research designs for nr bsn 3a

8/2/2019 Research Designs for NR BSN 3A

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RESEARCH DESIGNS



CLASSIFICATION OFRESEARCH

Exploratory research

Descriptive research

Explanatory research



Exploratory research

Conducted when little is known about asubject

ex

Needs of family members



Descriptive Research

studies that simply describe the occurrence ofoutcome and some of its important features;

these do not involve the testing of specific

hypothesis about the relationship of a factorand an outcome



Explanatory

Search for causal relationship

Usually experimental



RESEARCH DESIGNS



Non-Experimental

Experimental

TYPES of RESEARCHDESIGNS



Non- Experimental Designs

Observe sample subject,

Research has Massive participation

Describe & record

Natural setting – where pop exists



Non- Experimental Designs

Case studies

Surveys

DevelopmentalStudies

Assessment or

Evaluation Studies Comparative Studies

Correlation Studies

Tracer Studies

Trends andProjection Studies

Ex-Post Facto

DocumentaryAnalysis



Case Studies

Is a type of detailed and in-depth researchinvolving few respondents, ranging from one toa small size of less than 10, over a

considerable period of time Ex. A case study of autistic patients



Survey Research

A survey research is used to gather relativelylimited data from relatively large number ofcases

Purpose: to gather information about theprevailing conditions or about the variablesunder study

Ex. Stresses and Coping Strategies of SpinalCord Injury Patients in the Spinal Ward



Types of Survey

Total populationsurvey

Sample survey Social survey

School survey

Public opinion survey Poll survey

Market survey

Comparative survey

Longitudinal survey

Cross-sectionalsurvey

Job analysis survey

Community survey Correlation survey



Developmental Studies

Is used when one desires reliable informationabout a group of people over a long period oftime

Longitudinal Method Case Cohort

Case Control

Cross Sectional Method



Case Control

an observational study in which diseased andnon-diseased subjects are identified after the factand then compared regarding specificcharacteristics (study factors) to determine

possible association for the disease in question this is a very efficient study design for studying

rare diseases

Ex

a study comparing the nutrition knowledge of motherswhose child is undernourished and mothers whosechild is normal weight



Case Cohort

an observational study in which a group of individualsfree of the disease is followed up for a period of time forthe occurrence of disease

the experience of the cohort group, i.e., disease rates,

are compared to an external group (e.g. totalpopulation); or within the cohort, exposed and non-exposed populations are identified and their diseaserates are compared

these studies allow calculation of incidence rates

Ex

a study comparing rates of HIV infection amonghomosexual men in San Francisco who usedcondoms consistently and those who did not



Longitudinal Method

Studying the sample of participants over anextended period of time

A study on autistic children from 1 to 5 years



Cross-Sectional Studies

an observational study wherein subjects are selected orsampled; the status of each individual as to exposureand disease are determined at a single point in time

cross-sectional studies determine who among the

population possess a certain characteristic (exposure,disease, other characteristics) at the time of observation.

this design allows calculation of the prevalence of certaincharacteristics

Ex

-Behavioral Risk Factor Survey – study of theprevalence of several risk factors and relatingthese to socio-demographic characteristics



Assessment or EvaluationStudies

Refers to the study on the efficiency oreffectiveness of policies, instruments, or thevariables that may be considered

Factors Influencing the Compliance/Non-complianceof Mothers to the Maternal and Child HealthcareProgram of the DOH



Comparative Studies

Comparing the result in the differences incertain characteristics according to variableconsidered

The effectiveness of pineapple juice as an aid inlowering blood pressure



Correlational Research

Explores the relationship between two or morevariables. (independent and dependent)

One variable is X. The other variable is Y

Child Malnutrition and Poverty Indices in the City of Malolos: Perspective in Developing Intervention Programmes



Tracer Studies

When one wants to follow up the developmentof certain conditions or particular sets ofpeople

Employability and productivity of PLM PTgraduates from SY 2002-2007



Trends and Projection Studies

Used for projects that are forward looking

Feasibility study

World PT Demands Within Five Years

Feasibility Study for the Offering of BSPT



Ex Post Facto Research

It deals with the variables in retrospect, with expost facto meaning “after the fact”

Dependent variable have given rise to a

consequence The Effects of Having and Not Having Textbooks

on College Algebra

The Effects of Therapeutic Communication in theQuality of Life of Cancer Patient



Documentary Analysis

It involves the gathering of information byanalyzing written records and documents tosolve a problem

Uses secondary data The Relationship of IQ and Academic Performance of

PLM BSPT Students

E i l R h



Experimental ResearchDesigns

Future-oriented (what will be?)

The most prestigious and sophisticatedmethod

Cause and effect

It is never hypothesis free

Control group vs. experimental group



Concepts of Experimentation

An independent variable is manipulated;(manipulation)

All other variables except the treatment variable are

held constant (control)Assigning subjects for the control group andexperimental group (randomization) >>>homogeneity

The effect of the manipulation of the independentvariable on the dependent variable is observed ormeasured.



Design No.1 The One-Shot Case Study

Where X = treatmentO = posttest

Example: when one wants to know the effectiveness of a certainseminar conducted to a certain audience

Pre-Experimental Designs



Design No.2 The One-Group Pretest-Posttest

Design

O1 X O2

Where O1 = pretest

X = treatment

O2 = posttest

Example: The effectiveness of diet and medicinein the treatment of diabetes



Design No.3 The Static-Group Comparison

X O1

O2

Where X = treatment

O1 = experimental posttest

O2 = control posttest



Design No.4 The True Control Group Pretest

Posttest Design

R O1 X O2

R O3 O4

Where R = random assignment

O1 = experimental pretest

O3 = control pretest

O2 = experimental posttest

X = treatment

True Experimental Designs



Design No.5 The Solomon Four-Group Design

R O1 X O2

R O3 O4

R X O5

R O6



Design No.6 The Posttest-Only Control Group

Design

R X O1

R O2

Where R = random assignment

X = treatment

O1

= experimental posttest

O2 = control pretest



Qualitative Research Designs

Phenomenological Studies

Ethnographic Studies

Grounded Theory Studies

Historical Studies

Case Studies

Action Research Studies



Phenomenological Studies

Examine human experiences through thedescriptions provided by the peopleinvolved

“lived experiences”

Goal: to describe the meaning thatexperiences hold for each subject

This is used to study areas in which there is littleknowledge

“Bracketing” is the process in which

researchers put aside their own feelings and

beliefs



Ethnographic Studies

Involve the collection and analysis of dataabout cultural groups

Encountering alien worlds and making sense of them

The systematic process of observing,detailing, describing, documenting, andanalyzing the lifeways or patterns of a culture

Purpose: development of cultural theories



Grounded Theory Studies

Studies in which data are collected andanalyzed and then theory is developed that isgrounded in the data. An excellent method for understanding the

processes through which patients learn tomanage new or chronic health problems

Diversity rather than similarity is sought Constant comparison

Is concerned more of generation rather thantesting

Literature is consulted at the end of the study



Historical Studies

Are concerned with the identification, location,evaluation, and synthesis of data from the past

It seeks not only to discover the events of the

past but to relate these past happenings to thepresent and the future

Sources of data

Documents (libraries, archives, or personalcollections)

Relics and artifacts

Oral reports



Case Studies

Are in-depth examinations of people or groupsof people

Particular disease

A case study may be qualitative or quantitative

The researcher must be interested in themeaning of experiences to the subjects

themselves Time consuming and costly

Response of DM px to insulin tx

Content analysis is used in evaluating the data



Action Research

Seeks action to improve practice andstudy the effects of action that was taken

Immediate solution to the problem

Ex. Participatory Action Research (PAR)

There is no goal of trying to generalize thefindings of the study

Implementation of solutions occurs as part of the research

process