research methods. studying behavior scientifically o behavior must be measurable o methods and data...
TRANSCRIPT
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Research Methods
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Studying Behavior Scientifically
O Behavior must be measurableO Methods and data must be objectiveO Procedures must be repeatableO Scientists must be able to
communicate the results of experiment to others
O Experimenters must use an organized and systematic approach in gathering data
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ETHICAL GUIDELINESO Research involving human subjects
must meet the following standards:
O 1. INFORMED CONSENT = participants must know that they are involved in research and give their consent.
O 2. DECEPTION = Deception may be allowed as long as it doesn’t invalidate the informed consent. Researchers must be careful about the trauma deception may cause.
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ETHICAL GUIDELINESO 3. COERCION = Participants cannot
be coerced in any way to give consent to be in the study.
O 4. ANONYMITY = the identities and actions of participants must not be revealed in any way by the researcher.
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ETHICAL GUIDELINESO 5. RISK = participants cannot be
placed at significant mental or physical risk.
O 6. DEBRIEFING = participants must be told the purpose of the study and provided with ways to contact the researcher about study results.
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Purpose of ResearchO To find ways to measure and
describe behavior.O To understand why, when, and how
events occur.O To apply this knowledge to solving
real-world problems.
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To seek Cause & Effect researchers use experimental method.
Experimental method: a standardized way of making observations, gathering data, forming theories, testing predictions, and interpreting results.
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EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
HYPOTHESIS FORMULATION:O Hypothesis = A testable prediction
that expresses a relationship between two variables.
O Falsifiable = written in a way that someone could possibly prove it to be untrue.
O Confirmation bias = A tendency to search for information that comfirms our preconceptions.
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O EX. “Children who watch scary movies are more likely to have nightmares than are children who don’t watch scary movies.”
=
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EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
TERMINOLOGYO 1. Variables = the events,
characteristics, behaviors, or conditions that researchers
measure and study.O 2. Hypothesis = A testable
prediction that expresses a relationship between two
variables.
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O 3. Subject or participant: an individual person or animal a researcher studies.
O 4. Sample: a collection of subjects researchers study.
O 5. Population: the collection of people or animals from which researchers draw a sample. Researchers study the sample and generalize their results to the population.
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TYPES OF VARIABLES
Independent Variable = the experimental factor that is
manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studies.
Dependent Variable = the experimental factor that is being measured; the variable that may
change in response to manipulations of the independent variable
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OperationalizationO Operationalization: to put an experiment into a
form that allows researchers to test the hypothesis
Independent variable Dependent variable
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DECIDING WHO OR WHAT TO STUDY
O The goal in selecting a sample is that it be representative of a larger population.
O Random sample = a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.
O Random assignment = assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups.
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RANDOM ASSIGNMENTS
O Experimental Group = Group of subjects that receives the treatment or is exposed to the independent variable.
O Control Group = the group that does not receive the treatment or receives a treatment presumed to be effective. (Placebo & placebo effect)
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Video O The Strange powers of the placebo
effect
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CONTROLLING FOR BIASExperimenter Bias = the unconscious tendency
for researchers to treat members of the experimental and control group differently to increase the chance of confirming their hypothesis.
O Double blind procedure: occurs when neither the subjects nor the researcher are aware of group placement.
O Subject Bias = the tendency for subjects to behave in certain ways.
O Single blind procedure: controls subject awareness of group assignment
O Confounding Variables = any variable besides the independent variable that could influence the results of the experiment.
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OperationalizationO Confounding variablesO ReliabilityO Validity
What else might cause nightmares?
What makes a movie scary?
SCARY
= ?
How can we tell if a child has had a
nightmare?
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TERMINOLOGY
O Validity = the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to.
• Reliable = the extent to which a test yields consistent results. When it can be replicated it gets similar results.
O Confounding Variables = any variable besides the independent variable that could influence the results of the experiment.
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Methods & Techniques
ONaturalistic ObservationOCase StudiesOSurveysOLongitudinal StudiesOCross-Sectional Studies
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1. Naturalistic Observation
O Examine behavior “in the field” – natural habitatO No interference
O Considerations:+ behavior is authentic+ describes what happens- doesn’t explain why- lack of control- can be very difficult
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2. Case StudyO An in-depth
investigationO One person or
isolated group
O Considerations:+ the more
known, the more helpful
+ useful for unique, rare situations
- intentional distortion, gaps, inaccuracies
- research bias- may not apply to
others
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To describe behavior psychologist use case studies, surveys, and naturalistic
observation
O Case studies = Study one or more individuals in great depth. The research collects data through interviews, direct observation, psychological testing, or examination of documents or records.
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Correlational method expresses a relationship between two variables
without stating a cause
OPositive Correlation = the presence of one variable predicts the presence of another variable.
ONegative Correlation = the presence of one variable predicts the absence of another variable.
OCorrelations may be either weak of strong and are expressed by a number between -1 and +1. 0 means no relationship.
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Correlation between TV watching and GPA
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Correlation and Causation
O Alcohol use is associated with violence. (one interpretation: Drinking triggers or unleashes aggressive behavior)
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Correlation and Causation
O Adolescents who frequently see smoking in movies are more likely to smoke. (one interpretation: movie stars’ behavior influences impressionable teens)
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O A college professor notices that the farther students sit toward the back of the room, the worse their grades in the course seem to be.
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O A survey reveals that college students who eat breakfast regularly have a higher GPA than those that don't eat breakfast regularly.
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3. SurveyO Sampling of a population
for opinions, facts, characteristics, etc.O written or oral questions
O Target Population = whole group of study
O Sample = those participating in the studyO Random – equal chanceO Stratified – proportionalO When subjects fill out
surveys about themselves, the data is called self-report data.O Why can this be misleading
information?
O Considerations:+ done in relaxed,
cooperative atmosphere+ done by trained personnel+ can gather a lot of data
quickly- may not be accurate- measurement of answers
may be vague- tend to generalize- wording can bias responses- volunteer bias
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4. Longitudinal StudyO Select a group –
study over extended time to assess how certain characteristics change or remain the same during development.
O Considerations:+ accurate and
reliable+ allows us to
study developmental issues
- very time consuming
- subject drop-outs
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5. Cross-Sectional Study
O Not over time – but many different age groups at same time
O Considerations:+ saves time and money+ results available sooner- less reliable – diff. people,
diff. experiences
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