research rescue lab: a holistic view of the research paper dr. kelley wood school of business and...
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Business and Graduate Studies
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RESEARCH RESCUE LAB: A HOLISTIC VIEW OF THE RESEARCH PAPER
Dr. Kelley WoodSchool of Business and Graduate StudiesTrinity Washington University
Dr. Kelley D. Wood
Business and Graduate Studies
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A Holistic View of the Research Paper
Topic of Inquiry
Literature Survey
Research Questions, Problems, Purpose,
Significance
Abstract Introduction
Literature Review
Research Methods
Results / Findings Discussion
It is a process from start to finishThe topic of your inquiry leads to the discussion
Dr. Kelley D. Wood
Business and Graduate Studies
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A Holistic View of the Research Paper
• Topic of Inquiry– Investigate an interest in a topic related to
your career field– This is the overarching question that motivates
your research• Does transformational leadership in the federal
government agencies provide opportunities for advancement?
• Does social media use promote and facilitate better workplace relationships?
• Do the economic conditions in failed states yield more radicals interested in terrorism?
Dr. Kelley D. Wood
Business and Graduate Studies
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A Holistic View of the Research Paper
• Topic of Inquiry– Discuss this topic of inquiry with your
advisor, program chair, and instructors!– Watch and listen for clues that might
help you focus your topic– Search intensively in the Trinity library
databases, your textbooks, and other reliable resources
Dr. Kelley D. Wood
Business and Graduate Studies
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A Holistic View of the Research Paper
• Literature Survey– Ground yourself in the scholarly fields related
to this inquiry– The more you read and the more diverse your
readings, the better informed you will be – This stage is very important!
• You are mastering your topic of inquiry– Begin developing an annotated bibliography of
the material you are collecting• Organize it into logical groupings – categories and
subcategories• Start to organize the categories and subcategories
into a narrativeDr. Kelley D. Wood
Business and Graduate Studies
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A Holistic View of the Research Paper
• Research Question(s)• Now that you are mastering the topic
of your inquiry, you know what to investigate more specifically– You are narrowing your topic of inquiry
• Moving from broad issues that cannot be resolved within the constraints of your semester
• To narrow, focused issues that you can resolve within the constraint of your semesterDr. Kelley D. Wood
Business and Graduate Studies
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A Holistic View of the Research Paper
• Research Question(s)• Now that you are mastering the topic of
your inquiry, you know what to investigate more specifically– You might winnow out resources that are not
necessary to this narrower topic• Not to worry, you were informed by them and they
will continue to effect your perspective of the topic of inquiry
• Set them aside where you can find them just in case!
Dr. Kelley D. Wood
Business and Graduate Studies
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A Holistic View of the Research Paper
• Research Question(s)• This can be difficult, especially if you have
not spent enough time mastering your topic of inquiry– There is a direct relationship between the time
spent in gaining mastery and the relative ease of completing this project
– The more you know, the easier this will be!
Dr. Kelley D. Wood
Business and Graduate Studies
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A Holistic View of the Research Paper
• Research Question(s)• I recommend following along with the
exercises in:– Booth, Colomb, & Williams (2009). The Craft of
Research. Chicago, Illinois: Chicago University Press• Several are on reserve and in the stacks of the library
on campus!
Dr. Kelley D. Wood
Business and Graduate Studies
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A Holistic View of the Research Paper
• Abstract• In APA style we have 150 words in which to
accomplish this task– You must be economical, concise, and coherent– Continue to polish this as you revise drafts of your
paper• Use a version of the ancient philosophical art
of Syllogism– Major point (general context)– Minor Point (specific context)– Conclusion (statement of the problem)
Dr. Kelley D. Wood
Business and Graduate Studies
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A Holistic View of the Research Paper
• Abstract– 1 sentence regarding the general context of
your research topic of inquiry– 1 sentence of specific context– 1 sentence stating the research problem– 1 sentence stating the method of inquiry – 1 sentence stating the method of analysis– 1 sentence describing the results or findings– 1 sentence describing the conclusions,
recommendations, implications• All in 150 to 250 words!Dr. Kelley D. Wood
Business and Graduate Studies
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A Holistic View of the Research Paper
• Abstract – Playing it forward– Where will you use this?– 1 sentence regarding the general context of your
research topic of inquiry– 1 sentence of specific context
• The Introduction chapter’s preamble (background) section
• The Literature Review chapter’s development of the topic’s context, which starts the chapter
– 1 sentence stating the research problem• The Introduction chapter’s Statement of the Problem• The Literature Review section of the context of the
problemDr. Kelley D. Wood
Business and Graduate Studies
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A Holistic View of the Research Paper
• Abstract – Playing it forward– 1 sentence stating the method of inquiry – 1 sentence describing the results or
findings• The Introduction chapter’s Research
Methods section • The Literature Review chapter’s guide to
Other Research and Methods section and • As a guide to the Research Methods
chapter
Dr. Kelley D. Wood
Business and Graduate Studies
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A Holistic View of the Research Paper
• Abstract – Playing it forward– 1 sentence stating the method of analysis– 1 sentence describing the results or findings
• The Results or Findings chapter– 1 sentence describing the conclusions
• The Discussion Chapter– These two sentences in the abstract can be held
until you have completed the related chapters– Additionally, the Abstract can become a guide
to the Summary of the Discussion chapter• What a bonus!
Dr. Kelley D. Wood
Business and Graduate Studies
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A Holistic View of the Research Paper
• Introduction• This is the roadmap to, or the
blueprint of, the first three chapters - the proposal
• The purpose of this chapter is to inform your readers by outlining the proposal
Dr. Kelley D. Wood
Business and Graduate Studies
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A Holistic View of the Research Paper
• Introduction• Begin each chapter with a preamble or preface
– This is especially important in the introduction, which provides the background and the build up to the statement of the problem
• You will recognize this as the background section of other publishing styles
– In all other chapters the preamble informs the reader of what lies ahead in the chapter
• End each chapter with a summary– Remind the readers of the highlights of this chapter
before they move on to the next.
Dr. Kelley D. Wood
Business and Graduate Studies
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A Holistic View of the Research Paper
• Introduction• Chapter sections
• Preamble – informed by the abstract– Statement of the Problem – informed by the abstract– Purpose of the Study – informed by the abstract– Significance of the Study – informed by the abstract– Theoretical Perspective– Research Question(s)
• Hypotheses (if quantitative or mixed-methods)– Research Method– Ethical Considerations– Definition of Key Terms– Delimitations– Limitations– Summary
Dr. Kelley D. Wood
Business and Graduate Studies
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A Holistic View of the Research Paper
• Literature Review– This chapter builds your argument, through logic,
that is the basis of the study• The result of this is the Theoretical Framework or
Theoretical Construct• You will use several forms of essay to accomplish this
– Compare and contrast, informational, descriptive, argumentative, etcetera
– Theoretical Framework or Theoretical Construct• This outlines the theory of your inquiry• Thus, it informs the data collection instrument • Mention each dependent and independent variable
(quantitative)• Or factor (qualitative)
Dr. Kelley D. Wood
Business and Graduate Studies
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A Holistic View of the Research Paper
• Literature Review• Review of Other Research Methods
– Used in investigating similar topics• Theoretical Framework or Theoretical
Construct– This is a model of the theory of your inquiry– Describe and define the elements as they will be
used in your study– It finishes with a figure of the model as a visual
representation
Dr. Kelley D. Wood
Business and Graduate Studies
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A Holistic View of the Research Paper
• Literature Review– Sections of the chapter
• Review of Other Research Methods – Used in investigating similar topics
• Theoretical Framework or Theoretical Construct
– This is a model of the theory of your inquiry– Describe and define the elements as they will be
used in your study– It finishes with a figure of the model as a visual
representation
Dr. Kelley D. Wood
Business and Graduate Studies
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A Holistic View of the Research Paper
• Literature Review– Sections of the chapter
• Theoretical Framework or Theoretical Construct
– Use the model of the theory of your inquiry to determine the content of the data collection instrument
– See the example in the next few slides
Dr. Kelley D. Wood
Business and Graduate Studies
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A Holistic View of the Research Paper
Theory
Variable or Factor
Concept
Concept
Concept
Variable or Factor
Concept
Concept
Concept
Becomes the…
Dr. Kelley D. Wood
Business and Graduate Studies
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A Holistic View of the Research Paper
Data Collection Instrument
FactorQuesti
onQuesti
onQuesti
on
FactorQuesti
onQuesti
onQuesti
on
Becomes the…
Dr. Kelley D. Wood
Business and Graduate Studies
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A Holistic View of the Research Paper
Theory
Variable or Factor
Concept
Concept
Concept
Variable or Factor
Concept
Concept
Concept
Data Collection Instrument
FactorQuesti
onQuesti
onQuesti
on
FactorQuesti
onQuesti
onQuesti
on
Dr. Kelley D. Wood
Business and Graduate Studies
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A Holistic View of the Research Paper
• Research Methods– Determine and discuss the strategy for
collecting data– Think of this as the outline of your experiment,
which tests your model (research design) and its ability to reliably predict results
– Discuss how you will collect reliable and valid data in a way that can be replicated
– Develop the Data Collection Instrument• Is derived from the quantitative Theoretical
Framework , or the qualitative Theoretical Construct or Conceptual Map
Dr. Kelley D. Wood
Business and Graduate Studies
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A Holistic View of the Research Paper
• Research Methods• Preamble – informed by the abstract and introduction
– Setting– Population/ Data Source – Research Design (Strategy) – informed by the
abstract and introduction• If quantitative – also include measurements for common
tests in this section– Data Collection Instrument Protocol
• Observation, Interview, Questionnaire, Survey– Data Analysis Strategy– Summary
Dr. Kelley D. Wood
Business and Graduate Studies
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A Holistic View of the Research Paper
• The Proposal– Written in future tense as you propose to accomplish
this research• Sections of the Proposal
– Title Page– Abstract– Table of Contents– Introduction– Literature Review– Research Methods– Appendices
• Now you can write your IRB Application!Dr. Kelley D. Wood
Business and Graduate Studies
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A Holistic View of the Research Paper
• After you collect data– Begin on the final two chapters!– Review the data collected as you go– Practice your data analysis strategy
Dr. Kelley D. Wood
Business and Graduate Studies
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A Holistic View of the Research Paper
• Results (Quantitative and Mixed-methods)– Data should reflect the Theoretical Framework
• Or• Findings (Qualitative)
– Data should reflect the Theoretical Construct• The purpose of this chapter is simply to report on
the data you have collected– Analysis is reporting, describing, and defining your data
• You will use the scholarly skills of analysis– Define, describe, compare, contrast, differentiate,
illustrate, outline, relate, separate, and deconstruct
Dr. Kelley D. Wood
Business and Graduate Studies
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A Holistic View of the Research Paper
• Results or Findings• Sections of the Chapter
• Preamble– Data Analysis Strategy -
informed by the research methods– Discussion of the Sample
(Discussion of Participants if qualitative)• Your actual participants
Dr. Kelley D. Wood
Business and Graduate Studies
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A Holistic View of the Research Paper
• Results or Findings• Sections of the Chapter
– Data Coding and Analysis• Qualitative
– Discussion of the three stage coding process and examples of your findings
– Report and present what is in your data through descriptive and inferential analysis
• Theoretical Framework or Theoretical Construct
– Relate some of your results or findings to each variable or factor
– Reliable, Replicable, Valid• SummaryDr. Kelley D. Wood
Business and Graduate Studies
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A Holistic View of the Research Paper
• Discussion– Should address the research questions– This is the main event– You will use the scholarly skills of Synthesis
and Evaluation• Synthesis - categorizes, combines, compiles,
composes, creates, devises, designs, explains, organizes, plans, rearranges, reconstructs, relates, reorganizes
• Evaluation - appraises, compares, concludes, contrasts, criticizes, critiques, defends, describes, discriminates, evaluates, explains, interprets, justifies, relates, summarizes, supports
Dr. Kelley D. Wood
Business and Graduate Studies
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A Holistic View of the Research Paper
• Discussion– Sections of the Chapter
– Preamble• Research Questions - from the
introduction and the results or findings– Hypotheses (If quantitative show how the
alternate or the null were proven)– Discussion of the results or findings in addressing
the research questions– Present examples of data related to your
questions
Dr. Kelley D. Wood
Business and Graduate Studies
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A Holistic View of the Research Paper
• Discussion– Sections of the Chapter
• Conclusions– What can be inferred from the data analysis
completed in the previous chapter?– Evidence based – data analysis is your evidence
• Recommendations - informed by the delimitations and limitations
• Implications - informed by the delimitations and limitations
Dr. Kelley D. Wood
Business and Graduate Studies
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A Holistic View of the Research Paper
• Discussion– Sections of the Chapter
• Significant Learning (*Optional)• Summary
– In this summary you will summarize the whole research project
– Use your abstract as a guide and super size it into an informative narrative
Dr. Kelley D. Wood