5th International Scientific and Business Conference—Future Engineering 2019 ISBN: 978-1-60595-632-9

Research the Possibilities of Increasing the

Effectiveness of the System PATRIOT/PAC 3

Using Modernized Ones High-Maneuverable

Air-to-Air Missiles WICHER

Paweł Dobrzyński1, Bogdan Machowski1 and Roman Musiał2

ABSTRACT

The article presents the issue of increasing the capabilities of PATRIOT anti-

aircraft and anti-missile sets planned for purchase by the Ministry of National

Defense under the WISŁA program. The authors of the article proposed the use of

offset options offered by the WISŁA program, as well as the cooperation of

companies within the WB Electronics group with the Ukrainian armaments industry

the producer of missile R-27. The article analyses the possibilities of increasing the

potential of the PATRIOT battery through the use of high-manoeuvre missile R-27,

which, thanks to Polish-Ukrainian cooperation, could be modified to the extent that

they can be fired from the PATRIOT/PAC-3 system launchers. The results of

exemplary simulations were presented, the purpose of which was to determine the

cost/effect ratio in the context of the operational capabilities of the PATRIOT

system equipped with native PAC-3 medium-range missiles and short-range

missiles in the form of modified air-air missiles of the R-27 class. The WB

Electronics initiative of building anti-aircraft missiles is an opportunity for

companies grouped in the WB group and for many companies and scientific

institutions that could be involved in the process of rocket technology production

and development in Poland. A modern missile system is not only a missile and its

control system, but it also includes chemical production technologies (propelling

and explosive materials), precision mechanics, advanced communication and fire

control systems, flight control and tracking, proximity sensors and igniters, and

navigation systems. It is also a necessity to appoint and obtain competences, for

_______________ 1Military University of Technology, 2 Sylwestra Kaliskiego Street, 00 – 908 Warsaw 46,

Poland 2MindMade Sp. z o.o., 3 Pl. Konstytucji, 00-647 Warsaw, Poland

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example, for servicing them, which is often overlooked when deciding to buy a

missile technique.

Keywords: anti-aircraft defense, missile systems, concept of self-defense system,

missile technologies, share of Polish enterprises, PATRIOT system

PRELIMINARY

In December 1990, the Polish government took part in the first official talks on

the withdrawal of Russian troops from the territory of the Republic of Poland. The

first units of the Northern Group of Army of the Red Army set off to the USSR as

early as in April 1991. For teams dealing with rockets in Poland, it was the first

swallow announcing the possibility of breaking the monopoly that the Soviet Union

attributed to the development of rocket techniques in the Eastern Bloc. The arms

industry in Ukraine, which was still one of the main suppliers of rocket-space

technology for the Russian Federation, was in a completely different situation at that

time. It was the Ukrainian engineers who were responsible for the construction of a

significant part of the Russian over-ground intercontinental ballistic missiles. It was

in the Ukrainian Constructor's Office "Yuzhnoye" (Dnipropetrovs’k), the

intercontinental missile SS-18 SATAN were created with a mass of 210 ton, capable

of a distance of 16 000 km with 8.8 t warheads aimed at American silos of

intercontinental missiles.

Almost 30 years have passed since the Russian army left the country. Have these

years been used by our country to develop rocket competence? Unfortunately, no, as

can be proved by, for example, Turkey or Taiwan, having similar to our GDP and

similar expenditure on armaments, have become rocket powers in the last 20 years,

and Poland lost at that time even the competences that she owned at the end of the

90's (Fig. 1). Seeing the huge stream of funds spent in Poland on armament, many

experts indicate the reasons for this state of affairs as a string of "accidentally"

incorrect decisions and a complete lack of understanding of what is important for the

defense of the country, which includes the ability to produce and develop rocket

systems. The analysis of the rocket market indicates that Poland has "specialized" in

such undertakings as the following:

• The purchase of missile equipment with an "apparent offset",

• The purchase of rocket equipment with a "replacement offset",

• "Virtual implementation",

• "Apparent development",

• "Apparent modernization",

• "Apparent saving",

• "Apparent international cooperation",

• The purchase of systems that "only the seller can fully use",

• The purchase of missile weapons "in quantities for half a day of combat",

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• The purchase of missile weapons with "zero offset",

• The purchase of missile technology "without source codes and documentation",

and

• The purchase of rocket technology "by their admiring".

Examples of the above actions can be the following purchases, projects, etc.:

• The purchase of Israeli SPIKE anti-aircraft missiles;

• The purchase of Norwegian Naval Strike Missile manoeuvres;

• 70 mm missile NLPR-70 (MON did not purchase a single copy);

Figure 1. Comparison of potentials and scope of production of

missile systems in selected countries [11].

3 km GROM MANPADS: 4 km PIORUN MANPADS (in development) 6 km NLPR 70

40 km FENIKS MLRS

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• Research and development of the missile BŁYSKAWICA, interrupted in such a

moment that the specialists could say: "that in Poland, in rocket technology,

nothing can be done";

• 72 mm anti-aircraft GROM missile system;

• The liquidation of missile-producing plants for Polish aviation systems (which

was to be justified by the possibility of buying them at low prices, for example,

in Bulgaria or Romania)—unfortunately trade partners seeing the lack of

competition in Poland significantly raised prices;

• For a few years showing at armaments fair "wood-carved" anti-tank projectile as

a result of international cooperation on a missile;

• The Polish user does not have systems for indicating remote targets or satellite

systems for their recognition, eg purchase of JASSM-ER systems with a range

of 1000 km, it can be obtained only from allies having such capabilities;

• No possibility of our own production or quick purchase of missile ammunition -

purchase of 270 GMLRS missiles to the HIMARS system;

• Resignation from the involvement of Polish plants in the production of missiles

for the WISŁA program;

• Naive judgment that a foreign producer will never use the potential of modern

microprocessor devices (e.g., blocking a rocket system with a radio signal,

delaying the detonator by several dozen milliseconds—"all rockets have taken

off and they were gone, no target was destroyed," a dynamic change of the

attack target—with the completely unconscious threat of Polish service); and,

• The effectiveness of the rocket systems offered to Poland is assessed by a group

of experts selected by the tenderer, who, in general, can verify the operation of

the offered or purchased rocket technique only on the manufacturer's testing

ground and by the service staff he employs.

In the light of the above-mentioned negative phenomena, the WB Electronics

Group initiative deserves particular attention. Their aim is, together with the

Ukrainian partner, to develop and implement WICHER anti-aircraft systems

based on the R-27 air-to-air missiles used in the Poland.

ANALYSIS OF “PATRIOT/PAC-3” AND “WICHER” MISSILE

CAPABILITIES

Thanks to the efforts of the Ministry of National Defense and the Polish

government, the Republic of Poland has the opportunity to join the group of 15

states whose armed forces will be equipped with the latest PATRIOT anti-aircraft

and anti-missile defense systems. In addition to the United States, they are

equipment in the following countries: Saudi Arabia, the Netherlands, Spain, Greece,

Germany, Israel, Japan, Qatar, South Korea, Kuwait, Taiwan, and the United Arab

Emirates [5]. This purchase is to be implemented as part of the WISŁA program,

which provides for equipping our country with the latest types of sets referred to as

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the PATRIOT PAC-3 (Patriot Advanced Capability 3). A characteristic feature of

the PATRIOT system is that its design and equipment are optimized for combating

targets flying ballistic (supersonic missiles) or ballistic-like (planes, UAV, anti-radar

missiles) in the “terminal phase” of multi-layer defense, i.e. at the lower tier.

Each of the 16 Lockheed Martin PAC-3 MSE missiles (Fig. 2), after take-off,

performs the flight in accordance with the flight program being corrected by the

inertial navigation system. In the final stage of the projectile's flight, the

radiolocation head is automatically activated, coordinating the projectile's flight to

the point of advance. At any moment of the flight, the missiles communicate with

their own base station (AN / MSQ-104 Engagement Control Station).

The high speed of the PAC-3 train flight means that it does not have to have a

large warhead but only a 73kg lethality module, and the destruction of the target

occurs thanks to the high kinetic energy of the projectile.

Figure 2. Missile PAC-3 MSE [10].

A considerable drawback of the PATRIOT system offered to Poland is the

inability to mount different types of missiles on the launcher. In each fire module

consisting of three launchers, only PEM-2 GEM-T (Guidance Enhanced Missile-

Tactical - Raytheon) or PAC-3 MSE (Missile Segment Enhancement - Lockheed

Martin) missiles may be located. This excludes Poland's participation in LCI (Low

Cost Interceptor) programs, which could be an opportunity for our country to

increase both defense and defense capabilities.

PAC-3 systems, for the first time on a larger scale, were used as part of the II

Iraqi conflict in 2003. PATRIOT batteries took part in nine matches against Iraqi

ballistic missiles (Al Samoud-2 and Ababil-100). In the American media, they were

described as a great success of the producer and the US Army. At the same time,

some publications mention that the system was helpless in the face of primitive

missiles like the Chinese construction CSS-C-3 Seersucker.

5,3 m

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Figure 3. Air defence system IRIS-T SLM/SLS [9].

The analysis of the tactical and technical capabilities of the PATRIOT PAC-3

sets proves that they themselves will need medium and short range anti-aircraft

shields. Since Poland does not have solutions close to those required, the

opportunity to participate in increasing the capabilities of the US military battle sets

could be systems developed on the basis of existing air-to-air missiles produced, for

example, by the Ukrainian side. This proposal is in line with current global trends, as

evidenced by the example of the IRIS-T SLS / SLM system (Fig. 3). The German-

French company Diehl produces these systems based on IRIS-T air-to-air missiles,

which are equipped with, among others, planes F-16, JAS Grippen, Eurofighter

Typhoon, F-18 Hornet, and others.

In turn, the American company Raytheon produces the SL-AMRAAM (Surface-

Launched AMRAAM) system based on AIM-120 AMRAAM and AIM-9x

Sidewinder missiles (maximum range is 33 km, the maximum ceiling is 15 km), and

the Spyder SR/MR system from the Israeli company RAFAEL. The system was

built on the basis of air-to-air missiles PYTHON 5 and DERBY in which they are

mounted on F-16, F-15, JAS Grippen, Mirage 5, Mirage 2000, and SU-30.

In 2016, portals dealing with military technology in Poland reported that the

Ukrainian Spets Techno Export, together with the Polish WB Electronics, will

provide the Polish Air Force with missiles of medium-range air-to-air missiles R-

27R1 for MiG-29 fighters. These missiles are guided semi-active radar - by

highlighting the target (at small and medium distances) using the carrier's radar

system and correction of the flight path with the INS (inertial navigation system).

Each Mig-29 aircraft has the option of using two such missiles.

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Although the R-27 does not belong to the latest generation of air-to-air missiles

and has not been used in Air Policing missions, its increased range (in relation to

previously used R-60MK and R-73E missiles) and relatively high efficiency,

prompted the authors of this article to analyse the possibilities of their innovative use

as part of a ground-based anti-aircraft system.

Until the beginning of 2015, ARTEM Kiev manufactured R-27 missiles based

on components supplied from Russia. With the introduction of an embargo on trade

and cooperation with Russian companies, it became necessary to launch the

production of necessary components in Ukraine or to obtain them from markets

other than Russian, including from Poland. This task was completed within 18

months. In the second half of 2016, Ukraine fully achieved autonomy in the

production of the R-27 family of missiles, while significantly improving their

parameters, which is why missiles delivered in 2016 to Poland were produced based

on Ukrainian components.

Figure 4. Missile R-27ER1 [8].

On the basis of these experiences, the WB Group proposed to launch the

Strategic Government Project for the construction of the Polish OPL NAREW

system based on the WICHER missile manufactured in Poland, placing itself in the

role of system integrator and industrial coordinator - the project leader.

R-27 (AA-10 ALAMO) is an air-to-air directed missile of medium range. The

basic purpose of these missiles is to intercept and destroy all types of flying agents,

e.g., manned airplanes, unmanned aerial vehicles, or homing missiles, in far and

near fights. Table I presents selected tactical and technical parameters of the family

of these missiles.

R-27 missiles (Fig. 4) consist of three modules: control / homing unit section,

combat warhead, the solid rocket engine, and three attachment points. These shells

are currently manufactured, among others, by the Russian Federation and Ukraine

(the state-owned ARTEM holding) and their on-board equipment is adapted to

cooperate with the MiG and Sukhoi aircraft systems.

4,8 m

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TABLE I. SELECTED TACTICAL AND TECHNICAL PARAMETERS

OF AIR-AIR MISSILES OF TYPE R-27 [7].

Missile type R-27ER1 a)

R-27R1

b) R-27ET1

c) R-27T1

d) R-27EP1

e) R-27P1

f)

Weight

[kg] 350 253 343 245 346 248

Length

[m] 4.8 4.1 4.5 3.8 4.7 4

Diameter

[m] 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23

Wingspan

[m] 0.8 0.77 0.8 0.77 0.8 0.77

The rudder span

[m] 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97

Takeoff height

[km] < 27 < 25 < 27 < 25 < 20 < 20

The maximum range

93 60 84 50 110 78 in "meeting" mode

[km]

The maximum range

26 18 20 15

in "chase" mode

[km]

The minimum range

[km] 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 2 2

Max. overloading the

target 8 8 8 8 5 5

Weight of the warhead

[kg] 39 39 39 39 39 39

a. Driven by command / radiolocation with semi-active homing head.

b. Guided by a semi-active radiolocation system (in the final phase of the flight) and an inertial

navigation system (radio-corrected from the carrier).

c. Passively guided thermal head.

d. Passively guided thermal head (different from the R-27R version).

e. Passively directed to the source of radar / interference of the attacked aircraft.

The susceptibility of R27 missiles to modernization, which was proved by

ARTEM Kiev, predestines them according to the authors of this study to be used as

a rocket agent, complementing the capabilities of the PATRIOT PAC-3 battery. The

following conditions speak for it:

1) According to the manufacturer's recommendations, at the moment of launching

the projectile, the overloading of the carrier aircraft cannot exceed 5g - in the case

of taking off from the ground, such a problem does not occur.

2) The minimum distance of the projectile's launch is 500 m - the missile is suitable,

therefore, for combating low-flying air targets or helicopters that suddenly

appear.

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Figure 5. Illustration of the configuration options of R-27 missiles [8].

3) The projectile achieves a relatively high maximum velocity; therefore, in its nasal

part, there are destabilizing surfaces to increase its manoeuvrability. The

maximum overload of a R-27 missile in flight is 20 g, which allows you to

control the manoeuvring target with an overload of up to 8 g.

4) The R-27 missile is difficult to disrupt. It results, among others, from the fact,

that after take-off, it performs an inertial flight in accordance with the flight

program introduced. If it is necessary to correct the track (e.g., due to the goal

manoeuvres), it is carried out by radio.

5) In the final phase of the projectile flight, a semi-active radiolocation head

automatically activates the bullet flight into the point of advance.

6) The attacked aircraft can fly 10 km above the launch pad and 6 km below the

starting point, with the R-27 being able to combat targets against the background

of the earth and the sea. The use of two R-27 missiles allows target firing with a

probability of 0.6–0.75.

7) R-27 missiles have a modular structure (Fig. 5,6) enabling the use of replacement

components and easy modernization of the structure, adapting it to current needs.

8) The adoption of R-27 missiles on the armament of the Polish Army enforces the

creation of a logistics base and the gathering of necessary knowledge and control

and measurement equipment, which could be more effectively used in the event

of having more of these missiles.

9) The delivery of R-27 systems by the Polish-Ukrainian consortium suggests that,

in the future, further cooperation on the development of this weapons system will

be possible, including the innovative use of the missile as a ground-to-air missile.

226

Figure 6. Basic missile modules - guiding heads [2].

INCREASE THE CAPABILITIES OF “PATRIOT SETS” WITH

“WICHER” MISSILES

Increasing the capabilities of the PATRIOT PAC-3 sets according to the authors

of the article will be possible assuming that the M901 container launchers (placed on

the M-860 trailer - fig. 7.) will be supplemented with the integrated Polish-Ukrainian

WICHER missile launcher in Poland (Fig. 8.). A critical condition for achieving the

synergy of the result system (combining the advantages of having an effective AN /

MPQ-65 radar with the possibility of using high-impact WICHER missiles) is that

the American manufacturer Lockheed Martin will provide the Polish side with a

communication interface that allows one to connect the two systems together.

For the purpose of this study, in order to verify the correctness of the concept, a

series of computer simulations were performed, the purpose of which was to verify

the correctness of the following assumptions of such an effector:

1) The WICHER upgraded missile launcher is only used to cover the components

of the PATRIOT battery or objects in its immediate vicinity. This assumption

reduces the number of possible defense scenarios and the possible collision of

both systems.

2) High manoeuvrability of the WICHER missile will be used for quick correction

of the program's path immediately after take-off, which will be necessary due to

the vertical placement of missiles in a container launcher (as opposed to PAC-3,

which are placed directionally). This solution will allow the WICHER projectile

to be shot at 360 degrees, without the need to target the launcher first. The non-

moving launcher will greatly simplify its construction and increase the flexibility

of combating targets from any direction.

IR head Active head Passive head

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Figure 7. The model of the WICHER rocket against the background of the M901 container launcher

model placed on the PATRIOT M-860 semi-trailer.

WICHER missile (with a passive or active head) on the launchers "do not see"

the purpose of the attack and their launchers do not generate any electromagnetic

waves. The start of the warhead and the capture of the target take place on the final

section of the flight path, which until then will be adjusted by radio from the

launcher from which the take-off took place (TABLE II). The signal of the

coincidence of the flight path (or self-liquidation) of the missile will be very difficult

to disrupt, and this results from the following conditions:

• The carrier signal is coded in frequency hopping—coded with a quasi-random

one-off key (known only on board a missile and its' launcher).

• The inclusion of flight correction signals will be realized with a certain delay,

which results from the assumed zero course parameter of the target (battery

attack PATRIOT PAC-3), and the potential opponent will have minimal time to

react and counteract WICHER missiles.

• It is assumed that the WICHER missile does not send any signals about its status

on the entire flight section except in the moment just before the start of the

warhead.

3) For one air objective, it will be possible to start with more than one missile

launcher, e.g., from one launcher, a missile with a passive head can be fired and a

semi-active projectile from the other. This will increase the attack's effectiveness

during disturbances. Coordination of attacks will take place at the level of the AN/

MSQ-1045 AN / MSQ-104 Engagement Control Station (ECS) module.

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Figure 8. The “WICHER” modernized air-ground missile system,

in addition to the “PATRIOT PAC-3” battery.

Carrier chassis type JELCZ 662 D

Vehicle cab 2 seats. no armor

Chassis weight (load capacity) 14 t (11 t)

The mass of the container assembly team 7,5 t

The length of the vehicle with a complex launcher 9.5 m

The length of the vehicle with a distributed launcher 11,0 m

Starting method vertical

Temperature range -30°C do +50°C

The way of supplying the launcher unit on the load box

The way of communicating with the system

superior

automatic fiber optic link

or VHF Data Link

Time to go to the battle state 1 min

Number of missiles on the launcher 12 pc (4 x 3)

Service of launch 2 soldiers

Method of launching rockets Phlegmatized powder charge

Start interval 5 s

Number of antenna masts 1 pc

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TABLE II. COMPARISON OF TACTICAL AND TECHNICAL PARAMETERS SELECTED

MISSILE OF THE “PATRIOT” SET WITH THE DESIGNED “WICHER” MISSILE.

Prepared on the basis of [6]

PAC- 1 PAC- 2 PAC- 3 WICHER

Mark MIM-104A MIM-104C PAC- 3 WIC-1

Type land mobile system

ground air

land mobile

system ground air

land mobile system

ground air

land mobile system

ground air

Launcher 4 and guide on a

mobile trailer

4 and guide

on a mobile trailer

8 and guide

on a mobile trailer

12 and guide

on a truck

The location of

the launcher

angular (sector

firing)

angular (sector

firing)

angular (sector

firing)

vertical (firing any

direction)

Manufacturer Raytheon

Raytheon

(Lockheed

Martin, Siemens,

Mitsubishi)

Lockheed Martin

Vought Systems

WB Group,

ARTEM Kijów,

PGZ S.A.

Status non produced produced produced developed

Length 5.3 m 5.18 m 5.2 m 4.8 m

Calibre 0.41 m 0.41 m 0.25 m 0.23 m

Range 92 cm 92 cm 50 cm 97 cm

Mass 914 kg 900 kg 312 kg 350 kg

Drive

rocket

1-stage

for solid fuel

rocket

1-stage

for solid rocket

fuel

rocket

1-stage

for solid fuel

with a special

position control

mechanism for

manoeuvring in

flight

rocket

1-stage

for solid rocket fuel

Guiding

method

commanded by

TVM * + semi-

active (radar) in the

final phase

commanded by

TVM * + semi-

active (radar) in

the final phase

inertia / active

(radar) / passive

(infrared) in the

final phase

inertia-command /

semi-active (radar) /

active (radar) /

passive (infrared)

Warhead HE 90 kg

HE 91 kg

fragmenting with

a proximity fuse

hit-to-kill +

“lethality enhancer”

73 kg HE with a

proximity fuse

HE 39 kg

fragmenting with a

proximity fuse

Max speed Mach 3 Mach 5 Mach 5 Mach 5

Max goal

height NA 24 km 10-15 km 20 km (10 km)

Min range NA 3 km -- 3 km

Max range -

"anti-air" 70 km 160 km 15 km 35 km

Max range -

"anti-missile" - - 15-45 km -

*TVM (Track-Via-Missile)—the missile sends to the ground station information about the radar signal reflected from in the target (sent from the ground radar), allowing the correction of control commands from the ground missile homing station.

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The WICHER rocket will be equipped with an active radar homing head

(ARGSN) for medium-range missiles and an inertial guidance system and data line

(Fig. 9). Such a homing head is produced in cooperation with WB Electronics and

provides detection and tracking of radar targets with EPR = 3m² (effective surface of

reflection for radio waves, RCS—effective surface of rebound) at a distance of at

least 15 km, which significantly increases the accuracy of rocket guidance, including

for highly returnable purposes. In this case, the linear span of the target's target is no

more than 30 m.

a) b)

c)

Figure 9. View of heads:

a) A3-10 (medium-range missile), b) MK-2200 (short-range missile)

c) the active projectile homing head [2].

Figure 10. Graph of flight speed and flight altitude of the projectile from the WICHER family

as a function of time [2].

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CONCLUSIONS

Analyses presented in the article indicate that the use of WICHER missiles,

which, thanks to Polish-Ukrainian cooperation, could be modified to the extent that

they can be fired from the PATRIOT/PAC-3W system launchers, and they have the

potential to increase the PATRIOT system's capabilities.

The initiative of WB Electronics is an opportunity not only for companies

concentrated in the WB group but also for many small and large enterprises and

scientific institutions that could be involved in the process of rocket technology

production and development in Poland.

Figure 11. Anticipated types of missiles resulting from Polish-Ukrainian cooperation [2].

The modern missile system is not only a rocket missile and its control, but also

the technology of chemical production and precision mechanics. It also includes

advanced systems of communication and fire control (Fig. 11), flight control and

tracking, proximity sensors and igniters, and navigation systems. It is also a

necessity to appoint and obtain competences necessary for, for example, servicing

them, which is often overlooked when deciding to purchase a rocketing technique.

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