research data collection methods and tools
TRANSCRIPT
Research data collection methods and tools
Presented by Likhila abraham
Data
Data are observable measurable fact that provide information about the phenomenon under study .
Data sources
1.Primary sources 2.Secondary sources a)internal b)external
Selection of methods of data collection
1.The nature of phenomenon under study2.Type of research subject
3)Purpose of research study4)Size of study sample5)Distribution of target population6)Time frame of the study7)Literacy level of subjects
8)Avilability of resourses and man power9)Researchers knowledge level and compitence
Diamensions of data collection methods
Structure
quantifiabilit
y
obtrusiveness objectivity
Methods of data collection
Self reports
Observation
Biophysiological methods
Self report methods
Unstructured and semi structured self report techniques
Unstructured or loosely structured self report method offer flexibility ,when these methods are used the researcher does not have a set of questions that must be asked in a specific order and worked in a given way.
Interview
A method of data collection in which one person ( interviewer)ask the questions to another person (respodent)which conducted either face to face or telephonically
Characteristics of interview
1)Participants and interviewer will be strangers 2)Verbal answers to the verbal questions3)Investigator records the information's from the respondents4)With a specific purpose5)Can be through telephone6)It can be modified with situations
Types of interviews1.Structured interviews2)Unstructured interviews 3)Semi structured interviews4)Focussed group interviews5)Telephonic interviews6)In depth interviews
Structured interview(directive interview)Formalized and has limited set of questionsPresented with same questions in same orderNot permitted to change any thingIncreases credibility and reliabilityMinimize context effect
Merits1.Data from 1 interview to next are comparable2.Recording or coding data does not cause problem3.Attention will not diverted4.Time consuming
DemeritsLoose the spontaneityRespondent views are minimized The scope of exploration limitted
Semi structured interview methodIn depth interview methodFocussed group interview method
Interview process
Advantages
Useful to obtain people perception,feelings,openionsHigh respondent rateOwn words are recordedDetailed questioning
DisadvantagesTime consumingDifferent interviewers may understand differently
Questionnaire
It is a self report paper and pencil instrument that a researcher asked to complete
Formats of questions
Dichotomous Multiple choice Cafeteria Rank orderContingencyRatingImportanceLikertBipolarmatrix
GuidelinesGeneral pointsSequence of questionsConstruction of questions
MethodsPostal phoneElectronicpersonal
Advantages
Easy to analyseTime consumingReduce biasCost effective
DisadvantagesNot suitable for allLow response rateProbbing not possibleChanse of interpretationCan lie
Scales and other forms of self report methods
Socio physiological scalesVignettesProjective techniquesQ sorts
Socio physiological scalesComposite scales
Likert scaleIt is a composite measure of attitudes that involve summation of score on set of itemsto which respondents are asked to indicate their disagreement or agreement
UsesTo measure attitude values and feelings of people about specific concepts ,quantifying the qualitative attributes
CharacteristicsPsychological measurement toolIllustrative in natureNeutral statementBipolar scaling methods
Scoring
statement Strongly agree
Agree Uncertain
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Positive 5 4 3 2 1
Negative 1 2 3 4 5
AdvantagesEasy to constructMore reliable and valuableEasy to administer
DisadvantagesRespondent may feel force to answer Feeling of respondent is not fully assessed Casual approach providing misleading data
Semantic differential scalesIt is a type of rating scale designed to measure the connotative meaning of objects ,events ,concepts (respondent attitude towards events)
UsesPatient satisfaction surveyEmployee surveyMarketing surveyPersonality measurement
DesignBipolar adjective pairs are used This adjectives are selected according to the survey
EvaluationGood-bad Kind –cruelWise –foolishPotencyHard-softHeavy –lightLarge-smallActivityActive-passiveFast –slowBright-dim
AdvantagesEasy to administerProvide reasonable valid reliable data .Convenient method
DisadvantagesDifficult to select the adjective pairsTime consuming
CURE
1 2 3 4 5 6 DEATH
NO PUNISHMENT
1 2 3 4 5 6 PUNISHMENT
To asess the belief about HIV?
VISUAL ANALOGOUS SCALEDEFINITIONVISUAL ANALOGOUS SCALE IS A TOOL USED TO HELP A PERSON TO RATE THE INTENSITY OF SENSATION AND FEELINGS
NO PAIN WORST PAIN
USESTO MEASURE PAIN, ANXIETY, MOODTO MEAURE ALERTNESS AND QUALITY OF SLEEP TO CHOOSE RIGHT DOSE OF MEDICINE FOR RATING SOFT VARIABLES SKILLS,CONFIDENCE QUALITY
ADVANTAGES IT IS RELIABLE AND VALIDQUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF HIGHLY SUBJECTIVE PHENOMENON
DISADVANTAGESCOMPARISON NOT POSSIBILEINCREASE OF FEELINGS CANOT MEAUREDHIGHLY SUBJECTIVE