Effectiveness of Lantana (Lantana camara)Leaf Extract as Biofuel

RESEARCHERS:

JR Mae Christine D. Ecoben

Inee Fritz P. Gesta

Quillrose Roamee L. Nalaza

INTRODUCTION

Biofuel is very important in today’s world as it is a pollution free source of energy at a

very low cost. However, one of its major limitations is the availability of the source. To

overcome this problem, emphasis has been laid in other plants.

Because of this, the researcher decided to test the effectiveness of Lantana camara as an

alternative source of biofuel.

Statement of the Problem

This study entitled “Jackfruit (Artocarpus Heterophylllus) Peelings Extract as Biofuel” aims to know the feasibility of this fruit as a pollutant-free fuel.

Specifically , it sought to answer the following questions:

How is this biofuel different from the other commercially known fuel?

Is this biofuel going to be an effective one and can be an alternative source of biofuel?

Hyphotesis

Null hypothesis (Ho):

There is no significant difference between the efficiency of the biofuel that is made from

the peelings extract of Jackfruit to other commercially known fuels.

Alternative hypothesis (Ha):

There is a significant difference between the efficiency of the biofuel that is made from

the peelings extract of Jackfruit to other commercially known fuels.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

No one knows the jackfruit's place of origin but it is believed indigenous to the rainforests of the

Western Ghats. It is cultivated at low elevations throughout India, Burma, Ceylon, southern

China, Malaya, and the East Indies. It is common in the Philippines, both cultivated and

naturalized. It is grown to a limited extent in Queensland and Mauritius. In Africa, it is often

planted in Kenya, Uganda and former Zanzibar. Though planted in Hawaii prior to 1888, it is

still rare there and in other Pactfic islands, as it is in most of tropical America and the West

Indies. It was introduced into northern Brazil in the mid-19th Century and is more popular there

and in Surinam than elsewhere in the New World.

Fruit: In some areas, the jackfruit is fed to cattle. The tree is even planted in pastures so that the

animals can avail themselves of the fallen fruits. Surplus jackfruit rind is considered a good stock

food.

Leaves: Young leaves are readily eaten by cattle and other livestock and are said to be fattening.

In India, the leaves are used as food wrappers in cooking, and they are also fastened together for

use as plates.

Latex: The latex serves as birdlime, alone or mixed with Ficus sap and oil from Schleichera

trijuga Willd. The heated latex is employed as a household cement for mending chinaware and

earthenware, and to caulk boats and holes in buckets. The chemical constituents of the latex have

been reported by Tanchico and Magpanlay. It is not a substitue for rubber but contains 82.6 to

86.4% resins which may have value in varnishes. Its bacteriolytic activity is equal to that of

papaya latex.

Wood: Jackwood is an important timber in Ceylon and, to a lesser extent, in India; some is

exported to Europe. It changes with age from orange or yellow to brown or dark-red; is termite

proof, fairly resistant to fungal and bacterial decay, seasons without difficulty, resembles

mahogany and is superior to teak for furniture, construction, turnery, masts, oars, implements,

brush backs and musical instruments. Palaces were built of jackwood in Bali and Macassar, and

the limited supply was once reserved for temples in Indochina. Its strength is 75 to 80% that of

teak. Though sharp tools are needed to achieve a smooth surface, it polishes beautifully. Roots of

old trees are greatly prized for carving and picture framing. Dried branches are employed to

produce fire by friction in religious ceremonies in Malabar.

From the sawdust of jackwood or chips of the heartwood, boiled with alum, there is derived a

rich yellow dye commonly used for dyeing silk and the cotton robes of Buddhist priests. In

Indonesia, splinters of the wood are put into the bamboo tubes collecting coconut toddy in order

to impart a yellow tone to the sugar. Besides the yellow colorant, morin, the wood contains the

colorless cyanomaclurin and a new yellow coloring matter, artocarpin, was reported by workers

in Bombay in 1955. Six other flavonoids have been isolated at the National Chemical

Laboratory, Poona.

Bark: There is only 3.3% tannin in the bark which is occasionally made into cordage or cloth.

Medicinal Uses: The Chinese consider jackfruit pulp and seeds tonic, cooling and nutritious, and

to be "useful in overcoming the influence of alcohol on the system." The seed starch is given to

relieve biliousness and the roasted seeds are regarded as aphrodisiac. The ash of jackfruit leaves,

burned with corn and coconut shells, is used alone or mixed with coconut oil to heal ulcers. The

dried latex yields artostenone, convertible to artosterone, a compound with marked androgenic

action. Mixed with vinegar, the latex promotes healing of abscesses, snakebite and glandular

swellings. The root is a remedy for skin diseases and asthma. An extract of the root is taken in

cases of fever and diarrhea. The bark is made into poultices. Heated leaves are placed on

wounds. The wood has a sedative property; its pith is said to produce abortion.

The evidence of Climate change is glaring as the day goes by, one of the major

contributor is pollution caused by vehicles which emits air pollutants because of the

type of fuel used, that can cause the ozone layer to slowly deplete. Scientist had been given

enough reasons to discover a pollution free fuel and it is what we call biofuel.

A biofuel is a fuel that contains energy from geologically recent carbon fixation, such as

plants. These fuels are produced from living organisms. Biofuel can be used as fuel for cooking

and for cars. It is more suitable to use since it is a pollution-free gas and by using this we can

help save our mother earth. However, one of its major limitations is the availability of the source

and the need to find some plants that produces itself quickly and at the same time can be an

alternative source in order to continue the use of the biogas to the near future.

Signifance of the Study

The study aims to minimize the use of commercially known biofuels which causes

air pollution and also health problems.

This study can give information to find more alternative source in making biofuel for

future generation so that we can also avoid air pollution since the product is environmental-

friendly. The information that can be derive in this study can also give additional information in

our quest to find cheaper and local alternative sources as replacement for expensive ones.

This study can also contribute new knowledge to other researchers because the findings

of this study can inspire them to conduct researches on other plants that can be an alternative

source for biofuel.

Scope and Limitations

The study will focus primarily in determining the effectiveness of Jackfruit peelings as an

alternative source for making a biofuel. It will also focus on the difference in terms of efficiency

between commercialized fuel and the biofuel. This study will cover and aim to test whether the

biofuel from jackfruit can be a complete substitute to the commercialized ones . The biofuel will

undergo flammability test. It also aspires to search for other alternative source of biofuel.

METHODOLOGY

A. DATA GATHERING

1. Sample collection

Lantana camara leaves will be collected with the help of some people who have with the

collection of the plant.

2. Extracting leaf extract from Lantana camara.

The leaf of Lantana camara will be collected and will be air dried for 3 days. The dried

leaves were pounded by the use of a mortar and a pestle. The pounded leaves were extracted

using a clean cloth.

B. MAKING OF BIOFUEL

MATERIALS:

100 ml methanol basterglass blender or mixer 2 lamp3.5 grams of lye ½ liter of leaf extract of Lantana camarawide-mouthed glass container or pitcher

100 ml methanol is will be added to a glass blender or mixer (the blender or mixer to is set to

"low”). 3.5 grams of lye will be added to the blender. This process will take about two

minutes. Proceed when mixture is clear, with no undissolved particles. 1 liter of the Lantana

camara leaf extract will be heated to 130° F (55° C). The hot leaf extract is added to the mixture.

The new mixture will be allowed to blend for about 20-30 minutes. As the reaction proceeds, two

products will be formed - biodiesel and glycerin. The mixture will be poured into a wide-

mouthed glass container or pitcher (allow mixture to sit).

The mixture will separate into two layers - biodiesel and glycerin. Because biodiesel is less

dense than glycerin, it floats, forming the top layer. The mixture will bw allowed to sit for

several hours. When the mixture separate completely, carefully keep the top layer to use as

biofuel. The top layer will be separated from the bottom by pouring it off very carefully or using

a baster or pump.

C. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the Study

D. TESTING OF THE BIOFUEL

The flammability of the biodiesel is tested by using lamp.

Experimental Set-up

Table for testing the flammability of the biofuel

Time (hours) color heat densityBiofuel (lantana camara extract)Commercialized

biofuel

Lantana camara leaves

Collecting of leaves from the Lantana camara plant.

Air-drying the leaves. Pounding and extracting the leaves. Making biofuel with the use of the

extracts.

Biofuel was made out from Lantana camara leaves

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

In this research proposal the researcher will choose the One-Way ANOVA. This test can be

used for the case of a quantitative outcome with a categorical explanatory variable that has two

or more levels of treatment. The term one way, also called one-factor, indicates that there is a single explanatory variable (“treatment”) with two or more levels, and only one level of

treatment is applied at any time for a given subject. In this case, the researcher will use this One-

Way ANOVA so that she can help prove the study, “The Effectiveness of Lantana (Lantana

camara)Leaf extract as Biofuel”. In using this case it can help for the justification if there is a

significant effect variation from each other. By using this test, we can barely identify if the

researcher’s study is effective or not.

CURICCULUM VITAE

Inee Fritz P. Gesta

EDUCATION:

ElementarySurigao City Central Elementary SchoolDiez St. ,Surigao City

High SchoolCaraga Regional Science High SchoolP-10 Brgy. San Juan, Surigao City

PARENTS:

FatherInocencio A. Gesta

MotherFritzie P. Gesta

CURRENT ADRRESS:Bagong Silang 1, Surigao City, Surigao del Norte

REFERENCES:

Websites:

http://biogas-technology.blogspot.com.es/2013/06/about-biogas.html?m=1

www.kaieteurnewsonline.com/2014/06/29/biogas-an-alternative -energy-source-for-farmers-gea/

www.environmental-protection.org.uk/committees/air-quality/air-pollution-and-transport/car-pollution

http://www.dft.gov.uk/vca/fcb/cars-and-air-pollution.asp

http://www.stuartxchange.com/kantutay.html

http//:www.ntbg.org/plants/plant.details.php.plantid=6862

www.wikipedia.com.ph

BOOKS: Amazing Healing plants (volume 1)

Author: Dr. JC KurianCOPYRIGHT 2010

World Journal of Microbiology and BiotechnologyAuthors: R.Saini / S.S Kanwar / O.P Sharma/ M.K. GuptaCOPYRIGHT 2003

Merriam-Webster dictionary

Appendices