research and development on meat production chain: ethical ... · pdf fileresearch and...

SSA Young Train Monells, 2006, May 8th

Research and Development onMeat Production Chain:Ethical Issues

M. MarieENSAIA, INPL-Nancy, [email protected]://www.ensaia.inpl-nancy.fr/bioethics/


Ethics

WhatWhy

Ethical Issues in Meat Production Chain R&D 3

EthicsEthos, Mores (habits, social behaviour)

Set of rules of action within a given society, in accordance with its beliefs, for a harmonious developmentThe eye any individual turns on his/her actions

: Ethics


Why ethics is getting more important ?

Consequences of the scientific andtechnological progressCrises Global, multicultural, post-modernsocietyAwareness of the society

: Ethics


Evolution of the agriculture

TimeTime

domesticationdomestication

-- 10 00010 000

agriculturalagriculturalrevolutionrevolution

17501750--19401940

intensificationintensificationproductivismproductivism

19451945--19701970

19701970--

• Self sufficiency• Low prices• Food security• Quality

: Ethics


Drawbacks: crises

Sanitary crisesContaminantsEnvironmental effects

: Ethics


New demands of the societyEthicalSustainable livestock production

: Ethics


Public Opinion and WelfareEurobarometer

: Ethics



: Ethics


Ethics and science

ResponsibilityPublicationConflicts of interestsMisconducts


Responsibility of the scientistChoice of the subject, research orientations

Physics, atom: Russel-Einstein Manifest 1955Pugwash Movement

Environment, ecology

1987: World Commission on Environment andDevelopment: « Our common future » (Brundtland):Sustainable development

Biology, biotechnologies

: Ethics and Science


Scientifique Publication :Ethical rules

COPE: Committee on Publication Ethicshttp://www.publicationethics.org.uk/

Progress of science needs the exchange of knowledge



Scientific publication:Principles

Responsibility

Rigour

Honesty

Equity

Independence



Scientific production: fraud and misconducts

Fabrication

Falsification

Plagiarism

Duplication

Neglect

Interest conflicts




The Piltdown manCharles Dawson 1912Homo (Eoanthropus) Dawsoni1953: man’s cranium & monkey’s jaw




Stem-cell pioneer resignsEthical allegations cause Woo Suk Hwang to step down.

Published online: 24 November 2005; http://www.nature.com/news/2005/051121/full/051121-12.html



Ethics and animal experimentation

Directive 86/609/CE3Rs


Directive 86/609/EECCouncil Directive of 24 November 1986 regarding the protection of animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes.

Experiment performed by competent persons (training)User establishments should be registeredApproved breeding/supplying establishments Housing, environment, management have to satisfy animal needs (physiological, ethological)If pain, anaesthesia is requiredIf prolonged/severe pain, declaration/authorization neededKeep record of animal used

: Ethics in Animal Experimentation


3RsReduceRefineReplace

: Ethics: Ethics in Animal Experimentation


Ethics in animal experimentation

If intervention on animal goes beyond usual husbandry practices and causes pain or restricts animal behaviourTo take into account in the proposalsTo take into account in publications

If possible submit protocols to a bioethics committee

: Ethics: Ethics in Animal Experimentation


Ethical Issues in Meat Production Chain R&D

Dealing with animalsSustainability issuesSocial aspectsSocio-cultural aspects Socio-economical aspects


Ethical issues in the food chain

EnvironmentInputs•services•energy•fertilisers•feeds•veterinary•...

Food Consumption•Needs•Preferences•Purchasing power

Transport

Slaughtering

ProductProcessing

Farm ProductionSystem

•Cultures•Animals

•Equipment •Workforce

Food Distribution•Wholesalers•Retailers•Catering

Export/Import

: Ethics in the Food Chain





Transport

Slaughtering

ProductProcessing





Export/Import


Animal welfare


The animal as sentient being

Utilitarianism: optimisation of happiness« The question is not: can they reason ?nor can they talk ? but, can they suffer ? »J. Bentham, Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789)



Animal welfare5 freedoms (Brambell 1965)

Freedom from hunger and thirstFreedom from discomfortFreedom from pain, injury, diseaseFreedom to express normal behaviourFreedom from fear and distress



EU regulations

The High Contracting Parties, desiring to ensure improvedprotection and respect for the welfare of animals as sentient beings, have agreed upon the followingprovision: …..

… the Community and the Member States shall pay full regard to the welfare requirements of animals, whilerespecting the legislative or administrative provisions andcustoms of the Member States relating in particular to religious rites, cultural traditions and regional heritage".

Amsterdam Treaty(1997)



European regulationsDirective 98/58/EC concerning the protection of animalskept for farming purposes (after 1978 European Convention)Directive 97/2/EC laying down minimum standards for theprotection of calvesDirective 2001/88/EC laying down minimum standards for the protection of pigsDirective 1999/74/EC laying down minimum standards for the protection of laying hensDirective 93/119/EC on the protection of animals at the time of slaughter or killing (after 1988 European Convention)Directive 95/29/EC and Resolution of 19 June 2001 on theprotection of animals during transport (2003 EuropeanConvention)


Welfare issuesCalves

foodironmovementssocial contacts


Directive 97/2/EC


Welfare issuesPoultry

convenience surgerycontainment leg pathologiescardio-vascular diseases


Directive 1999/74/EC


Welfare issuespigs

Directive 2001/88/EChousing, stereotypiesreduced immunitary responseleg pathologies, agressivity



Welfare issuesOutdoor breeding


Welfare issuesExtensive breeding



Integrity



IntegrityAnimal integrity: « the wholeness of theanimal and the species-specific balance of the creature, as well as the animal’scapacity to maintain itself independently in an environment suitable to the species »

B. Rutgers



Intrinsic value

T. Regan (1983):

Animals have beliefs, desires, perceptions which make them ends-in-themselves.

They have direct rights, and human have direct duties towards their well being

P. Taylor (Respect for nature, 1986):

Animals and living beings have inherent worth(their life)

for this they matter morally: Ethics in the Food Chain


Intrinsic valueAnimal Health & Welfare Act (1992)"Any right accorded by or pursuant to this Act shall be

exercised in recognition of the intrinsic value of animal life"



Intrinsic valueTransgenesis


DignitySwiss Constitution (1992)« The federal government shall issue regulations on

use of the genetic material of animal, plants andother organisms. It thereby shall take intoaccount the dignity of non-human organisms(« die Würde der Kreatur ») as well as thesafety of human beings, animals, and theenvironment, and shall protect the geneticdiversity of animal and plant species. »



The future: The 2006-2010 action plan



The future: The 2006-2010 action planhttp://europa.eu.int/comm/food/animal/welfare/actionplan/actionplan_en.htm

Upgrading existing minimum standards High priority to researchStandardised animal welfare indicatorsWelfare European Label (2010)Promote animal welfare at theinternational level






Transport

Slaughtering

ProductProcessing





Export/Import


Animal welfare

Animal integrity

Biodiversity

Biodiversity


Biodiversity in livestock

landrace large white piétrain

Bayeuxcul noir

gascon

basque blanc Ouest

51 150 312

153140


Biodiversity in livestock


Biodiversity in wildlife

- 17.500 à 50.000 species/year: Ethics in the Food Chain





Transport

Slaughtering

ProductProcessing





Export/Import


Animal welfare

Animal integrity

Biodiversity

Biodiversity

Sustainability

Equity

Autonomy

DignityGender i.Children

Socio-cultural issues

Socio-economical issues

•Agro-environmental•Social•Economical


Fair Trade

Fair commercial relationship withSouth producers

small producers organisationsfair remunerationlimit in-betweenworking rights

(slavery, children work, trade unions)environmentlocal markets



Previously funded European projects

Ethical aspects of agricultural biotechnology FAIR-CT97-1848Organic salmon production and consumption: ethics, consumer perceptions and regulations FAIR-CT98-3372Consumer concerns about animal welfare and the impact on food choice FAIR-CT98-3678Sustainable European farm animal reproduction and selection SEFABAR QLG7-2000-01368…



Feel free to contact me if needed

[email protected]

http://www.ensaia.inpl-nancy.fr/bioethics/

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