Journal Club

Prepared By: Erina Shrestha

Pushpa Koirala

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE, LEADERSHIP BEHAVIOR AND

JOB SATISFACTION

Yafang Tsai1,2

1Department of Health Policy and Management, Chung Shan Medical University; Taiwan

2Department of Medical Management, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital; Taiwan.

INTRODUCTIONOrganizational culture refers to

the beliefs and values that have existed in an organization for a long time.

and the beliefs of the staff and the foreseen value of their work that will influence their attitudes and behavior.

Cont…Administrators usually adjust their

leadership behavior to accomplish the mission of the organization, and this could influence the employees’ job satisfaction.

It is therefore essential to understand the relationship between organizational culture, leadership behavior and job satisfaction of employees.

Objectives of the Study

To assess the relationship between organizational culture and leadership behaviour.

HYPOTHESISHypothesis1: Organizational culture is

positively correlated with leadership behavior.

Hypothesis 2 : Leadership behavior is positively correlated with job satisfaction.

Hypothesis 3 : Organizational culture is positively correlated with job satisfaction.

Methodology Research Design:

Cross-sectional study design

Study AreaTwo hospitals in Central Taiwan.

Study Population Nurses employed in the hospitals

Cont…Sampling technique

Not given

Sample size: 300 out of which only 200 valid questionnaire were returned.

Data Collection ToolSelf developed structured questionnaire

containing questions regarding Organizational culture with 22 items

divided into 4 dimensions named as◦ employee orientation,◦ customer focus◦ emphasizing responsibility ◦ emphasizing cooperation

Cont…Leadership behaviour with 26 items

divided into 4 dimensions named as ◦ leader’s encouragement and

supportiveness to subordinates, ◦ leader giving subordinates a clear vision

and trust, ◦ leader’s behavior is consistent with

organization’s vision, and◦ leader is persuasive in convincing

subordinates to acknowledge the vision.

Cont…Job satisfaction with 12 items

divided into 4 dimensions named as◦working partners◦ rewards and welfare◦superior ◦ job recognition.

Cont…5 point Likert-type scales was used

for measurement (1 = strongly disagree and 5 = strongly agree

Validity and Reliability

◦ 3 directors/ supervisors from the medical centre reviewed the questionnaire for the validity.

◦ The reliability analysis of the questionnaire was done.

◦ The value of Cronbach’s œ for organisational culture was 0.958 (22 items), for leadership behaviour scale was 0.966 (26 items) and for job satisfaction was 0.855(12 items).

Statistical AnalysisSPSS 17 version used

Descriptive statistics

Bivariate analysis◦ Corelation analysis was used to test for the

relationships among subscales of variables.

Multivariate analysis ◦ Series of regression analysis were used to

identify the proposed hypotheses.

RESULT

Cont… The average score for organizational

culture was between 3.73 and 3.19.

The highest score was 3.73: “satisfying the need of customers at the largest scale.”

The lowest score was 3.19: “concern for the individual development of employees”

Cont…The average score for leadership behavior

was between 3.77 and 3.42, where 2 items scored the highest score at 3.77: “the leader will act accordingly with a

certain vision that specifies a better future state”, and

“the leader will behaviorally role model the values implied by the vision by personal example.”

The lowest score was 3.42: “the leader will try to persuade those who disagree with his vision to agree with it.”

Cont…The average score for job satisfaction

was between 3.84 and 2.56,

◦The highest score was 3.84: “to certain people my work is extremely important.”

◦The lowest score was 2.56: “I am satisfied with my salary as I have less workload compared to other employees in other divisions”.

Discussion A study conducted by Casida & Pinto-

Zipp showed correlation between leadership and organizational culture, consistent with the findings of the research.

The study showed that factors of the organisational culture have an effect on job satisfaction which is consistent with the findings of Giffard et al.

Cont…

Jacobs and Roodt showed a positive correlation between organisational culture and employee job satisfaction that is consistent with the findings of the research.

Limitations Due to wide range of variables only a

limited number of clinical nurses were interested in participating.

Furthermore, only 2 hospitals were involved in this research.

Further research The longitudinal research methods can

be adopted in future investigations into how changes in organizational context impact on leadership behavior.

It is proposed that future research can explore the type of leadership behavior that will shape a particular culture within an organization.

Conclusion Culture within an organization is very

important, playing a large role in whether or not the organization is a happy and healthy place to work.

Good interaction between the leader and subordinates contribute to team communication and collaboration.

Encouragement of subordinates to accomplish the mission and objectives assigned by the organization, which in turn enhances job satisfaction.

Research Critique

TitleTitle: Brief but not in title case.

Population: Not well defined

Outcome variable: Not Clear

Setting: Not defined

Total words : 9 words

Abstract Structured Beginning of the articleComponents included are:

◦ Background ◦ Method◦ Results◦ Conclusions

Purpose not includedKey words not included Words: 247

Cont… Introduction:

◦ According to the title of the study◦ Related relevant literature included

Purpose of the study: Not clearly stated

Hypothesis: Clearly mentioned

Variables: Dependent and independent variables not clearly stated.

Conceptual framework : Not given

Methodology Research Design: Cross-sectional study

design

Population ◦ Clearly defined

Sampling technique◦ Not clearly defined

Sample Size determination:◦ Technique of calculation not mentioned

Cont… Sample

◦ Inclusion from only two hospitals of Central Taiwan

Data collection tool : ◦ self developed structured questionnaire◦ Validity and reliability of the tool done

Data processing and analysis ◦ Clearly mentioned and appropriate computer software

used

Pilot study : done but percentage of population not mentioned

Ethical consideration Voluntary participation

Informed consent was obtained from respondents

No explanation regarding the approval from the Ethical Review Board

No explanation regarding permission from hospital authority

Confidentiality not clearly mentioned

Cont..Statistical Analysis

◦Relevant statistical tests are used for analysis

◦Level of significance : p value < 0.05 and <0.01

Cont..All the important results are discussed.

Result findings discussed according to the objectives.

Tables are understandable and self explanatory

Cont…Discussions

◦ Research findings compared with other related studies.

◦ Possible explanations for most of the findings stated.

Limitations: Mentioned

Recommendation : Not mentioned

Further research: Mentioned

Cont…Conclusion: Stated

Reference: ◦ According to criteria set by BMC Health

Services Research .◦ Adequate references (37)◦ Reference from studies conducted in 1962

to 2009 are used

Presentation of Research Report Report is well written and documented

Abstract adequately summarized

Well organized, no use of jargons

Objectives not clearly stated

No irrelevant details

Recommendations Study would have been better if it would

have :Stated the purpose of the study

Clearly stated the dependent and the independent variable

Description regarding the sampling technique calculation of sample size

Randomization of subjects

Capitalization of each word in the table heading.