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Page 1: Research reviews a journal of pharmaceutical science (vol5, issue1)

www.stmjournals.com

eISSN : 2229 - 7006 (RRJoPS)

Jan - April 2014

STM JOURNALSScientific Technical Medical

Research & ReviewsA Journal of

Pharmaceutical Science

Page 2: Research reviews a journal of pharmaceutical science (vol5, issue1)

STM Publication, a strong initiative by Consortium E-Learning Network Private ltd.(Estd. 2006) was launched in the

year 2010 under the support and guidance by our esteemed Editorial and Advisory board members from renowned

institutes.

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Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmaceutical Science

(ISSN: 2229-7006)

Focus and Scope Covers

† Pharmacognosy

† Pharmaceutics

† Pharmaceutical Chemistry

† Pharmacogenomics

† Pharmaceutical Toxicology

† Pharmacokinetics

† Pharmacodynamics

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Page 3: Research reviews a journal of pharmaceutical science (vol5, issue1)

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Page 4: Research reviews a journal of pharmaceutical science (vol5, issue1)

Chairman

Mr. Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director STM Journals, Consortium eLearning Network Pvt. Ltd.(CELNET)

Noida ,India

Group Managing Editor Dr. Archana Mehrotra

DirectorCELNET, Delhi, India

Puneet Pandeya

ManagerMonika Malhotra

Assistant Manager

Assistant Editors

Aditya Sanyal

Himani Garg

Himani Pandey

Publication Management Team

Internal Members

External Members

Dr. Bimlesh Lochab

Industrial Tribology Machine Dynamics & Maintenance

Engineering Centre (ITMMEC)

Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India

Prof. S. Ramaprabhu

Alternative Energy Technology Laboratory,

Department of Physics,

Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai, India

Dr. Rajiv Prakash

School of Materials Science and Technology,

Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University,

Varanasi, India

Dr. Rakesh Kumar

Assistant Professor, Department of

Applied Chemistry, BIT Mesra,

Patna, India

Associate Editors

Gargi Asha Jha

Nupur Anand

Priyanka Aswal

Sona Chahal

Page 5: Research reviews a journal of pharmaceutical science (vol5, issue1)

STM Journal (s) Advisory Board

Dr. Ashish RunthalaLecturer, Biological Sciences Group,

Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani Rajasthan, India.

Dr. Baldev RajDistinguished Scientist & Director,

Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research

(ICGAR)Kalpakkam, India.

Dr. Baskar KaliyamoorthyAssociate Professor, Department

of Civil Engineering National Institute of Technology Trichy, India.

Prof. Bankim Chandra RayProfessor and Head, Department of

Metallurgical and Materials Engineering National Institute of Technology,

Rourkela, India.

Prof. D. N. Rao Professor, Department of Biochemistry,

AIIMS, New Delhi, India.

Prof. Jugal KishoreProfessor, Department of Community

Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India.

Dr. Pankaj PoddarScientist, Physical & Materials ChemistryDivision, National Chemical Laboratory,

Pune, India.

Dr. Hardev Singh VirkProfessor Emeritus, Eternal

University, Baru Sahib, India.

Dr. Nandini Chatterjee SinghAssociate Professor,

National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, India.

Page 6: Research reviews a journal of pharmaceutical science (vol5, issue1)

Dr. Shankargouda PatilAsst. Prof., Department of Oral

Pathology, KLE Society's Institute of Dental Sciences, Bangalore, India.

Prof. Subash Chandra MishraProfessor, Metallurgical & Materials

Engineering Department, NIT, Rourkela, India.

Prof. Yuwaraj Marotrao GhugalProfessor and Head Department, Govt.College of Engineering Station Road,

Osmanpura, Aurangabad, India.

Prof. Sundara RamaprabhuProfessor, Department of Physics

Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India.

Dr. Shrikant Balkisan DhootHead Research & Development,

Nurture Earth R&D Pvt LtdMIT Campus, Beed bypass road,

Aurangabad, India.

Dr. Rakesh KumarAssistant Professor,

Department of Applied Chemistry, BIT Mesra, Patna, India.

Dr. Priyavrat TharejaHead, Materials and Metallurgical

Engineering department, PEC University of Technology,

Chandigarh, India.

STM Journal (s) Advisory Board

Page 7: Research reviews a journal of pharmaceutical science (vol5, issue1)

Editorial Board

Dr. D. N. RaoProfessor Department of Biochemistry,All India Institute of Medical Sciences,

New Delhi, India.

Dr. Rajeev Kr. SharmaDirector, Pharmacopoeial Laboratory for Indian

Medicine, Department of AYUSH,Ministry of

Health & Family Welfare, (Govt. of India),

Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, India.

Dr. Vedagiri Subhashini JSS college of Pharmacy, JSS

University, India.

Dr. Manjusha Verma Postdoctoral Research Associate- Georgia Institute of Technology,

University of Georgia, India.

Dr. Ashok Kumar Tiwari CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical

Technology (Council of Scientific & Industrial Research) Hyderabad-

500607, INDIA, India.

Dr. Nayana UdupaManipal College of Pharmaceutical

Sciences, Manipal University Manipal, India.

Prof. Basawaraj S PatilRMES college of pharmacy,

Gulbarga, India.

Ashish RunthalaBirla Institute of Technology & Science,

Pilani, India.

Dr Gopalakrishna PillaiProfessor Dept.Pharm.Sci Sullivan University College of Pharmacy,

Louisville, KY USA, United States.

Page 8: Research reviews a journal of pharmaceutical science (vol5, issue1)

I take the privilege to present the hard copy compilation for the [Volume 5 Issue (1)] of Research &

Reviews: A Journal of Pharmaceutical Science (RRJoPS). The intension of RRJoPS is to create an

atmosphere that stimulates creativeness, research and growth in the area of Pharmaceutical Science.

The development and growth of the mankind is the consequence of brilliant Research done by

eminent Scientists and Engineers in every field. RRJoPS provides an outlet for Research findings

and reviews in areas of Pharmaceutical Science found to be relevant for National and International

recent developments & research initiative.

The aim and scope of the Journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for

the advancement and dissemination of Research results that support high level learning, teaching and

research in the domain of Pharmaceutical Science.

Finally, I express my sincere gratitude and thanks to our Editorial/ Reviewer board and Authors for

their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of authoring write-

ups/ reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals. With

regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish quality

Research/Reviews findings for our customers base.

I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.

Dr. Archana Mehrotra

Director

STM Journals

Director's Desk

STM JOURNALS

Page 9: Research reviews a journal of pharmaceutical science (vol5, issue1)

1. Compulsory Licensing – The Effect on Generics, Patents and Drug-Development in Indian Pharma Vikram Reddy K 1

2. Enhanced Iron Removal in Experimental Iron Overload by Nanoniosomes of Desferrioxamine Pillai GK, Bhagwandin Cindy 14

3. Nanoinformatics: An OverviewBhupinder Singh Sekhon 21

4. Patterns of Antihypertensive Drug Utilization in a West Indies University Teaching HospitalGopalakrishna Pillai, Emily Esposito, Seetharaman Hariharan, Claudette Gomez 26

ContentsResearch & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmaceutical Science

Page 10: Research reviews a journal of pharmaceutical science (vol5, issue1)

RRJoPS(2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Research & Reviews: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ISSN: 2229-7006

Volume 5, Issue 1

www.stmjournals.com

Compulsory Licensing – The Effect on Generics, Patents

and Drug-Development in Indian Pharma

Vikram Reddy K* Department of Pharmacology, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore, India

Abstract The objective of the present study was to analyse the effect of compulsory licensing (CL) on Generics, Patents and Drug-Development in India. This analytical study was

carried out by collection of the data with respect to research questions. The data were

collected from WTO, research articles, journals, ICMR and DCGI guidelines, Drugs and Cosmetics Act, WHO guidelines, TRIPS agreement, Indian Patents Act. The results

revealed that expiry of three years from the date of grant of patent still remains a dilemma of whether it is best suited for pharmaceutical industry per se or not. Expiry of

three years from the date of marketing approval also seems to be a good option but a bit

troublesome considering the public health orientation of India. CL `s do not hamper or regress the new drug development. CL is powerful tool when utilized correctly can make

sure that the innovations are utilized in a useful way and not wasted. CL is a way to

protect public health. From the present study it can be concluded that the compulsory licenses are not an imminent threat to the patented drug companies. If pharmaceutical

companies adopt suitable modifications to their marketing strategies, especially in developing countries keeping the economy of the state in consideration, can lead to good

industrial relationships. Once the application for the grant of CL is made the outcome of

the judgement need not be either granting or rejection, it can also result in ordering the

patentees to cut down their prices. Price Control is also an equally powerful tool when

compared with CL.

Keywords: Licence, drug and cosmetics, patents

Page 11: Research reviews a journal of pharmaceutical science (vol5, issue1)

RRJoPS (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Research & Reviews: Journal of Pharmaceutical Science ISSN: 2229-7006

Volume 5, Issue 1

www.stmjournals.com

Enhanced Iron Removal in Experimental Iron Overload

by Nanoniosomes of Desferrioxamine

Pillai GK1*, Bhagwandin Cindy

2

1Sullivan University College of Pharmacy Louisville, KY

2School of Pharmacy, University of the West Indies, Trinidad & Tobago

Abstract This preliminary study explores the feasibility of employing nanocapsules prepared from

nonionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes) as a carrier for an iron-chelating agent, Desferrioxamine (DFO, Desferal), to enhance iron excretion from the body. The

methodology consisted of creating an iron overload model in an experimental animal

followed by measurement of iron excretion pattern in the urine by atomic absorption

spectrophotometry. Niosomes were prepared with span 60: cholesterol:dicetyl phosphate

by the lipid hydration method with an aqueous solution of desferal. The niosome suspension was probe-sonicated and the unilamellar vesicles were separated by gel

filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-50. The stability of the niosomes was

determined by the degree of leakage of desferal from the vesicles at room temperature and at 4 °C. The niosomal preparation was administered subcutaneously to iron-

overloaded rat kept in metabolic cages and urine was analyzed for iron content. Sections of liver, heart, kidney of control and test animals were stained with Perl stain followed by

microscopic examination to grade the extent of iron accumulation. The mean size of

multilamellar vesicles (MLV) before sonication was 363 25 nm and that of small

unilamellar vesicles (SUV) was 104 3.5 nm. Percent encapsulation in SUV and MLV

was 7.31 0.24% and 17.27 0.62% respectively. The degree of leakage of the drug

from SUV stored at room temperature for 3, 7 and 28 days was 7.2 0.6, 21.9 2.4 and

54.0 1.5% respectively and at 4 °C for corresponding periods was 4.4 0.14,

17.3 2.3 and 30.4 1.8% respectively. The degree of leakage from MLV stored at

room temperature for 3, 7 and 28 days was 8.7 1.3, 15.3 2.3 and 33.8 1.4%

respectively and at 4 °C was 2.9 0.6, 9.2 0.8 and 21.0 0.2% respectively. The iron burden in the liver was significantly reduced by treatment with SUV and MLV. The SUV

group had a mean iron content of 17.5 2.3 μg/g liver tissue and the MLV group

86.5 4.0 μg/g. Microscopic examination of sections of liver, heart and kidney before and after treatment with niosomes also showed significant difference in iron deposits.

Urinary excretion studies revealed that the SUV group excreted iron 75 times more than the control, 4.6 times more than DFO, 8 times more than MLV and 7 times more than a

mixture of free and encapsulated DFO during treatment. Encapsulation of

Desferrioxamine in nanosized niosomes enhanced iron excretion in the urine compared to the free drug. Small unilamellar vesicles were more effective than multilamelllar

vesicles in iron removal.

Keywords: Niosomes, desferal, iron chelator, nanocapsules, iron overload,

surfactant vesicles, desferrioxamine

*Author for Correspondence E-mail: [email protected]

Page 12: Research reviews a journal of pharmaceutical science (vol5, issue1)

RRJoPS (2014) © STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Research & Reviews: Journal of Pharmaceutical Science ISSN: 2229-7006

Volume 5, Issue 1

www.stmjournals.com

Nanoinformatics: An Overview

Bhupinder Singh Sekhon* PCTE Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Near Baddowal Cantt., Ludhiana, India

Abstract Nanoinformatics uses informatics techniques to (i) collect, (ii) process, (iii) store,

and (iv) retrieve information on nanoparticles/nanomaterials/nanodevices and their

potential applications in health care. Nanoinformatics assists to develop new

computing applications to accelerate research and development in nanomedicine. In

this context, it is playing an important role in acquiring relevant data and

information, conceptually organizing information for conversion to knowledge, and

developing computing applications that are based on important parameters at the

nanoscale and are applicable in a broad health perspective. Nanoinformatics aim to

stimulate contributions from experts in either nanotechnology or informatics

regarding possibilities not foreseen so far. Nanoinformatics can contribute

substantially in nano-based manufacturing, and nanotoxicology aspects of

nanomaterials-based research.

Keywords: Nanoinformatics, nanomedicine, nanomaterials, nanodevices,

informatics, computational tools

Page 13: Research reviews a journal of pharmaceutical science (vol5, issue1)

RRJoPS (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Research & Reviews: Journal of Pharmaceutical Science ISSN 2229-7006

Volume 5, Issue 1

www.stmjournals.com

Patterns of Antihypertensive Drug Utilization in a

West Indies University Teaching Hospital

Gopalakrishna Pillai1*, Emily Esposito

1, Seetharaman Hariharan

2, Claudette Gomez

2

1Sullivan University College of Pharmacy, Louisville, KY, USA

2Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad

Abstract Objective of this study was to determine the prescribing patterns of antihypertensive

medications in specialty outpatient clinics in a tertiary care hospital of a Caribbean developing country. A retrospective prescription-based survey was conducted in the renal

and cardiac outpatient clinics during the period September to December 2006. Data

recorded included demographic data, antihypertensive and other drugs prescribed,

duration of prescription, adverse drug reactions and side effects. A total of 285 patients

were included in the study. Diuretics (30%) were the most commonly prescribed antihypertensive agents followed by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs)

(26%), beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents (16.6%) and calcium channel blocking agents

(CCBs) (14.8%). Overall, 74 patients (26%) had a good control of their blood pressure. 154 patients (54%) had diabetes mellitus along with hypertension, of which, 36 patients

(12.6%) had an adequate control. Forty patients (14%) were on monotherapy and 245 patients (86%) were on two or more drugs. Thirteen patients were on two-drug, 21 on

three-drug, 15 on four-drug, seven on five-drug, four on six-drug antihypertensive

combinations. The most common two-drug combination was an ACEI and a diuretic, followed by an ACEI and beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent. Majority of the hypertensive

patients in Trinidad were on combination therapy which shows that the prescription

patterns in Trinidad are adhering to the Joint National Committee (JNC VII) report of the United States.

Keywords: prescribing pattern of antihypertensive agents, combination therapy of

hypertension, drug utilization, guideline adherence