance types is difficult to determine
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Commonly Used Lake/Reservoir Models for TMDL Development Watershed Models
Loading Simulation Program in C++ (LSPC)
Watershed Assessment Model (WAMview) Storm Water Management Model (SWMM)
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Receiving Water Models A Dynamic One-Dimensional Model of
Hydrodynamics and Water Quality (EPDriv1)
Stream Water Quality Model (Qual2K) Conservational Channel Evolution and
Pollutant Transport System (CONCEPTS) Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code
(EFDC) Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program
(WASP) EUTROMOD BATHTUB
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Problems with Quantification “Examples of indicators for a nutrient TMDL
include total phosphorus concentration, total nitrogen concentration, chlorophyll concentration, algal biomass, and percent macrophyte coverage.”
Target values for indicators then need to be established.
“Although such discrete impaired and unimpaired cutoffs do not exist in natural systems, quantifiable goals nevertheless are a necessary component of TMDLs.”
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Square Pegs and Round Holes Often nebulous correlations between
nutrient concentrations and both type and amount of phytoplankton…or any indicator for that matter.
We simply do not know all the environmental requirements for any given species of alga to grow and survive. Let alone interactions between species.
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Although models are able to predict pollutant concentrations and movement with decent accuracy, they often fail completely at determining the biological response.
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Lake and Reservoir Characterization is Difficult All are unique Spatial and temporal variability Biotic interactions the we cannot (yet)
detect Nebulous correlation between
environmental change, disturbance, etc. and biotic response.
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A Three-Pronged Approach 1) Coordinated monitoring and
sampling. Taking spatial and temporal variability
into account. Covers the “uniqueness” of individual
areas. Helps to understand the biotic response
to environmental conditions. Needs to be on-going.
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2) Field and Laboratory Studies To determine specific lake/reservoir
responses following manipulation. Replication and control. Based upon logical findings and
observations.
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INSERT CORING PIC
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Constant Model Calibration Data collected during monitoring and
field/laboratory studies used to determine individual reservoir response to a wide variety of environmental conditions.
Models individualized. Model refinement should be on-going. Heuristic.
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A Narrative Approach Square Pegs and Round Holes
We cannot quantify the, as of yet, un-quantifiable.
Defining reservoir condition should include a combination of quantitative, semi-quantitative, and qualitative approaches. A multi-tiered approach is the one most
grounded in reality.
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Questions